Skip to main content

Full text of "Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia"

See other formats 


I 


^^^^^^^3^^0rL.U'jO'^<^^^ 


Q 


Vol.  :^,  No.  1. 


I 
I 


i 


-'J 

■ . 

s 

■ 

1 


PROCEEDINGS 


OP  THE 


Entomological  Society 


OF 


PIl  IT.  AJ  3EI.P»III^. 


APRIL JUNE, 


1884. 


I'TIILADELPHTA: 


PI^THSTTEID        BY      THE        ^OCIET-y. 


(5 


i 

h 

h 

r- 


^^'^ 


^^^j^,.jQoooq.^i^yg7y7g;;V^^ 


PROCEEDINGS 


OP    THI 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 


or 


PHILADELPHIA. 


VOL.  III. 

1864. 


PHILADELPHIA : 

PRINTED     BY     THE      SOCIETY. 
1864. 


/lull 


LIST   OF    PAPERS. 


BaSSETT,  H.  F.  PA(iK 

Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  Cynips,  and  a  new 
species  of  Diastrophus,  ......     679 

Bland,  James  H.  B. 

Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  North  American  Cole- 
optera,  .........       65 

Descriptions  of  several  new  North  American  Coleoptera.     •     253 

Cleimens,  Brackenrtdge,  M.  D. 

North  American  Micro-Lepidoptera.  ....     505 

Cresson,  E.  T. 

On  the  North  American  species  of  the  genus  Osmia,  .       17 

Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  North  American  Apidse,       38 
Descriptions  of  North  American   Hymenoptera,  in  the  Col- 
lection of  the  Entomologiciil  Society  of  Philadelphia,  131.  257 
Descriptions  of  two  new  genera  of  North  American  Ichneu- 
monidse,       .........     397 

Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Masaris,        .  .         .672 

Edwards,  W.  H. 

Description  of  the  female  of  Argynnis  Diana.     .  .  .     481 

Notes  on  the  Argynnides  of  California,       ....     434 

(tRote,  Aug.  R. 

Description  of  a  new  genus  and  species  of  North  American 

Noctuina,     .........         2 

Descriptions  of  North  American  Lepidoptera,  73,  322,  521 

List  of  a  collection  of  Lepidoptera  Heterocera  taken  near 

Williamstown,  Mass.,  ......       92 

Notes  on  certain  species  of  North  American  Lepidoptera.        535 

Kirki'atrick,  John. 

List  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  found  in  the  vicinity  of  (Cleve- 
land, Ohio, 328 


IV 


JilNTiNER.  J.  A.  PAGE 

Notes  on  some  of  the  Diurnal  TiCpidoptera  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  with  descriptions  of  their  Larvae  and  Chry- 
salides, .........        oO 

Notes  on  some  Sphingidfe,  with  descriptions  of  their  larvae 

and  pupge.    .........     645 

Norton,  Edward. 

Notes  on  Tenthredinidae,  with  descriptions  of  new  species  in 

the  Collection  of  the  Entomological  Society,  ...         5 

OsTEN  Sacken,  Baron  R. 

Description  of  several  new  North  American  Ctenophorae,  45 

Packard,  A.  S.  Jr. 

Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidae  of  the  United  States,  97,  331 

Reakirt,  Tryon. 

Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  Jjimacodes,  .  .     250 

Notes  upon  Exotic  licpidoptera,  chiefly  from  the  Philippine 

Islands,  with  descriptions  of  some  new  species,       .  .     443 

Waesh,  Ben.j.  D.,  M.  a. 

On  the  Pupa  of  the  Ephemerinous  genus  Baetisca,  Walsh,     200 
On  certain  Entomological  Speculations  of  the  New  England 

School  of  Naturalists, 207 

On  Phytophagic  varieties  and  Phytophagic  species,     .          .     403 
On  the  Insects,  Coleopterous,  Hymenopterous  and  Dipte- 
rous, inhabiting  the  Galls  of  certain  species  of  Willow. 
Part  1st.— Diptera, 643 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF    THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 

OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


J 


STATED  MEETING,  April  11. 

President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 
Twenty  members  present. 

A  letter  was  read  from  J.  Carson  Brevoort.  dated  Brooklyn.  March 
I7th,  1864.  acknowledging  his  election  as  a  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Society. 

The  following    papers  were  presented   for  publication   in   the  Pro- 


ceedings : — 


'■  Description  of  several  new  North  American  Ctenophorae.  by  Baron 
R.  Osten  Sacken." 

'•  Notes  on  some  of  the  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  the  State  nf  New 
York,  with  descriptions  of  their  Larvae  and  Chrysalides,  by  J.  A. 
liintner." 

And  were  referred  to  Committees. 

(Ju  report  of  the  respective  Committees,  the  following  papers  were 
ordered  to  be  printed  : — 


[  Apri  l 


Description  of  a  New  Genus  and  Species  of  North  American  NOCTUINA, 

BY   AUG.    R.   GROTE. 

Curator  of  Entomology.  Buftalo  Society  Natural  Sciences. 

PHILOMMA.  nov.  gen. 

Size  moderate  ;  form  slight ;  wings  broad  ;  anterior  wings  with  the 
internal  margin  straight,  external  mai'gin  moderately  oblique  and 
rounded,  costal  margin  slightly  rounded,  12-veined,  veins  5  and  0  free, 
vein  4  equidistant  from  3  and  5  at  base,  diseal  cell  open,  subcostal  cell 
small,  elongate,  its  lower  marginal  vein  indented  midway  between  each 
extremity;  posterior  wings  i^-veined,  veins  1  and  2  free  to  base,  veins 
8  and  7  (costal  and  subcostal)  diverging  from  a  common  stem  at  the 
extreme  base  ;  antennse  moderate,  simple ;  tongue  short ;  thorax  mode- 
rately clothed  with  fine  short  hair ;  abdomen  moderately  stout,  slightly 
exceeding  the  posterior  wings,  smooth,  not  crested  ;  palpi  slight,  hardly 
exceeding  the  front;  legs  moderate,  evenly  clothed  with  short  pubes- 
cence, hind  tibia3  with  four  moderately  stout  spurs. 

I  erect  this  genus  for  a  delicate  Noctuid  belonging  to  M.  Boisduval's 
Ife.liofhidf€,  the  ornamentation  of  which  is  peculiar  and  different  from 
anything  I  have  yet  met  with  in  the  Noctuina.  The  ordinary  spots 
and  lines  are  absent  except  the  transverse  posterior  line  which  is  indi- 
cated by  the  difference  of  coloring  between  the  median  and  subtermi- 
nal  spaces  and  by  a  series  of  white  dots  on  the  veins.  At  the  outer 
extremity  of  the  diseal  space,  at  the  base  of  vein  5,  is  a  small  neatly 
defined  I'ounded  ocellus  with  a  whitish  center,  aunulated  with  reddish, 
and  a  second,  larger,  and  with  a  blackish  center,  is  situated  on  the 
median  vein  anterior  to  its  furcation  ;  these  ocelli  at  first  sight  seem  to 
indicate  a  corresponding  vein  structure,  which,  on  denuding  the  wing 
of  scales,  is  seen  not  to  be  the  case. 

The  pterogostic  structure  resembles  that  of  Aiifhoecia  {inarglnata)  ; 
the  subcostal  cell  is  broader  at  the  middle  and  vein  4  is  not  so  near  8 
at  its  base  ;  the  tongue  is  shorter,  wings  relatively  broader  than  in 
Anthuecia. 

The  eyes  in  the  dried  specimen  are  ornamented  with  petal-sliaped 
marks,  diverging,  like  radii,  from  a  common  center. 


1S(U.]  3 

Philomma  Henrietta,  ikiv.  sp.     (Plate  2,  fig.  1.) 

Anterior  wings  broad ;  ordinary  spots  and  lines  obsolete.  Median 
and  basal  spaces  bright  lemon  yellow,  without  markings  except  two 
ocellated  spots  :  the  smaller,  situate  at  the  outer  extremity  of  the  discal 
cell  at  the  base  of  vein  5,  with  a  whitish  center  and  a  reddish  encir- 
cling line  which  is  darker  shaded  internally  :  the  larger,  situate  on  the 
median  vein  anterior  to  the  branches,  with  blackish  center  and  similar 
encircling  line.  Transverse  posterior  line  subobsolete,  regularly  undu- 
late, slightly  arcuated  superiorily,  indicated  by  a  series  of  white  spots  on 
the  veins,  subterminal  and  terminal  spaces  narrow,  bright  rose  color  ; 
subterminal  and  terminal  lines  entirely  obsolete ;   fringes  rose  color. 

Costa  rose  color  j  internal  margin  from  transverse  posterior  line  to 
base  narrowly  bordered  with  the  same  shade. 

Posterior  wings  silky,  pale  brownish,  paler  along  the  external  mar- 
gin ;  fringes  pale,  very  slightly  shaded  with  rose  color. 

Under  surface  of  anterior  wings  silky,  blackish  on  the  disc,  shaded 
with  rose  color  in  the  terminal  space  and  along  costal  and  internal 
margins.  Under  surface  of  posterior  wings  silky,  pale  yellowish,  shaded 
with  rose  color  along  costal  margin  and  at  external  angle.  Palpi,  head, 
thorax  and  tegulje,  rose  color ;  abdomen  greyish ;  legs  ro.se  color  on 
their  outer  surface,  tarsi  greyish.     Expanse  f  inch. 

Hah.     Eastern  States.     Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

My  specimens  are  apparently  all  9  9  ,  and  were  taken  by  Mr.  Rid- 
ings during  the  mouth  of  August  at  mid-day,  on  leaves  of  plants  in 
the  northern  part  of  Massachusetts.  The  rose  color  of  the  anterior 
wings  is  brighter,  but  recalls  the  same  shade  in  Alaria  flortda. 


I  append  a  list  of  the  described  North  American  species  of  Noctuina 
included  under  the  present  sub-family,  following  almost  entirely  the 
arrano-ement  of  Mr.  Walker.  I  am  led  to  believe  that  the  limit  of 
the  genus  Hrliothis  is  at  present  too  restricted,  aud  that  the  species 
included  under  Orla  Cleyer.  and  perhaps  other  allied  genera,  will  ulti- 
mately be  found  not  improperly  associated  under  the  same  generic 
name  with  annigara,  though  the  coloration  is  widely  different. 


[April 


NOCTUINA,  p.  H-S. 

HELIOTHID.E,  Bdv.,  Gueii..  Walk. 
ORIA  Geyer. 


sanguinea  Geyer. 

ALARIA  Westw. 

gaurse  A.  &  S. 

■matutina  Hilb. 
florida  Guen. 

LEPIPOLYS  Guenee. 
perscripta  Gmn. 

CHLOEIDEA   Westw. 

rhexiae  A.  A  S. 
virescens  Fab. 
subflexa  Guen. 

TAMILA  Guenee. 

nundina  Druiy. 

nigrirena   Haw. 

PHILOMMA  (irote. 

henrietta  Grote. 

ANTHCECIA  Hnisd. 

marginata  Haw.,  Gt. 

/•ivi'Jofin  Guen. 
arcifera  Guen. 

arcigem   Wa  1  k. 
Spraguei  Grote. 
jaguarina  (iuen. 
lynx  <Tuen. 


1  HELIOTHIS 

tuberculum  Huli. 
bina  Guen. 
spinosse  Guen. 
pyralis  Hub. 
lucilinea  Walk, 
exprimens  Walk. 
armigera  Hul>. 

ANAETA  « 
funesta  Pk. 

funchris  Hub. 
melaleuca  Beeklin. 
leucoptera  Esp. 
inoesfa  Hub. 
leucocycla  Staml. 
melanopa  Beeklin. 
trisfis  Hilb. 
rupestris  Hiib. 
vidua  Treit. 
i  amissa  Lefb. 
I  algida  Lefli. 
:  Richardsoni  Curtis. 
j  septentrionis  Walk, 
constricta  Walk. 
rigida  Walk. 
impingens  Walk, 
cordigera  Sebaldt. 
nlbiraui  Hub. 
brephoides   Walk. 


I>^•|l^ 


)cllS. 


lS(i4.]  •    ^ 

Notes  on  TENTHREDINID3;,  with  descriptions  of  new  species, 

In  the  Collection  of  the  Entomological  Societiy. 

BY    EDWARD    NORTON. 

Genus  TEICHIOSOMA. 

1.  Trichiosoma  triangulum.  Kirby. 

In  place  of  the  triangular  black  spot  which  ordinarily  covers  most 
of  the  tergum,  a  specimen  from  Colorado  has  most  of  the  tergum  yel- 
lowish rufous,  with  irregular  black  spots  on  the  two  basal  segments 
above  and  beneath.  Otherwise  it  agrees  with  specimens  from  Hud- 
son's Bay  Territory  and  California. 

Rocky  Mountains,   Col.  Ter.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)   One  male. 

Genus  HYLOTOMA. 

2.  Hylotoma  McLeayi.  Leaeli. 

Leach  describes  the  wings  as  ••  subfuscous,  at  the  apex  subhyaline." 
but  the  most  common  species  in  this  country,  which  has  come  to  be 
considered  the  typical  species,  has  the  wings  smoky,  at  the  apex  clear, 
with  a  round  fuscous  spot  beneath  the  stigma,  which  touches  the  first 
submarginal  and  does  not  extend  beyond  the  black  dot  in  the  niiddle 
of  the  second.     This  is  found  from  Maine  to  Illinois. 

3.  Hylotoma  ceruleus.  u.  sp. 

Blue-black,  with  violaeeou.-  wings  aufl  a  fuscous  s))ot  below  tlie  stigma.  (Long 
0..32.     Br.  wings  0.70  in.) 

9  .  Color  violaceous,  shining  :  antennse  short,  stout,  black  ;  palpi  white:  legs 
tlie  color  of  body,  their  knees  and  anterior  tibife  dark  pieeous ;  wings  smoky 
violaceous,  clearer  toward  tlie  tips;  the  whole  of  marginal  cell  fuscous;  a  round 
darker  spot  below  the  stigma,  covering  most  of  the  first  and  second  submargina  1 
cells:  nervures  black:  lower  middle  cell  of  underwings  not  more  than  li.-ilf  as 
long  or  large  as  the  upper. 

Pennsylvania.     (Coll.  P]nt.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  female. 

1.  Hylotoma  clavicornis,  Fab. 

This  has  the  wings  hyaline,  their  basal  half  a  little  smoky;  the  fus- 
cous spot  below  the  stigma  semi-cylindrical,  with  the  flattened  side 
toward  the  tip  of  the  wings. 

Massachusetts.      (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad. j 

r>.  Hylotoma  abdominalis,  Leach. 

This  is  larger  than  //.  chiricorhlx.  but  is  very  much  like  it  ;  the  ab- 
domen is  of  one  color,  with  the  apex  beneath  sometimes  blue-black  ; 


6  [April 

the  wings  have  the  fuscous  ;<pot  below  the  stigma  round,  with  some- 
times a  fainter  lengthened  spot  beneath,  and  their  base  more  or  less 
smoky. 

The  male  is  undescribed.  Its  antenn;«  are  longer  and  are  only  tipped 
with  yellowish.  Its  legs  are  black,  with  the  anterior  tibia3  pale  before. 
The  wings  are  clearer  and  the  fuscous  spot  less  distinct. 

Massachusetts.     ($1.   SI.) 

(i.  Hylotoma  scapularis,  Klug. 
//.  cdlcanea.  Say. 
(Jrdinarily,  the  male  and  female  are  alike,  having  the  head,  breast, 
metathoras  and  abdomen  blue-black  ;  the  pro-  and  mesothorax,  scutel 
and   pleura  rufous,  the  legs  blue-black,  tibia)  and  tarsi  more  or  less 
whitish  beneath  ;  wings  violaceous. 

Var.  a.  %  ■  Only  the  prothorax  rufjus;  the  mesothorax,  scutel  and 
pleura  the  color  of  body ;  legs  below  the  knees  almost  entirely  white  : 
apical  third  of  wings  hyaline. 

Pennsylvania.     (Coll.  Eut.  Soc.  Philad.j 

A  pair  was  taken  in  coita^  of  which  the  female  resembles  the  usual 
ty|)e,  and  the  male  varies  as  above. 

C4enus  ATOMACERA. 
7.  Atomacera  ruficoUis.  n.  sp. 

Black,  the  pro-  and  mesothorax  and  scutel  rufous.  (Long  0.17.  Br.  wings 
0.40  in.) 

9.  Shining  black,  short  and  stout;  antenn;©  thickly  ciliate,  3rd  joint  not 
clavate  but  decreasing  in  size  from  before  the  middle,  very  slender  at  tij)  ;  the 
4tli  and  otli  joints  of  palpi  flattened  and  enlarged,  apical  joint  of  equal  length. 
but  slender:  basal  third  of  antennas  and  face  lieueath  ferruginous,  hairy:  teg- 
ul8e.  anterior  angle,  mesothorax  and  scutel  rufous :  legs  black,  their  anterior 
tibite  dull  whitish,  tibial  spurs  very  short  and  sharp;  wings  ample,  blackish 
fuscotis,  clearer  toward  the  ajDex,  nervtires  blackish,  stigma  large :  four  sub- 
marginal  cells,  the  1st  small,  its  cross  nervine  clear  and  indistinct,  2nd  cell  of 
equal  width  throughout,  3rd  wider  at  apex  than  long:  lanceolate  cell  short, 
petiolate  :  uuderwings  with  two  middle  cells. 

Pennsylvania.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  female. 

Not  having  seen  either  of  Say's  species,  I  cannot  feel  sure  that  it 
belongs  to  this  genus.  The  form  of  the  3rd  submarginal  cell  is  (juite 
different.  The  abdomen  is  pointed  like  that  of  JVemafus,  while  that  of 
Srhizorrruti  is  like  Hi/lotoma. 


isiU.]  7 

Genus  SCHIZOCERUS. 
s.  Schizocerus  plumigera. 

Hylotnma  pbiniigcra,  Kluo;.      Crypius  Khigii.  Leach. 
9.  "Antenn;^  black;  headl)laek:  thorax  saftYon  yellow :  alidomen  yellow  ; 
aims  black,  legs  black,  yellow  before  :  wings  fuscous  hyaliue.'" 

A  specimen  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  diifers  as  follows.  It  has  a 
spot  on  each  side  of  scutel  (below  it"),  the  basal  plates  and  the  breast 
black,  the  femora  blackish  except  at  tip,  the  tibife  and  tarsi  color  of 
body ;  winos  subhyaline  toward  the  tip ;  the  1st  submarginal  cell  hav- 
ing a  small  i-ounded  cell  at  its  base  as  in  Ht/lotoimt,  but  the  cross  ner- 
vure  is  incomplete;  2nd  cell  half  the  length  of  1st  (n-  3rd  and  con- 
tracted beneath,  its  first  cross  nervure  fractured  at  base,  the  2nd  or 
outer  one  fractured  at  base  and  summit ;  the  lower  middle  cell  of  under 
wings  half  as  long  as  the  upper  one. 

Rocky  Mountains.  Col.  Ter.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

Genus  NEMATUS. 
;».  Nematus  Marylandicus.  u.  sp. 

Black,  apex  of  abihjinen  rufous:  knees  and  part  of  tibire  whitish,  wiugs  hya- 
line.    (Long  0.28.     Br.  wings  0.63  in.) 

%.  Color  black;  autennfe  as  long  as  body,  slender,  cylindrical,  enlarged  at 
joints,  covered  with  a  whitish  pile:  head  and  thorax  with  short  whitish  hair, 
longest  on  the  labrum.  where  it  is  brownish:  head  smooth  ami  shining,  the 
depressions  at  sides  of  ocelli  connected  behind  by  a  straight  groove,  the  enclo- 
sure below  lower  ocellus  rounded  and  open  above  and  below;  nasus  with  a 
deep  angulate  notch  :  apical  segment  of  abdomen  yellowish  piceous:  legs  black, 
their  four  anterior  knees,  tibife.  tarsi  beneath  and  at  base  above,  and  basal  half 
of  posterior  tibi;e  whitish;  nails  piceous.  their  tijjs  red:  wings  hyaline,  stigma 
and  costa  pale:  2nd  submarginal  cell  widest  at  the  angle  receiving  1st  recur- 
rent nervure,  the  2nd  nervure  received  just  within  the  3rd  submarginal  cell. 
Maryland.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  specimen. 

10.  Nematus  sub-albatus,   n.  sp. 

Black  ;  teguhe,  venter  and  legs,  excej^t  the  middle  of  femora  and  tips  of 
hinder  tibise,  whitish.     (Long  0.28,     Br.  wings  0.62  in.) 

9  •  Color  black  :  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  body,  somewhat  flattened, 
covered  with  short  prostrate  hair;  3rd  joint  longer  than  4th;  head  not  coarsely 
punctured  ;  furrows  at  sides  of  ocelli  connected  above  by  a  slender  semi-circu- 
lar groove ;  a  shallow  depression  below  the  lower  ocellus,  beneath  which  is  a 
deeper  triangular  siniis:  nasus  slightly  emarginate,  its  edges,  base  of  man- 
dibles, labrum  and  palpi,  white:  tegulee,  anterior  angle,  venter  and  legs  (in 
jjart)  white:  base  of  coxre,  a  band  on  all  the  femora,  apex  of  posterior  tibise, 
posterior  tarsi  and  apical  joints  of  all  the  tarsi  black:  wings  hyaline,  apex  and 
liase  of  costa  white:    2nd  submarfcinal  cell   widest  at  the  angle  receiving  1st 


S  [April 

rccun-tMit  nervure  :  2nd  nerwire  coinciding  with  2nd  submarginal  cross  nervure. 
Pennsylvania.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soe.  Pliilad.)     One  specimen. 

1 1 .  Nematus  brunneus,  n.  sp. 

Head  and  thoi'ax  brown,  abdomen  and  legs  yellowisli,  wings  hyaline.  (Long 
0.26.     Br.  wing.s  0.fi2  in.) 

9.  C(dor  oohr(»  brown;  antennre  black,  about  half  the  length  of  body.  .3rd 
joint  a  little  longer  than  4th.  a  sort  of  W  shaped  depression  above  ocelli,  lower 
ocellus  in  a  flat,  obovate  distinctly  enclosed  space,  not  connected  with  the  groove 
on  the  ridge  between  antenn<i>,  wliich  is  very  narrow:  nasus  incurved:  edge  of 
labrum  almost  square :  head  and  thorax  ochre  dark  lirown ;  mouth,  tegula;, 
anterior  angle,  basal  plates,  abdomen  and  most  jiart  of  legs,  yellowish  :  tips  of 
posterior  tibice  and  their  tarsi  fuscous:  winge  faintly  smoky,  stigma  and  costa 
jiiile,  2nd  submarginal  with  two  angles  beneath. 

Rocky  Mountains.  Col.  Ter.   (Coll.  Ent.  Soc,  Philad.)  One  female. 

12.  Nematus  erythrogaster,  n.  sp. 

Black;  the  collar  and  abdomen  except  at  base  above,  rufous:  wings  clear. 
(Long  0.28.     Br.  wings  0.60  in.) 

9.  Shining  black:  antennae  more  tlian  half  the  length  of  body,  slender, 
joints  not  enlarged  at  tips,  3rd  longer  than  ith.  ;  head  rugose  with  a  large  de- 
pression, triloliate  below,  enclosing  ocelli  :  nasus  moderately  incurved,  labrum 
j)iccous  ;  apical  lialf  of  mandibles  rufous  ;  tegulfe,  a  triangle  on  collar,  and  the 
al)domen,  except  the  two  basal  segments  rufous;  legs  varied,  the  coxfe,  tro- 
chanters, intermediate  tibiae  and  tarsi  and  a  band  at  the  base  of  the  hinder 
tibite,  white,  the  four  hinder  femora  and  a]>ex  of  intermediate  tibiae  rufous  ; 
tips  of  hinder  femora,  apical  two-thirds  of  their  tibiie  and  the  tarsi,  lilack  : 
wings  perfectly  clear,  stigma  fuscous,  costa  ])ale. 

Massachusetts.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  specimen. 

The  anterior  less  are  wautins'. 

Genus  MESSA. 

1 3.  Messa  hyalina,  n.  sp. 

Black,  with  white  tegulae  and  legs,  and  clear  wings.  (Long  O.Ki.  Ri-.  wings 
0.36  in.) 

5 .  Shining  black ;  antennae  slender,  longer  than  beyond  the  base  of  abdo- 
men, setaceous,  1st  joint  longer  than  2nd,  3rd  longer  than  4th;  head  polished, 
rounded,  almost  smooth  about  the  ocelli:  nasus  slightly  incurved:  labrum 
wide,  rounded,  and,  with  the  mandibles  at  base  and  the  tegulae,  white;  abdo- 
men somewhat  stout  and  acute  ;  legs  white,  the  coxae  black,  except  at  tijj,  pos- 
terior femora  with  a  reddish  tinge,  tips  of  their  tibite  blackish  ;  wings  j^erfectly 
transparent,  stigma  almost  wholly  white:  1st  submarginal  somewhat  rounded. 
3rd  almost  square :  2nd  recurrent  nervure  almost  coinciding  with  2nd  su>)nLar- 
ginal  cross  nervure:  lanceolate  cell  j'Ctiolate  ;  underwings  with  two  middle 
cells. 

New  Jersey.      (Coll.  Ent.  Soe.  Philad.  1      One  specimen. 


Genus  SELANDRIA. 
Sec.  I.     Tribe  2. 
1 1.  Selandria  barda. 

AUantus  barda,  Say. 

Black;  tegulfe.  pro-  and  mesothorax  and  an  angle  on  pleura,  red.  (Long 
0.2,S.     Br.  wings  0.64  in.) 

%  .  Shining  black  ;  2ud  joint  of  antenna}  as  long  but  not  as  large  as  the  1st: 
.ird  as  long  as  the  4th  and  5th;  head  nearly  as  wide  as  thorax,  polished  :  the 
abdomen  wide  and  bluntly  rounded  at  the  end ;  the  tegulse,  prothorax.  meso- 
thorax, the  anterior  half  of  scutel  and  an  angle  on  forward  part  of  pleura,  red  : 
legs  black,  the  apical  half  of  anterior  femora  and  their  tibiae  and  the  knees  of 
intermediate  pair  reddish  :  wings  ample,  black-fuscous,  darkest  toward  base, 
uervures  black. 

Var.  %  .     The  lobes  of  mesothorax  partly  black. 
Peunsylvauia.     (Coll.  P]nt.  Soc.  Philad.)     Two  specimons. 

1 .").  Selandria  medius,  u.  sp. 
Black,  with  white  tegulffi,  collar  and  legs.  (Long  0.20.  Br.  wings  0.4.')  in.) 
9.  Shining  black,  antenna}  as  in  S.  til  ice ;  the  depressions  at  sides  of  ocelli 
join  a  straight  cross  groove  above,  but  do  not  extend  to  summit;  the  lower 
ocellus  is  in  an  oval  space,  with  no  deep  cross  sinus  below,  as  in  S.  tili(z ;  tegulse 
and  most  of  anterior  angle  white,  legs  below  trochanters  reddish  white:  base 
of  femora  darkest ;  wings  hyaline  ;  marginal  dividing  nervure  curved,  received 
near  middle  of  3rd  submarginal,  2nd  recurrent  nervure  beneath,  almost  coin- 
ciding with  2nd  submarginal  cross  nervure,  1st  submarginal  oval. 

%.  Antennse  more  flattened,  more  of  black  on  the  base  of  coxfe ;  marginal 
dividing  nervure  nearer  to  3rd  submarginal  nervure:  2nd  recurrent  nervure 
received  nearer  to  the  middle  of  cell. 

New  Jersey.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

Sec.  III.     Tribe  2. 
lii.  Selandria  fasciatus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  legs  below  the  knees  except  tip  of  hinder  tibiae,  white,  basal  half  of 
wings  blackish.     (Long  0.20.     Br.  wings  0.50  in.) 

9.  Shining  black,  3rd  joint  of  antennse  as  long  as  the  4th  and  5tli :  head 
shining,  lower  ocellus  in  a  heart-shaped  depression  ;  a  sinus  between,  above 
the  base  of  antennsE,  with  a  little  pit  upon  each  side  ;  legs  black  :  their  tibia^ 
and  tarsi,  except  the  apical  joints,  pure  white ;  the  apex  of  posterior  tibice 
black  ;  wings  ample,  their  basal  half  blackish  fuscous ;  apical  half  hyaline. 

Massachusetts.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  specimen. 

This  may  be  a  variety  of  Selandria  rerasi.  The  broad  band  011  tlie 
Ijase  of  the  wings  is  very  distinct. 

Genus  ALLANTUS. 
17.  Allantus  unicinctus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  a  wide  annulus  on  antennae,  the  face  beneath,  collar,  scutel,  Ith  and 
.Jth  segments  of  abdomen  and  lower  half  of  legs,  white.  (Long  0.47.  Br.  wings 
0.02  in.) 


10  [Al'RIL 

9.  Dull  black:  antenuse  not  as  long  as  thorax,  1st  joint  twice  as  long  as  2nd. 
3rd  as  long  as  both  the  4th  and  5th  ;  color  black  at  base,  from  the  4th  to  Sth 
inclusive  white,  apical  joint  brownish  :  head  rugose,  with  a  sinus  below  the 
lower  ocellus,  nasus  emarginate:  labrum  extended  and  pointed;  both,  with  the 
base  of  mandibles,  a  wide  mark  on  collar,  upper  half  of  scutel,  a  spot  on  each 
side  of  basal  plates  and  an  adjacent  sjiot  at  base  of  posterior  coxre,  the  4th  and 
5th  segments  of  abdomen  whitish  straw  color:  thorax  dull  with  fine  separated 
])unctures:  legs  black  al)oye  the  knees:  the  whole  apical  half  of  anterior  femora, 
apical  half  of  intermediate  femora  before  and  all  the  tibireand  tarsi  yellowish 
white;  tips  of  posterior  tibise  blackish  ;  tips  of  the  four  anterior  tibise  and  of  all 
the  tarsi  reddish:  wings  clouded,  apical  half  darkest,  nervures  black,  stigma 
and  eosta  brown. 

%,.  The  4th  and  5th  joints  of  antennae  black  above,  the  sjwt  on  collar  small. 
the  sides  of  1st  and  2nd  and  all  of  the  3rd  segments  of  abdomen,  excejit  a  spot 
on  its  apical  end  above,  yellowish. 

Rocky  Mountains.  Col.  Ter.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

IS.  Allantus  basilaris,  Say. 

Var.  a.  S  .  Antenutie  longer  than  usual ;  their  two  basal  joints  and 
part  of  the  third  somewhat  rufous  ;  aVjdomen  lengthened,  mostly  black, 
with  a  large  whitish  spot  on  the  3rd,  4th  and  5th  segments  above  and 
beneath  ;  legs  reddish  white,  the  intermediate  femora  above  and  most 
part  of  posterior  femora  black,  their  tibife  ferruginous,  darkest  toward 
apex. 

Massachusetts  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)  ;   Maine.  (Mr.  Packard.) 

Genus  MACROPHYA. 
8cc.  2. 
I'.i.  Macrophya  bicinctus,  Norton. 

Var.  (I.  9  .    All  the  apical  segments  of  the  tergura  beyond  the  third 
rufous,  instead  of  only  the  4th,  5th  and  6th. 
Massachusetts.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

8cr.  3. 
2(1.  Macrophya  tibiator,  n.  sp. 

Black:  the  collar  ami  basal  plates  white:  a  white  line  down  the  anterior 
femora  and  all  the  tibiae  and  tarsi.     (Long  0.39.     Br.  wings  0.76  in.) 

9-  Dull  black:  2nd  joint  of  autennje  one-third  the  length  of  1st ;  head  nearly 
as  wide  as  thorax,  coriaceous  below  ocelli:  nasus  moderately  incurved,  white: 
labrum  advanced,  piceous  :  scutellum  and  jileura  coarsely  punctured  :  teguhe, 
edge  of  ci.iUar  and  of  basal  plates,  white:  legs  black,  all  of  the  trochanters,  a 
line  on  the  apical  half  of  anterior  femora  and  down  all  the  four  anterior  tibi;e 
and  tarsi  before  and  the  posterior  tibise  and  tarsi  above,  white ;  all  the  tibife  ami 
tarsi  tipi^ed  with  black:  apical  half  of  all  the  wings  smoky,  their  base  clear, 
nervures  blackish. 


ls(U.]  11 

%.  The  abdomen  quite  slender,  a  black  spot  on  labnmi,  which  is  pale:  a 
white  line  down  all  the  coxae  and  the  four  anterior  legs,  a  lengthened  wedge- 
like spot  on  posterior  tibiee  above  and  a  similar  line  on  first  tarsal  joint:  re- 
maining joints  white  at  base. 

Massachusetts  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) ;  Connecticut. 

The  wino's  of  those  from  Connecticut  are  of  a  lio'ht  color.  This  is 
the  Macrophi/a  epinotus,  Var.  h.  previously  described. 

21.  Macrophya  zonalis.  n.  sp. 

Black,  the  tips  of  antenure,  mouth,  collar,  scutel.  V  spot,  3  spots  on  pleura,  a 
band  on  each  segment  of  abdomen  and  the  legs  in  part,  white.  (L(nig  0.44. 
Br.  wings  0.92  in.) 

9.  Shining  black,  ord  joint  of  anteuuEB  nearly  as  long  as  4th  and  .ath,  the 
apex  of  the  5th  and  the  four  apical  joints  white,  the  extreme  tip  brown  ;  head 
wide,  polished,, having  obsolete  punctures,  strongly  depressed  at  sides  of  ocelli  ; 
nasus  slightly  incurved,  labruni  conical,  its  form  almost  truncate;  a  spot  above 
ocelli,  a  dot  below  anteunse,  nasus  and  mouth  below,  collar,  a  V  on  front  lobe  of 
mesothorax,  an  annulus  at  the  base  of  each  segment,  enlarged  at  the  sides  be- 
neath, a  spot  below  the  anterior,  a  cross  stripe  below  posterior  wings,  and  a  tri- 
angular spot  in  middle  of  pleura,  white;  legs  black,  the  two  anterior  pair  and  the 
posterior  femora  white  beneath,  a  large  white  spot  on  posterior  coxfe  ;  the  four 
ajjical  tarsi  on  the  four  anterior  legs  white,  their  tijss  black ;  posterior  tarsi 
black,  their  first  joint  nearly  as  long  as  all  the  rest,  wings  faintly  clouded  on 
their  apical  half,  nervures  blackish. 

Massachusetts.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  specimen. 

Genus  TENTHREDO. 

22.  Tenthredo  pectoralis,  n.  sp. 

Black:  the  face,  tegulaj,  collar,  most  of  body  beneath  and  legs,  white.  (Long 
0.36.     Br.  wings  0.72.) 

%.  Color  shining  black;  autennoB  hardly  longer  than  to  first  segment  of  ab- 
domen, not  stout,  3rd  joint  one-half  longer  than  4th ;  head  polished :  an  en- 
closed oval  space  below  lower  ocellus;  nasus  emarginate,  labrum  roundeil 
before;  thorax  dull  with  sjjarse  punctures;  nasus.  mouth  beneath,  cheeks,  a 
spot  above  the  base  of  each  of  antenufe,  tegulse,  collar,  and  the  whole  of  body 
beneath,  white  ;  upjier  edge  of  pleura  and  a  large  semicircular  line  on  jiectus 
between  1st  and  2nd  pair  of  legs,  black  ;  legs  black  above  and  white  beneath, 
coxse  mostly  white,  sjjurs  long;  wings  faintly  clouded  on  the  apical  half,  ner- 
vures blackish. 

Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

The  antennee  are  shorter  than  in  any  species  that  I  have  seen  and 

are  like   those  of  Macrophya.     The  antennae  of  the  three  following 

species  are  a  little  longer,  but  yet  shorter  than  in  most  other  species. 

The  four  species  seem  allied  in  their  general  form  and  markings,  so  as 

to  form  a  separate  group  from  other  species. 


12  [April 

2.'..  Tenthredo  semi-rufus.  n.  sp. 

Black,  the  apical  half  of  abdomen  rufous  :  wings  hyaline.  (Long  0.i(i.  Br. 
wings  0.92  in.) 

9  .  Color  black:  antennae  not  longer  than  to  3rd  segment  of  abdomen  :  joints 
swelled  at  tips,  the  3rd  one-half  longer  than  4th  ;  head  rugose,  the  furrows  at 
sides  of  and  behind  ocelli  very  distinct ;  a  cross  suture  on  upj^er  edge  of  head  : 
clypeus  deeply  notched,  labrum  produced,  rounded  at  end :  both  of  these,  the 
basal  half  of  mandibles,  collar  and  a  dot  above  posterior  eoxce,  white:  a  spot 
on  the  4tli  segment  above  and  the  five  apical  segments  of  abdomen  rufou.-^: 
legs  black:  the  anterior  ]iair  Itelow  the  coxfe  white  before;  the  femora  of  2nd 
pair  and  the  tibiee  and  tarsi  of  both  the  hinder  pair  reddish,  becoming  whiter 
on  the  tarsi  ;  apical  joint  of  all  the  tarsi  pale,  hinder  spurs  long,  rather  blunt: 
wings  slightly  clouded:  uervures,  stigma  and  costa  blackish. 

Var.  a.  Collar  and  4th  segment  of  abdomen  wholly  black  :  posterior  femora 
rufous  before  and  the  1)asal  half  of  posterior  tibife  also  rufous  above:  the  costa 
in  both  pair  of  wings  and  some  of  the  basal  nerves  reddish. 

Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (CoW.  Ent.  Soo.  Philad.)  Two  specimens. 

21.  Tenthredo  var iegatus.  n.  sp. 

Black  :  the  face,  tegulse,  collar,  breast  and  legs  beneath  white,  apical  half  of 
abdomen  rufous.     (Long  0.36.     Br.  wings  0.76  in.) 

%  .  Color  lilack :  antennae  not  longer  than  to  2nd  segment  of  abdomen  :  head 
rugose,  with  distinct  furrows  at  sides  of  ocelli :  nasus  and  labrum  as  in  the  pre- 
vious species:  an  oval  dot  above  the  base  of  each  of  antennae,  a  short  line  on 
the  summit  of  inner  orbit,  the  cheeks,  nasus  and  mouth  beneath,  tegnlae,  collai'. 
a  longitudinal  mark  on  pleura  and  a  large  spot  on  breast,  before  intermediate 
legs,  a  spot  above  posterior  coxse  and  all  the  legs  Vjeneath,  including  the  coxae, 
white  :  abdomen  mostly  yellow- rufous,  the  1st,  2nd  and  half  of  3rd  and  4th  seg- 
ments of  tcrgum  black:  venter  toward  its  base  whitish;  legs  black  above;  apex 
of  coxaj  white:  tarsi  all  black,  their  patellas  beneath  white;  apical  half  of 
wings  clouded,  nervures  black,  basal  half  of  stigma  white,  2nd  subniargiual 
cell  long  and  rather  narrow.  3rd  submarginal  not  longer  than  the  width  of  its 
outer  end  :  2n(l  recurrent  nei-vure  received  very  near  2nd  submarginal  cross 
iiervure. 

Rocky  Motmtuins,  Col.  Tor.   (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philarl.;  One  specimen. 

This  may  be  a  variety  of  7\  pii-toralii<. 

2.3.  Tenthredo  variatus.  n.  sj). 

Blaclc:  face,  cheeks,  tegulse.  collar,  line  and  spots  on  pleura  and  on  breast, 
white;  abdomen  rufous.     {%  9  Long  0.4()  to  0.48.     Br.  wings  0.8(5  to  0.92  in.) 

9.  Color  black:  antennae  as  in  jirevious  species,  ends  of  joints  somewhat 
globose:  head  enlarged  Ijehiud  the  eyes  and  incurved  bt'liind:  sliining.  having 
confluent  punctures,  depressions  about  ocelli  as  in  previous  species:  nasus  and 
labrum  a<lvanced.  the  lattei-  rathei-  pointed:  a  minute  dot  at  summit  of  orbits, 
witbin,  a  sjiot  above  the  base  of  each  of  antennte.  the  face  below,  cheeks,  tegu- 
l.-e.  collar,  with  a  round  connected  dot  below,  a  longitudinal  line  on  the  pleura. 


ls()4.]  ]■] 

a  s]>ot  above  the  anterior  and  posterior  coxte,  another  on  the  sides  of  basal 
phites  and  a  spot  on  breast  before  intermediate  legs,  white:  abdomen  rufous 
with  1st.  2nd  and  3rd  segments  above  and  beneath  and  the  apex  beneath  black  : 
legs  black,  red  and  white ;  all  the  coxae  (except  a  black  spot  above),  trochan- 
ters and  anterior  legs  before  and  all  the  patellsB,  white,  anterior  pair  above  and 
both  the  posterior  pair  more  or  less  rufous,  with  a  slender  black  line  down  all 
the  femora  and  the  four  anterior  tibiae  ;  apical  half  of  wings  smoky,  nervures 
black,  stigma  pale  at  base,  costa  reddish. 

9  .  Labrum  not  pointed,  but  rounded  before :  a  slender  white  orbital  line  on 
tlie  inner  half  of  orbit :  all  of  pleura,  exeejit  a  prolonged  triangle  beneath  the 
wings  and  the  breast,  white:  the  femora  whitish  beneath. 

Rocky  Mounttiiiis,  Col.Ter.  (Coll.  Eiit.  8oc.  Philad.)  Two  specimens. 

!''>.  Tenthredo  xanthus.  n.  sp. 

Honey  yellow  ;  face,  tegulpe.  collar  and  a  spot  above  posterior  legs  white; 
front  of  prothorax  and  a  spot  on  breast,  black.     (Long  0.52.    Br.  wings  0.96  in.) 

9  .  Brownish  honey  yellow ;  antennse  not  longer  than  to  2nd  segment  of  ab- 
domen, somewhat  flattened.  1st  joint  stout,  2nd  more  slender,  not  half  as  long: 
the  two  basal  joints  and  part  of  third  beneath  rufous,  the  remainder  black  : 
head  as  wide  as  thorax,  thick,  widened  behind  the  eyes,  furrows  at  sides  of 
ocelli  deejj  and  narrow,  enclosure  behind  square,  nasus  deeply  incurved,  labrum 
produced  and  rounded  at  end:  head  with  indistinct  confluent  punctures;  an 
obsolete  line  on  inner  orbits  and  a  spot  above  each  of  antennse,  the  face  below, 
cheeks,  tegulse,  collar  with  a  connected  dot  beneath,  the  outer  edge  of  basal 
j)lates  and  a  spot  above  posterior  coxse  white  or  pale  straw  color:  the  prothorax, 
the  front  of  anterior  lobe  and  a  dot  at  base  of  sides  of  side  lobes  of  niesothorax, 
breast,  a  narrow  line  iu  the  sutures  of  the  2nd,  .Srd.  4th  and  6th  segment  and 
part  of  the  apex  beneath,  black:  legs  the  color  of  body,  their  anterior  coxt-e 
and  the  two  anterior  pair  before,  pale:  inner  spur  on  anterior  tibife  two-thirds 
as  long  as  first  joint  of  tarsi,  sharp  and  widely  bifid:  hinder  legs  long  and 
stout:  wings  smoky,  nervures  blackish,  costa  and  basal  nervures  i-ufous:  base 
of  stigma  pale. 

Var.  a.     A  triangular  white  spot  on  pleura. 

Var.  b.     The  antennse  whitish  beneath. 

Pike's  Peak.  Col.  Ter.  (Coll.  Eiit.  Soc.  Philad.)  Twenty-two  speci- 
mens examined. 

This  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  7\  tne/lun(^  of  Maine  and  the 
White  Motintains. 

27.  Tenthredo  angulatus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  witli  the  orbits,  face  below  antonnfe.  collar.  V  spot  on  thorax,  an  angu- 
lar line  and  spots  on  jjleura  and  the  breast  white:  apical  half  of  abdomen  ru- 
fous.    (Long  0.32.     Br.  wings  0.70  in.) 

%  .  Shining  black  :  antenn;ie  very  long,  enlarged  and  flattened  in  middle.  or<l 
j(jint  a  little  longer  than  ith:  head  polished,  ;in  oi'liital  line  interrupted  at  sum- 


14  [April 

mit  and  diverging  from  outer  side  of  eye  in  its  npper  half,  the  face  below  an- 
tenna?, edge  of  anterior  angle,  V  spot  on  thorax,  a  large  slender  angular  line  on 
]>leura,  a  sjiot  above  posterior  coxaj  and  the  breast,  white  :  coxre  blaek  above  : 
the  four  anterior  legs  white,  black  above:  posterior  legs  black,  their  trochan- 
ters white  and  femora  in  the  mirldle  whitish  :  abdomen  rufous,  the  two  basai 
segments  and  sides  of  third  black,  at  base  beneath  paler;  wings  hyaline,  ner- 
vures  blackish. 

Massachusetts.   (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  specimen. 

This  resembles  T.  /lissimiiis,  especially  in  the  length  and  form  oi 

antennae,  bitt  there  is  no  angular  line  on  the  pleura  of  that. 

2S.  Tenthredo  formosus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  with  inner  orbital  lines,  face  below  antenme,  cheeks,  collar,  spots  on 
sides  of  scutel  and  on  pleura,  venter  and  legs  in  part,  white;  apex  of  tergnm 
and  posterior  femora,  rufous.     (Long  Co,*?.     Br.  wings  0.98  in.) 

9.  Shining  black;  antennsB  moderate,  joints  enlarged  at  tip;  3rd  joi)it  one- 
half  longer  than  4th;  head  large  and  wide,  polished,  furrows  aljout  ocelli  dis- 
tinct; lower  ocellus  in  an  oval  sinus,  open  above  and  below,  nasus  deeply 
notched,  clypeus  round ;  a  stripe  from  near  the  summit  of  head  half  down  the 
inner  orbit  on  each  side ;  the  face  below  autenuse,  cheeks,  tegula;,  collar,  a  spot 
on  each  side  of  scutel,  with  an  outer-side  spot,  three  dots  beneath  on  each  side 
of  postscutel,  edge  of  basal  plates,  a  large  spot  on  jjleura  with  one  before  and 
two  behind  it  and  the  venter,  except  at  tip,  white ;  the  five  apical  segments  of 
tergum,  and  apex  of  venter  rufous ;  the  coxee,  trochanters,  most  of  anterior 
legs,  of  middle  femora  and  basal  third  of  posterior  femora,  white;  intermedi- 
ate tiljite  and  tarsi  and  most  of  posterior  femora  and  tibiae  rufous ;  a  slender 
blaek  line  down  the  two  anterior  pair  of  legs,  the  base  of  posterior  femora 
above,  the  apex  of  tibise  and  their  tarsi  black;  apical  half  of  wings  somewhat 
clouded,  nervures  blackish,  stigma  at  tip  black,  its  base  and  the  eosta  }>ale 
rutbus. 

"^ .  The  male  has  most  of  the  tergum  rnfotis.  and  the  breast  and  coxee  of  a 
waxen  color. 

Massachusetts.     (Coll.  Eut.  Soc.  Philad.)     Maine. 

I  have  received  this  fine  insect  from  Mr.  Scudder  (Mass.).  and  from 
Mr.  Packard  (Maine.) 

29.  Tenthredo  semi-rubra.  n.  sp. 
Black:  the  apical  half  of  abdomen  rufous.  (Long  (Koi.  Br.  wings  0.98.) 
9.  Sliiniug  black:  antennae  moderate,  slender,  enlarged  at  tips  of  joints. 
slightly  tlattened  beyond  the  middle,  3rd  joint  longer  than  4th ;  head  thick- 
ened, wider  than  thorax,  polished,  with  deep  depressions  at  sides  of  ocelli :  a 
square,  punctured,  enclosed  space  back  of  ocelli,  a  deep  sinus  below  lower 
ocellus  extending  between  antennaj;  nasus  emarginate,  labrtxm  rounded  before: 
both,  with  the  mandibles  and  palpi,  white ;  the  two  basal  segments  of  abdomen 
black,  remainder  rufous;  abdomen  lengthened  and  not  very  stout;  legs  black. 


1X04.]  15 

the  anterior  tibipe  before,  all  the  spines,  the  four  anterior  tarsi  and  apex  of  last 
joint  of  posterior  tarsi  piceous:  wings  faintly  clouded  on  apical  half. 

Massachusetts.   (Coll.  Eut.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  specimen. 

This  may  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  T.  tricolor.  The  abdomen  is  formed 
like  that  of  T.  anrpih'frr  and  T.  formoiius. 

'MK  Tenthredo  rufo-pedibus.  u.  sp. 

Black:  the  middle  of  abilonieu  and  most  part  of  legs  rufous.  (Long  0.44. 
Br.  wings  0.92  in.) 

%.  Black:  antennffi  moderate,  slender,  joints  enlarged  at  tips,  8rd  longer 
than  4th:  head  wide,  polished,  depressions  as  in  last  species;  nasus  with  a 
deep  semicircular  notch :  a  minute  oval  dot  above  base  of  each  of  antennjB,  face 
and  cheeks  beneath,  tegula?,  collar,  a  wide  angulate  line  like  an  L  on  pleura 
and  a  spot  above  both  anterior  and  posterior  coxce,  white  :  breast  waxen;  abdo- 
men rufous  on  the  3rd,  4th.  5th  and  part  of  the  6th  segments  above  and  all  but 
the  two  apical  segments  beneath :  legs  mostly  rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxfe 
waxen:  a  spot  on  the  tips  of  anterior  femora  above  and  the  apical  half  of  pos- 
terior tibiae  and  their  tarsi  black,  except  end  of  apical  joint,  which  is  rufous: 
ends  of  intermediate  joints  blackish:  wings  large,  hyaline. 

Pennsylvania.   (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)^ 

The  wings  are  larger  than  those  of  T.  rujipes  and  7\  ra/o/nctus. 
and  the  antennfe  longer. 

Genus  LYDA. 
Sec.  I.  Anterior  tibice  loith  one  side  spur. 

•!  1 .  Lyda  brunnicans,  n.  sp. 

Ochre  brown,  with  many  yellow  spots  on  head  and  body.  (Long  0.48.  Br. 
wings  1.06  in.) 

9  .  Color  ochre  brown  :  antennw  long,  slender,  about  36-jointed,  color  of  body: 
head  polished  having  sparse  punctures,  depressions  very  slight,  edge  of  nasus 
irregular:  ocelli  black;  two  oval  spots  on  occipitt,  enclosed  by  two  semilunate 
spots,  which  are  enlarged  at  ends  and  touch  the  eyes,  two  large  spots  outside 
of  antennffi,  two  obsolete  spots  above  antennee.  cheeks,  edge  of  nasus.  obsolete 
spots  on  collar  and  anterior  lolie  and  base  of  middle  lobes  of  mesothorax  and 
soutei,  the  postscutel.  prothorax  beneath,  most  of  pleura,  a  spot  above  posterior 
coxse  and  the  edges  of  abdominal  segments  beneath,  white,  or  straw  color ;  legs 
color  of  body :  one  side  spur  on  anterior  and  three  on  the  sides  of  four  posterior 
tibiaj:  wings  ample,  clouded,  clearest  at  base,  nervures  brown;  marginal  divid- 
ing nei'vure  coinciding  with  the  2nd  submargiual  cross  nervure:  .Srd  brachial 
cell  without  cross  nervure. 

Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad. )  One  specimen. 

The  abdomen  of  this  species  is  very  wide  and  large. 

Sec.  II.  Anterior  tibice  without  .side  spur. 
32.  Lyda  multisignatus,  n.  sji. 

Black:  many  yellow  spots  on  hfad  and  thorax;  abdomen  rufous.  (Long  0.32. 
Bi'.  wings  0.72  in.) 


IG  [April 

9.  Shiiiiim  black:  antennaj  black,  24-jointed,  1st  joint  three  times  as  long  a^f 
2nd:  head  polished,  with  furrows  at  sides  of  ocelli  from  aritennce  to  back  of 
head,  eonnocted  by  a  straight  cross  furrow  :  mandible  long,  sharp,  bidentate : 
one  mandible  with  a  small  tooth  between  1st  and  2nd  and  the  other  with 
merely  a  projection  :  a  lunate  spot  on  each  side  above  ocelli,  enclosed  by  two 
larger  lunate  spots,  which  connect  with  a  short  inner  orbital  line,  four  ovate 
parallel  spots  above  antennae,  a  large  spot  on  cheeks,  nasus  (with  two  inner 
bla.ik  dots),  base  of  mandibles,  palpi,  tegulse,  collar,  a  V  on  anterior  lobe,  a  tri- 
angular spot  at  base  of  each  middle  lobe  of  mesothorax  and  the  summit  of 
scutel,  pale  straw  color :  abdomen  yellow-rufous  ;  legs  of  three  colors :  the 
coxae  and  trochanters  black,  femora  white,  tibiae  and  tarsi  dark  waxen ;  eacli 
of  the  four  posterior  tibias  with  two  side  spurs;  wings  ample,  slightly  clouded 
at  ends,  marginal  dividing  nervure  not  coinciding  with  2nd  submarginal  ner- 
vuie,  the  ;5rd  brachial  cell  with  incomplete  cross  nervure. 

Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (Coll   Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)  One  specimen. 

Genus  XYPHIDRIA. 
.'53.  Xyphidria  tibialis.  Say. 

This  specimen  diticrs  from  Say's  description  in  having  whitish  spots 
upon  the  head.  The  antennae  are  black,  15-jointed,  8rd  and  4th  equal, 
very  slender  toward  the  tip.  There  are  two  oval  spots  on  the  summit, 
and  a  line,  interrupted  on  occiput,  around  the  outer  edge  of  head  end- 
ing on  the  inner  orbit,  opposite  antennae.  In  other  respects  this  agrees 
with  that  described  by  Say. 

Ohio.   (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)      One  specimen. 

Genus  UROCERUS. 
;U.  Urocerus  Cressoni.  n.  sp. 

Black,  the  anteunaj  tipped  with  white,  the  apex  of  abdomen  rufous.  (Long 
0.()4,  with  ovipositor  0.86.     Br.  wings  1.24  in.) 

9  .  Black  :  antennae  20-jointed,  the  ten  apical  joints  straw  color,  the  base  of 
the  11th  and  tij)  of  last  joint  brown;  head  and  thorax  coarsely  punctured:  a 
rufous  spot  not  defined  at  edges,  back  of  the  eyes  at  the  sides  of  occiput:  the 
six  basal  segments  of  abdomen  of  a  soft  velvety  purple-brown,  the  three  apical 
segments  rufous:  legs  black,  the  base  of  posterior  tibias  and  of  1st  joint  of  their 
tarsi  white,  remaining  joints  blackish,  nails  of  all  the  tarsi  red  :  wiugs  ob- 
scure brownish  violaceous,  nervures  piceous. 

Pennsylvania.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     One  specimen. 

The  wings  are  more  obscure  than  those  of  Urocerus  a/bicorni^. 


1S(U.]  17 

On  the  North  American  species  of  the  genus  OSMIA. 
BY    E.  T.  CRESSON. 

Genus  OSMIA.  Latr. 

••The  labial  palpi  tour-jointed,  the  basal  joint  elongate,  the  second  nearly 
twice  as  long,  the  third  and  fourth  minute,  the  third  inserted  at  tlie  aj^ex  of 
tlie  second,  the  fourth  at  the  apex  of  the  third,  the  two  latter  elavate,  truncate 
At  their  aj^ex.  The  maxillary  palpi  four-jointed,  the  basal  joint  stoutest,  broad- 
est at  the  base,  about  the  same  length  as  the  second  and  third  joints,  the  apical 
joint  minute.  The  superior  wings  with  one  marginal  and  two  submarginal  cells, 
the  second  submarginal  cell  receiving  the  two  recurrent  nervures. 

••  In  tlie  female  the  head  is  usually  very  large,  subquadrate,  the  ocelli  placed 
forward  on  the  vertex  in  a  sliglit  curve;  the  abdomen  furnished  with  a  dense 
l)ollen-brush  beneath. 

"  Males  usually  reseuxbling  the  female,  but  more  slender,  having  the  antennae 
longer,  and  the  apex  of  tlieir  al)domen  generally  armed  with  spines  or  teeth." — 
Smith,  Bees  of  Great  Britain,  p.  1.57. 

The  bees  of  this  interesting  genus  are  generally  of  a  bluish  or  green- 
ish color,  having  a  short,  robust  form,  more  or  less  pilo.se,  the  head 
large,  especially  in  the  females,  and  the  abdomen  mostly  subglobose. 
A  very  interesting  account  of  the  economy  of  these  bees  is  given  by 
Mr.  Smith  (Ibid.  pp.  158—162). 

In  this  paper  I  have  33  North  American  species  to  record,  all  i)f 
which  are  known  to  me  except  two — 0.  frigida  Smith,  and  0.  hurco- 
lu's  Say.  In  separating  the  closely  allied  species,  I  have  relied  much 
on  the  difference  of  sculpture  and  punctatiou,  which  seems  to  be  very 
constant  in  the  same  species,  although  when  more  material  has  been 
accumulated,  we  may  find  intermediate  grades  of  variation  that  will 
make  varieties  of  some  that  are  now  considered  distinct  species. 

1.  0.  bucephala.  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  very  broad,  subquadrate,  as  large  as  the  thorax, 
black  with  a  slight  bluish-green  reflection,  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured, clothed  with  rather  long  pubescence,  which  is  black  on  the 
clypeus,  dense  and  ochraceous  about  the  insertion  of  the  antennae, 
sparse  on  the  vertex,  and  dense  and  fuscous  on  the  cheeks  beneath; 
apical  uuirgin  of  the  clypeus  suddenly,  strongly  and  squarely  produced 
in  the  middle,  and  fringed  beneath  with  a  short  fulvous  pubescence, 
the  lateral  angles  of  this  projection  are  obtuse  but  prominent;  on  each 
side  of  the  clypeus  immediately  above  the  base  of  the   mandibles  a 


1«  [April 

small  shining  tubercle ;  mandibles  very  stout,  rugose  and  clothed  with 
short  fuscous  pubescence,  their  apex  broad,  armed  with  three  short 
teeth,  the  innermost  one  blunt,  and  the  two  outer  ones  approximate 
and  subacute;  lower  margin  of  each  mandible  with  a  deep  longitudinal 
channel,  and  a  large  irregular  tubercle  at  the  base  immediately  below 
each  extreme  lateral  angle  of  the  cljpeus ;  inner  orbits  of  the  eyes 
acutely  carinated  ;  antennae  about  the  length  of  the  head,  black.  Tho- 
rax black,  finely  and  very  closely  punctured;  densely  clothed  with 
rather  long  pubescence  which  is  ochraceous  above  and  on  the  sides, 
and  fuscous  beneath ;  tegulas  black,  .shining  and  feebly  punctured. 
Wings  fusco-hyaline.  apical  margin  paler  ;  nervures  blackish.  Legs 
black,  clothed  with  black  or  fuscous  pubescence.  Abdomen  subglo- 
bose,  black  with  a  greenish-blue  reflection,  minutely  punctured,  pol- 
ished ;  basal  segment  above  thickly  clothed  with  rather  long  ochrace- 
ous  pubescence ;  the  second  segment  with  dark  fuscous  pubescence 
intermixed  with  ochraceous  on  the  anterior  part ;  third,  fourth  and 
fifth  segments  with  short  black  pubescence ;  apical  segment  clothed 
with  very  short  ochraceous  pubescence ;  beneath  the  ventral  scopa  is 
dense  and  black.     Length  7h  lines. 

Hab. — Gi-reat  Slave  Lake,  British  America.  One  specimen.  Coll. 
Smithsonian  Institution. 

This  and  the  next  species  are  at  once  distinguished  from  all  others 
known  to  me,  by  the  large  size,  robust  form  and  the  unusually  large 
head.  Both  species  closely  resemble  each  other,  but  are  sufficiently 
distinct  by  the  characters  given  in  the  descriptions. 

2.  0.  megacephala.  n.  sp. 

Female— Head  very  broad,  subquadrate,  rather  larger  than  the 
thorax,  black  with  a  slight  bluish  reflection,  densely  and  somewhat 
strongly  punctured,  clothed  with  rather  long  black  pubescence,  except 
a  tuft  above  the  insertion  of  each  antenna  which  is  ochraceous,  the 
pubescence  dense  on  the  face  and  clypeus  and  sparse  on  the  vertex  ; 
clypeus  and  mandibles  as  in  the  preceding  species ;  inner  orbits  of  the 
eyes  acutely  carinated  ;  antenufe  about  the  length  of  the  head,  black. 
Thorax  closely  and  somewhat  strongl}^  punctured,  black,  densely  clothed 
with  rather  long  ochraceous  pubescence,  with  a  slight  mixture  of  black 
on  the  disk  above  ;  metathorax  opaque  blue-black,  very  minutely  punc- 
tured, with  a  deep  impression  on  its  disk  ;  tegulte  black,  shining,  feebly 


1^64.]  19 

punctured.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical  niargins  clouded  ;  nervures  black. 
Legs  black,  with  black  hairs ;  tarsi  beneath  clothed  with  fuscous  pu- 
bescence. Abdomen  subglobose,  black,  with  a  very  slight  bluish  reflec- 
tion, polished,  minutely  punctured ;  the  pubescence  colored  above  and 
beneath  as  in  the  preceding  species.      Length  Ti  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.  One  specimen.  Coll. 
Entom.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Closely  resembles  the  preceding  species,  but  differs  by  the  stronger 
punctation  of  the  head  and  thorax,  by  the  less  robust  form  and  by  the 
different  color  of  the  wings.  The  head  in  this  species  is  rather  larger 
than  the  thorax,  whereas  in  huccphala  the  head  and  thorax  are  about 
equal  in  size. 

3.  0.  longula,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  subtransverse,  black  slightly  tinged  with  deep  blue 
in  certain  lights,  subopaque,  very  densely,  closely,  and  uniformly  punc- 
tured ;  face  and  clypeus  with  a  sparse  black  pubescence,  that  on  the 
vertex  ochraceous,  and  on  the  cheeks  beneath  long  and  fuscous ;  cly- 
peus slightly  prominent,  with  the  apical  margin  subemarginate  ;  man- 
dibles rather  deeply  channelled  near  the  outer  margin,  apex  armed  with 
three  teeth,  the  two  innermost  ones  short  and  blunt,  the  outer  tooth 
longer  and  subacute ;  antennae  longer  than  the  head,  black.  Thorax 
black,  with  a  greenish  reflection  posteriorly,  subopaque,  very  densely, 
finely  and  closely  punctured,  clothed  above  with  long  ochraceous  pu- 
bescence ;  tegulae  piceous,  minutely  punctured.  Wings  subhyaline  ; 
nervures  fuscous.  Legs  black,  with  black  pubescence,  tarsi  with  fus- 
cous pubescence.  Abdomen  subglobose,  broader  posteriorly,  black  with 
a  greenish-blue  reflection,  polished,  finely  punctured ;  basal  segment 
above  clothed  with  ochraceous  pubescence,  remaining  segments  with 
short  black  pubescence;  beneath  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  black. 
Length  7  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.  One  specimen.  Coll. 
Entom.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

4.  0.  juxta,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  subtransverse,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  black,  with  a 
deep  blue  reflection,  densely  and  rather  strongly  punctured,  face  and 
vertex  clothed  with  fuscous  pubescence  intermixed  with  ochraceous 
about  the  base  of  the  antennas  and  on  the  vertex  ;  apical  margin  of  the 


20  [April 

clypeus  truncate;  mandibles  stout,  lower  margin  clianaelled,  apex  broad 
and  armed  with  three  teeth,  the  innermost  one  being  short  and  bifid, 
and  the  others  long  and  subacute;  antennae  short,  black.  Thorax  black, 
tinged  with  greenish  posteriorly,  opaque,  very  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured, clothed  above  with  long  ochraceous  pubescence,  beneath  with 
fuscous  pubescence ;  tegulae  black,  finely  punctured.  Wings  subhya- 
line ;  nervures  blackish.  Legs  black,  clothed  with  short  fuscous  pu- 
bescence. Abdomen  subglobose,  finely  and  rather  densely  punctured, 
polished,  black  with  a  bright  bluish  reflection  changing  to  green  to- 
wards the  tip ;  basal  segment  thinly  clothed  above  with  ochraceous 
pubescence,  remaining  segments  with  a  very  short  scattering  black 
pubescence ;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  black.  Length 
6  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains.  Colorado  Territory.  One  specimen.  Coll. 
Kntom.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Clo.sely  allied  to  0.  longula.  but  rather  smaller,  the  head  longer  and 
broader,  the  clypeus  truncate  in  front,  and  the  mandibles  larger,  with 
their  teeth  differently  shaped,  the  antennaj  shorter,  the  second  subuiar- 
ginal  cell  not  so  broad,  and  the  abdomen  not  so  robust  as  in  that 
species. 

5.  0.  latitarsis.  u.  sp. 

Male. — Head  dark  blue-green,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed 
with  long  whitish  pubescence  which  is  rather  thin  on  the  vertex  and 
cheeks  and  very  dense  on  the  face ;  mandibles  black,  shining,  deeply 
bified  at  tip,  the  inner  tooth  short,  broad  and  truncate,  the  outer  one 
rather  long  and  acute;  antennae  black,  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax. 
Thorax  dark  blue-green,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with  long- 
dense  whitish  pubescence ;  tegulae  black,  shining.  Wings  subhyaline. 
apical  margins  faintly  clouded ;  nervures  blackish.  Legs  black,  clothed, 
especially  the  femora  beneath,  with  rather  long  whitish  pubescence ;  tarsi 
beneath  with  fuscous  pubescence ;  the  second,  third  and  fourth  joints  of 
the  intermediate  tarsi  subtriangular  and  broadly  dilated;  the  innermost 
spur  of  the  posterior  tibije  slightly  incurved  at  tip,  very  long  and  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  other;  basal  joint  of  the  posterior  tarsi  rather 
long,  clavate,  broadest  at  tip  ;  apical  joints  of  all  the  tarsi  piceous. 
Abdomen  broadest  posteriorly,  incurved  at  tip,  black,  with  a  blue- 
green  reflection,  shining,  very  densely   and   finely  punctured,   apical 


1S(34.]  21 

luarsin  of  the  ses-ments  above  smooth  and  shining ;  the  two  basal  seo;- 
nients  above  clothed  with  whitish  pubescence,  that  on  the  basal  segment 
longest;  the  third,  fourth  and  fifth  segments  clothed  with  black  pubes- 
cence ;  apical  margin  of  the  sixth  segment  broadly  rounded,  strongly 
reflexed.  obsoletely  notched  in  the  middle  and  fringed  with  long  whit- 
ish pubescence,  also  a  thin  patch  of  long  pale  pubescence  on  the  disk 
of  this  segment;  apical  segment  very  slightly  and  obtusely  emarginate 
;it  tip.     Length  5f  lines. 

Hah. — New  York,  Virginia.  Three  %  specimens.  Coll.  Entom.  Soc. 
Philadelphia,  and  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Readily  distinguished  by  the  joints  of  the  intermediate  tarsi  being 
subtriaugular  and  broadly  dilated. 

ii.  0.  hudsonica.  n.  sp. 

Male. — Head  black,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  clothed  with  long 
ochraceous  pubescence  which  is  dense  on  the  face;  antennae  black, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  thorax.  Thorax  black,  finely  and  densely  punc- 
tured, thickly  clothed  with  long  ochraceous  pubescence,  which  is  paler 
and  more  sparing  beneath ;  tegulas  black,  clothed  with  ochraceous  pu- 
bescence. Wings  subhyaline,  the  marginal  cell  and  the  apical  margins 
clouded;  nervures  black.  Legs  black,  thinly  clothed  with  ochraceous 
pubescence ;  apical  joints  of  the  tarsi  rufous.  Abdomen  elongate, 
clavate.  much  narrowed  towards  the  base  and  incurved  at  the  apex ; 
black,  shining,  densely  and  minutely  punctured,  the  apical  margin  of 
the  segments  above  smooth  and  shining ;  basal  segment  above  clothed 
with  ochraceous  pubescence,  the  remaining  segments  with  black  pubes- 
cence, that  on  the  two  apical  segments  mixed  with  fuscous  and  ochra- 
ceous ;  apical  margin  of  the  sixth  segment  broadly  rounded,  reflexed, 
obtusely  notched  on  the  middle  and  sulcate  on  the  disk ;  apical  seg- 
ment slightly  emarginate  at  tip ;  the  margin  of  the  second  segment 
beneath  is  produced  into  a  large  semicircular  flattened  plate.  Length 
5  lines. 

Hah. — Hudson's  Bay  Territory.  One  specimen.  Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Resembles  0.  latitarsia  in  its  general  form,  but  quite  distinct.  These 
two  species,  especially  the  former,  have  much  the  appearance  of  certain 
males  of  Megacliile,  e.  g.  M  melano^ihsea  Smith,  but  the  maxillary 
jtalpi  are  4-j(iinted. 


22  [April 

7.  0.  chalybea.  Smith. 

Osmia  chalybea.  Smith,   Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  i,  p.  143.  (1854.) 

"  Female.  Length  0  lines. — Steel-blue,  head  very  large,  subquadrate 
and  strongly  punctured,  the  abdomen  more  finely  so;  the  anterior  mar- 
gin [of  the  clypeus]  produced  iu  the  middle,  the  apex  of  the  lobe 
emarginate,  the  margin  on  each  side  crenulated ;  the  mandibles  very 
large,  a  deep  groove  running  along  their  inferior  margin  from  the  apex 
to  the  base,  where  it  terminates  in  a  pit  or  hollow.  Thorax,  the  sides 
thinly  covered  with  griseous  pubescence ;  beneath  densely  clothed  with 
black  pubescence. 

•'  Male. — Closely  resembles  the  female,  the  margin  of  the  clypeus 
in  this  sex  is  entire,  and  the  margin  of  the  apical  segment  notched  in 
the  middle ;  beneath,  the  ventral  segment  bidentate. 

..  Hab.—^i.  John's  Bluff,  East  Florida." 

One  9  specimen  of  this  fine  insect,  from  Florida,  is  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  Edward  Norton.     I  have  not  seen  the  male. 

S.  0.  lignaria,  Say. 

Osmia  lignaria,  Say.  Bost.  .Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  p.  'M'J  %  ?.    (1837.) 

Female. — Head  large,  subquadrate,  bluish-green  or  dark  blue,  finely 
and  densely  punctured,  cheeks  and  vertex  clothed  with  black  pubes- 
cence, that  on  the  face  is  long,  somewhat  dense  and  whitish,  sometimes 
slightly  mixed  with  black;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  produced 
and  deeply  emarginate ;  mandibles  stout,  deeply  channelled  along  the 
outer  margin,  and  having  a  prominent  tubercle  on  each  side  at  base ; 
antennse  longer  than  the  head,  black.  Thorax  bluish-green  or  dark 
blue,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  clothed  with  rather  long  pubes- 
cence, which  is  whiti.sh  slightly  mixed  with  black  above  and  entirely 
black  beneath ;  disk  with  a  finely  impressed  longitudinal  line ;  tegulge 
black,  smooth  and  shining.  Wings  subhyaline,  almost  hyaline,  the 
apical  margins  and  the  costal  half  of  the  marginal  cell  tinged  with 
fuliginous  Legs  black,  with  black  pubescence,  that  on  the  femora 
beneath  sometimes  pale.  Abdomen  subglobose,  bluish-green  or  dark 
blue,  rather  densely  and  finely  punctured,  shining;  the  basal  segment 
above  and  often  the  basal  half  of  the  second  segment  clothed  with  pale 
pubescence,  the  remaining  segments  with  rather  short  black  pubes- 
cence; beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  den.se  and  black.    Length  4-6  lines. 

Male. — Closely  resembles  the  female,  but  is  smaller  and  more  paral- 


1S04.]  23 

lei;  the  head  is  clothed  with  long  white  pubescence,  that  on  the  face 
being  very  dense;  the  antennae  are  as  long  as  the  thorax;  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  clypeus  is  smooth,  shining  and  scarcely  emarginate  ;  the 
thorax  beneath,  except  immediately  under  the  base  of  the  wings,  and 
the  legs,  especially  the  femora  beneath,  are  clothed  with  long  white 
pubescence ;  apical  margins  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  segments  are 
entire,  and  the  ventral  segments  have  a  rather  long  white  pubescence. 
Hah. — Conn.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J..  Penn.,  Del.,  Va.,  and  Kansas.  Nume- 
rous specimens.     Coll.  Entom.  Soc.  Philad.,  and  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

A  common  species,  and  varies  in  color  from  blue  to  green  and  is 
even  sometimes  purplish ;  the  most  general  color,  however,  being  blu- 
ish-green.   The  deeply  emarginate  clypeus  will  readily  distinguish  the 
9  of  this  and  the  next  species  from  all  others  known  to  me. 

9.  0.  propinqua.  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  large,  subquadrate,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  dark 
greenish-blue,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with  long  black 
pubescence,  which  is  mixed  with  ochraceous  about  the  insertion  of  the 
antennae ;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  strongly  produced,  and 
broadly,  deeply  and  squarely  emarginate  in  the  middle,  so  as  to  leave 
on  each  side  a  rather  long,  stout,  obtuse  tooth,  the  outer  face  of  the 
emargination  black,  smooth  and  shining  ;  mandibles  stout,  black,  deeply 
channelled  with  the  apex  deeply  bifid  ;  on  each  side  of  the  extreme 
base  of  the  mandibles  a  large  smooth,  shining  tubercle,  which  has  a 
deep  impression  posteriorly ;  antennae  black,  rather  longer  than  the 
head.  Thorax  blue-green,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  clothed  with 
long  black  pubescence,  mixed  with  ochraceous  above ;  tegul^e  black, 
shininsj,  i)unctured.  Winjrs  subhvaline,  costal  half  of  the  marginal  cell 
and  the  apical  margins  clouded ;  nervures  blackish.  Legs  black, 
clothed  with  black  pubescence.  Abdomen  subglobose.  greenish-blue, 
shining,  densely  and  minutely  punctured  ;  the  two  basal  segments  above 
clothed  with  long  ochraceous  pubescence,  the  remaining  segments  with 
rather  short  black  pubescence ;  beneath  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and 
black.     Length  h\  lines. 

Hah.—^QXi  Crook.  California.  Mr.  H.  Hike.  Coll.  Entom.  Soc. 
I'hiladelphia. 

Closely  resembles  0.  liijitnria  Say,  but  differs  principally  by  the 
emargination  of  the  clypeus  being  deeper  and  broader,  and  thereby 


24  [  A  PR  [  L 

making  the  tooth  ou   each  side  much   more  prominent.      It   may  be 
nothing  more  than  a  variety  of  that  species. 

10.  0.  californica,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  subtransverse.  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  densely  and 
rather  strongly  punctured,  black  tinged  with  dark  green,  clothed  with 
rather  long  black  pubescence ;  clypeus  more  strongly  and  less  densely 
punctured,  prominent,  convex,  shining,  with  a  smooth  line  down  its 
middle,  anterior  margin  rather  deeply  emarginate;  mandibles  robust, 
apical  tooth  long  and  acute,  deeply  channelled  along  the  outer  margin  ; 
antenna)  black,  scape  shining,  slightly  tinged  with  green,  flagellum 
beneath  subsericeous.  Thorax  finely  and  densely  punctured,  black 
tinged  with  dark  green,  thickly  clothed  with  long  l>lack  pubescence ; 
on  each  side  above  the  tegukx)  a  very  small  smooth  shining  spot;  meta- 
thorax  tinged  with  deep  blue;  tegula?  black,  shining,  finely  punctured. 
Wings  hyaline,  the  marginal  and  first  submarginal  cells  and  the  apical 
margins  faintly  stained  with  fuscous;  nervures  blackish.  Legs  black, 
punctured,  clothed  with  short  black  pubescence,  the  tarsi  beneath  with 
short  fuscous  pubescence.  Abdomen  subglobose,  minutely  punctured, 
black,  with  a  greenish-blue  reflection,  shining,  rather  thickly  clothed 
with  short  black  pubescence ;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and 
black.     Length  5  lines. 

Hah.— ¥ovi  Crook,  California.   Mr.  H.  Ulke.    CoU.  Ent.  Soe.  Philad. 

Shaped  like  0.  Inpiaria  Say,  but  is  at  once  distinguished  from  that . 
species  by  the  black  pubescence  and  the  shape  of  the  clypeus. 

11.  0.  montana.  u.  sp. 

Male. — Head  subquadrate,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  densely  and  rather 
strongly  punctured,  deep  blue,  tinged  with  green  anteriorly ;  face 
densely  clothed  with  long  whitish  pubescence ;  the  vertex  has  some 
long  ochraceous,  and  the  cheeks  a  rather  long  dense  black  pubescence ; 
clypeus  more  finely  punctured,  anterior  margin  truncate,  smooth  and 
shining;  antennae  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  black,  flagellum 
piceous  beneath.  Thorax  finely  and  very  densely  punctured;  dark 
blue,  opaque,  clothed  above  with  long  ochraceous,  and  below  with  black 
pubescence;  disk  in  front  with  a  smooth  shining  longitudinal  line  and 
on  each  side  of  this  line  there  is  a  very  short  impressed  line  proceeding 
from  the  anterior  margin  and  extending  obliquely  inwards ;  tegula? 
black  and  shining.     Wings  hyaline,  nervures  fuscous.     Legs  black, 


1S(U.]  25 

shining,  clothed  with  black  pubescence,  the  anterior  femora  beneath 
with  long  ochraceous  pubescence;  apical  joints  of  the  tarsi  ferruginous. 
Abdomen  subovate,  deep  blue,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  the  basal 
segment  as  well  as  a  portion  of  the  second  segment,  clothed  with  ochra- 
ceous pubescence,  that  on  the  basal  segment  long;  remaining  segments 
with  short  black  pubescence ;  apical  segment  notched  in  the  middle  ; 
beneath,  the  pubescence  is  black.     Length  4i  Hues. 

Hah. — Pike's  Peak,  Colorado  Territory.  Two  specimens.  Coll. 
Bntom.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Resembles  in  form  some  of  the  males  of  0.  lignarla  Say,  but  quite 
distinct ;  the  wings  of  the  two  specimens  before  me  are  purely  hyaline. 

12.  0.  densa,  u.  sp. 

Female. — Head  subtransverse,  slightly  wider  than  the  thorax,  dark 
green,  slightly  tinged  with  blue  about  the  clypeus,  densely  and  finely 
punctured,  the  punctures  rather  finer  on  the  clypeus ;  the  latter  some- 
what prominent,  densely  clothed  with  short  black  pubescence,  with  the 
anterior  margin  depressed,  truncate,  black,  smooth  and  shining  ;  vertex 
clothed  with  rather  long  fuscous  pubescence,  slightly  mixed  with  ochra- 
ceous ;  mandibles  stout,  deeply  channelled  along  the  outer  margin  and 
armed  with  three  short  blunt  teeth,  the  innermost  one  bifid  ;  antennae 
rather  longer  than  the  head,  black.  Thorax  dark  opaque-blue  anteri- 
orly, dark  green  with  blue  refiections  posteriorly,  very  densely,  conflu- 
eutly  and  rather  strongly  punctured,  anteriorly  the  punctures  are  so 
dense  and  confluent  as  to  appear  granulate,  on  the  scutellum  and  meta- 
thorax  the  punctures  are  finer ;  clothed  with  rather  long  ochraceous 
pubescence ;  disk  of  the  thorax  in  front  with  a  finely  impressed  longi- 
tudinal line,  and  on  each  side  above  the  tegulte  a  minute,  smooth,  shin- 
ing spot ;  tegulas  blackish-piceous,  slightly  tinged  with  green,  sparsely 
punctured,  shining.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical  margin  slightly  clouded, 
nervures  black.  Legs  black,  shining,  profoundly  punctured,  clothed 
with  short  black  pubescence.  Abdomen  subglobose,  densely  and  rather 
strongly  punctured,  dark  green,  shining,  apical  margins  of  the  segments 
steel-blue,  smooth  and  subdepressed ;  the  basal  segment  above  thinly 
clothed  with  ochraceous  pubescence,  that  on  the  apical  segment  some- 
what fuscous ;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  black.  Length 
4^  lines. 

Hah.—V\\ie^  Peak,  Colorado  Territory.    Coll.  Entom.  Soc.  Philad. 


26  [April 

Easily  distinguished  from  all  others  known  to  me  by  the  very  dense 
punctation,  especially  of  the  thorax.  Much  of  the  pubescence  is  rub- 
bed off  of  the  single  specimen  before  me. 

1?..  0.  frigida.  Smith. 

Osmia  frigida.  Smith.  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  i,  p.  142,  %  9.  (1854.) 

"  Female.  Length  5  lines. — Black,  the  head  has  an  ochraceous  pu- 
bescence, which  is  dense  on  the  face,  and  sparing  on  the  cheeks  and 
vertex.  Thorax,  the  disk  thickly  clothed  with  ochraceous  pubescence, 
the  femora  have  a  thin  fringe  beneath  of  the  same  color,  on  the  tibi)« 
and  tarsi  it  is  fuscous ;  wings  subhyaline,  their  apical  margins  faintly 
clouded ;  the  two  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  thinly  clothed  with 
ochraceous  pubescence  ;  on  the  third,  fourth  and  fifth  it  is  black ;  the 
apical  segment  covered  with  very  short  ochraceous  pubescence ;  be- 
neath it  is  dense  and  black. 

"  Male.  Length  3—1  lines. — The  clypeus  covered  with  long  white 
pubescence,  on  the  vertex  and  disk  of  the  thorax  it  is  long,  thin  and 
pale  ochraceous ;  the  base  of  the  abdomen  has  a  little  scattered  long 
pale  pubescence,  otherwise  it  is  short,  sparing  and  fuscous  ;  the  margin 
of  the  fifth  segment  fringed  with  brown  pubescence ;  the  sixth  segment 
has  down  the  middle  a  shallow  longitudinal  channel;  the  apical  mar- 
gin entire. 

"  Hah. — Hudson's  Bay." 

Unknown  to  me. 

14.  0.  bucconis,  Say. 

Osmia  bucconis.  Say.  Bost.  .Jourii.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  p.  400,  %  9-  (lf'-57-) 

•'  Female. — Body  black,  with  rather  short  gray  hairs,  and  obvious, 
dense  punctures  :  head  rather  large,  long  between  the  eyes  and  thorax: 
nasus  entire  :  mandibles  with  a  patch  of  dense  prostrate  hairs  near  the 
tip  :  wings  hyaline:  nervures  fuscous;  wing-scale  piceous  :  tergum  with 
short,  blackish  hairs ;  segments  rather  convex,  narrow,  white  bands  of 
prostrate  short  hairs,  wider  each  side ;  towards  the  posterior  extremity 
with  numerous  white,  short  hairs,  obvious  in  profile ;  jjosterior  tarsi 
with  longer  hairs,  tinted  with  ferruginous ;  venter  with  fulvous  hairs. 
Length  over  three-tenths  of  an  inch. 

"  Male. — Resembles  the  female,  but  is  smaller,  and  the  tail  has  four 
distant  denticulations.     Length  one-fourth  of  an  inch. 

*•  Hah. — Indiana." 


■1S(U.]  27 

I  have  not  seen  any  specimens  which  answei'  to  the  above  descrip- 
tion. I 

1 5.  0.  purpurea,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  rather  large,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  dark  purple, 
densely  and  finely  punctured,  thinly  clothed  with  yellowish-white  pu- 
bescence, which  is  longer  on  the  sides  of  the  face  and  cheeks,  and 
short  and  sparse  on  the  clypeus ;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  entire 
and  fringed  beneath  with  fulvous  pubescence,  the  mandibles  also  clothed 
with  short  fulvous  pubescence  ;  antennae  short  and  black.  Thorax 
dark  purple,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  clothed  with  yellowish- 
white  pubescence  which  is  paler  beneath ;  tegulfe  black,  smooth  and 
shining.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical  margin  faintly  clouded.  Legs  black, 
with  short  pale  pubescence,  tarsi  beneath  with  fulvous  pubescence. 
Abdomen  subglobose,  dark  purple,  slightly  tinged  with  blue,  densely, 
rather  finely  and  confluently  punctured,  clothed  with  short,  suberect, 
pale  yellowish  pubescence  ;  on  the  basal  segment  and  on  the  sides,  the 
pubescence  is  rather  long  and  whitish;  the  posterior  margins  of  the 
second  and  three  following  segments  are  fringed  with  whitish  pubes- 
cence, sometimes  interrupted  on  the  middle  of  the  second  and  third 
segments;  on  the  apical  segment  the  pubescence  is  short,  dense  and 
whitish;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  rather  dense  and  black.  Length 
82 — iij  lines. 

Hah. — Conn.,  Penn.,  N.  Jersey.  Five  9  specimens.  Coll.  Entom. 
Soc.  Philad..  and  Mr.  Edward  Norton. 

The  dark  purple  color  and  the  narrow  whitish  fasciae  of  the  abdo- 
men of  this  species,  will  readily  distinguish  it  from  all  others  known 
to  me.  The  whitish  apical  fringe  of  the  abdominal  segments  are  very 
conspicuous  when  held  in  certain  lights,  and  also  on  the  apex  of  the 
abdomen  where  the  segments  are  more  retracted. 

The  specimens  before  me  of  this  species  were  labelled  0.  bucconis 
Say,  but  in  that  species  the  color  is  said  to  be  "black,"  and  the  ven- 
tral scopa  "fulvous";  but  in  the  species  before  me  the  general  color 
of  the  body  is  conspicuously  dark  purple,  and  the  ventral  scopa  is 
black. 

l(:i.  0.  sericea.  n.  sp. 

Male. — Head  black  with  a  slight  blue-green  reflection,  densely  and 


28  [Aprii: 

finely  punctured;  face  thickly  clothed  with  loBg  yellowish-white  pu- 
bescence, that  on  the  vertex  and  cheeks  long  and  sparse ;  antennre 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  head,  black,  the  flagcUum  beneath  rufo-tes- 
taceous.  Thorax  black  with  a  blue-green  reflection,  densely  and  finely 
punctured,  clothed,  especially  on  the  sides  and  beneath,  with  rather 
long  yellowish-white  pubescence ;  tegulae  black,  shining.  Wings  hya- 
line, apical  margins  faintly  clouded,  nervures  black.  Legs  black  with 
a  slight  greenish  tinge,  shining,  clothed  with  short  pale  glittering  pu- 
bescence; the  tarsi  beneath  with  yellow  pubescence,  the  apical  joints 
rufo-piceous.  Abdomen  rather  short,  subglobose,  black  faintly  tinged 
with  blue  and  purple,  very  closely,  finely  and  uniformly  punctured, 
densely  clothed  above  with  very  short  pale  fuscous  pubescence  which 
has  a  pale  sericeous  appearance  in  certain  lights;  sides  of  the  basal 
segment  and  also  of  the  apical  segments  have  the  pubescence  rather 
long  and  whitish ;  apical  margin  of  the  sixth  segment  sinuate  on  each 
side  and  rather  deeply  and  obtusely  notched  in  the  middle;  apical  seg- 
ment bidentate ;  beneath,  the  ventral  segments  are  flat  and  fringed 
posteriorly  with  yellowish-white  pubescence.     Length  3f  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.    Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil. 

Somewhat  resembles  0.  j^urpurea,  but  the  punctation  of  the  abdo- 
men is  finer  and  the  segments  have  no  appearance  of  an  apical  whitish 
fringe  which  is  more  or  less  conspicuous  in  that  species. 

17.  0.  simillima,  Smith. 

<)s)nia  simillima.  Smith,  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  i,  p.  112,  %  9    (1854.) 

Femab'. — Head  rather  large,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  bluish-green, 
densely  and  rather  finely  punctured,  thinly  clothed  with  whitish  pu- 
bescence ;  clypeus  more  strongly  punctured,  apical  margin  truncate ; 
antennas  short,  black.  Thorax  bluish-green,  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured, clothed  with  rather  long  whitish  pubescence.  Wings  sub  hya- 
line, their  apical  margins  faintly  clouded.  Legs  black,  with  a  short 
pale  pubescence  ;  the  tarsi  beneath  with  blackish  pubescence.  Abdo- 
men subglobose,  blue,  tinged  with  green,  polished,  rather  finely  punc- 
tured ;  apical  margin  of  the  segments  smooth ;  the  segments  above 
clothed  with  short  whitish  pubescence,  that  on  the  basal  segment  long- 
est and  that  on  the  sides  and  on  the  apical  segment  more  dense ;  be- 
neath, the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  black.     Length  4f  lines. 

"  Male..     Length  4  lines. — Head  and   thorax  of  a  bronzed   green, 


•1S64.]  29 

abdomen  blue ;  the  antennae  a  little  longer  than  the  head  and  thorax, 
setaceous,  fulvo-testaceous  beneath  ;  the  face  thickly  covered  with  long 
white  pubescence,  a  similar  pubescence  is  also  more  thinly  scattered 
over  the  vertex,  thorax  and  base  of  the  abdomen  ;  wings  as  in  the 
female ;  the  apical  segment  notched  in  the  middle ;  beneath,  the  ven- 
tral se"-meut  is  bidentate." 

Hah. — Nova  Scotia  ;  United  States  (Smith)  ;  Connecticut ;  Great 
Slave  Lake,  British  America.    Two  $  specimens.    Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

I  have  not  seen  the  male  of  this  species,  and  am  somewhat  uncer- 
tain that  the  female  specimens  from  which  I  drew  up  the  above  de- 
scription are  the  true  similUma  of  Smith,  as  his  description  does  not 
quite  accord  with  the  specimens  1  have  examined. 

18.  0.  atriventris,  u.  sji. 

Fvinale. — Head  subquadrate,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  dull  blue-green, 
strongly  tinged  with  blue  about  the  clypeus,  densely  and  somewhat 
finely  punctured,  clothed  above  and  beneath  with  rather  long  white 
pubescence  ;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  slightly  and  obtusely  emar- 
ginate ;  mandibles  black  ;  antennae  rather  longer  than  the  head,  black, 
the  scape  slightly  tinged  with  green  and  the  flagellum  beneath  with 
rufo-testaceous.  Thorax  dull  blue-green,  densely  and  finely  punctured, 
clothed  above  and  beneath  with  rather  long  white  pubescence ;  disk 
in  front  with  a  finely  impressed  longitudinal  line,  and  on  each  side 
above  the  teguljB  a  small  smooth  shining  spot ;  tegulae  black,  shining. 
Wings  subhyaline,  faintly  clouded  ;  nervures  black.  Legs  black,  shin- 
ing, thinly  clothed  with  short  pale  hairs.  Abdomen  short,  subglobose, 
dull  blue-green,  shining,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with 
whitish  pubescence,  which  is  long  on  the  basal  segment,  shorter  on  the 
sides  and  apex  of  the  abdomen  and  very  short  on  the  segments  above ; 
beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  black.     Length  4  lines. 

Ilab. — Connecticut.     Two  specimens.     Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Resembles  0  similUma,  Smith,  but  is  much  smaller  and  the  punc- 
tation  of  the  abdomen  much  more  dense  and  rather  finer. 

Ut.  0.  dubia,  n.  sp. 

Frmalc. — Head  large,  subquadrate.  rather  wider  than  the  thorax, 
dark  blue-green,  clypeus  deep  blue,  finely  and  den.sely  punctured, 
rather  thinly  clothed  with  whitish   pubescence  which  is  slightly  inter- 


30  [April 

mixed  with  fuscous  on  the  face  ;  clypeus  deep  blue,  its  anterior  margin 
truncate ;  mandibles  stout,  black,  channelled  along  the  outer  margin 
and  armed  with  three  teeth,  the  inner  one  blunt  and  bifid,  the  apical 
one  rather  long  and  acute;  antennae  slightly  longer  than  the  head, 
black,  shining;,  flaoellum  beneath  tint>ed  with  rufo-testaceous.  Thorax 
dull  blue-green,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with  pale  ochra- 
ceous  pubescence,  which  is  long  above,  and  rather  short  and  mixed 
with  fuscous  beneath ;  disk  in  front  with  a  very  finely  impressed  long- 
itudinal line,  and  on  each  side  above  the  tegulae,  a  minute  shining- 
spot;  tegulae  black,  tinged  with  green,  smooth  and  shining.  Wings 
subhyaline.  faintly  clouded  ;  nervures  blackish.  Legs  black,  shining, 
sparsely  clothed  with  short  fuscous  pubescence.  Abdomen  short,  sub- 
globose,  dark  blue-green,  shining,  densely,  finely  and  confluently  punc- 
tured ;  basal  segment  above  thinly  clothed  with  rather  long  whitish 
pubescence,  remaining  segments  with  very  short  blackish  pubescence, 
having  a  sericeous  appearance  in  certain  lights ;  beneath,  the  ventral 
scopa  is  dense  and  black.     Length  4  lines. 

Hah. — Pike's  Peak,  Colorado  Territory.  One  specimen.  Coll.  Kntom. 
Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Closely  resembles  0.  atriventrU.  but  the  head  is  proportionally 
larger,  the  punctation  of  the  abdomen  is  not  so  distinct,  the  pubescence 
not  so  dense  and  is  of  a  different  color  (jn  the  abdomen  above. 

211.  0.  distincta,  n.  sj). 

Female. — Head  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  dark  greenish-blue,  shining, 
densely  and  finely  punctured ;  vertex  and  face  thickly  clothed  with 
long  pale  golden-yellow  pubescence,  slightly  fuscous  on  the  vertex ; 
anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  slightly  iridescent,  and  somewhat  emar- 
ginate ;  antennfe  rather  longer  than  the  head,  black.  Thorax  dark 
green  with  a  slight  bluish  reflection,  densely  and  finely  punctured, 
thickly  clothed  with  rather  long  hoary  pubescence,  anterior  margin  of 
the  scutellum  slightly  impressed;  tegulfe  black,  tinged  with  purple, 
smooth  and  shining.  Wings  almost  hyaline,  having  a  very  faint  tinge 
of  fuscous  ;  nervures  blackish.  Legs  black,  slightly  tinged  with  green, 
shining,  clothed  beneath  with  short  pale  pubescence ;  tarsi  beneath 
with  fuscous  pubescence.  Abdomen  short,  broad,  only  slightly  convex 
above,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  blue-green,  shining;  basal  seg- 
ment a])ove  clothed   with  hoary  pubescence,  the  remaining  segments. 


18(M.]  31 

especially  the  apical  one,  with  very  short  pale  sericeous  pubescence  ; 
beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  white.     Length  4  lines. 
Hah. — Connecticut.     One  specimen.      Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Allied  to  the  two  following  species,  but  is  broader,  more  robust,  with 
the  abdomen  shorter  and  only  .slightly  convex  above.  It  is  distin- 
guished at  once  from  the  three  preceding  species  by  its  ventral  scopa 
being  white. 

21.  0.  albiventris,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  greenish-blue,  shining,  some- 
times entirely  deep  blue  ;  densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with 
long  hoary  pubescence  ;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  truncate,  de- 
pressed and  shining ;  antennae  as  long  as  the  head,  black.  Thorax 
dark  blue  green,  sometimes  entirely  deep  blue,  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured, thickly  clothed  with  rather  long  hoary  pubescence  ;  tegulai  black, 
shining.  Wings  either  hyaline  or  subhyaline,  nervures  black.  Legs 
black,  shining,  clothed  especially  beneath  with  hoary  pubescence.  Ab- 
domen ovate,  dark  bluish-green,  shining,  densely,  very  finely  and  con- 
fluently  punctured ;  basal  segment  above  thinly  clothed  with  long 
hoary  pubescence,  the  remaining  segments  with  very  short  pale  pubes- 
cence, that  on  the  apical  segment  more  dense ;  beneath,  the  ventral 
scopa  is  dense  and  white.     Length  4  lines. 

Male. — Resembles  the  female,  except  that  the  face  is  densely  clothed 
with  long  hoary  pubescence,  the  antennai  nearly  as  long  as  the  thorax, 
and  the  legs  and  the  abdomen  above  are  more  pilose.  The  apical  mar- 
gin of  the  sixth  segment  is  entire,  and  that  of  the  apical  segment  obso- 
letely  notched  in  the  middle.     Length  3J  lines. 

Hah. — Conn.,  New  York,  Penn.  8  9  ,  o  "J,  specimens.  Coll.  P]ntom. 
Soc.  Philad.,  and  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Distinguished  from  the  next  species  by  the  much  finer  and  closer 
punctation,  especially  of  the  abdomen. 

22.  0.  conjuncta,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  dark  blue-green,  densely  and 
rather  strongly  punctured,  shining,  with  a  blackish  opaque  patch  above 
the  antennas  which  disappears  when  viewed  in  certain  lights,  clothed 
with  rather  long  pale  pubescence,  slightly  intermixed  with  pale  fuscous 
on  the  clypeus,  the  anterior  margin  of  which  is  rather  strongly  emargi- 


32  [April 

nate ;  autennae  rather  longer  than  the  head,  black.  Thorax  dull  blue- 
green,  densely  and  rather  strongly  punctured^  clothed  with  whitish 
pubescence,  which  is  more  dense  and  longer  on  each  side  of  the  meta- 
thorax  and  on  the  pleura ;  tegulje  black,  tinged  with  purple,  smooth 
and  shining.  Wings  fusco-hyaliue.  Legs  black,  tinged  with  blue- 
green,  shining,  clothed  with  pale  hairs ;  tarsi  beneath  with  a  pale  yel- 
lowish sericeous  pubescence.  Abdomen  ovate,  dark  green,  shining, 
rather  densely,  uniformly  and  somewhat  strongly  punctured,  the  punc- 
tures on  the  apical  segment  very  dense  and  fine ;  segments  above  clothed 
with  very  short  pale  pubescence ;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense 
and  white.     Lens-th  4  lines. 

Hah. — Connecticut.     One  specimen.     Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Resembles  0.  albivcnfris  in  size  and  form,  but  is  distinguished  bv 
the  punctation  of  the  abdomen  being  much  stronger  and  less  dense ; 
the  punctation  of  the  head  and  thorax  is  also  stronger.  The  insect  is 
much  less  pilose,  but  much  of  the  pubescence  has  apparently  been 
rubbed  off. 

23.  0.  proxima,  n.  sp. 

Mule. — Head  green,  densely  and  very  finely  punctured,  clothed  with 
rather  long  whitish  pubescence,  which  is  very  dense  and  white  on  the 
clypeus ;  antennas  nearly  as  long  as  the  thorax,  black.  Thorax  dark 
green,  densely  and  very  finely  punctured,  thickly  clothed  with  long 
whitish  pubescence  ;  tegulas  black,  slightly  tinged  with  green,  smooth 
and  shining.  Wings  hyaline,  apical  margin  faintly  clouded  ;  nervures 
blackish.  Legs  green  or  blue-green,  clothed  with  short  pale  pubes- 
cence. Abdomen  green  or  blue-green,  densely  and  very  finely  punc- 
tured, the  apical  margins  of  the  segments  above  smooth  and  shining ; 
sides  of  the  basal  segment  above  thinly  clothed  with  whitish  pubes- 
cence ;  the  remaining  segments  with  a  very  short  sparse  pale  pubes- 
cence; the  apical  margin  of  the  sixth  segment  is  produced,  reflexed 
and  notched  in  the  middle,  and  that  of  the  apical  segment  is  very 
deeply  notched  in  the  middle.     Length  3^  lines. 

Hab. — Maine  and  Fort  Grood  Hope,  Mackenzie  River,  British  Ame- 
rica.    Two  specimens.     Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Resembles  the  males  of  0.  albiveiitris,  but  the  apical  margin  of  the 
sixth  abdominal  segment  in  that  species  is  entire. 


1S(U.]  33 

24.  0.  canadensis,  u.  sp. 

Male. — Head  green,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  clothed  with  long 
white  pubescence,  which  is  very  dense  on  the  face  ;  anterior  margin  of 
the  clypeus  smooth,  black,  with  several  small  indentations  and  fringed 
beneath  with  white  pubescence  ;  antennae  rather  longer  than  the  head 
and  thorax,  black,  joints  of  the  flagellum  somewhat  flattened  and  con- 
tracted at  base.  Thorax  green,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  clothed 
with  long  whitish  hairs ;  tegulae  black,  shining,  slightly  tinged  with 
green.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical  margins  faintly  clouded  ;  nervures 
blackish.  Legs  rather  long,  green,  punctured,  clothed,  especially  be- 
neath, with  rather  long  whitish  pubescence ;  tarsi  beneath  with  pale 
fuscous  pubescence.  Abdomen  oval,  green,  shining,  densely  and  very 
finely  punctured,  apical  margin  of  the  segments  above  smooth  and 
shining ;  segments  above  clothed  with  whitish  pubescence,  which  is 
long  and  sparse  on  the  basal  and  sides  of  the  apical  segments  and  short 
on  the  remaining  segments ;  apical  margin  of  the  sixth  segment  slightly 
sinuate  on  each  side  and  rather  deeply  and  obtusely  notched  in  the 
middle,  and  that  of  the  apical  segment  bidentate  ;  beneath,  the  ventral 
segments  are  flat,  densely  aud  finely  punctured,  shining  and  tinged 
with  deep  blue.     Length  4  lines. 

^a?*.— Canada  West.    Mr.  Wm.  Saunders.    Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad. 

Differs  from  0.  proxima,  by  the  shape  and  greater  length  of  the 
antennae,  by  the  legs  being  longer  and  by  the  more  elongate  form  of 

the  insect. 

25.  0.  cognata.  n.  sp. 

Male. — Head  green,  very  finely  and  densely  punctured  ;  face  thickly 
clothed  with  long  whitish  pubescence,  the  vertex  and  cheeks  with  a 
thin  pubescence  of  the  same  color ;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus 
truncate,  minutely  denticulated  and  fringed  beneath  with  white  pubes- 
cence ;  antennae  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  black,  joints  of  the 
flagellum  subdepressed,  contracted  at  base  and  tinged  with  rufo-piceous 
beneath.  Thorax  dark  green,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  thinly 
clothed  with  rather  long  whitish  pubescence ;  tegulae  black,  faintly 
tinged  with  green,  smooth  and  shining.  Wings  subhyaline,  nervures 
blackish.  Legs  black,  tinged  with  blue  and  green,  sparsely  clothed 
with  pale  pubescence.  Abdomen  elongate,  subovate,  blue  slightly 
tinged  with  green,  shining,  densely  and  minutely  punctured,  apical 


34  .  [April 

margin  of  the  segments  smooth  and  shining;  clothed  above,  especially 
towards  the  tip,  with  short  pale  pubescence  ;  apical  margin  of  the  sixth 
segment  somewhat  reflesed  and  rather  deeply  and  obtusely  notched  in 
the  middle,  and  that  of  the  apical  segment  bidentate.  Length  4^  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Two  specimenj.     Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

Larger  than  0.  canadensis,  from  which  it  can  be  easily  distinguished 
by  the  smoother  appeai'ance  and  blue  color  of  the  abdomen. 

26.  0.  fulgida.  n.  sj?. 

Female. — Head  subquadrate,  about  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  brilliant 
green  with  blue  reflections,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  thickly 
clothed  with  rather  long  black  pubescence ;  anterior  margin  of  the 
clypeus  black,  truncate ;  mandibles  stout,  black,  clothed  with  short 
black  pubescence,  armed  with  four  teeth,  the  apical  one  rather  long 
and  subacute,  the  others  short  and  blunt ;  antennae  black,  scape  green, 
finely  punctured,  tip  of  the  flagellum  beneath  testaceous.  Thorax  finely 
and  densely  punctured,  brilliant  green,  with  bluish  reflections,  clothed 
with  rather  long  black  pubescence ;  disk  longitudinally  impressed  in 
front,  and  on  each  side ;  midway  between  the  disk  and  the  tegulje 
there  is  a  very  short,  longitudinal  impressed  line  which  is  black  ; 
metathorax  more  finely  punctured,  with  a  broad,  deep  depression  on  its 
disk ;  tegulae  black  and  shining.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical  margins 
clouded  ;  nervures  black.  Legs  bluish-green,  clothed  with  short  black- 
ish pubescence,  tarsi  with  fuscous  pubescence  Abdomen  subglobose. 
rather  wider  posteriorly,  densely  and  minutely  punctured,  brilliant 
green,  with  bright  blue  reflections,  polished,  sparsely  clothed  with  short 
black  pubescence ;  basal  segment  in  front  deeply  and  longitudinally 
impressed  ;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  blackish-fuscous. 
Length  42  lines. 

Ildb. — Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  One  specimen.  Coll.  Entom. 
Soc.  Philadelphia. 

A  very  handsome  species,  having  the  colors  remarkably  bright  and 
vivid.  It  resembles  the  next  species  but  is  more  robust  and  somewhat 
differently  shaped. 

27.  0.  viridis,  u.  sp. 

Female. — Narrow,  elongate.  Head  subquadrate,  as  wide  as  the  thd- 
rax,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  brilliant  blue-green,  clothed  with 
rather   long  black  hairs,  which  are  more  dense  beneath  the  antennae ; 


1S64.] 


35 


clypeus,  mandibles  and  antennae  as  in  the  preceding  species.  Thorax 
densely  and  finely  punctured,  brilliant  green  with  blue  reflections, 
clothed  with  rather  long  black  pubescence;  scutellum  and  metathorax 
bright  green,  the  latter  deeply  impressed  on  the  disk ;  tegulfe  black, 
smooth  and  polished.  Wings  subhyaline.  apical  margins  faintly  clouded ; 
nervures  blackish.  Legs  green,  clothed  with  short  black  pubescence. 
Abdomen  elongate,  subovate,  densely  and  minutely  punctured,  brilliant 
green,  changing  to  deep  blue  in  certain  lights,  clothed  towards  the 
apex  with  very  short  black  pubescence ;  basal  segment  in  front  deeply 
impressed  ;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  black.  Length 
4i  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.  One  specimen.  Coll. 
Entom.  8oc.  Philadelphia. 

Closely  resembles  0.  fulgida  in  color  and  punctation,  but  the  form 
is  more  linear  and  not  so  robust ;  the  abdomen  is  subovate  and  not  sub- 
clavate  as  in  that  species.  The  color  in  both  species  is  very  bright 
and  beautiful. 

28.  0.  pusilla,  n.  sp. 

Male. — Head  dark  blue-gi'een,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  clothed 
with  pale  hairs ;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  uneven ;  antennae  not 
as  Ions:  as  the  thorax,  black,  fluirellum  testaceous  beneath.  Thorax 
dark  blue-green,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with  long  pale 
hairs  ;  tegulae  green,  smooth  and  shining.  Wings  hyaline,  the  apical 
margins  very  faintly  clouded ;  nervures  blackish.  Legs  blue-green, 
sparsely  clothed  with  short  pale  pubescence.  Abdomen  elongate,  subo- 
viite.  dark  blue,  slightly  tinged  with  green ;  shining,  densely  and  mi- 
nutely punctured,  the  apical  margins  of  the  segments  smooth  ;  the  seg- 
ments above  clothed  with  whitish  pubescence,  that  on  the  sides  of  the 
basal,  and  on  the  apical  segments  longer  and  more  dense ;  apical  mar- 
gin of  the  sixth  segment  somewhat  reflexed  and  deeply  notched  in  the 
middle;  apical  segment  bidentate;  beneath,  the  ventral  segments  are 
flat,  deep  blue  and  pubescent.      Length  3i  lines. 

Hah.—V^Qs  Peak.  Col.  Ter.  One  specimen.  Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad. 

29.  0.  pumila,  n.  sj). 

Female. — Head  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  deep  blue,  densely  and  finely 
punctured,  clotbed  with  rather  long  whitish  pubescence;  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  clypeus  truncate ;  mandibles  stout,  black,  apical  tooth  long 


36  [April 

and  acute  ;  antennae  short,  black.  Thorax  dark  blue  tinged  with  green, 
densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with  long  whitish  hairs ;  tegulse 
black,  shining.  Wings  subhyaline.  apical  margins  clouded  ;  nervures 
fuscous.  Legs  black,  sparsely  clothed  with  short  pale  pubescence,  the 
tarsi  beneath  with  fuscous  pubescence.  Abdomen  subovate,  gi-eenish- 
blue,  shining,  densely  and  minutely  punctured,  clothed  with  whitish 
pubescence,  which  is  short  and  dense  on  the  apical  segments  and  long 
and  sparse  on  the  basal  segments ;  beneath  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense 
and  white.     Length  3  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     One  specimen.    Coll.  Entom.  Soc.  Philad. 

Resembles  0.  pmif/a,  and  may  possibly  be  the  9  of  that  species, 
although  it  is  smaller. 

30.  0.  brevis,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  large  subquadrate,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  deep  blue, 
finely  and  closely  punctured,  clothed  with  long  black  pubescence, 
which  is  very  dense  on  the  clypeus,  and  slightly  mixed  with  ochraceous 
on  the  vertex  ;  clypeus  prominent,  anterior  margin  truncate  ;  mandibles 
robust,  deeply  channelled  along  the  outer  margin,  and  armed  with  three 
teeth,  the  apical  one  long  and  subacute,  the  others  short  and  blunt ; 
antennae  about  as  long  as  the  head,  black.  Thorax  deep  blue,  finely 
and  closely  punctured,  clothed  above  with  ochraceous  and  beneath  with 
black  pubescence;  disk  in  front  with  a  finely  impressed  longitudinal 
line ;  tegulaj  black,  shining.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical  margins  clouded ; 
nervures  blackish.  Legs  black,  clothed  with  black  pubescence.  Abdo- 
men short,  subglobose.  deep  blue,  finely  punctured,  shining  ;  basal 
segment  above  thinly  clothed  with  ochraceous  pubescence  ;  the  remain- 
ing segments  with  a  very  short  black  pubescence ;  beneath,  the  ventral 
scopa  is  dense  and  black.     J^ength  4  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.     Coll.  Entom.  Soc.  Philad. 

A  short  robust  species,  with  the  head  nearly  as  large  as  the  thorax. 

31.  0.  globosa,  n.  sjj. 

Female. — Head  subtransverse,  black,  densely,  finely  and  uniformly 
punctured,  sides  of  the  face  and  the  vertex  clothed  with  long  ochra- 
ceous pubescence,  that  on  the  clypeus  short  and  black,  about  the  inser- 
tion of  the  antennas  it  is  slightly  mixed  with  fuscous;  mandibles  ro- 
bust, deeply  channelled  along  the  outer  margins  and  armed  with  three 
teeth,   the  innermost  one  bluntly  bifid   and   the  apical  one  long  and 


1864.]  37 

acute ;  antennae  about  as  long  as  tlie  head,  black.  Thorax  black, 
closely  and  finely  punctured,  densely  clothed  with  long  ochraceous 
pubescence;  tegulae  black,  finely  punctured,  shining.  Wings  subhya- 
line.  apical  margins  faintly  clouded,  nervures  black.  Legs  black, 
clothed  with  blackish  pubescence,  the  tarsi  beneath,  with  fuscous  pu- 
bescence. Abdomen  short,  globose  and  finely  punctured,  black,  sub- 
opaque  ;  basal  segment  above  clothed,  especially  on  the  sides,  with  long 
ochraceous  pubescence,  the  remaining  segments  clothed  with  short  fus- 
cous pubescence,  which  appears  ochraceous  in  certain  lights,  especially 
on  the  apical  segment;  beneath,  the  ventral  scopa  is  dense  and  black. 
Length  3f  lines. 

Hah. — Great  Slave  Lake,  British  America.  One  specimen.  Coll. 
Smithsonian  Institution. 

A  small  robust  species,  remarkable  for  its  short  globose  abdomen. 

.32.  0.  rustica,  n.  sp. 

Male. — Head  large,  subquadrate,  as  wide  the  thorax,  bronze-green, 
densely  and  finely  punctured,  clothed  with  long  bright  rust-red  pubes- 
cence, which  is  dense  and  yellowish  beneath  the  antennae,  that  on  the 
cheeks  beneath  pale  yellowish-white  ;  antennae  longer  than  the  head, 
black.  Thorax  bronze-green,  very  closely  and  finely  punctured,  densely 
clothed  above  with  long  bright  rust-red  pubescence,  beneath  it  is  yel- 
lowish-white and  rather  thin ;  tegulae  brassy -black,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing. Wings  hyaline,  apical  margins  faintly  clouded  ;  nervures  black- 
ish. Legs  greenish-black,  clothed  with  rather  long  pale  yellowish 
pubescence ;  apical  joints  of  the  tarsi  rufo-testaceous.  Abdomen  short, 
globose,  bright  bronze-green,  shining,  finely  and  densely  punctured, 
clothed  above  with  bright  rust-red  pubescence,  which  is  rather  long  on 
the  basal  segment,  and  dense  on  the  apical  margins  of  the  segments, 
especially  the  terminal  ones ;  apical  margin  of  the  sixth  segment 
strongly  sinuate  on  each  side  and  rather  deeply  notched  in  the  middle ; 
apical  segment  bidentate ;  beneath,  the  pubescence  is  thin  and  pale. 
Length  8} — 'i\  lines. 

llah. — Easton,  Penn.     Three  %  specimens.    Coll.  Mr.  E.  Norton. 

This  is  a  beautiful  little  species ;  its  form  is  short  and  robust,  and 
may  be  at  once  distinguished  from  all  other  species  known  to  me  by 
its  bright  rust-red  pubescence  which  is  dense  on  the  thorax  and  face, 
and  the  brassy-green  color  of  the  abdomen.     The  name  I  have  adopted 


38  [April 

for  this  species  was  taken  from  specimens  so  named  in  the  Harrisian 
Collection  at  Boston. 

33.  0.  vicina.  n.  sji. 

Mail'. — Head  large,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  green,  finely  and  closely 
punctured,  clothed  especially  in  front  with  long  pale  yellowish  pubes- 
cence;  mandibles  black,  shining,  deeply  bifid  at  tip;  antenn;©  black, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  thorax.  Thorax  bronze-green,  closely  and  finely 
punctured,  rather  densely  clothed  with  long  yellowish  pubescence  ; 
tegulae  black,  shining.  Wings  hyaline,  apical  margins  faintly  clouded ; 
nervures  pale  fuscous.  Legs  green,  clothed  with  pale  pubescence ; 
tarsi  beneath  with  yellowish  pubescence,  the  apical  joints  rufous.  Abdo- 
men elongate,  rather  broader  posteriorly,  dull  bronze-green,  closely, 
finely  and  eoufluently  punctured,  clothed  above  with  pale  yellowish 
pubescence,  which  is  long  on  the  basal  segments  and  more  dense  on 
the  apical  margin  of  the  remaining  segments,  especially  the  terminal 
ones ;  apical  margin  of  the  sixth  segment  slightly  reflexed,  obtusely 
notched  in  the  middle,  and  entire  laterally ;  apical  segment  bidentate ; 
beneath,  the  ventral  segments  are  flat  and  tinged  with  blue.  Length 
8i  lines. 

Ifab. — Virginia.     Coll.  Entom.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Allied  to  the  preceding,  but  moi'e  elongate,  not  so  robust,  and  en- 
tirely of  a  different  color. 


Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  North  American  APID.ffi. 

BY    E.  T.  CRESSON. 

Geuus  EPEOLUS.  Latr. 
1.  Epeolus  bifasciatus,  n.  sp. 

Male. — Black,  opaque.  Head  rather  coarsely  and  confluently  punc- 
tured, clothed  about  the  insertion  of  the  antennae  with  appressed  whit- 
ish pubescence;  antennge  short,  black,  shining,  the  three  basal  joints, 
as  well  as  the  labrum  and  mandibles,  rufous.  Thorax  deeply,  roughly 
and  confluently  punctured,  the  punctures  much  coarser  than  those  of 
the  head ;  the  tubercles,  tegulae  and  scutellum  rufous,  the  latter  hav- 
ing the  lateral  teeth  prominent  and  subacute ;  anterior  margin  of  the 
mesothorax  rufous  and  clothed  with  dense,  scale-like,  ochraeeous  pubes- 


1864.]  39 

cence,  as  well  as  the  margin  beneath  the  scutelluui ;  metathorax  thinly 
clothed  with  short  ochraceous  pubescence ;  pleura  shining.  Wings 
fusco-hyaline,  darker  towards  the  tip  and  having  a  strong  aeneous  or 
violaceous  reflection ;  there  is  also  a  pale  spot  about  the  third  submar- 
ginal  cell ;  posterior  wings  hyaline  at  base.  Legs  rufous,  the  posterior 
coxae  and  femora  beneath  and  the  tibial  spurs  and  tarsal  claws,  black. 
Abdomen  rather  short,  minutely  punctured,  the  apical  segments  and 
the  sides  of  the  two  basal  segments  clothed  with  very  short  cinereous 
pubescence ;  base  of  the  first  segment  above  with  a  broad  band  of 
ochraceous,  scale-like  pubescence  which  extends  posteriorly  on  each 
side  of  the  segment  and  is  deeply  indented  on  the  disk  in  front ;  in  a 
specimen  where  the  pubescence  is  rubbed  off,  the  surface  is  more  or 
less  rufous  ;  posterior  margin  of  the  second  segment  above  with  a  rather 
broad  band  of  ochraceous,  beneath  which  the  surface  is  also  sometimes 
rufous ;  the  apical  segment  narrow  and  rounded  at  tip,  the  margins 
reflexed ;  beneath  sparsely  clothed  with  short  cinereous  pubescence, 
the  apical  segments  with  longer  yellowish  pubescence.  Length  3f 
lines. 

Hah. — Illinois  (Mr.  Walsh  and  Dr.  Lewis).  Two  specimens,  ((^ill. 
Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Genus  STELIS,  Panz. 
2.  Stelis  montana,  n.  sjj. 

Female. — Head  subtransverse,  narrower  than  the  thorax,  densely 
and  rather  strongly  punctured,  dark  olive-green,  shining,  clothed  with 
black  pubescence ;  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  truncate ;  antennae 
black,  the  scape  tinged  with  green.  Thorax  densely  and  strongly 
punctured,  dark  olive-green,  shining,  clothed  with  rather  long  black 
pubescence,  which  is  more  dense  beneath  the  wings  ;  the  mesothorax 
in  front  with  a  finely  impressed  longitudinal  line,  and  on  each  side 
just  above  the  tegulae  a  short  impressed  longitudinal  line;  metathorax 
tinged  with  deep  blue ;  tegulfe  dark  blue,  closely  punctured,  shining. 
Wings  subhyaline,  costal  half  of  the  marginal  cell  fuscous ;  nervures 
black.  Legs  dark  bluish-green,  punctured,  clothed  with  blackish  pu- 
bescence. Abdomen  subglobose,  rather  wider  posteriorly,  densely, 
strongly  and  confluently  punctured,  dark  olive-green,  shining,  clothed 
above  and  beneath  with  rather  sparse,  short,  black  pubescence.  Length 
•4  lines. 


40  [April 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.  One  specimen.  (Coll. 
Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

This  species  probably  belongs  to  the  genus  under  which  it  is  placed, 
as  the  maxillary  palpi  have  but  two  joints,  and  the  wings  have  the 
second  recurrent  nervure  received  a  little  beyond  the  apex  of  the 
second  submarginal  cell.  The  general  appearance  is  similar  to  an 
Osmia,  but  the  head  is  narrower  than  the  thorax  and  the  abdomen  is 
without  a  ventral  scopa. 

Genus  XYLOCOPA.  Fabr. 
3.  Xylocopa  californica,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  large,  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  black,  slightly  tinged 
with  blue  and  green,  especially  on  the  cheeks,  sparsely  clothed  with 
short  black  pubescence,  that  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  cheeks  much 
longer;  face  flat,  closely  and  conflueutly  punctured,  the  punctures  on 
the  vertex  stronger,  those  on  the  cheeks  sparse ;  on  each  side  of  the 
face  a  deeply  impressed  longitudinal  line  commencing  at  the  insertion 
of  each  antenna  and  ending  on  the  lateral  margin  of  the  clypeus;  on 
the  middle  of  the  clypeus  a  short,  smooth,  slightly  elevated,  longitudi- 
nal line,  anterior  margin  truncate,  smooth  and  polished  ;  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  labrum  smooth,  polished,  with  a  small,  square,  emarginate 
process  in  the  middle  ;  mandibles  smooth,  polished,  with  a  small  patch 
of  punctures  near  their  base,  the  outer  and  inner  margins  channelled, 
the  apex  obtuse  and  slightly  emarginate  ;  the  extreme  lower  orbits  of 
the  eyes,  at  the  base  of  the  mandibles,  flattened,  smooth  and  polished. 
Thorax  clothed  with  rather  dense  black  pubescence,  closely  and  deeply 
punctured,  except  the  disk  above  which  is  smooth,  polished  and  with- 
out pubescence;  beneath  bluish-green,  above  black  and  on  each  side  of 
the  disk  between  the  wings,  where  the  surface  is  punctured,  it  is  iride- 
scent ;  middle  of  the  mesothorax  in  front  with  a  finely  impressed  lon- 
gitudinal line  which  becomes  obsolete  before  reaching  the  posterior 
margin ;  scutellum  closely  punctured,  golden-green.  Legs  bluish-green, 
clothed  with  black  pubescence.  Abdomen  dark-green,  with  a  blue  and 
purple  reflection,  polished,  sparsely  punctured,  the  sides  of  the  apical 
segments  more  closely  and  deeply  punctured ;  disk  of  the  apical  seg- 
ment with  two  oblique  pubescent  carina,  meeting  posteriorly  and 
diverging  anteriorly ;  this  segment,  as  well  as  the  fifth,  fringed  with 


1S(U.]  41 

lonji',  dense  black,  pubescence ;  beneath  bluish-green,  sparsely  clothed 
with  black  pubescence.     Length  11  lines. 

Halj.— Fort  Crook,  California.  Mr.  Henry  Ulke.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Philadelphia.) 

Genus  BOMBUS.  Latr. 
4.  Bombus  consimilis.  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  black,  with  a  tuft  of  yellowish  pubescence  on  the 
vertex.  Thorax  entirely  pale  yellow,  sometimes  slightly  tawny.  Wings 
subhyaline,  darkest  along  the  apical  margin.  Legs  black,  with  black 
hairs,  those  on  the  femora  beneath  more  or  less  mixed  with  yellow  ; 
tarsi  rufous  within.  Abdomen  short,  subglobose,  the  two  basal  seg- 
ments pale  yellow,  sometimes  slightly  tawny;  the  apical  segments  black, 
sometimes  the  two  apical  segments  are  more  or  less  mixed  with  yellow- 
ish ;  beneath  black.     Length  8 — 9  lines. 

Hub. — Canada,  New  York,  Massachusetts.  Eight  specimens.  (Coll. 
Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Colored  same  as  B.  oagttns  Smith,  but  is  much  smaller  and  more 
robust  in  proportion  to  the  size.  Mr.  T.  B.  Ashtou  collected  a  number 
of  this  species,  all  females,  early  iu  the  spring,  in  Northern  New  York, 
together  with  females  of  B.  vagans,  /ervidus,  borealis,  virffinicus,  pen- 
sj/lvanicus.  scparatus^  and  tcrrlcola. 

h.  Bombus  centralis,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  black,  with  a  tuft  of  yellowish  hairs  above  and  be- 
low the  antennfe  and  on  the  vertex.  Thorax  yellow  above  and  on  the 
sides,  with  a  broad  black  band  between  the  wings.  Wings  subhyaline, 
stained  with  fuscous,  especially  along  the  costa.  Legs  black,  with  black 
hairs ;  tarsi  rufous  within.  Abdomen  with  the  two  basal  segments 
yellow,  with  a  rather  large  black  patch  on  the  disk  above ;  the  third 
and  fourth  segments  pale  orange-yellow;  the  apical  segments  black; 
beneath  clothed  with  short  yellowish  pubescence.     Length  8  lines. 

Hah. — Fort  Crook,  California.  One  specimen.  Mr.  H.  Ulke.  (Coll. 
Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Closely  resembles  B.  Jiavifrons  Cresson,  but  is  rather  more  robust, 
and  may  be  at  once  distinguished  from  that  species  by  the  black  patch 
on  the  disk  of  the  two  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  above. 

0.  Bombus  borealis,  Kirby. 

In  mv  list  of  the  N.  A.  species  of  Bombixs  (Pror.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad. 


42  [April 

11,  p.  93),  I  referred  to  this  species,  with  some  doubt,  a  single  9  speci- 
men from  Canada  ;  since  then  I  have  received,  through  the  kindness 
of  Mr.  WilUam  Saunders  and   Mr.  T.  B.  Ashton,  a  fine  series  (  9  ,  $ 
and  S  )  of  the  true  horealis  of  Kirby.     The  characters  of  this   fine 
species  are  as  fijllows  : — 

Female. — Head  black,  with  the  face  and  vertex  clothed  with  pale 
yellowish  pubescence,  slightly  tawny  on  the  vertex.  Thorax  above 
densely  clothed  with  bright  tawny-yellow  pubescence,  with  a  broad 
black  band  between  the  wings  ;  beneath  entirely  black.  Wings  fuseo- 
hyaline.  darkest  along  the  apical  margin.  Legs  black,  tarsi  pale  with- 
out, rufous  within.  Abdomen  above  with  the  four  basal  seamen ts 
clothed  with  bright  tawny-yellow  pubescence,  the  two  apical  segments 
black;  beneath  black.     Length  8 — 9  lines. 

Worker. — Colored  same  as  the  female.     Length  6  lines. 

Male. — Like  the  female  and  worker,  except  that  the  antennae  are  as 
long  as  the  thorax  and  setaceous,  the  sides  of  the  thorax  and  the  femora 
beneath  are  sometimes  mixed  with  yellowish,  the  three  apical  segments 
of  the  abdomen  above  are  more  or  less  mixed  with  yellow  and  the  last 
segment  is  tufted,  the  ventral  segments  are  clothed  with  short  pale  yel- 
lowish pubescence.     Length  7 — 8  lines. 

Hah.  — Canada  (Saunders)  and  New  York  (Ashton).  Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Philadelphia. 

The  males  have  much  the  appearance  of  some  of  the  S  varieties  of 
Apatliu.-i  elatua  Fabr.,  but  they  do  not  belong  to  that  genus. 

The  single  9  specimen  which  I  supposed  to  be  identical  with  this 
species,  difiers  from  the  9  above  described  by  having  the  abdomen 
above  tawny-yellow,  except  the  last  segment  which  is  black,  and  the 
ventral  segments  are  clothed  with  short  pale  pubescence.  It  may  be 
only  a  variety,  and  for  the  present  it  is  probably  best  to  consider  it  as 
such. 

Genus  APATHUS,  Newm. 
7.  Apathus  Ashtoni,  n.  sj). 

Female. — Head  entirely  black.  Thorax  clothed  above  with  pale  yel- 
lowish, and  beneath  with  black  pubescence,  on  the  disk  above  between 
the  wings  there  is  a  mixture  of  black  hairs  and  the  scutellum  is  some- 
times altogether  black.  Wings  fusco-hyaline,  darker  along  the  apical 
margin.      Legs  black,  with  black  hairs,  tarsi  within  rufous,  the  apical 


1S(U.]  43 

joints  exteriorly  pale  rufous.  Abdomen  black,  smooth  and  shining, 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  third  segment  above,  broader  laterally,  the 
whole  of  the  fourth  and  the  extreme  sides  of  the  fifth  segment  densely 
clothed  with  yellowish  pubescence,  the  remaining  segments  rather 
sparsely  clothed  with  black  pubescence  ;  apical  segment  smooth  and 
shining,  without  pubescence  ;  in  one  specimen  the  basal  segment  above 
has  a  mixture  of  fuscous  pubescence ;  beneath  black.  Length  8 — 9 
lines. 

ffab. — New  York  (Ashton);  Maine  (Packard);  Canada  (Saunders). 
Coll.  Ent.  Soe.  Philadelphia. 

Allied  to  A.  insularis  Smith.  Mr.  Packard  informs  me  that  there 
is  a  specimen  of  this  species  in  the  Harrisian  Collecticm  taken  in  Mas- 
sachusetts I  have  dedicated  this  fine  species  to  my  friend  Mr.  T.  B. 
Ashton.  of  Washington  Co.,  New  York,  who  was  the  first  to  commu- 
nicate it  til  me.     I  have  not  seen  the  %  . 


STATED    MEETING,    M  a  y  9 . 
President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

The  Secretary  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  John  Kirkpatriek  of  Cleveland. 

Ohio,  transmitting  to  the  Society  pupae  of  Eudryas  uiiio  in  stems  of 

Hibiscus  militarise  which  is  abundant  in  wet  swamps.     Mr.  K.  says  : — 

■'  The  first  time  I  found  the  pupse  was  last  spring  (1863)  in  pieces  of  stem 
washed  ashore.  Last  winter  I  visited  the  localitj'  on  the  ice  and  found  nearly 
all  the  dead  stems  of  the  above  jJlant  burrowed  by  the  larvre,  and  containing 
pupse.  In  the  burrows  of  the  Eudryas,  a  friend  of  mine  found  a  few  pupae  of  a 
dipterous  insect  and  much  resembling  the  pupae  of  the  Tachinas  that  destroys 
the  army  worm.  For  many  days  last  fall,  there  was  a  constant  stream  of  but- 
terflies passing  over  this  city :  occasionally  hundreds  would  be  seen  at  once,  at 
other  times  only  a  few.  They  were  all  of  one  species — Danais  archippus.  Its 
food-plant  is  abundant  here.  The  larva  of  Sesia  diffinis  feeds  on  the  leaves  of 
the  Snowberry  (8ymphoricarpus  racemosus)  and  also  on  those  of  the  upright 
Honeysuckle  {Lonicera  tartarica)  in  gardens.  Neither  Dr.  Harris  or  Dr.  Clem- 
ens observed  this.  Three  or  four  years  ago  I  caught  a  specimen  of  Argynnis 
colvAnhina  on  the  Cuyahoga  flats,  and  within  half  a  mile  of  this  city.  I  have 
compared  it  with  specimens  from  Florida,  in  the  Cabinet  of  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirt- 
land.  and  it  in  no  wise  diflTers  from  them.  This  is  the  only  time,  to  my  know- 
ledge, it  has  been  seen  so  far  north.  Papilio  cre.iphonten-  was  occasionally  found 
here,  but  iiot  since  the  cold  winter  of  1856-7.'' 


44  [May 

The  foUowino-  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  James  Aiitrus.  dated  West 
Farms,  N.  Y.,  April  15th,  1864:— 

"A  family  of  house-crickets  have  long  been  established  in  the  house  in 
which  I  live,  but  it  is  only  of  late  that  I  have  had  my  attention  particularly 
directed  to  them.  Harris  says — "  We  have  no  house-crickets  in  America  :  our 
species  inhabit  gardens  and  fields,  and  enter  our  houses  only  by  accident."  Of 
course  Dr.  Harris  must  liave  been  entirely  ignorant  of  the  existence  of  a  house 
species  in  this  country  similar  to  those  in  Europe.  Now  I  have  no  means  of 
knowing  whether  this  opinion  is  universal,  or  whether  the  discovery  has  ever 
been  made  that  we  have  house-crickets  in  this  country ;  but  if  such  is  the  case. 
I  think  it  will  be  found  after  an  inspection  of  those  I  have  lately  captured  in 
this  house,  to  be  an  error.  I  have  long  been  familiar  to  the  creaking  sound  of 
these  crickets,  but  thinking  they  had  merely  found  their  way  there  from  the 
field,  I  never  took  any  pains  to  find  them  out;  but  by  mere  accident  one  was 
caught  a  few  days  ago.  and  which,  to  my  surprise  and  joy.  proved  to  be  an  en- 
tirely distinct  species  from  those  inhabiting  our  gardens  and  fields,  and  having 
a  close  resemblance  to,  if  not  the  same  as,  the  European  house-cricket  of  which 
I  have  got  2  poor  specimens  with  which  to  compare  them.  They  are  light- 
brown  with  dark  markings,  not  quite  so  large  as  the  field-cricket  (4c/iete  abhre- 
viata  Harris)  and  seems  to  be  larger  than  its  European  representative.  Like 
the  latter  its  wings  are  very  long,  extending  far  beyond  the  wing  covers.  Per- 
haps this  species  is  already  known,  but  if  not,  it  ought  to  be  described,  and  for 
this  purpose,  if  desired.  I  will  gladly  furnish  specimens.  Their  haunts  are  very 
difficult  to  get  at,  and  they  are  so  shy  and  nimble  that  it  is  rather  diflficult  to 
get  thera.     I  have  only  got  so  far  3  '^  and  1  9  •" 

The  Secretary  also  read  the  following  extract  from  a  letter  from 
Mr.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  diited  Brunswick.  Maine,  April  28,  1864  :— 

•'  I  was  overjoyed  to-day  to  find  both  a  9  and  "J,  Stylops  Childreni !  I  took  in 
my  net  an  Andrena  placida  Smith,  and  just  as  it  was  nettled  and  I  was  about 
pinning  it,  I  saw  the  %  Stylops.  On  comparing  it  with  Westwood's  figure  and 
details  in  Griffith's  Cuvier,  pi.  49,  I  have  but  little  doubt  that  it  is  that  species, 
for  it  will  be  seen  in  Westwood's  Classif.  that  the  insect  was  brought  over  to 
London  in  an  Andrena  collected  in  Xova  Scotia.  The  Andrena  placida  was 
stylopized  also,  fortunately,  for  I  found  a  single  female  in  the  abdomen — that 
is,  what  I  call  a  female — for  it  may  be  remembered  that  Westwood  and  others 
call  it  a  larva,  wherein  they  were  corrected  by  Siebold.  Now  I  have  little 
doubt  but  that  the  %  Stylops  was  hatched  from  the  body  of  some  other  Andrena. 
and  flew  upon  the  body  of  the  Styloiiized  specimen  which  I  caught,  to  '  have  a 
consultation '  with  the  9  escoused  within.  For  this  purpose  the  %  abdomen  is 
very  long  and  extensile,  with  two  anal  forceps  capacious  for  seizing  the  female, 
and  I  have  little  doubt  the  anal  tip  is  forced  in  to  meet  that  of  the  9  which  is 
perhaps  not  so  entirely  immoveable  but  that  it  can  be  bent  around  and  out- 
ward somewhat.  This  I  can  tell  by  dissection  of  the  Andrena.  In  Westwood's 
figure  the  abdomen  is  represented  as  being  very  short,  but  it  must  have  been 
drawn  from  a  dried  specimen  when  the  region  was  withered  and  much  short- 


1S64.]  45 

eued.  It  must  be  that  the  9  9  '^""^  impregnated  at  this  time,  and  that  in  the 
middle  of  June,  as  I  have  already  observed,  the  viviporous  young  are  hatched 
from  the  body  of  the  parent.  I  do  not  see  that  the  presence  of  this  Stylops 
necessarily  kills  the  bee  or  wasp,  unless  there  are  five  or  six  individuals  within 
the  same  bee-body." 

The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  : — 

"  Descriptions  of  several  new  N.  A.  Coleoptera.  by  Jas.  H.  B.  Bland." 

"  Descriptions  of  N.  American  Lepidoptera.  No.  3,  by  Aug.  R.  Grrote." 

'•  List  of  a  Collection  of  Lepidoptera  Heterocera,  taken  near  Wil- 

liamstown,  Mass.,  by  Aug.  R.  (Irote." 

''  Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidse  of  the  U.  States,  by  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr." 

•'  Descriptions  of  North  American  Hymenoptera,  by  E.  T.  Cresson." 

And  were  referred  to  Committees. 

On  report  of  the  respective  Committees,  the  following  papers  were 
ordered  to  be  printed. 


Description  of  several  new  North  American  CTENOPHOR.ffi. 
BY  BARON  R.  OSTEN  SACKEN. 

Five  species  were  enumerated  in  my  Catalogue  of  the  descrHjed 
diptera  of  North  America,  under  the  head  of  Ctenophora.  Subse- 
quent investigations  have  proved  that  two  of  them,  C.  fuUginosa  Say, 
and  C.  ahdominalis  Say,  are  true  Tipulae.  C.  Parrii  Kirby,  seems 
also  to  be  a  Tlpida.  The  two  remaining  species  G.  dorsalis  Walker, 
and  C.  succedKiix  Walker,  may  perhaps  be  identified  with  two  of  the 
new  species  described  below,  although  this  identification,  as  will  be 
shown,  is  by  no  means  certain. 

L  Antennse  of  the  male  with  four  rows  of  branches,  the  tiro  larger 
ones  on  file  outside,  the  two  smaller  ones  on  the  inside  ;  antennse  of  the 
female  rather  short,  serrated ;  male  genitals  clavate,  but  of  moderate 
size  ;  female  ovipositor  short. 

C.  nubecula  n.  sp.   %  9- 

Flavo-ferruginea.  thorace  ex  maxiiua  parte  flavo,  vitta  media  fused,  cunei- 
form i ;  alls  subhyalinis,  stigmate  flavo,  nebula  substigmaticali  majori,  fusca. 

Ferruginous-yellowish,  thorax  for  the  most  part  yellow,  with  a  cuneiform, 
brown  intermediate  stripe  :  wings  almost  hyaline,  stigma  yellow,  a  rather 
large  brown  cloud  close  behind  the  stigma. 

Long.  Corp.   %().oo,   9  0.8;  long  al.  -^  0.5.x   9  0.62. 


46  [May 

Head  yellow,  palpi  yellowish,  brownish  towards  the  tip:  front  above  the  an- 
tennae yellow:  a  black,  triangular  spot  occupies  the  remainder  of  the  front  and 
the  vertex.  Thorax  more  or  less  tinged  with  bright  lemon-yellow  on  the  ante- 
rior part  of  the  prothorax  above  and  on  the  pleurae:  intermediate  stripe  brown- 
isli-bhick,  triangular:  lateral  stripes  brownish,  very  much  abbreviated  anteri- 
orly. Ilalteres  yellowish-ferruginous  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  trace  of 
leinon-yellow  on  the  knob.  Feet  ferruginous:  coxse  more  or  less  tinged  with 
lemon-yellow ;  anterior  half  of  the  femora  somewhat  paler  than  the  posterior 
one  (especially  in  the  male).  Tarsi  dark  tawny,  two  last  joints  blackish  :  in 
the  female,  the  basal  joints  of  the  tarsi  are  lighter  ferruginous.  Abdomen 
brownish-ferruginous,  with  a  more  or  less  distinct,  narrow,  black  dorsal  stripe. 
generally  interrupted  at  the  incisures  of  the  segments;  posterior  corners  of  the 
intermediate  segments,  on  the  back,  as  well  as  on  the  venter,  more  or  less 
tinged  with  lemon-yellow.  Wings  subhyaline,  a  yellowish  tinge  along  the 
anterior  margin,  which  reaches  as  far  as  the  stigma;  a  similar  tinge  along  the 
fifth  longitudinal  vein;  stigu^a  yolk  yellow;  a  large  brown  cloud  behind  it, 
which  on  one  side  has  a  definite  limit,  formed  by  the  cross-veins  between  the 
stigma  and  the  discal  cell ;  on  the  other  side  (towards  the  apex)  there  is  no 
such  limit,  and  the  brown  fades  away  gradually;  this  cloud  does  not  touch  the 
costal  margin,  so  that  there  is  a  small  hyaline  space  left  between  it  and  the 
stigma;  posteriorly,  the  cloud  covers  the  apical  half  of  the  discal  cell  and  does 
not  reach  beyond  the  hind  margin  of  this  cell. 

Male.  Antennae  rather  long  (reaching  somewhat  beyond  the  root  of  the 
wing),  with  four  rows  of  branches ;  the  inner  ones  about  half  so  long  as  the  outer 
ones;  the  three  basal  (branchless)  joints  and  the  flagellum.  except  its  extreme 
tip.  are  yellowish  :  the  branches  are  brownish.  The  male  genitals  are  clavate. 
but  the  club  is  smaller  than  that  of  the  species  of  the  following  section  ;  their 
color  is  brownish-ferruginous,  blackish  above. 

Female.     Antennae  hardly  reaching  the  root  of  the  wings,  serrated,  ferrugi- 
nous-yellowish ;  upper  valves  of  the  ovipositor  very  short  and,  beyond  their 
broad  basal  portion,  abruptly  narrowed  and  almost  linear:  their  tip  is  rounded. 
Hab.     Illinois  (Mr.  Walsh.) 

Observation. — I  have  seen  in  Dr.  Harris's  Collection  in  Boston,  two 
female  specimens  of  a  Ctenophora,  which,  judging  by  the  structure  of 
their  antennge.  seem  to  beldng  to  this  .section.  I  reproduce  here  the 
short  description  made  by  me,  at  the  time  when  I  saw  them. 

C.  apicata  n.  sp.   9  • 

Whole  body  yellowish-brown,  shining;  some  darker  spots  on  the  vertex  and 
thorax  ;  abdomen  also  darker,  with  the  hind  margin  of  one  or  two  intermediate 
segments  yellowish.  Antennae  yellowish,  rather  short,  subpectinated  or  sub- 
moniliform.  Feet  brownisli-yellow,  apical  third  of  the  middle  and  of  the  hind 
femora  brown;  tarsi  infuscated  towards  the  tip.  Wings  yellowish;  apical 
])art,  posterior  to  the  discal  cell,  tinged  with  brown. 

Hab.      Maine;   New  Hampshire. 


1864.]  47 

2.  Antcnnse  of  the  male  irlth  three  rows  of  hranrhes ;  the  thinl. 
intcnnc(U(tte  one^  is  shorter  than  the  lateral  ones  ;  antennae,  of  the  female 
elongated^  suhfliform  ;  male  genitah  large^  clavate  ;  female  oripasitor 
neri/  long,  sirord-shaped. 

C.  fumipennis  u.  sp.   "J,  ?  • 

Nigra,  alis  fuliginosis :  'J,  abdomine  pedibusque  nigris;  9  ^''f^on'i'^f  iiigi''>. 
basi  ferrugineo,  pedibus  ferrugiiieis. 

Black,  wings  smoky  black  :  %  with  the  abdomen  and  feet  black  :  9  abdomen 
black,  ferruginous  at  the  basis;  feet  ferruginous. 

Long.  c<jrp.  '^0.8,    ?  (i.ll  :  long.  al.   %i)Su).    J  0.8. 

Head  altogether  black,  with  black  hair.  Antennse  of  the  male  of  moderate 
length,  with  three  rows  of  branches,  the  intermediate  branches  short:  the 
three  first  joints  black,  flagellum  brownish  with  whitish  branches  or  altogether 
whitish.  Antennse  of  the  female  longer  than  head  and  thorax  together,  basal 
joints  black,  Hagellum  more  or  less  ferruginous,  extreme  tips  of  the  joints  black, 
terminal  joints  more  or  less  infuseated,  the  first  joint  of  the  fiagellum  is  but 
little  shorter  than  the  first  antennal  joint,  the  following  joints  of  the  flagellum 
gradually  decrease  in  length;  the  four  or  five  penultimate  joints  are  subellip- 
tical  and  of  about  equal  length.  The  whole  thorax  black,  shining;  a  whitish 
spot  on  the  posterior  end  of  the  membrane  between  the  collare  and  the  root  of 
the  wings.  Halteres  with  a  blackish  stem  and  a  dingy  whitish  knob,  or  alto- 
gether blackish  ;  abdomen  of  the  male  altogether  black  with  large,  club-shaped 
genitals ;  abdomen  of  the  female  black,  the  two  basal  segments  ferruginous : 
the  latter  half  of  the  abdomen  is  tapering  and  ends  in  a  long,  sword-shaped 
ovipositor.  Feet  of  the  male  black,  the  foremost  pair  rather  brownish:  the  fore- 
most tarsi  livid-brownish  from  the  tiji  of  the  first  to  the  base  of  the  fourth  joint : 
feet  of  the/effia/e  ferruginous,  coxse  and  trochanters  black:  tarsi  brownish,  ex- 
cept the  first  and  the  root  of  the  second  joint,  which  are  ferruginous.  Wings 
uniformly  brownish  ferruginous,  with  a  dark  brown  stigma.  The  second  and 
third  longitudinal  veins  are  nearly  parallel,  only  very  slightly  diverging  to- 
wards their  tip. 

Hah.     Virginia  (Dr.  Wilson.) 

Observation. — One  of  the  male  specimens  seen  by  me  in  the  Cabi- 
net of  the  Entomological  Society  in  Philadelphia,  has  the  basal  two- 
thirds  of  the  wings  almost  hyaline,  and  the  apical  third  is  less  brown- 
ish than  in  the  other  specimens.  There  is  also  a  small  hyaline  spot 
beyond  the  stigma.     It  is  evidently  only  a  variety. 

C.  topazina  n.  sp.   %  ^  . 

Nigra,  vel  ferruginea;  abdomine  plerumque  flavo-ferrugiueo,  vitta  nigra:  tho- 
race  vitta  laterali  flava.  pedibus  ferrugineis;  alis  flavescentibus,  stigmate  fusco. 

Black,  or  ferruginous;  abdomen  generally  yellowish-ferruginous  with  a  black 
stripe;  feet  ferruginous;  wings  tinged  with  yellow;  stigma  dark  brown. 

Long.  Corp.   "^  0.7-0.75,   9  0.9-0.10;  long.  al.  -J,  0.65. 


4>!  [May 

The  coloring  of  the  body  is  usually  black,  mixed  with  ferruginous,  so  that 
the  black  prevails  on  the  thorax,  the  ferruginous  on  the  abdomen,  which,  in 
most  specimens,  has  a  black,  more  or  less  extended,  dorsal  stripe.  Among  five 
males  one  had  a  black  abdomen,  the  hind  margins  of  the  segments  tinged  with 
yellowish  and  some  ferruginous  spots  on  the  sides  of  the  two  first,  on  the  two 
last  segments  and  on  the  club.  When  the  tliorax  is  black,  there  is  a  percep- 
tible dull  tawny  sj)ot  above  the  middle  eoxte  and  a  dull  reddish  spot  on  each 
side  of  the  metathorax.  In  some  specimens,  the  reddish  color  prevails  on  the 
thorax  so  as  to  leave  only  three  broad,  black,  shining  stripes  on  its  back.  The 
only  female  which  I  have  seen,  had  a  ferruginous  thorax,  with  the  exception 
of  dark  spots  on  the  pleurse. 

Anteunse  of  the  male  black  at  the  base,  flagellum  grayish-brown  in  some  spe- 
cimens, yellowish-white  in  others,  with  three  rows  of  branches,  the  interme- 
diate one  being  the  shortest.  Antennte  of  the  female  longer  than  head  and 
thorax  together;  three  first  joints  brownish,  the  following  ferruginous,  more 
or  less  tipped  with  brown  ;  the  proportion  between  the  length  of  the  joints  is 
the  same  as  in  the  female  of  C.  fumipennis.  On  the  thorax,  the  membrane  be- 
tween the  root  of  the  wing  and  the  collare  is  bright  yellow  :  the  pleuraj  have  a 
slight  grayish  down.  Halteres  yellowish,  their  stem  sometimes  infuseated. 
Male  genitals  large,  clavate:  female  ovipositor  long,  sword-shaped.  Femora 
ferruginous,  dark  brown  at  the  tip :  fore  tibiae  dark  tawny,  still  darker  towards 
the  tip:  middle  and  hind  tibiae  ferruginous-tawny,  darker  at  the  basis  and  grad- 
ually infuseated  towards  the  tip.  Tarsi  dark  brown,  the  tip  of  the  first  joint  and 
the  three  following  joints  of  the  foremost  ones  are  i)ale  grayish  brown.  (The 
only  female  specimen  liad  altogether  ferruginous  feet,  except  the  tarsi,  which 
were  brown,  from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint.)  Wings  with  a  somewhat  topazine 
yellowish  tinge ;  veins  brown ;  the  interval  between  the  costa  and  the  first 
longitudinal  vein  more  saturate  yellow;  stigma  dark  brown:  its  anterior  por- 
tion sometimes  paler;  one  of  the  males  had  a  rather  indistinct  small  grayish 
cloud,  occupying  the  latter  two-thirds  of  the  discal  cell  and  somewhat  encroach- 
ing upon  its  surroundings;  the  extreme  apex  of  the  wing  is  also  slightly  mar- 
gined with  gray :  the  second  and  third  longitudinal  veins  are  nearly  parallel 
and  the  distance  between  their  tips  is  somewhat  shorter  than  the  distance  be- 
tween the  tips  of  the  third  and  of  the  following  veins. 
Hah.     Virginia  (Dr.  Wilson.) 

Obsfrvation. — I  would  take  this  species  for  C.  dorsalis  Walker,  if  it 
was  not  for  the  words  :  feelers  having  alternate  rows  of  long  and  short 
hranrhrs  on  each  side,  which  place  Mr.  Walker's  species  in  the  first 
section. 

C,  frontalis  n.  sp.  %. 

Ferruginea,  capite  nigro.  abdominis  segmentis  2-S  superne  nigricantibus.  alis 
liyalinis,  stigmate  fusco. 

Ferruginous,  head  black,  the  segments  2-8  of  the  abdomen  blackish  above : 
wings  altogether  hyaline  ;  stigma  brown. 

Long.  Corp.  %  0.(3 :   long.  al.  0.5. 


isra.]  49 

Head  lilack.  mouth  browiiisli.  palpi  hrownish-yellow.  their  tip  hhick  ;  an- 
tenuw  pale  ferruginous;  branches  brownish  gray,  in  three  rows,  the  interme- 
diate row  being  the  shortest.  Thorax  ferruginous,  shining  above  ;  hardly  any 
vestiges  of  stripes  are  perceptible  :  the  membrane  between  the  root  of  the  wings 
and  the  coUare  dingy-yellow.  Ilalteres  yellow.  Feet  pale  ferruginous:  tips 
of  the  femora  slightly  brownish  ;  the  extreme  tips  of  the  tibipe.  including  the 
spurs,  brown:  tarsi  pale  brownish,  the  extreme  tips  of  the  ?,d  and  4th  joints 
are  l)rown  :  last  joint  dark  brown.  (The  foremost  feet  are  wanting  in  my  only 
specimen.)  Abdomen  ferruginous,  a  Idack  dorsal  stripe  of  rather  indefinite 
outline,  begins  at  the  second  segment  and  ends  at  the  base  of  the  large,  club- 
shaped  male  genitals,  which  are  entirely  ferruginous  ;  this  stripe  occuj)ies  how- 
ever only  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  segments,  the  sides  of  which  are  ferrugi- 
nous. Wings  altogether  hyaline,  even  the  space  between  the  costa  and  the 
first  longitudinal  veins  is  without  any  tinge;  veins  yellow  at  the  basis  of  the 
wings,  black  on  the  remainder  of  their  surface;  stigma  brown  :  the  2d  and  3d 
veins  are  distinctly  diverging  towards  their  tips,  so  that  the  distance  between 
these  tips  is  somewhat  larger  than  that  between  the  tip  of  the  .Sd  longitudinal 
and  of  the  following  vein. 

Hah.      Massachusetts  (Sanborn). 

Obsi' rent  ion  I. — I  possess  an  imperfect  specimen  of  a  female,  which 
may  belong  to  this  species.  Although  the  body  is  differently  colored, 
the  hyaline  wings,  yellowish  at  the  basis,  and  the  direction  of  the  2d 
and  od  longitudinal  veins  aiford  strong  points  of  analogy.  I  incline  to 
believe  that  G.  front<il!>^.  like  (\  fopazi'na,  varies  in  its  coloring  from 
black  to  ferruginous.      I  let  the  description  of  this  female  follow  : 

Head  and  thorax  black,  shining;  palpi  tawny  at  the  base,  the  last  joints 
black:  antennae  brown:  first  joint  black  above:  the  third  joint  (first  joint  of 
the  flagellum)  is  about  half  the  length  of  the  first,  incrassated  towards  the  tip 
on  its  upper  side  and  therefore,  clavate :  fourth  joint  linear,  somewhat  longer 
than  the  third:  the  fifth  joint  also  linear,  about  |  of  the  fourth:  the  6th  still 
shorter;  the  7th  and  the  following  are  subelliptical.  the  three  penultimate 
joints  subglobular.  The  membrane  between  the  root  of  the  wings  and  the  col- 
lare  is  yellow.  Halteres  yellow.  Fore  coxae  black,  clothed  with  pale  hairs, 
their  extreme  tip  and  the  trochanters  ferruginous ;  middle  and  hind  coxae  pale 
ferruginous,  black  at  the  extreme  basis ;  femora  ferruginous,  the  extreme  tip 
brownish  above:  tibife  dark  tawny,  paler  on  the  inside;  foremost  tarsi  dark 
brown;  the  first  joint  and  the  extreme  basis  of  the  second  joint  pale  brownish. 
(The  other  tarsi,  as  well  as  the  abdomen,  are  wanting.)    Wings  as  in  the  male. 

Bab.     Ohio  (Capt.  Holden.) 

Ohxervation  TI. — It  is  not  impossible  that  this  is  6'.  Kurrfdrns  Walk., 
although  the  description  of  this  species  in  the  Diptera  tSaaia/n-.'o'aiia 
is  too  unmeaning  to  admit  of  any  conclusion,  the  more  so.  as  Walker 
describes  only  the  female. 


50  [May 


Notes  on  some  of  the  DIUENAL  LEPIDOPTERA  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
with  descriptions  of  their  Larvae  and  Chrysalides. 

By  J.  A.  LINTXER.  Utic.\.  X.  Y. 

The  following  pages  are  compiled  from  a  series  of  Notes,  extending 
over  a  period  of  seven  yeai's,  during  which  time  the  writer  was  engaged 
in  making  a  collection  of  the  Insects  of  Schoharie,  in  Eastern  New 
York,  where  he  was  then  residing.  Believing  thorough  explorations 
of  limited  localities  to  be  of  greater  value  to  science,  than  the  simple 
bringing  together  through  exchange,  of  large  collections,  most  of  the 
work  done,  was  without  the  knowledge  of  what  had  been  achieved  by 
others,  and  what  additions  were  still  needed,  toward  the  completion  of 
our  Insect  biographies.  Through  this  neglect,  now  much  regretted. 
many  rare  opportunities  were  lost,  of  adding  materially,  by  additional 
observations  and  notes,  to  the  number  and  value  of  the  few  new  facts 
now  presented. 

The  collection  above  referred  to,  numbers  over  two  thousand  species, 
of  which  about  one-half  are  of  the  order  of  Lepidoptera.  The  Notes. 
with  few  exceptions,  are  of  the  Lepidoptera,  and  embrace  descriptions 
more  or  less  full,  of  one  hundred  larvae. 


Papilio  turnus,  Linn. 

The  earliest  appearance  of  this  butterfly,  which  I  have  recorded,  is 
the  loth  May.  In  a  warm  room  I  have  had  it  emerge  as  early  as 
December  0th.  It  is  usually  not  very  abundant.  In  1856,  not  one 
came  under  my  observation,  but  the  year  following  it  was  so  plentiful 
that  toward  the  last  of  June  it  could  occasionally  be  seen  in  companies 
of  ten  or  twelve,  settled  upon  damp  patches  of  earth,  after  the  manner 
of  C.  philodice.  In  1858  it  was  as  abundant  as  phUodice — our  most 
common  species.  The  black  variety,  glaucm,  does  not  occur  here.  I 
have  very  rarely  captured  the  female,  and  in  those  which  I  have  bred, 
the  males  have  largely  outnumbered  the  other  sex. 

The  larva  has  been  taken  the  middle  of  August  on  the  Hop,  resting 
on  a  slight  web,  spun  by  it  on  the_  upper  surface  of  the  leaf.  An  ex- 
cellent description  of  it  is  given  by  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  in  Vol.  I.  p.  o52 
of  these  Proceedings. 


1864.]  51 

The  chri/mlis  is  1.25  in.  long,  yellowisli,  marked  with  brown  on  the 
wing-cases  and  most  of  the  tubercles,  and  with  a  stigmatal  brown 
line  :  head-case  short,  bifid,  beaks  diverging,  corrugated,  reflected  exter- 
nally, with  two  intermediate  minute  tooth-like  projections;  dorsal  region 
to  the  ninth  segment,  ranging  with  the  thoracic  ;  thoracic  projection 
slightly  elevated,  right-angled,  with  two  small  brown  tubercles  ante- 
rior to  it ;  a  single  small  humeral  projection  ;  margins  of  wing  cases 
moderately  angular;  segments  from  the  seventh  to  the  twelfth  inclusive, 
with  two  dorsal  rows  of  small  warty  tubercles,  two  subdorsal  rows  of 
smaller,  and  a  minute  black  point  beneath  each  stigma, — the  three 
terminal  segments,  carinated  laterally  beneath,  and  not  ending  in  a 
spine. 

Papilio  asterias,  Fab. 

First  appearance  of  bntfrrjl//.  May  6th ;  within  doors,  in  a  warm 
room,  December  13th.  The  middle  of  June,  it  may  be  seen  depositing 
its  eggs,  singly,  upon  the  leaves  of  the  parsnip,  caraway  and  other 
umbelliferous  plants. 

The  eggs  are  of  a  delicate  light  yellow,  smooth  and  round,  with  the 
exception  of  being  slightly  flattened  where  they  are  attached  to  the  leaf. 

The  mature  larva  is  well  known.  The  young  larva  is  nearly  black, 
and  very  unlike  its  appearance  after  its  last  molting,  at  which  time  it 
assumes  its  green  color. 

Chri/sah's  1  in.  to  1.10  in.  long;  head  case  long,  with  beaks  nearly 
parallel — otherwise  as  in  turnus ;  thoracic  projection  brown,  moderately 
elevated,  descending  perpendicularly  in  front;  middle  dorsal  region, 
depressed, — the  ventral  region  opposite,  correspondingly  convex ;  dor- 
sal and  subdorsal  tubercles  in  number  and  arrangement,  as  in  furnus. 
but  larger,  approaching  to  spines ;  wing  cases  projecting  at  their  pos- 
terior angle ;  terminal  segments  beneath,  as  in  turnus.  (Described 
from  dead  chrysalides,  and  the  coloration  consequently  omitted,  as  in 
several  of  the  following  species.) 

Papilio  troilus,  Linn. 

This  is  one  of  our  most  rare  diurnals.  and  I  am  only  acquainted  with 
its  imago.  I  have  taken  it  twice,  the  middle  of  June,  resting  on  damp 
ground ;  others  have  been  reported  to  me,  in  a  neighboring  locaHty, 
where  its  food  plant.  La  urns  Sassa/rax.  is  found. 


52  [May 

PiERis  OLERAOEA,  Harris. 

This  butterfly,  until  recently,  has  been  extremely  rare  in  this  place. 
Previous  to  1857,  T  had  taken  it  but  once  during  the  three  preceding: 
years.  At  present,  in  numbers,  it  ranks  second  to  C.  philodicc.  It  is 
usually  seen  flitting  about  gardens,  and  in  the  streets,  alighting  occa- 
sionally upon  damp  spots  of  earth.  It  commences  its  daily  flight  at  an 
earlier  hour  than  any  other  species — often  before  seven  o'clock — and 
is  seen  abroad  until  quite  late  in  the  afternoon. 

There  are  three  broods  of  this  butterfly  during  the  year.  Of  the 
first  brood,  I  have  taken  individuals  as  early  as  the  18th  of  April. 
About  the  10th  of  May  they  are  abundant;  a  month  later  none  are  t<> 
be  seen. 

The  second  brood  appears  about  the  1st  of  July,  varying  from  this 
period,  by  a  week  earlier  or  later,  as  the  season  may  influence  their 
development. 

The  middle  of  August,  a  third  brood  makes  its  appearance.  During 
the  last  week  of  August  and  the  first  week  of  September,  they  are  very 
numerous,  more  so  than  at  any  other  time  of  the  year.  At  any  mo- 
ment during  the  day  one  or  more  individuals  may  be  seen  on  the  wing. 
My  notes  show,  that  for  two  years,  this  brood  consisted  only  of  those 
which  had  the  posterior  wings  simply  tinged  with  yellow,  without  the 
conspicuous  black  veins.  Is  this  uniformly  the  case  ?  So  far  as  I  am 
able  to  recall,  both  those  which  I  have  bred  and  captured  of  the  first 
brood,  have  had  the  black  veined  yellow  posterior  wings.  It  will  be 
interesting  to  determine  by  further  observations,  whether  these  diff^er- 
ences  in  the  successive  broods  really  exist. 

About  the  10th  of  October,  the  last  of  the  brood  are  seen  flitting 
about,  with  denuded  and  broken  wings.  By  this  time  nearly  all  the 
larvae  have  matured,  and  their  chrysalides  may  be  found  suspended 
beneath  boards,  or  under  shelter  of  the  grasses  growing  beside  garden 
fences  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  oleraceous  crops. 

From  the  marked  variations  in  color,  presented  by  this  species, — the 
inferior  surface  of  the  posterior  wings  in  some,  having  but  the  slightest 
tinge  of  yellow,  and  in  others,  being  of  an  orange  yellow,  with  con- 
spicuous black  bordered  veins, — authors  have  been  led  to  separate  it 
into  distinct  species,  or  at  least  into  permanent  varieties.  Although 
varying  so  much  in  appearance,  there  can  be  but  little  doul)t  that  they 


1864.]  53 

constitute  but  a  single  species.  Collections  have  been  made,  in  which 
the  extremes  are  connected  by  every  gradation  of  shade.  But  it  is 
probable  that  any  number  of  individuals,  collected  from  one  locality, 
at  one  particular  time,  will  present  a  very  limited  range  of  variation. 
In  the  earlier  years  of  its  appearance  in  this  place,  those  taken,  with 
very  few  exceptions,  were  nearly  immaculate  ;  none  were  found  having 
the  black  veined  yellow  posterior  wings,  which  during  the  last  few 
years  have  been  so  plentiful. 

I  had  hoped  to  institute  a  series  of  experiments  and  observations,  on 
the  variations  which  this  species  offers,  with  a  view  of  determining  as 
far  as  practicable,  the  following  points,  some  of  which  had  been  sug- 
gested for  my  study,  by  correspondents  : 

a.  The  range  of  variation  existing  in  the  brood  of  a  single  9  ■ 

b.  The  modification  of  variation,  from  the  union  of  %   and   9  "'  *h®  same 

style  of  variation. 

c.  Ditto  of  different  styles  of  variation. 

d.  Ditto  of  the  extremes  of  variation. 

e.  Variation  as  modified,  by  the  food-plant. 

/.  Ditto  by  the  impeded  development  of  the  larva  by  cold. 

9.  Ditto  by  the  impeded  development  of  the  chrysalis. 

My  attempts  were  as  follows.  I  gave  a  %  and  $  which  had  emerged 
from  chrysalis  the  same  day,  the  freedom  of  a  large,  well  lighted  apart- 
ment, in  which  had  been  placed  sugar  and  water  for  their  food,  and 
thrifty  potted  plants  of  horse-radish,  cabbage,  &c.,  for  the  $  to  deposit 
her  eggs  upon.  They  were  found  dead  after  the  lapse  of  a  few 
days ;  no  eggs  had  been  placed  on  the  plants,  and  they  probably  had 
not  mated. 

I  took  pairs  in  coitu,  and  treated  them  as  above,  with  the  same 
result. 

I  captured  females  while  depositing  their  eggs,  and  furnished  them 
with  plants  as  above,  but  no  eggs  were  found  upon  them. 

I  inclosed  in  boxes,  ovipositing  females,  with  distended  bodies ;  re- 
sult as  before. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above,  that  all  my  efforts  to  pair  the  species, 
or  induce  it  to  deposit  eggs  under  the  slightest  restraint,  were  in  vain. 
I  trust  that  others  who  feel  an  interest  in  the  subject  of  the  variation 
of  our  diurnals,  may  be  induced  to  prosecute  its  study,  experimentally, 
and  that  some  method  may  be  found  of  overcoming  the  difficulties 


54  [May 

which  have  presented  themselves.  I  would  be  pleased  to  have  com- 
municated to  me  any  instance  of  the  successful  pairing  of  any  of  our 
butterflies. 

Although  so  abundant  at  Schoharie,  oleracea  is  not  generally  dis- 
tributed over  the  State.  In  leaving  the  valley,  it  diminishes  in  fre- 
quency as  we  ascend  the  surrounding  hills.  At  Utica  not  one  indi- 
vidual came  under  my  observation  during  last  year,  while  at  Oswego. 
in  the  month  of  August.  I  found  it  very  numerous. 

The  larva  is  .9  in.  in  length;  tapering  toward  the  extremities  from 
the  6th  and  7th  segments ;  head  small,  rounded,  flattened  anteriorly, 
of  the  diameter  of  the  1st  segment ;  segments  with  six  transverse 
wrinkles;  incisures  rather  deep.  Color  of  the  head  and  body,  apple- 
green  ;  a  lighter  green  stigmatal  stripe,  becoming  whitish  just  before 
the  change  to  chrysalis ;  an  indistinct  vascular  line ;  body  and  head 
covei'ed  with  numerous  short  hairs,  giving  it  a  downy  appearance. — 
those  beneath,  white — above  the  stigmatal  line,  black  mingled  with  the 
white,  arising  from  minute  black  papillae;  stigmata  broadly  oval. 

Ohrysalis,  attached  by  its  tail,  and  suspended  by  a  girt  about  its 
middle;  quite  angular;  head  with  a  single  point;  thoracic  projection, 
prominent,  compressed  laterally,  apex  rounded ;  the  two  lateral  projec- 
tions, margining  the  wing-cases,  shai'p  ;  abdomen,  slender,  pointed, 
rounded  beneath,  with  dorsal  and  lateral  carinations.  Color  white  ; 
wing-cases,  with  brown  linings,  a  brown  irregular  spot  near  the  tip. 
another  near  the  base,  and  black  points  on  the  nervures  and  on  the 
margin  intermediately  :  a  black  spot  in  front  of  each  lateral  projection ; 
a  short  black  line  on  the  thoracic  projection  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  ; 
the  segments  superiorly,  each  with  a  brown  cloud  above  their  lateral 
carination,  and  regularly  dotted  with  black,  as  follows :  four  dots  (di- 
vided by  the  dorsal  carination)  posteriorly,  forming  a  parallelogram — 
four  in  a  transverse  line,  nearer  the  anterior  portion,  and  two  still 
nearer  together,  farther  removed  from  the  dorsal  carination, — the  ten 
dots  arranged  in  a  W  nearly. 

COLIAS    PHILODICK,    Grodt. 

I  have  seen  this  butterfly  abroad  as  early  as  April  oOth,  and  as  late 
in  the  year  as  November  4th.  As  with  ohracea^  there  are,  in  all  pro- 
bability, three  broods  each  year,  for  after  its  first  coming  it  continues 


1864.]  55 

coQstantly  with  us,  until  its  final  disappearance.  It  is  only  in  the  Fall 
that  it  can  be  seen  collected  on  damp  earth  by  the  road-side,  in  com- 
panies of  hundreds,  when  as  many  as  twenty  can  frequently  be  taken 
at  one  sweep  of  the  net,  and  thousands  driven  up  in  a  few  minutes  walk. 

The  white  variety  of  the  9  is  not  very  rare  in  this  locality,  although 
recorded  as  rare  by  authors,  for  a  year  has  seldom  passed  without  giv- 
ing me  one  or  more.  In  1858 — a  year  remarkably  prolific  in  insect 
life — I  took  six  in  a  single  field,  in  less  than  an  hour's  time.  I  have 
in  my  collection,  one,  in  which  the  black  border  of  the  primaries  is 
without  the  spots  which  characterise  the  ?  , — and  one  in  which  the 
secondaries  have  on  their  inferior  surface,  but  a  single  discoidal  sil- 
vered spot. 

Extremely  abundant  as  is  this  species,  I  am  unacquainted  with  its 
larva,  but  it  could  no  doubt  be  readily  obtained  from  clover  fields,  by 
the  aid  of  a  sweeping  net. 

Grapta  comma,  Harris. 
The  larva^  a  short  time  before  its  final  niotling,  is  whitish,  with  pale 
green  or  blue  markings.  Subsequent  to  its  molting,  the  three  poste- 
rior wrinkles  of  each  segment,  the  lateral  flexures,  the  abdominal  spines 
(except  their  tips,  which  are  black)  and  a  spot  at  their  base,  gradually 
change  to  a  cream-color,  as  the  larva  approaches  maturity.  The  six 
posterior  segments  have  each  a  small  orange  spot  above  the  stigma, — 
those  of  the  6th  and  11th  segments,  sometimes  quite  minute.  The  dorsal 
markings  in  blue  or  bluish-green  are  as  follows  :  on  the  vascular  line,  a 
.short  line  extending  backwards  from  the  front  of  each  segment,  half- 
way to  the  dorsal  spine  ;  on  either  side,  a  curved  line,  commencing 
anteriorly  near  the  front  of  the  segment,  in  range  with  the  sub-dorsal 
.spines,  passing  with  a  double  flexure,  obliquely  toward  the  rear  of  the 
dorsal  spine,  just  behind  which  the  two  lines  are  united  by  a  short 
transverse  line ;  within  these  lines,  midway  between  them  and  the 
vascular  line,  are  two  short  dashes  on  the  anterior  of  the  segment, 
directed  obliquely  toward  the  dorsal  spine.  Head,  flesh-color,  thickly 
studded  with  white  spines,  the  longest  of  which  are  black  tipped,  and 
terminate  in  a  bristle;  the  two  tubercles,  of  the  color  of  the  head. 
Stigmata,  broadly  oval,  black,  shining  under  a  lens.  Legs,  bright  red; 
ju'o-legs  flesh-color. 


56  [May 

The  larva  suspends  itself  by  its  terminal  legs,  and  assumes  its  chry- 
salis state  twenty-four  hours  thereafter.  The  butterfly  emerges  after 
twelve  days. 

The  chrysalis  is  fi-om  .75  in.  to  .95  in.  long,  marked  with  six  golden 
dorsal  spots  at  the  bases  of  the  anterior  spines. — reticulated  with  grey 
and  white,  and  brown  striped  below  the  stigmata;  head-case,  with  tw<» 
lateral  projections,  short,  conical,  quite  acute ;  a  prominent  thoracic 
spinous  projection,  compressed  laterally,  beneath  which,  on  each  side 
is  a  tubercle ;  two  humeral  projections,  the  anterior  one,  subconical, — 
the  posterior,  elongated  ;  inferior  wing-cases,  with  a  prominence  near 
the  hind  margin,  on  the  sixth  segment,  parallel  with  the  posterior 
humeral  projection — the  wing-case  intermediately,  deeply  depressed  ; 
two  dorsal  rows  of  spines,  from  the  third  to  the  tenth  segments  inclu- 
sive, short,  except  those  of  the  seventh  segment,  which  are  thrice  the 
size  of  the  others;  terminal  spine,  long,  flat,  slightly  curved. 

The  above  larval  description  is  from  ten  individuals,  taken  on  the 
Hop,  between  the  10th  and  last  of  August.  At  the  same  time,  one 
was  taken,  difiering  so  much  in  coloration,  as  to  deserve  a  separate  de- 
scription. Larva,  light  yellow ;  above  the  stigmata,  a  black  stripe,  iu 
which  is  the  row  of  spines  with  the  orange  spots  at  their  base — the 
stripe  in  its  breadth  reaching  nearly  up  to  the  subdorsal  row  of  spines, 
and  sending  off",  on  each  segment,  the  double  curved  line  above  de- 
scribed ;  the  short  vascular  line  is  also  black  ;  the  lateral  row  of  oi'ange 
spots  has  one  spot  on  the  5th  segment,  making  their  number  seven, — 
those  from  the  6th  to  the  11th  inclusive,  are  double,  the  additional 
spot  being  behind  the  spine,  lower  on  the  body  than  the  other,  and  of 
smaller  size.  Head,  shining  black,  with  stiff"  hairs  and  two  branching 
spines,  whitish.  Body  beneath,  blackish.  Spines,  except  of  the  substig- 
matal  row.  cream-color,  with  black  tipped  whitish  branches ;  trunk  of 
the  two  lateral  spines  of  the  2nd  segment,  black.  On  the  three  ante- 
rior segments,  a  whitish  median  line.     Stigmata  black.     Legs  red. 

The  butterfly  obtained  from  the  above  larva  does  not  diiFer  materi- 
ally from  other  specimens  of  comma  in  my  possession.  These  are  the 
principal  variations  noticed  :  the  large  black  spot  resting  on  the  ante- 
rior margin  of  each  wing,  is  larger ;  the  two  black  spots  situated  be- 
tween the  nervules  of  the  sub-mediaa  of  the  primaries,  are  smaller — 


1S(U.]  57 

the  brown  spot  at  their  posterior  angle  is  more  distinct ;  the  six  orange 
marginal  spots  of  the  secondaries,  are  brighter. 

I  deem  it  probable  that  we  still  have  at  least  two  species  confounded 
in  comma, — the  determination  of  which  will  require  close  observation, 
and  such  particular  larval  descriptions  as  I  have  endeavored  to  give 
above. 

The  female  has  the  wings  less  emarginated  than  the  male.  With  the 
two  side  by  side,  a  casual  glance  at  the  broad  and  short  tail  of  the 
secondaries  of  the  former,  and  the  longer  and  more  slender  tail  of  the 
latter,  will  serve  to  designate  the  sexes.  This  difference  is  observable, 
though  to  a  less  extent,  iu  the  other  species  of  this  genus.  Another 
obvious  sexual  characteristic  of  Grrapta,  is,  the  long  hairs  which  clothe 
the  anterior  pair  of  legs  of  the  male. 

I  have  captured  this  butttn-Jiy  &n.v\\ev  than  any  other  species, — flitting 
about  in  the  warm  sunlight  of  a  spring-like  day,  on  the  2nd  of  March. 
Although  but  slightly  worn,  it  had  undoubtedly  been  drawn  out  from 
its  winter  quarters. 

The  first  brood  makes  its  appearance  in  June.  Its  larva  will  proba- 
bly be  found  on  the  Elm,  during  the  preceding  month.  Of  the  second 
brood,  from  the  Hop,  I  have  had  them  from  chrysalis,  from  the  25th 
of  August  to  the  5th  of  September. 

GrRAPTA  PAUNUS,  Edwards. 

This  species  is  of  much  more  rare  occurrence  in  this  locality  than 
the  preceding  Among  the  Adirondack  Mountains  of  this  State,  near 
Raquette  Lake,  in  the  mouth  of  August,  I  once  met  with  a  large  gath- 
ering of  them,  upon  a  small  spot  of  moist  earth.  Usually  extremely 
shy  as  are  all  the  Grraptas,  my  approach  startled  only  a  few  of  their 
number,  which,  after  a  short  circuit,  returned  to  their  repast.  I  expe- 
rienced not  the  least  difficulty  in  capturing  twenty  or  more  by  hand, 
although  another  collector  had  preceded  me — a  large  toad  {Bu/o  ame- 
ricaauii) — whom  I  found  holding  a  central  position  in  the  group,  and 
earnestly  engaged  in  lapping  up  with  his  broad  tongue,  one  after  an- 
other of  the  company,  with  the  greatest  dexterity,  seldom  missing  an 
attempt.  After  watching  for  some  minutes  the  novel  performance,  I 
left  him  still  gorging  himself  upon  what  I  should  judge  to  be  unusual 
Batrachian  diet. 


58  [May 

GrRAPTA    PROGNE,    Fab. 

Larva,  reddish  grey ;  spines  white,  with  branches,  some  of  which 
are  bhick  tipped ;  tubercles  from  which  the  spines  proceed,  Hght  red  ; 
on  each  .segment  two  or  three  bhick  bands  posteriorly,  and  four  short 
black  dorsal  lines,  extending  obliquely  from  its  anterior  edge,  across 
one-third  of  its  extent — -the  two  inner  ones  directed  toward  the  cross- 
ing of  the  vascular  line  by  the  incisure — and  the  two  outer  ones  toward 
a  point  on  the  following  segment.  Prologs,  black  exteriorly.  Head 
small,  strongly  spiued.     Length  1.25  inches. 

While  feeding,  the  larva  detaches  its  terminal  legs  from  the  leaf, 
and  curves  upward  its  last  two  segments.  T  have  taken  it  on  the  wild 
Grooseberry  (^Rihes  rotund ifuliiim)  and  on  the  Currant  (^Rlbcs  rubrum. ) 
In  chrysalis,  June  13th — 20th;  emerges  from  chrysalis  after  twelve  or 
thirteen  days. 

Chrysalis,  .85  in.  long;  head-case  prolonged  in  two  parallel  obliquely 
truncated  horns,  foi'ming  a  full  U — their  tips  maculated  with  brown  ; 
thoracic  projection,  not  prominent;  dorsum,  slightly  depressed,  and  its 
spines  almost  obsolete;  humeral  projections  as  in  comma;  wing-ca.ses. 
with  a  blunt  projection  near  their  posterior  margin,  and  deeply  exca- 
vated centrally;  terminal  spine,  long,  rounded,  moderately  curved. 

The  hutterjli/  probably  hybernates.  I  have  taken  worn  and  faded 
ones,  early  in  May,  which  had  doubtless  survived  the  winter.  A  few 
may  be  disclosed  from  chrysalis  in  the  spring.  Dr.  Fitch  gives  July 
as  the  time  of  its  appearance,  and  limits  it  to  a  single  brood ;  he  records 
as  worthy  of  note,  that  Dr.  Harris  had  obtained  it  as  late  as  the  18th 
of  i^ugust.  I  have  captured  it  fresh  and  just  from  chrysalis,  the  7th 
of  September — clearly  establishing  the  fact  which  would  naturally  be 
expected  from  its  close  relationship  to  comma,  of  two  annual  broods. 
Toward  the  last  of  September  and  early  in  October,  it  may  frequently 
be  seen,  regaling  itself  upon  the  juices  of  fallen  pears  and  other  fruit, 
in  company  with  interrogationis. 

Grapta  j.  album,  Grodt. 

Larva,  two  inches  long,  light  green ;  head  with  black  markings  on 
the  sides — thickly  set  with  setae  and  with  short  spines,  of  which  the 
lateral  ones  are  each  tipped  with  a  long  seta — and  armed  with  two 
shining  black,  thick  spines,  verticillated  near  the  tip  ;  the  dorsal  and 


1864.]  59 

subdorsal  rows  of  spines,  shining  black,  except  at  base,  which  is  rufous, 
with  long  branches — those  of  the  anterior  segments  more  numerously 
branched  than  the  others,  and  having  each  point  tipped  with  a  seta  ; 
the  super-  and  sub-stigmatal  rows,  rufous,  tipped  with  black. 

Chrt/salis,  one  inch  long — of  a  beautiful  green,  delicately  reticulated 
under  a  lens — with  six  golden  dorsal  spots ;  head-case,  with  conical 
beaks,  less  projecting  and  acute  than  in  comma  ;  thoracic  projection 
elevated  in  a  compressed,  slightly  recurved  beak,  similar  to  comma,  and 
tipped  with  black  anteriorly ;  dorsal  spines,  prominent — the  superior 
one,  about  double  the  size  of  the  others ;  wing  cases,  moderately  de- 
pressed— the  humeral  projections  prominent — that  near  hind  margins 
on  sixth  segment,  moderate ;  stigmata  brown,  with  a  brown  spot  beneath, 
centrally  on  the  segment ;  terminal  spine  broad,  flat,  deeply  excavated 
beneath,  and  bordered  with  brown. 

I  have  taken  the  larva  but  once.  When  captured,  it  was  fully  ma- 
tured, and  crawling  rapidly  over  the  ground  of  a  dense  grove  of  varied 
timber,  and  I  am  therefore  unable  to  give  its  food-plant.  It  changed 
to  a  chrysalis  the  27th  of  June,  and  emerged  after  thirteen  days. 

The  spinous  head  of  the  larva  justifies  its  removal  to  the  genus 
where  I  now  place  it,  and  where  the  silver  character  of  the  posterior 
wings  naturally  locates  it.  Its  marginal  series  of  crescents  of  green 
scales  beneath  (connected  here  in  a  band),  the  inner  row  of  minute  black 
dots,  and  the  dentated  markings  of  the  basal  region — are  well  known 
characteristics  of  the  Glraptas;  while  the  contracted  silver  marking,  re- 
duced frequently  to  a  mere  dash,  the  wings  less  emarginate,  and  palpi 
more  hairy, — show  it  to  be  the  nearest  allied  of  its  genus,  to  Vanessa. 

The  hufterjii/  is  quite  rare.  It  hybernates,  and  is  occasionally  found, 
in  the  winter  season,  within  old  buildings,  where  it  had  taken  shelter. 
The  first  warm  days  of  March  draw  it  from  its  retreat.  In  September 
a  second  brood  appears,  a  portion  of  which  pass  the  winter  in  chrysalis. 

Vanessa  antiopa,  Linn. 
Larva^  two  inches  long ;  velvety  black,  with  whitish  dots  in  trans- 
verse bands,  from  which  proceed  short  whitish  hairs ;  vascular  line, 
black,  interrupted  by  eight  or  nine  red  spots,  usually  of  a  triangular 
form,  having  a  spine  at  the  apex,  and  one  (subdorsal)  in  each  side. 
Head,  somewhat  cordate,  black,  with  a  few  small  shining  black  tuber- 
cles, and  whitish  hairs.     Abdominal  spines,  long,  black,  with  a  few 


60  [May 

black  brunches  aud  whitish  setae,  and  arranged  as  follows  :  none  on 
the  first  segment ;  on  the  second  aud  third  segments,  four  each — the 
subdorsal  ones  exceeding  all  the  others  in  length  ;  on  the  fourth  seg- 
ment, six  spines;  on  the  remaining  segments,  seven  each ;  those  of  the 
substigmatal  row  have,  in  some  instances,  a  dull  red  spot  at  their  base 
above :  the  spines  are  not  in  a  transverse  line — the  dorsal  one  occupy- 
ing the  anterior  of  the  segment,  the  substigmatal  one  the  posterior, 
and  the  subdorsal  and  superstigmatal  ones  in  range  intermediately.  This 
arrangement  of  spines  is  uniform  in  all  the  Vanessas.  Legs,  black  ; 
prolegs,  fulvous ;  stigmata  barely  discoverable  even  under  a  lens,  ex- 
cept when  bordered,  as  sometimes,  with  whitish. 

Ohysalis,  1  in.  in  length ;  beaks  of  head-case,  short  and  conical  ; 
thoracic  projection  of  medium  height,  nearly  ranging  anteriorly  with 
the  frontal  beaks  ;  dorsal  spines,  long,  quite  acute,  and  excepting  the 
last,  nearly  equal;  anterior  humeral  projection,  elevated,  acute;  wing 
cases,  slightly  depressed,  and  with  a  very  moderate  projection  on  the 
inferiors;  terminal  spine,  short,  flattened  and  quite  broad. 

Thebutfe7-Ji^  frequently  hybernates,  and  has  been  seen  abroad  the  23d 
of  March.  It  has  three  annual  broods.  The  Jirst,  from  the  chrysalides 
of  the  Fall  brood,  appears  in  May.  The  second  brood  is  seen  the  lat- 
ter part  of  July.  A  colony  of  larvae,  numbering  about  thirty,  which  I 
took  on  a  small  twig  of  Willow,  early  in  July,  after  undergoing  their 
last  molting,  were  found  on  the  morning  of  the  14th,  to  have  sus- 
pended themselves  during  the  night,  preparatory  to  their  change ;  at 
the  close  of  the  day  they  had  all  assumed  the  chrysalis  state.  In  eight 
days  thereafter  the  butterflies  emerged.  Of  the  tkh-d  brood,  I  have 
obtained  chrysalides  the  middle  of  September,  and  the  butterfly  the  1st 
of  October,  after  sixteen  days — a  longer  time  being  required  for  the 
change,  at  this  period  of  the  year.  A  portion  only  of  the  chrysalides 
of  this  brood — those  which  were  the  first  to  reach  that  stage,  or  such 
as  may  have  had  positions  more  favorable  for  their  development. — 
disclose  their  butterflies  at  this  unfriendly  season,  when  the  cold  autum- 
nal winds  so  soon  compel  them  to  shelter  themselves  in  winter  retreats. 

An  interesting  peculiarity  of  this  species — not  observed  by  me  in 
any  other  diurnal,  and  not  to  the  same  extent  among  the  nocturnals 
where  it  is  of  frequent  occurrence — is  its  habit  of  counterfeiting  death. 
When   newly  emerged,  within  the  breeding  cage,  it  may  be  taken   be- 


1864.] 


61 


tween  the  fingers,  without  the  slightest  show  of  resistance  ;  at  the  first 
touch  it  fields  up  its  legs  and  becomes  seemingly  inanimate.  Released 
from  the  hand,  it  drops  upon  its  side,  and  will  even  allow  itself  to  be 
tossed  from  side  to  side  without  attempting  flight.  If  left  undisturbed 
for  a  short  time,  it  slowly  raises  itself,  and  simply  resumes  its  upright 
position. 

This  species  varies  much  in  size.  I  have  it  from  two  inches,  to  three 
and  a  half  inches  spread  of  wings — the  former  doubtless  dwarfed  from 
insufficient  food. 

Vanessa  Milberti,  Grodt. 

Larva,  length  1.10  in. ;  anterior  segments  quite  tapering;  head 
small,  with  short  hairs  proceeding  from  minute  whitish  granulations  ; 
body  black,  with  granulations  like  those  of  the  head,  and  with  rufous 
dots  sometimes  coalescent,  as  on  the  back,  where  they  margin  a  black 
vascular  line,  and  anterior  to  each  subdorsal  spine,  where  they  form  a 
curved  spot ;  between  the  stigmata,  a  connected  series  of  rufous  cres- 
cents— each  crescent  convex  above,  extending  from  the  lower  portion 
of  one  stigma  to  the  upper  part  of  the  following ;  below  the  stigmata, 
a  rufous  stripe;  ventral  region,  yellowish;  legs,  black;  prolegs,  rufous, 
anterior  to  each  pair  of  which  is  a  quadrangular  brown  spot ;  spines 
clothed  with  delicate  setfe, — the  dorsal,  subdorsal  and  superstigmatal 
rows,  black,  and  the  substigmatal,  rufous.  (The  color  of  the  crescents 
and  dots  is  taken  from  an  alcoholic  specimen.) 

Chri/saJ!.^,  .8  in.  in  length,  slightly  angular:  frontal  beaks,  short, 
conical ;  thoracic  projection  forming  nearly  a  right  angle;  dorsal  spines, 
but  little  elevated — the  superior  one  exceeding  very  little  the  others  in 
size ;  wing-cases,  as  in  antiopa  ;  terminal  spine,  short,  flattened, 
curved. 

I  have  no  knowledge  of  more  than  two  annual  broods  of  this  butter- 
fly. It  makes  its  appearance  very  early  in  the  spring.  I  have  taken 
the  sexes,  somewhat  worn.  In  coHu,  on  the  loth  of  March, — and  on 
April  7th  those  which,  without  doubt,  had  been  newly  disclosed  from 
chrysalis.  A  second  brood  appears  about  the  middle  of  August,  after 
having  passed  ten  days  in  chrysalis.  The  larva  is  usually  very  abun- 
dant on  the  common  Nettle  (  Urtica  dioica),  growing  by  the  roadside, — 
a  very  large  number  frequently  clustering  on  a  single  plant.     Although 


&2  [May 

so  numerous,  comparatively  few  pass  beyond  the  larval  state,  the  larger 
proportion  falling  victims  to  the  parasite  peculiar  to  it.  Of  twenty-five 
larvae,  which  I  placed  in  my  breeding  cage,  only  five  became  chrysal- 
ides. From  the  body  of  each  of  the  others  when  full  grown,  a  number 
<jf  grub.s  emerged,  and  spun  themselves  up  in  small  white  cocoons,  placed 
with  perfect  regularity  side  by  side,  forming  a  compact  bundle,  usually 
round  in  form,  made  up  of  from  twenty  to  sixty  cocoons — the  whole  en- 
veloped in  a  cotton-like  substance.  The  cocoons  are  in  every  instance 
spun  underneath  the  larva,  to  which  they  are  attached  by  the  sides  of 
the  lower  layer,  instead  of  by  their  base,  as  they  commonly  are ;  as  the 
mass  increases,  the  body  of  the  larva  above  it,  is  raised  up  from  the 
leaf  or  stem  on  which  it  rested,  embracing  the  bundle  in  its  curve. 

The  larva  presents  us  with  an  instance  of  great  tenacity  of  life. 
Although  every  portion  of  its  body  had  been  honeycombed  by  the 
escape  of  the  large  number  of  parasites  which  it  inclosed — sufficient, 
one  would  suppose,  to  produce  speedy  death — I  have  known  its  life 
to  be  prolonged  for  a  period  of  seven  days  thereafter. 

LiMENiTis  ARTHEMis,  Drury. 

Larva,  whitish,  with  small  blue  dots  ;  protuberances,  terminal  seg- 
ments and  under  side,  olive  green.  Head,  cordate,  tuberculated  and 
spined.  Body,  on  the  second  segment,  with  two  branching  spines; 
on  the  third  and  fifth,  each,  two  protuberances;  on  the  eighth,  two 
tubercles  with  elevated  radii;  on  the  ninth,  two  similar,  but  larger; 
on  the  eleventh,  four  spinous  tubercles.  Feeds  probably  on  the  Balsam 
Poplar  (Poptdus  balsami/era^,  beneath  which  the  larva  was  found, 
fully  grown. 

Chrysalis.  1.10  in.  long;  whitish,  with  margin  of  wing-cases  and 
dorsal  projection  greenish — the  latter  silvery  on  its  sides.  Head-ca.se, 
square,  with  two  short,  blunt,  diverging  horns ;  thoracic  carination 
rounded,  slightly  elevated  above  the  following  segment;  dorsal  projec- 
tion, compressed  laterally,  quite  prominent,  forming  nearly  three-fourths 
of  a  broad  oval ;  margins  of  wing-cases  quite  angular ;  central  segments 
nearly  cylindrical — terminal  ones  contracted  abruptly;  terminal  spine, 
short  and  broad. 

As  it  hangs  suspended,  it  frequently  turns  from  side  to  side,  and  very 
seldom  rests  perpendicularly.      It  becomes  a  chrysalis  after  the  larva 


1864.]  63 

has  been    suspended   thirty-six  hours,  and   emerges   nine  days  there- 
after. 

I  have  taken  the  hutterfl//  the  last  of  June.  It  is  usually  quite  rare, 
but  on  one  occasion  I  met  with  a  number  of  them,  in  a  sheltered  road- 
way in  a  wood,  on  elevated  ground,  sporting  in  the  bright  sunlight, 
with  short  and  rapid  flights.  When  it  alights  on  a  tree,  it  seldom  re- 
mains stationary,  but  continues  walking  over  the  leaves,  opening  and 
folding  its  wings. 

LiMENITIS    DISIPPUS,    Godt. 

The  larva  has  a  marked  I'esemblance  to  that  of  arthemis,  and  cannot 
readily  be  distinguished  from  it,  unless  by  actual  comparison.  The 
green  upon  it  varies  from  a  pea-green  to  a  darker  shade,  but  is  never 
so  dark  as  in  (irfhemis. 

I  have  found  the  larva  on  the  Gray  Willow  {Salix  grisea^)  in  July. 
Several  willows  which  I  examined  during  a  walk,  on  the  28th  July, 
gave  me  each  one  larva  or  more,  in  different  stages  of  maturity,  from  the 
second  molting,  to  full  grown.  Their  position  was  at  once  revealed  by 
the  twig  upon  which  they  had  fed — usually  the  top  one — having  been 
entirely  defoliated,  from  its  tip  about  eighteen  inches  downward,  leav- 
ing only  the  footstalks  of  the  leaves  remaining.  I  have  also  taken  it 
on  the  White  Poplar  (Popidm  tremuloides),  to  the  number  of  five  on 
one  small  bush. 

The  chrysalis  resembles  closely  that  of  arthemia  ;  the  dorsal  projec- 
tion is  smaller  and  more  elliptical  in  outline ;  the  depression  between 
it  and  the  thoracic  carination,  deeper;  head-case  nearly  square  in  front. 

The  hutterflij  emerges  early  in  August,  after  eight  or  nine  days  in 
chrysalis.  I  have  also  captured  it  early  in  May,  appearing  as  if  it  had 
survived  the  winter. 

Pyrameis  huntera,  Sm.  Abb. 

Larva,  head  and  first  segment  without  spines ;  body  with  rows  of 
black  branching  spines — brown,  with  delicately  lined  bands  (yellow, 
Abbott,  black,  Fab.)  on  the  anterior  of  each  segment;  two  dorsal  rows 
of  seven  white  (white  and  red  alternately,  Abbott)  dots.  Changed  to 
chrysalis  Sept.  3rd. 

Chrysalis,  suspended  by  the  tail,  yellowish ;  moderately  angular  ; 
head-case,    bifid,  slightly    projecting,  and  edged  with   brown   above ; 


64 


[May 


thoracic  projection  forming  an  obtuse  angle ;  dorsal  spines  minute,  of 
nearly  uniform  size,  brown  tipped  ;  segments  with  rows  of  brown  dots, 
and  also  of  brownish  markings.      Imago  emerges  in  ten  days. 

The  hutterjlt/,  usually  rare,  is  met  with  abundantly  some  years,  flying 
about  clover  fields,  with  the  short  and  rapid  flight  of  the  Skippers.  Tt 
is  the  most  numerous  about  the  middle  of  September.  Several  years 
ago,  prior  to  my  collecting,  I  observed  at  the  Adirondack  Iron  Works 
in  this  State,  immense  numbers  of  either  this  species  or  can/iii,  upon 
and  about  the  blossoms  of  the  common  thistle  {Cirsium  lanrpoldtnm) 
growing  by  the  road-side.  So  abundant  were  they,  and  so  little  dis- 
posed to  flight,  that  any  desired  number,  could  in  a  short  time,  have 
been  taken  by  hand.  T  have  also  captured  himtera  on  the  summit  ni' 
Mt.  Marcy. 


The  following  are  the  dates  of  capture  of  some  of  our  Diurnals,  with 
note  of  rarity  subjoined  : — 


Picris  protodicc,   Boisd. 
Dnnais  archippus,  Sm.  Abb. 
Ar(j)/nni>>  heUoiin.   Fab. 

■'  aphrodite,   Fab. 

I'j/rami'isi  atalanta,   Linn. 
Llmeiiltix  ui-su/(i,    Fab. 
Si(f//n(^  alopt\   Fab. 
F(jU/ommatus  phleas.  hirna. 
Goniloha  tifi/rua,  Sm.  Abb. 
Hesperia  h<ith)/lhis,   Sm.  x\bb. 


Sept.  4th.  Taken  once  only. 

Aug.  4th.   Varies  in  different  years. 

May  loth    Not  rare — local — in  swamps. 

June  2;ird.   Common. 

May  8th.     Abundant  some  years, 

July  21st,    Rare. 

"      16th.   Common. 
May  24th. 

''       "        Rare;  chrysalis  not  rare. 
Always  abundant. 


The  locality  referred   to,  in   this   pa[>er.   unless  otherwise  stated,  is 
Schoharie,   New  York. 


1864.]  65 

STATED    iMEETING.  June  13. 
President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

Ten  Memhers  present. 

On  ballot,  Mr.  George  H.  Hathaway  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  was  elected 
a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Society. 

On  report  of  the  respective  Committees,  the  following  papers  were 
ordered  to  be  published. 


Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  North  American  COLEOPTERA. 
BY  .JAMES   H.  B.   BLAND. 

Stapuylinus  capitatus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  head  fulvous ;  fifth  and  sixth  dorsal  and  all  the  ventral  seg- 
ments, silvery-sericeous. 

//ff/>.— Canada  West.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Body  black,  pubescent  and  having  a  few  long  black  hairs  scattered 
over  the  surface ;  head  large,  subquadrate,  broader  and  larger  than  the 
thorax,  fulvous,  clothed  with  very  short  golden-sericeous  pubescence, 
finely  punctured,  and  having  several  deep,  isolated,  black  punctures, 
from  which  proceeds  a  single  long  black  hair ;  eyes  small,  rounded, 
black  ;  mandibles  long,  acute,  shining,  fulvous,  their  tips  black,  as  well 
as  the  palpi  and  the  sides  and  undei'surface  of  the  collar  ;  antennae 
rufo-piceous.  the  basal  joint  fulvous,  apical  joints  blackish.  Thorax 
subquadrate,  slightly  narrowed  behind,  truncate  anteriorly  and  rounded 
posterierly,  finely  punctured,  densely  clothed  with  very  short  black 
pubescence,  and  having  scattered  spots  of  fulvous  pubescence,  which 
are  more  obvious  Avheu  viewed  in  certain  lights ;  dorsal  sui'face  with  a 
smooth,  polished,  longitudinal,  elevated  line,  obsoletely  defined  in  the 
middle  ;  scutellum  velvety-black.  Elytra  quadrate,  broader  than  the 
head,  the  surface  uneven,  with  dense  short  black  pubescence;  humerus 
with  a  lateral  fulvous  mark.  Legs  black,  with  black  pubescence ;  the 
femora  within  stained  with  rufous.  Abdomen  narrower  than  the  elytra, 
black,  the  2nd,  ord  and  4th  segments  above  with  a  velvety-black  patch 
of  pubescence  on   their  middle,  which   have,  when  viewed  in  certain 


66  [June 

lights,  a  slight  mixture  of  fulvous  pubescence  ;  5th  and  Gth  segments 
clothed  with  appressed  silvery-sericeous  pubescence ;  apical  segments 
black,  with  an  anal  tuft  of  long  black  hairs ;  beneath,  the  thorax  and 
ventral  segments  are  silvery-sericeous.     Length  6^  lines. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  all  others,  by  the  fulvous 
head,  and  silvery  band  of  the  abdomen  above.  It  was  collected  and 
presented  to  the  Society,  by  Mr.  William  Saunders,  of  London,  Canada 

West. 

Chrysobothris  purpurata,  n.  sp. 

Purple,  with  three  coppery  depressions  on  each  elytron. 

Hah. — Nebraska.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

9  .  Body  purple,  depressed  ;  head  very  densely  punctured,  between 
the  eyes  a  large  rhomboidal  impression,  beneath  which  are  two  small 
smooth  spots,  and  a  little  lower  down  the  face  is  tinged  with  green ; 
antennae  bronze,  greenish  towards  the  tip,  3rd  joint  a  third  longer  than 
the  4th.  Thorax  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  long,  rounded  on  the  sides  ; 
posterior  margin  lobed  in  the  middle;  dorsal  groove  not  well  defined, 
densely  punctured,  sides  more  densely  and  somewhat  rugosely  punc- 
tured, with  a  deep  depression  near  the  lateral  margin  ;  on  each  side  of 
middle  there  is  a  transverse  greenish  spot.  Elytra  wider  than  the 
thorax,  the  sides  straight  to  the  posterior  third,  from  which  it  narrows, 
somewhat  obliquely,  to  the  tip,  and  very  finely  serrate;  tip  rounded  to 
the  suture;  purple,  tinged  with  coppery  towards  the  apex,  densely 
punctured;  on  each  elytron  at  base,  a  circular  depression,  the  outline 
of  which  is  obsolete  behind  towards  the  suture,  in  the  middle  of  this 
depression  there  is  a  small  lunular  elevation;  a  little  above  the  middle 
a  rather  large  uneven  coppery  depression  ;  just  below  the  middle,  near 
the  lateral  margin,  a  small  transverse  coppery  depression,  and  a  smaller 
one  a  little  above  the  apical  third,  near  the  sutui'e ;  subsutural  costa 
entire  from  the  apex  forward  to  the  anterior  third,  where  it  becomes 
obsolete  and  joins  the  lower  margin  of  the  semicircular  basal  depres- 
sion ;  submarginal  costa  entire  from  the  humerus  almost  to  the  tip  ; 
abdomen  beneath  bright  coppery,  polished,  sparsely  punctured,  the 
sides  more  densely  so;  apical  segment  deeply  emarginate  in  the  mid- 
dle, the  sides  scarcely  serrated.  Legs  coppery,  tai'si  greenish.  Length 
4  lines. 


1864.]  67 

S  .  Suialler  than  the  9  ,  the  face  and  anteunae  entirely  green ;  the 
sculpture  of  the  elytra  not  so  sharply  defined,  and  the  three  coppery 
depressions  not  so  bright ;  the  last  ventral  segment  is  broadly  emargi- 
nate  at  tip.      Length  3  lines. 

Collected  and  presented  to  the  Society,  by  Mr.  John  Pearsall. 

Cardiophorus  montanus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  clothed  with  yellowish-sericeous  pubescence. 

Hab.—'RoGky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

Body  black,  minutely  punctured,  clothed,  especially  the  elytra,  with 
very  fine,  short,  yellowish-sericeous  pubescence,  more  obvious  in  certain 
lights ;  head  rather  strongly  impressed  between  the  eyes ;  mouth  pice- 
ous,  clothed  with  golden  pubescence ;  antennae  about  as  long  as  the 
thorax,  brown-black,  serrate,  basal  joint  robust.  Thorax  convex, 
sides  rounded,  very  minutely  punctured,  shining,  posterior  margin  de- 
pressed, on  the  middle  of  which  there  is  a  deep  depression  and  another 
on  each  side  of  it ;  anterior  margin  with  a  shallow  depression  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  ;  posterior  angles  subacute  ;  scutellum  impressed  on 
the  disk.  Elytra  as  wide  as  the  thorax ;  the  dorsal  surface  flattened, 
with  several  shallow  depressions;  strire  tolerably  well  impressed  and 
regularly  punctured,  interstices  flat,  indistinctly  punctured,  the  3rd  to 
0th  striae  confused  near  the  apes.  Legs  blaekish-piceous,  the  tarsi 
rufous.     Length  4^  lines. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  convex ulus  Lee,  but  is  more  robust  and  the  face 
more  deeply  impressed.  Presented  to  the  Society  by  the  Committee 
on  Collecting  Fund. 

CORYMBITES    BRUNNIPES,    n.  Sp. 

Black,  shining  ;  elytra  deeply  striated  ;  legs  dark  brown. 
ffab. — Nebraska.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Body  elongate,  black,  shining;  head  and  thorax  with  dense  and 
rather  strong  punctures,  those  on  the  face  coarser  and  confluent ;  the 
face  broadly  and  deeply  impressed,  producing  an  obtuse  tubercle  on 
each  side  just  above  the  insertion  of  the  antenncc;  mandibles  piceous, 
with  pale  hairs ;  antenna?  as  long  as  the  thorax  in  $  ,  and  longer 
in  %  ,  black,  opaque,  ord  joint  twice  the  length  of  the  second,  the 
4th  to  the  !)th  joints  about  equal  in  length,  the  4th  and  8th  being 
rather  strongly  serrate,  apical  joint  somewhat  constricted  at  tip.     Tho- 


68  [June 

rax  convex,  sides  rounded  anteriorly,  narrowed  posteriorly ;  posterior 
angles  rather  long,  divergent,  carinated.  the  apex  obtuse ;  disk 
with  an  obsoletely  impressed  line,  more  obvious  in  front ;  posterior 
margin  deeply  impressed  ;  scutellum  round,  depressed,  with  a  slight 
grey  pubescence.  Elytra  about  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  depressed  at 
base  and  slightly  narrowed,  widest  at  the  posterior  third  and  then  gi-a- 
dually  attenuated  to  the  apex;  striae  well  impressed,  very  deeply  so  at 
base,  rather  indistinctly  punctured,  interstices  convex,  finely  punc- 
tured ;  beneath  black,  polished,  minutely  punctuted,  slightly  pubescent. 
Legs  dark  brown,  pubescent.     Length   S  6  lines,   9  ">  hiies. 

The  female  is  much  more  robust  than  the  male,  the  elytra  has  a 
slight  cupreous  tinge,  while  that  of  the  male  is  slightly  bluish.  The 
female  specimen  before  me  also  differs  from  the  male  in  the  general 
color  being  somewhat  brownish,  which  is  doubtless  owing  to  immaturity. 
Collected  and  presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  John  Pearsall. 

CORYMBITES    NIGRICOr.LTS,    n.  sp. 

Head  and  thorax  black;  elytra  yellowish-brown,  with  four  large 
dark  marks. 

Hab.—nookj  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.j 
Head  black,  closely  punctured,  flattened  in  front.  clothe(J^ith  golden 
pubescence ;  mandibles  rufous,  black  at  tip ;  palpi  and  antennae  pice- 
ous,  the  latter  subserrate,  the  2nd  and  3rd  joints  slightly  pubescent, 
remaining  joints  densely  so,  2nd  joint  about  half  the  lengtii  of  the  3rd, 
4th  about  equal  to  the  2nd  and  3rd  combined.  Thorax  black,  much 
longer  than  broad ;  closely  and  neatly  punctured,  clothed  with  golden 
pubescence ;  somewhat  narrowed  in  front ;  posterior  angles  slightly 
divergent,  carinated ;  lateral  margins  nearly  straight ;  deeply  impressed 
on  the  middle  of  the  posterior  margin.  Scutellum  black,  punctured. 
Elytra  slightly  dilated  behind  the  middle;  yellowish-brown,  covered 
with  short  prostrate  golden  pubescence  ;  striae  well  impressed,  distinctly 
punctured  at  base,  obsoletely  so  at  tip,  interstices  convex,  somewhat 
rugosely  punctured ;  a  large  dark  brown  mark  on  the  anterior  fourth 
extending  from  the  2nd  sutural  stria  to  near  the  lateral  margin,  thence 
inclining  towards  the  humerus ;  a  dark  brown  spot  on  the  middle,  com- 
mencing near  the  suture,  widening  towards  the  lateral  margin,  but  not 
confluent  with  it;   lateral   margins  reflexed  ;   beneath  black,   minutely 


1S()4.] 


69 


punctured,   clothed   with    yellowish    pubescence.     Legs   dnvk    brown. 
Length  5^  lines. 

Presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson. 

PiTYOBIUS    BlLIilNGSII.    U.  sp. 

Blackish-piceous  ;  antennae  pale  brown  ;  legs  and  abdomen  pieeous. 

//«i.— Canada  West.         (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

%  .  Body  blackish-piceous;  head  coarsely  and  confluently  punctured, 
deeply  excavated  between  the  eyes ;  mouth  pieeous ;  antennae  longer 
than  the  head  and  thorax,  bipectinate,  brown,  becoming  paler  toward 
the  tip,  ord  joint  broader  and  larger  than  the  2nd.  Thorax  black, 
about  equal  in  length  and  breadth,  coarsely  and  confluently  punctured, 
sides  rounded  in  front,  somewhat  sinuate  behind  the  middle,  the  pos- 
terior angles  long,  subacute,  cariuated  and  strongly  divergent ;  dorsal 
groove  deep,  broader  just  behind  the  middle,  on  each  side  of  this 
groove  in  front  there  is  a  large  deep  depression ;  posterior  margin 
strongly  and  transversely  depressed  on  each  side.  Elytra  elongate, 
subconvex,  slightly  depressed  at  the  anterior  fourth,  .aides  almost  paral- 
lel, being  slightly  sinuate  about  the  middle,  gradually  rounded  at  tip  ; 
striae  deep,  not  distinctly  punctured,  interstices  convex,  rugosely  punc- 
tured; abdomen  beneath  pieeous,  finely  punctured.  Legs  pieeous,  va- 
ried with  rufous,  tarsi  pale  rufous.     Length  12  J  lines. 

This  species  differs  from  the  %  specimen  before  me  of  P.  a Hiyainus 
Lee,  by  being  much  more  robust,  more  coarsely  punctured,  the  depres- 
sions of  the  thorax,  though  similarly  situated,  are  much  deeper  and 
larger,  the  striae  of  the  elytra  are  more  deeply  impressed  and  the  in- 
terstices more  coarsely  punctured.  The  greatest  difi"erence  between 
these  two  species,  however,  lies  in  the  proportions  of  the  thorax,  which 
in  the  present  species,  is  as  broad  as  long  and  the  sides  rounded  in 
front,  while  in  anguinus  it  is  longer  than  broad  and  the  sides  nearly 
parallel.     The  color  of  the  antenna)  and  legs  is  also  dififerent. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  dedicate  this  fine  species  to  Mr.  B.  Billings. 
Jr.,  of  Ottawa,  Canada  West,  to  whose  kindness  the  Society  is  indebted 
for  this  and  many  other  valuable  Coleoptera. 

Gaurotes  Cressoni.  n.  sp. 
Black  ;  elytra  deep  blue  ;  abdomen  rufous  ;  femora,  except  base  and 
apex,  fulvous. 


70  '  [June 

Hab.—B.O(ikj  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

%  .  Body  black,  shining  ;  head  closely  punctured,  with  a  longitudi- 
nal impressed  line  on  the  vertex ;  mouth  piceous,  with  yellowish  pu- 
bescence;  antennae  about  as  long  as  the  body,  black.  Thorax  black, 
polished,  feebly  punctured,  broader  than  long,  narrowed  in  front  and 
suddenly  constricted  to  a  band  at  both  anterior  and  posterior  margins ; 
dorsal  groove  finely  impressed,  and  on  each  side  of  it  a  shallow  depres- 
sion, outside  of  which,  near  the  lateral  margin,  there  is  a  much  deeper 
depression  ;  scutellum  black,  finely  canaliculate,  with  a  deep  puncture 
near  the  tip.  Elytra  about  twice  as  broad  as  the  thorax,  narrowed 
posteriorly  ;  deep  metallic  blue,  deeply  and  closely  punctured,  especially 
at  base ;  humerus  very  prominent,  there  being  a  profound  depression 
between  it  and  the  scutellum ;  body  beneath  black,  abdomen  rufous. 
Legs  black,  the  femora,  except  base  and  apex,  fulvous.    Length  6  lines. 

Distinguished  from  G.  cyanipennis  Say,  and  G.  ahdominalis  Bland, 
by  the  much  coarser  punctation  and  by  the  color  of  the  antennae  and 
legs;  from  cyanipoinis  it  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  short  trans- 
verse thorax,  the  shape  of  which  approaches  that  of  ahdomtnaUa,  but 
is  still  more  transverse.  It  is,  however,  abundantly  distinct  from  either 
species. 

Presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson,  to  whom  it  is  dedi- 
cated. 

Mel(E  Aper,  n.  sp. 

Short,  black ;  head  and  thorax  coarsely  and  deeply  punctured ; 
elytra  shining,  rugosely  punctured. 

Hab. — Nebraska.         (Coll.  Knt.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Male. — Deep  black.  Head  broader  than  the  thorax,  deeply,  coarsely 
and  somewhat  confluently  punctured ;  vertex  with  a  longitudinal  im- 
pressed line ;  antennte  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  the  4th  to  10th 
joints  moniliform,  black,  the  8th  to  apical  joints  pubescent.  Thorax 
punctured  like  the  head,  quadrate,  sides  slightly  sinuate  behind  the 
middle ;  disk  with  a  deep  longitudinal  impression  near  the  posterior 
margin  which  is  depressed  and  sinuate.  Elytra  shining,  rugosely  punc- 
tured, the  abdominal  segments  densely  punctured.  Legs  black,  faintly 
tinged  with  blue,  sparsely  punctured,  shining;  tarsal  claws  cleft. 
Leno'th  4i  lines. 


1S<U.]  71 

Resembles  M.  parvus  Hald..  but  differs  by  being  more  coarsely  and 
deeply  punctured  and  somewhat  shining.  Collected  and  presented  to 
the  Society,  by  Mr.  John  Pearsall. 

Lytta  tarsalis,  n.  sp. 
Black,  clothed  with  yellowish-cinereous  pubescence  j  femora  and  tibiae, 
except  their  tips,  fulvous. 

//a^,.— Illinois.         (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Body  dull  black,  finely  punctured,  clothed  with  yellowish-cinereous 
pubescence,  which  is  longer  on  the  head,  thorax  and  base  of  elytra  ; 
head  quadrate,  broader  than  the  thorax,  suddenly  constricted  beneath 
the  eyes,  strongly  tinged  with  purple  ;  labrum  shining,  bilobate  ;  palpi 
deep  black ;  antennae  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  in  9  ,  slightly 
longer  in  %  ,  deep  black,  basal  joint  robust,  rather  long,  2nd  joint 
small,  3rd  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  2nd,  4th  and  following 
joints  moniliform,  gradually  larger  towards  the  tip,  apical  joint  robust 
and  subconical.  Thorax  subquadrate,  slightly  tinged  with  purple,  the 
anterior  third  gradually  narrowed  in  front,  sides  of  the  posterior  two- 
thirds  straight;  disk  with  a  slight  longitudinal  impression.  Elytra 
elongate,  parallel,  dull  black,  clothed  with  short  prostrate  yellowish- 
cinereous  pubescence,  longer  at  the  base  ;  tips  regularly  rounded  from 
the  suture  to  the  lateral  margin.  Legs  black,  the  femora  and  tibiae, 
except  extreme  tips,  fulvous ;  coxae  densely  clothed  with  long  yellow- 
ish pubescence;  tarsal  claws  cleft.     Length  %  5J  lines,   9  1\  lines. 

Collected  and  presented  to  the  Society  by  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  Esq..  of 
Kock  Island.  Illinois. 

Chrysomela  pallida,  n.  sp. 
Pale  yellow ;    head  and  body  beneath  riifous ;  elytra  with  several 
longitudinal  black  spots. 

//;,/,._Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

Body  pale  yellow,  convex,  shining,  feebly  punctured  ;  head  rufous, 
orbits  of  the  eyes  and  the  clypeus  strongly  punctured ;  tips  of  the 
mandibles  black  ;  antennae  pale  rufous,  the  four  apical  joints  blackish. 
Thorax  with  the  posterior  two-thirds  ferruginous,  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  ferruginous  portion  undulate  and  not  reaching  the  lateral  margin 
nf  the  thorax;  on  the  middle  of  this  mark  there  are  two  rounded  yel- 


72  [June 

lowish  spots ;  scutelluin  black,  polished.  Elytra  with  8  black  marks, 
arranged  in  series,  thus — 2,  3,  1,  2. — the  first  series  consists  of  a  spot 
on  the  humerus  and  a  hooked-shaped  mark  within  and  a  little  lower 
down,  the  second  series  consists  of  three  unequal  longitudinal  lines, 
each  placed  lower  than  the  other  towards  the  suture,  then  comes  a 
single,  slightly  oblique,  longitudinal  line,  interrupted,  so  as  to  form  a 
semicolon,  on  the  left  elytron,  and  near  the  apex  there  are  two  dots, 
the  outer  one  higher  up ;  in  some  specimens,  these  two  spots,  most 
probably,  become  confluent  and  form  a  line ;  all  these  spots  are  sur- 
rounded by  a  line  of  distinct  punctures ;  there  are  also  two  regular 
rows  of  punctures  near  the  suture  and  two  others  near  the  lateral  mar- 
gin, otherwise  the  punctures  are  scattered  and  feeble  ;  sutural  and  late- 
ral margins  narrowly  pale  rufous.  Legs  and  undersurface  of  the  body 
rufous,  the  former  paler.     Length  8  lines. 

This  species  belongs  to  Group  A  of  Rogers'  Synopsis  of  this  genus 
in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.,  VIII,  p.  32. 

Presented  to  the  Society  by  the  Committee  on  Collecting  Fund. 

COCCINELLA    ^EtHIOPS.    U.  sp. 

Deep  black,  smooth  and  polished. 

/7fl/y.— Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad. ) 

Body  entirely  deep  black,  very  convex,  smooth  and  polished  ;  apical 
margin  of  the  clypeus  whitish ;  tarsi  beneath  clothed  with  whitish 
pubescence ;  lateral  margins  of  the  elytra  distinctly  but  narrowly  re- 
flexed  ;  beneath  minutely  punctured,  shining.     Length  2  lines. 

Presented  to  the  Society  by  the  Committee  on  (Collecting  Fund. 


isr)4.]  73 


Descriptions  of  North  American  LEPIDOPTEKA,  No.  3. 

BY   AUG.    R.   GROTE, 

Curator  of  Entomology,  Buffalo  Society  Natural  Sciences. 

EPIALOIDEA,  H-S. 

Gorgopis  quadriguttatus.  nov.  sp.     Plate  1,  fig.  6,  9  • 

Anterior  wings  pale  greyish,  very  faintly  tinged  with  pale  salmon 
color,  the  latter  shade  more  prominent  along  internal  margin,  with 
broad,  pale  olivaceous-brown  bands :  the  first  very  oblique,  joining  the 
internal  margin  about  two-thirds  from  the  base  and  approximate  to  the 
terminal  band,  not  extending  above  the  median  vein,  and  enclosing, 
between  the  forks  of  the  submedian  vein,  two  nearly  equal  sized  silvery 
white  spots  ringed  with  black ;  midway  between  the  base  of  this  band 
and  the  base  of  the  wing  is  a  similarly  colored  patch  on  the  internal 
margin  ;  two  similarly  colored  patches  on  the  costa,  and  beyond  them  a 
second,  broad,  inversely  oblique,  irregular  band  extending  from  the  costa 
to  vein  o,  faintly  tinged  with  ochraceous  inferiorily.  A  broad  sub-api- 
cal demi-band ;  terminal  band  very  wide,  narrowest  at  apex,  similarly 
colored  to  the  other  bands,  paler  towards  internal  angle.  Posterior 
wings  entirely  pale  salmon  color,  greyish  on  the  costa,  showing  a  brown- 
ish sub-apical  patch.  Abdomen  pale  salmon-color;  thorax,  head  and 
antennae  olivaceous,  metathorax  clothed  with  long  salmon-colored  hairs. 
Under  surface  of  both  wings  tinged  with  salmon-color,  reflecting  the 
markings  of  upper  surface  on  anterior  wings.    9  Exp.  3|  inches. 

Hah.     '•  Great  Slave  Lake."     Mr.  Ross. 

Allied  to  Gorgopis  argenteo-maculatus  Harris;  the  disposition  of 
the  median  bands  on  the  anterior  wings  is  somewhat  different  and 
they  are  not  so  largely  tinged  with  ochraceous,  the  two  white  spots  are 
much  smaller  and  the  apex  apparently  not  so  falcate,  while  the  colora- 
tion of  abdomen,  metathorax  and  posterior  wings,  readily  distinguishes 
the  present  from  Harris'  species. 


A  small  collection  of  unset  Arctic  Lepidoptera,  which  included  the 
preceding  species,  collected  principally  by  Mr.  Robert  Kennicott,  was 
kindly  submitted  to  me  by  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Edwards,  and  contained,  among 
others,  the  following  species  : — 


74  [June 

Macroglossa  thysbe,  Fabr. 

"  Athabasca  River,  July."     R.  Kenaicott. 

Clisiocampa  americana,  Harris. 

"  Athabasca  River,  July."     R.  Kennicott. 

A  single  9  specimen  varying  in  coloration  from  ordinary  individuals 
of  the  species. 

Lithosia  bicolor,  Grote. 

The  entire  insect  is  dark  lead  color  except  a  yellow  costal  stripe, 
which  extends  from  apex  to  apex  of  anterior  wings  crossing  the  col- 
lar,  9  .     Exp.  f  inch. 

"Athabasca  River,  July."     R.  Kennicott. 

A  single  specimen  in  indifferent  2)reservation. 

Arctia  parthenos,  Harris. 

Arctia  borealis,  Moschler. 

Arctia  americana,  Walker,  non  Harris. 

•'  Great  Slave  Lake."     Mr.  Ross. 

Two  (  S  $  )  specimens,  varying  in  the  number  and  size  of  the  yel- 
lowish spots  on  anterior  wings. 

It  seems  probable  that  while  Mr.  Walker  has  described  the  present 
species  as  A.  americana.,  Harris,  he  has  also  regarded  the  latter  species 
as  identical  with  the  European  A.  caja,  Linn,  from  which  it  is  readily 
distinguished  by  the  white  band  on  the  collar,  scarlet  palpal  fringe,  etc. 
Mr.  Moschler's  Arctia  borealis  is  evidently  a  synonym  of  this  species. 
while  his  Arctia  caja,  W.  E.  M.  4,  p.  360,  is  doubtless  =  ^.  ameri- 
cana, Harris. 
Pygaera  inclusa,  Hubner. 

"  Mackenzie  River  to  Lake  Athabasca."     R.  Kennicott. 

Noctua  augur,  Fab. 

•'Athabasca  River,  July."     R.  Kennicott. 

Four  S  specimens. 
Scoliopteryx  libatrix,  Linn. 

■  Youkon  River,  mouth  of  Porcupine  River."     R.  Kennicott. 

Anarta  brephoides.  Walker. 

''  Youkon  River,  mouth  of  Porcupine  River."     R.  Kennicott. 

A  single  S  individual,  wanting  antennae.  A  very  interesting  spe- 
cies, differing  greatly  from  its  congeners  and  having  much  the  appear- 
ance of  an  aberrant  Brephide.     The  head  and  prothorax  are  thickly 


isr.4.]  75 

clothed  with  rigid  hairs,  which  conceal  the  "  face."  I  regard  this 
species  as  belonging  to  an  undescribed  genus,  which  I  can  merely  in- 
dicate with  such  insufficient  material. 

Botys  octomaculata,  Linu. 

•  Mackenzie  River  to  Lake  Athabasca."      R.  Keniiicott. 

Metrocampa  perlata,  Guenee. 

•  Athabasca  River,  July."     R.  Kennicott. 
Two  (S  9)  specimens. 

Cidaria  diversilineata,  Hiibner. 

"  Youkon  River,  mouth  of  Porcupine  River."     R.  Kennicott. 

A  single,   much  denuded   individual,  apparently  referable  to   this 
species. 

Cidaria  obducata.  Moschler.? 

■  Mackenzie  River  to  Lake  Athabasca."     R.  Kennicott. 
A  slightly  denuded  specimen,  diflPering  from  Mr.  Moschler's  figure 
and  description  sufficiently  to  give  me  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of 
this  determination. 

Cidaria  hastata,  Linn. 

■'  INLxckenzie  River  to  Lake  x\thabasca."     R.  Kennicott. 
A  single  specimen. 


ARCTIOIDEA,  H-S. 

Arctia  Saundersii,  Grote. 

A.  virgiDicula,  Saunders,  Sj^n.  Can.  Arct.  p.  9. 

Anterior  wings  deep  velvety  black,  all  the  veins  narrowly  marked 
with  flesh-color.  A  moderately  broad  flesh-colored  band  traverses  the 
length  of  the  wing  from  base  to  external  margin,  becoming  furcate 
above  internal  angle,  and  upon  which,  in  the  terminal  half  of  the  wing, 
rests  a  series  of  similarly  colored  bands  resembling  the  letter  K,  with 
the  straight  stroke  turned  towards  the  base  of  the  wing  and  the  upper 
limb,  attaining  external  margin,  reflexed  to  costa  near  the  apex ;  a  trans- 
verse demi-band  crosses  the  disc  from  the  sub-costal  to  median  veins. 

Costa,  internal  margin  and  fringes,  flesh-color.  Posterior  wings  pink- 
ish-red with  a  pale  buff  shade  along  costal  margin  ;  a  series  of  black 
spots  occupying  the  terminal  space,   becoming  confluent   at  external 


76  [June 

angle,  a  single  black  sub-costal  spot  beyond  this  series  of  terminal  spots. 
Under  surface  of  wings  paler,  yellowish  along  all  the  margins,  reflect- 
ing indistinctly  the  markings  of  the  upper  surface.  Tegulge  and  disc 
black  bordered  with  flesh  color,  collar  with  two  black  spots  ;  head 
flesh  color,  immaculate  above ;  antennre,  palpi,  legs  and  under  surfice 
of  abdomen  smoky-black,  anterior  femora  touched  with  yellowish  infe- 
riorily ;  abdomen  pale  yellowish  pink  above  with  a  doi'sal  row  of  re- 
duced black  marks.      S    Exp.  IJ  inches. 

Hah.     Canada  West.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.)     Common. 

Larva.  "  Head  small,  black,  reddish  at  the  sides.  Body  dull-black, 
rather  glossy,  with  a  slight  reddish  tinge.  On  each  segment  is  a  trans- 
verse row  of  black  tubercles,  emitting  tufts  of  stifi"  bristly  hairs  of  the 
same  hue.  Hairs  on  the  two  broader  segments  longer  than  those  on 
the  others.  A  faint  whitish  dorsal  line  from  the  head  to  the  third 
segment.  Under  surface  dull-red,  feet  and  prolegs  of  the  same  color.." 
Saunders. 

The  imago  of  the  present  species  closely  resembles  A.  virgo  Linn., 
in  coloration,  and  is  distinguishable  from  that  species  by  its  smaller 
size,  the  stripes  on  the  veins  on  anterior  wings  being  confined  to  the 
vein,  linear,  not  spreading  out  on  either  side,  and  by  the  absence  of 
central  and  discal  spots  on  the  posterior  wings.  The  larva  has  also 
been  ascertained  by  Mr.  Saunders  to  be  distinct,  as  will  be  seen  by  his 
description  which  I  have  quoted  above. 

It  afi"ords  me  much  pleasure  to  dedicate  this  species  to  Mr.  Wm.  Saun- 
ders, who  first  suggested  its  distinctiveness  from  A.  virgo  Linn.,  while 
erroneously  regarding  it  as  Kirby's  A.  virguncula. 

From  the  absence  of  comparative  allusion  it  would  appear  that  Kirby 
in  describing  his  Calliinorpha  parthenice,  was  unaware  of  the  existence 
of  the  description  of  Linnaeus'  virgo,  and  whether  or  no  there  be  two 
large  distinct  forms  included  under  the  latter  name,  which  I  much  doubt, 
I  am  of  opinion  that  partlienice  Kirby,  should  be  regarded  as  a  simple 
synonym  of  virgo  Linn.  Kirby's  description  presents  some  resem- 
blance to  A.  Saundersii,  but  the  (S  )  expanse  given  (If  in.)  is  larger. 
A.  partlienice  Saunders,  appears  to  me  a  modification  of  A.  virgo  Linn., 
with  brown  antennge  and  apparently  broader  stripes,  but  I  should  hesi- 
tate to  assume  a  specific  distinctiveness  upon  such  small  difi'ereuces, 
the  expanse  being  the  same.     I  believe  then  to  assume  but  two  distinct 


1864.] 


77 


species,  the  one  A.  virgo  Linn.,  larger,  the  stripes  on  the  median  vein 
extending  on  either  side  beyond  the  vein  itself,  the  other  A.  Saun- 
derxli  m.,  smaller,  the  stripes  on  the  median  vein  linear,  confined  to 
the  vein  itself. 

Arctia  Persephone,  Grote.     Plate  1,  fig.  .3,  %  . 

A.  Persephone,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  2,  p.  433. 
The  figure  is  taken  from  the  typical  specimen  in  the  Collection  of 
this  Society.    I  have  seen  a  second,  perfectly  corresponding  but  smaller 
individual,  in  the  collection  of  Jas.  Ridings,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

Arctia  decorata,  Saunders.     Plate  1,  fig.  4,  9  • 

A.  deeorata,  Saunders,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.,  Vol.  2,  p.  60. 
A.  decorata,  Saunders,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.  p.  11. 
Eab.     Canada.  Eastern  and  Middle  States.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 
Mr.  A.  S.  Packard  Jr.  informs  me  that  he  considers  this  species  as  Spi- 
losoma  nais  Drury,  which  has  however,  according  to  figure  and  descrip- 
tion, yellow  posterior  wings  and  abdomen.    It  evidently  belongs  to  a  dif- 
ferent, and  as  yet  undescribed  genus  from  those  to  which  it  has  hith- 
erto been  referred.     A.  nais  Saunders,  as  I  have  ascertained  from  an 
examination  of  the  author's  specimens,  \s=:virgimcula  Kirby.     I  refer 
to  Mr.  Saunders'  paper  for  further  particulars  regarding  this  species. 

LTPARIDINA,  H-S. 

LACOSOMA.  nov.  gen. 
%  .  Anterior  wings  ample,  straight  along  the  costa,  broadly  sub- 
falcate  ,  exterior  margin  rounded,  slightly  excavated  between  the  2nd 
and  3rd  inferior  veins ,  internal  margin  straight ;  posterior  wings 
ample,  entire,  rounded  along  external  margin,  anal  angle  prominent 
and  very  slightly  projected,  internal  margin  folded,  sparsely  fringed 
with  long  hair.  Head  small,  sunken ;  front  broad ;  eyes  small ;  an- 
tennae moderately  short,  deeply  bi-pectinate,  pectinations  decreasing 
towards  the  tips,  with  a  basal  tuft.  Legs  moderately  slight,  sparsely 
clothed  with  long  coarse  hair ;  anterior  tarsi  naked  ;  posterior  tibiae 
with  two  small  terminal  spurs ;  anterior  and  middle  tibiae,  unarmed. 
Neck,  below  the  head,  well  clothed  with  long  hair ;  palpal  structure 
rudimentary ;  abdomen  cylindrical,  compact,  evenly  clothed  with  short 
hair,  not  crested,  anal  valves  moderately  clothed  with  coarse  hair.  9  , 
not  seen  ;  pterogostic  structure  not  examined. 


78  [June 

I  erect  this  genus  for  a  hitherto  undeseribed  species  of  N.  A.  Le- 
pidoptera.  a  description  uf  which  follows,  and  which  appears  to  me 
isolated  from  any  heretofore  described  genera  of  the  Order.  The 
antennal  structure  resembles  Orgtjia:  the  shape  of  the  wings  recalls 
in  miniature  that  of  certain  Saturniina. 

Lacosoma  chiridota.  nov.  sp.     Plate  2,  fig.  8,   %  . 

Anterior  wings  dark  yellowish  brown,  with  two  undulating  blackish 
median  bands,  the  outer  of  which,  the  broadest  and  most  distinct ; 
discal  spot  rounded,  black  ;  terminal  space  with  a  blackish  shade 
stretching  over  the  apex.  Posterior  wings  dark  yellowish  brown  crossed 
by  two  arcuated  darker  bands  which  appear  as  the  continuation  of  the 
bands  on  the  anterior  wings  ;  fringes  very  short,  whitish.  Base  of  both 
pair  and  internal  margin  of  posterior  wings  together  with  thorax  and 
abdomen  of  a  dull  greenish  tinge,  latter  darker  shaded  underneath. 
Under  surface  of  wings  of  a  lighter  shade  than  upper  surface  and 
showina;  a  single  distinct  blackish  band  runnino;  across  both  wino-s  : 
discal  spot  large  on  anterior,  small  on  posterior  wings,  the  former  show 
a  blackish  apical  shade.  Legs  pale  yellowish,  head  paler  than  thorax. 
eyes  black.    %  ,  Exp.  lyL  inch. 

Hah.     Pennsylvania.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

The  coloration  of  this  species  recalls  that  of  certain  Hesperidina. 

NOCTUINA.  H-8. 

Microcoelia  diphtheroides,  Guenee.     Plate  2,  fig.  2,  9- 

M.  diphtcroidcs.  Guenee,  Noet.  1  p.  34.  Plate  3,  tig.  7. 
M.  diphteroides,  Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Noct.  p.  31. 
Anterior  wings  dull-green  ;  ordinary  lines  black,  distinct.  Basal 
line  composed  of  two  black  lines  enclosing  a  central  white  line ;  trans- 
verse anterior  line  similarly  composed,  vei'y  sinuate,  bordering  exter- 
nally a  large  square  black  costal  spot,  which  latter  occupies  the  entire 
sub-basal  space,  between  the  basal  and  transverse  anterior  lines,  at  the 
co.sta.  Median  space  large;  ordinary  spots  lai'ge,  sufficiently  distinct: 
reniform,  of  the  same  "reen  as  the  ground  of  the  wing',  ringed  with 
black,  soiled  inferiorily  by  the  brownish  median  shade  line,  which  latter 
is  strongly  marked  at  the  costa  and.  emerging  from  two  black  costal 
marks,  forms  an  oblique  streak  between  the  ordinary  spots,  then,  be- 
L^oming  discontinued,  reappears  below  the  reniform  spot  traversing  the 


1864.]  79 

wing  to  internal  margin  ;  orbicular  spot  incomplete ;  the  discal  space, 
between  the  ordinary   spots,  is  partly  occupied  by  a  squarish  black 
spot,  connecting  the  ordinary  spots  below  their  center  ;  claviform.  large, 
indicated  by  an  arcuated  black  line.    Transverse  posterior  line  emanat- 
ing from  a  broad  black  costal  spot,  geminate,  projected  at  costa,  lunu- 
lated,  white  in  the  center  of  the  lunules,  followed  by  a  double  row  of 
black   and  white  dots ;  two  black  costal   dots  alternated  with  white. 
Subterminal  line  black,  bordered  externally  with  white  and  composed 
of  broad  sagittate  marks  of  which  four  are  most  broadly  expressed, 
becoming  linear  towards  internal  margin  ;  a  terminal  row  of  black  spots 
between  the  veins ;  fringes  blackish,  narrowly  interrupted  with  white 
at  the  extremities  of  the  veins.     Posterior  wings  whitish-grey,  with  a 
very  faint  discal  spot,  two  faint  dentated  subterminal  bands,  and  an 
interrupted  black  terminal  line  ;  the  terminal  space  has  a  very  faint 
greenish  reflection.     Under  surface  of  both  wings  strongly  tinged  with 
reddish;  posterior  wings  showing  a  distinct  black  discal  spot  and  two 
faint  bands.     Legs,  under  surface  of  abdomen,  tinged  with  reddish ; 
thorax  dull  green,  with  a  black  band  in  front,  a  narrow  transverse 
black  line  at  the  base  of  the  tegulee  and  au  interrupted  line  at  extreme 
base ;  tegulje  narrowly  boi'dered  with  black.     Exp.  ly'*^  inches. 
Hah.     Middle  and   Eastern  States.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 
A  single  specimen  in  excellent  preservation.     It  would  be  difficult 
to  identify  this  species  with  certainty  from  M.  Gruenee's  figure  of  it, 
which  equally  resembles  the  following  : — 

Microcoelia  obliterata,  nov.  sp. 

M.  diphteroides,  Walker. 

"Var-.p.  A\x  anticse  lineis  guttisque  obsoletis,"  Walker,  C.  B.  M.Noct.  p.31. 
Anterior  wings  whitish  olivaceous  green,  darker  in  the  subterminal 
and  terminal  spaces.  All  the  lines  are  indicated,  pale  and  olivaceous ; 
ordinary  spots  faintly  marked,  bordered  with  black ;  the  first  large 
sub-basal  costal  spot  is  much  reduced ;  the  black  spot  between  the 
ordinary  spots  occupies  the  same  position  and  is  as  distinct  as  in  the 
preceding  species.  Under  surface  of  both  wings  of  a  much  paler 
shade  of  reddish  than  in  31.  diphtheroides.  %  and  $  similar.  Exp. 
1  f^  inch. 
Hah.     Eastern  and  Middle  States.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc   Philad.) 


80  [June 

Microcoelia  fragilis,  Guenee. 

M.fragilis,  Guen.,  Noct.  1,  i).  34. 

M.  fragilis.  Walk.,  C.  B.  M.  Noct.  p.  31. 
Wings  broad;  anterior  pair  whitish,  sprinkled  with  black  and  with 
the  ordinary  marks  black,  distinct,  powdery.  The  basal  space  is  occu- 
pied, below  the  subiuedian  vein,  by  a  blackish  shade  which  forms  an 
ill-defined  black  streak  superiorily ;  the  transverse  posterior  line  is 
slightly  oblique,  geminate,  formed  of  two  rather  widely  separated  undu- 
late black  lines.  The  ordinary  spots  are  well  defined,  encircled  with 
black,  with  white  centers,  of  the  normal  shape ;  the  median  shade  line 
is  black,  appearing  above  and  below  the  reniform  spot  and  joining  a 
diffvise  black  streak  which  occupies  the  position  of  the  claviform  spot. 
The  transverse  posterior  line  is  white,  much  lunulated,  projected  supe- 
riorily, and  bordered  posteriorily  by  a  distinct  black  coincident  shade. 
The  subterminal  and  terminal  spaces  are  narrow  owing  to  the  large 
median  space ;  subterminal  line  much  interrupted ;  a  terminal  row  of 
small  black  lunate  spots  between  the  veins ;  fringes  whitish,  minutely 
interrupted  with  black  between  the  veins.  Posterior  wings  silky, 
whitish,  immaculate,  with  a  terminal  interrupted  blackish  line;  fringes 
white,  interruptions  obsolete.  Under  surface  of  the  wings  with  a  pale 
yellowish  shade  :  anterior  pair  with  faint  subterminal  bands  :  posterior 
pair  with  a  black  discal  dot  and  faint  median  irregular  undulating  line. 
Head  whitish  with  two  parallel  black  lines  between  the  eyes;  base  of 
antennae  whitish  on  the  inner  side ;  thorax  whitish,  blackish  on  the 
collar  and  sides  of  teguli«,  with  some  posterior  blackish  marks;  palpi 
white,  second  joint  black;  abdomen  greyish.      %  .  Exp.  Ij^g  inch. 

Hah.     Canada,  Eastern  and  Middle  States.     Coll.  Saunders. 

Closely  resembles  M.  dtphtheroules  Gruen.,  in  all  but  coloration. 

I  assume  that  M.  ohliterata  will  receive  additional  evidence  of  its 
distinctness  from  31.  diphtheroides  Guen.,  on  the  discovery  of  the 
larval  states,  and  I  have  for  the  present  refused  to  regard  it  as  a  va- 
riety of  that  species;  its  presence  in  numerous  collections  in  which  the 
latter  is  wanting  would  favor  the  view  of  its  validity.  It  appears  to 
sustain  a  parallel  relation  to  3L  diphtheroides  that  Lac'mia  expultrix 
m.,  does  to  L.  cymatoplioroides  Gruen.,  and  in  the  latter  ease  I  have 
noted  larval  difi"erenees  which  will  not  permit  the  species  to  be  united. 
{Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phlla.  Vol.2,  p.  134.) 


1864.]  81 

Dr.  Herrich-SclirefFer.  Korr.  Blatt.  d.  zool.  iiiin.  Ver.  in  Regensburg, 
1858,  p.  153,  would  refer  MicrococUa  d'tphthcroides  to  Hiibner's  genus 
Mnma,  I  think  incorrectly,  the  habitus  of  the  species  being  very  differ- 
ent from  that  of  the  European  Moma  orion  Linn.,  to  which  latter 
species  B./hUnx.  H-8.  and  D.  f/rsejii\  m.,  are  more  nearly  allied.  Sub- 
sequently, Korr.  Blatt.  d.  zool.  min.  Ver.  I860,  pp.  71  and  72,  the 
same  distinguished  authority,  recognizing  the  validity  of  M.  Gruenee's 
genus  GrammopJiOJ-a,  would  unite  under  the  latter  generic  name  the 
species  included  under  Microcoelia  Gruen.,  regarding  the  two  genera 
as  identical  although  placed  by  M.  Guenee  in  different  families.  I  incline 
to  believe  this  view  correct,  while  I  am  as  yet  prevented,  through  paucity 
of  material,  from  making  the  necessary  examinations  to  establish  the 
fact.  M.  vinnnhi.  m.,  appears  to  me  the  link  connecting  the  two  series 
of  species,  for,  while  showing  the  ornamentation  of  Microcoelia^  it  has 
much  the  habitus  of  Grammopltora  hebrsea  Guen. 
Gortyna  cataphracta,  nov.  sji.     Plate  2,  fig.  3,  %  . 

Anterior  wings  purplish  brown,  basal  and  median  spaces  pale  yellow- 
ish, ordinary  spots  distinct,  yellow,  median  lines  geminate,  dark  brown- 
ish. Basal  line  distinct ;  sub-basal  space  dark  purphsh  brown ;  trans- 
verse anterior  line  sinuate ;  median  space  large,  pale  yellowish,  sprink- 
led with  purplish  atoms ;  orbicular  spot  rounded,  distinct,  yellow,  with 
a  central  brownish  dot;  claviform,  rounded,  large,  distinct,  divided  in 
the  centre  by  a  very  faint  brownish  line.  Reniform  spot  large,  yellow, 
with  a  central  brownish  line,  sub-divided  externally  by  brownish  lines 
into  several  smaller  sub-spots.  Transverse  posterior  line  acutely  pro- 
jected below  the  eosta,  oblique ;  terminal  and  subterminal  spaces  pur- 
plish browii  very  sparsely  sprinkled  with  yellowish  atoms  ;  subterminal 
line  obsolete,  emerging  from  a  large,  pale,  irregular,  yellowish  apical  spot. 
Posterior  wings  cinereous,  immaculate.  Under  surface  of  both  wings 
cinereous  with  darker  subterminal  bands.  Thorax  and  abdomen  cinere- 
ous, former  slightly  sprinkled  with  a  paler  shade.    %  S  .  Exp.  1^  in. 

Hab.     Eastern  and  Middle  States.     Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

A  delicate  species  with  the  habitus  of  G.  nebris  Gueuee.  It  differs 
from  the  other  North  American  species  of  the  genus  in  that  the  ordi- 
nary spots  are  of  the  same  color  as  the  median  space,  and  not  separated 
into  raised  whitish  dots,  excepting  only  G.  nitela  Guenee,  in  which  the 
ordinary  spots  may  be  regarded  as  obsolete. 


82  [June 

Apamea  legitima,  nov.  sp.     Plate  2,  fig.  4,  '^  . 

Anterior  wings  carneous  grey;  median  lines  very  approximate, black  ; 
ordinary  spots  large.  Basal  line  black,  lunate,  geminate ;  sub-basal 
space  large,  brownish  carneous  at  costa,  greyish  at  internal  margin  and 
along  the  transverse  anterior  line.  Transverse  anterior  line  blackish- 
brown,  narrow,  irregular  undulate.  Orbicular  spot  greyish,  diifuse. 
ringed  with  brownish-black.  Claviform  very  distinct,  of  the  usual 
shape,  brownish-black;  reuiform,  large,  carneous  brownish,  surmounted 
by  a  black  and  greyish  costal  mark  from  which  the  transverse  pos- 
terior line  emanates,  becoming  much  projected  superiorily  and  obso- 
lete, reappearing  below  the  reniform  spot.  Subterminal  space  carne- 
ous grey,  large,  brownish  at  the  costa,  showing  three  slightly  yellowish 
costal  dots.  Subterminal  line  brownish,  distinct,  becominir  sub-obsolete 
at  costa ;  apex  greyish,  terminal  space  brownish,  terminal  line  narrow, 
distinct.  Posterior  wings  silky,  pale  cinereous  with  blackish  borders. 
Thorax,  tegulae  and  collar  pale  brownish,  latter  edged  with  black ; 
abdomen  cinereous  tinged  with  reddish-brown  beneath,  on  the  sides 
and  on  the  anal  segment.    %  and  9  .  similar.     Exp.  ly*g  to  11  inches. 

Hah.     Middle  and  Eastern  States.     Common. 

Eurois  purpurissata,  nov.  sp.     Plate  1,  fig.  y.  %■ 

Anterior  wings  broad,  rounded,  pale  purplish  greyish,  tinged  with 
blackish  along  the  costa  and  reddish  on  the  discal  space ;  median  lines 
geminate,  transverse  posterior  indistinct  iuferiorily,  subterminal  very 
distinct,  continued,  reddish-browu.  Basal  line  geminate,  dentate,  dis- 
tinct; transverse  anterior  straight,  geminate,  undulate;  orbicular  spot 
moderate,  rounded,  with  a  faint  central  streak ;  claviform  spot  small, 
distinct,  edged  with  reddish  brown ;  median  shade  line  distinct,  black- 
ish, contiguous  to  the  reniform  spot,  which  latter  is  large,  elongated, 
slightly  constricted,  with  a  central  aunulated  line,  the  contiguous  discal 
space  shaded  with  reddish ;  transverse  posterior  line  projected  superi- 
orily, approximate  to  the  transverse  anterior  line  at  internal  margin, 
regularly  lunulated  between  the  veins,  geminate,  indistinct  in  the  in- 
ferior half  of  the  wing.  Veins  marked  with  a  darker  shade  in  the  sub- 
terminal  space  and  showing  a  series  of  pale  faint  dots  contiguous  to 
the  transverse  posterior  line.  Subterminal  line  distinct,  reddish-brown, 
dentate,  the  ^  more  distinct  than  in  any  of  the  allied  species ;  termi- 
nal lunules  black,  narrow  ;  fringes  brownish,  narrowly  interrupted  with 


1864.]  83 

greyish  at  the  extremities  of  the  veins.  Posterior  wings  brownish, 
silky,  without  median  line  or  discal  lunule,  with  a  darker  shaded  dif- 
fuse terminal  band,  fringes  white  at  the  extremities.  Under  surface 
brownish,  silky,  with  two  faint,  subterminal.  dai'ker  bands  crossing 
both  wings ;  posterior  wings  paler,  with  discal  dot.  Collar  with  a  dis- 
tinct dark  brown  median  line,  upper  edge  whitish  ;  thorax  with  a  large 
central  crest,  dark  cinereous  with  a  purplish  tinge ;  abdomen  with 
paler  hairs  at  the  base,  brownish,  very  slightly  crested  ;  legs  brown, 
rarsi  paler  at  base;  head  pale  brownish,  with  a  darker  transverse  line 
between  the  eyes;  palpi  brown,  tongue  pale  brownish.  %  %  .  Exp.  ly^Q 
to  2j-Q  inches. 

Hab.     Pennsylvania.     Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Two  %  specimens  varying  in  size  and  distinctness  of  ornamentation. 
In  size  this  species  approaches  U.  nimbosa  Gruen.,  and  E.  imbrifera 
(luen.,  and  in  coloration  somewhat  resembles  the  European  E.  tincta 
V. ;  it  is  however  a  more  robust  species  than  any  of  these  and  suffi- 
ciently distinct  from  all  its  generic  allies.  With  Mr.  Walker  I  retain 
for  the  present  genus  the  name  under  which  Hiibner  arranged  the 
species  in  his  "  Verzeichniss,"  in  preference  to  Aplecta  Guen.,  as  Hiib- 
ner's  Enrols  perfectly  corresponds  to  M.  Gruenee's  genus  and  has  deci- 
dedly priority.  I  have  another  undescribed  species  of  Eurois,  allied  to 
E.  nimbosa  and  E.  nebulosa,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  I  cannot 
make  a  proper  description  frcTm  a  single  individual  in  indiflferent  pre- 
servation. 

Plusia  aereoides,  nov.  sp.     Plate  2,  fig.  5.   9  • 

Anterior  wings  pale  rose  color,  shaded  with  dark  yellowish,  median 
lines  straight,  darker  shaded.  Basal  line  straight,  succeeded  by  a 
straight  sub-basal  line  and  dark  yellowish  shade.  Transverse  anterior 
line  straight ;  median  space  large,  roseate,  with  a  posterior  dark  yel- 
lowish shade  which  is  broadest  at  internal  margin.  Reniform  spot  dis- 
tinct, elongated,  constricted ;  median  shade  yellowish,  visible  at  costa. 
A  similar  spot  to  the  reniform  and  approximately  occupying  the  posi- 
tion of  claviform,  is  visible  below  the  median  vein,  near  the  transverse 
anterior  line ;  orbicular  spot  obsolete.  Transverse  posterior  line  straight, 
sometimes  very  slightly  bent,  dark  yellowish,  distinct,  followed  by  a 
metallic  band  which  is  broadest  at  the  internal  mars-in  and  becomes 


84  [June 

diffuse  and  discontinued  just  before  the  costa.  Subterminal  line  dark 
yellowish,  distinct,  undulate,  bi-toothed  between  the  first  and  second 
inferior  veins,  terminal  space  faintly  metallic  with  a  distinct,  nar- 
row, terminal  pale  rose-colored  band.  Posterior  wings  silky,  blackish  ; 
fringes  pale  ochraceous.  Under  surface  of  anterior  wings  pale  ochra- 
ceous,  with  two  transverse  blackish  bauds  and  diseal  spot  absorbed  in 
the  blackish  color  of  the  disc.  Under  surface  of  posterior  wings  pale 
ochi-aceous  with  two  blackish  bands,  outer  one  diffuse,  and  a  diseal 
lunule.  Thorax  honey  yellow,  carneous  posteriorily  and  on  the  tegula3; 
abdomen  with  three  slightly  ferruginous  crests.  S  and  9.  Esp.  I2 
inches.     Coll.  Eut.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Not  uncommon  throughout  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States. 

Closely  allied  to  P.  xrea  Hiibner,  from  which  it  constantly  differs 
by  its  somewhat  larger  expanse,  the  larger  median  space,  the  straight 
distinct  median  lines,  the  transverse  posterior  line  succeeded  by  a  me- 
tallic baud  and  by  the  presence  of  a  second  diseal  spot  on  the  anterior 
wings.  Many  S  $  individuals  from  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  which  I 
have  before  me  are  constant  in  these  and  other  more  trifling  differ- 
ences from  P.  serea.  I  believe  to  cite  here  M.  Gruenees  "  A,"  which 
that  Entomologist  refers  as  a  variety  to  P.  serea  on  account  of  an  in- 
termediate individual  which  he  has  seen  from  Florida.  Nevertheless 
I  believe  with  a  sufficient  number  of  perfectly  coinciding  specimens  of 
both  species  to  correctly  separate  the  present  under  a  distinct  specific 
name. 

LITOMITUS,  nov.  gon. 
Wings  broad;  anterior  pair  with  the  apex  acute,  external  margin 
rounded,  12-veined,  median  vein  throwing  off  veins  2,  8,  4,  5  (m.). 
which  are  equally  strong,  3,  4  and  5  equi-distant  at  base,  costal  margin 
broad,  sub-costal  cell  narrow,  receiving  vein  6  at  the  center  of  its  lower 
marginal  vein.  Posterior  wings  broad,  9-veiued,  veins  1  and  2  (m. ) 
free  to  base,  median  vein  throwing  oft"  veins  8,  4,  b  and  6  (m.)  equally 
strong,  the  three  latter  approaching  at  base,  vein  5  nearer  4  than  (3  at 
base,  veins  9  and  8  (costal  and  subcostal)  diverging  at  extreme  base  of 
the  wing.  Palpi  clothed  with  short  hair,  long,  porrect,  exceeding  the 
head,  3rd  article  distinct,  long,  moderately  stout,  not  spatulate  ;  head 
small;  eyes  large;  antennae  moderately  short,  slender,  very  slightly 


18G4.]  S5 

pubescent  in  9  ,  longer  and  slightly  stouter  in  %  ;  abdomen  smooth, 
slender,  hardly  exceeding  the  posterior  wings,  furnished  with  a  sub- 
tuft  in  the  S  ,  shorter,  more  conical,  obtuse,  and  with  two  lateral  sub- 
tufts  in  the  9  ;  legs  smoothly  clothed  with  short  hair,  hind  tibiaj  with 
four  spurs,  inner  pair  the  longest,  hind  femora  furnished  with  a  central 
very  slender  spine  ;  tongue  moderate,  well  developed. 

I  refer  this  genus  to  M.  Gruenee's  Poaphilidse,  the  single  species 
composing  it  having  evident  analogies  with  Phurys  and  Cellptera.  The 
differences  it  presents  from  the  latter  are  small ;  the  abdomen  is  not 
'■crested"  in  either  sex  on  the  first  segment  nor  are  the  legs  clothed  with 
''cottony"  hairs.  Mr.  Walker,  to  whom  I  communicated  a  specimen,  re- 
garded genus  and  species  as  new,  while  doubtfully  considering  them 
as  allied  to  Toxicampa. 

Litomitus  elongatus.  hot.  sp.     Plate  2,  fig.  6.  % . 

Anterior  wings  of  an  even  dull  testaceous  ash-color.  Basal  half-line 
narrow,  emanating  from  a  very  distinct  brownish  black  costal  spot  ; 
transverse  anterior  line  distinct,  brownish  black,  broadest  at  costa,  fol- 
lowed by  a  darker  shade  and  forming,  below  vein  1  at  internal  mai'gin. 
a  broad  arcuated  spot  somewhat  similarly  shaped  to  the  sub-cellular 
sign  of  the  genus  Piusia^  but  inverted.  Orbicular  spot  reduced  to  a 
very  minute  white  dot;  median  shade  line  narrow,  most  distinct  at 
costa,  irregularly  undulate,  traversing  the  wing  from  costal  to  internal 
margins  between  the  ordinary  spots ;  reniform  spot  distinct,  large, 
rounded,  ringed  with  a  brownish  line,  with  an  internal  lighter  shade, 
concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  wing,  connected  superiorily  with  the 
costa  by  a  narrow  shade  line  and  succeeded  by  an  irregulary  dentate, 
distinct  shade  line  somewhat  projected  superiorily  and  which  occupies 
the  position  of  the  transverse  posterior  line.  A  very  distinct,  nearly 
sti'aight,  ochraceous,  geminate  band,  preceded  by  a  lighter  shade,  tra- 
verses the  wing  from  costal  to  internal  margins,  emanating  just  before 
the  apex,  and  joining  the  internal  margin  just  before  the  internal  angle, 
the  outer  line  shaded  with  brownish  black.  The  subterminal  line  is 
very  approximate  to  this  band,  faint,  regularly  dentate,  connecting  a 
series  of  small  distinct  black  dots  on  the  veins.  Terminal  line  narrow, 
distinct,  semi-lunate,  continued ;  fringes  concolorous.  Posterior  wings 
of  a  liiihter  more  testaceous  shade-  than  anterior,  anal  angde  showing  a 

O  '  CD  CD 

blackish,  straight,  discontinued  shade  line  followed  by  a  narrow  irregu- 


86  [June 

lav  line  which  is  also  discontinued  after  traversing  about  one-fourth  of 
the  entire  breadth  of  the  wing.  Under  surface  of  both  pair  somewhat 
lighter  shaded,  without  markings  except  a  faint  median  shade  line  on 
the  anterior  wings.  Head,  palpi,  thorax,  abdomen  and  legs  dull  cine- 
reous, same  shade  as  posterior  wings,  without  markings.  %  and  9  , 
similar.  Exp.  lyt^  to  1 /jj  inches.  Coll.  Eat.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 
Hab.     Eastern  and  Middle  States.     Not  uncommon. 

Amphipyra  inornata.  nov.  sp. 

Anterior  wings  silky,  pale-blackish  mixed  with  greyish,  resembling 
in  ornamentation  those  of  A.  pyramidoides  Guenee.  In  the  present 
species  the  orbicular  spot  appears  more  reduced,  the  transverse  poste- 
rior line  more  bent,  and  the  costa  more  convex.  Posterior  wings  cu- 
preous, blackish-grey  along  the  costa  to  3rd  superior  vein,  rest  of  the 
wing  with  a  faint,  pale  reddish  tinge,  ill-defined  superiorily  along  exter- 
nal margin,  which  latter  is  more  excavated  than  in  A. pyramidoides. 
in  which  the  posterior  wings  appear  proportionally  larger.  Thorax 
gi-eyish  mixed  with  dark  brownish ;  tegulae  and  disc  paler  than  in  A. 
2}yrnmidoides.  Abdomen  pale  greyish  above,  marked  with  black  and 
white  at  the  sides  as  in  its  congener,  but  with  a  more  testaceous  anal 
tuft.      %  .  Exp.  IJ  inches.     Coll.  Mr.  Wm.  Saunders. 

Hah.     Canada  West. 

In  the  markings  of  the  anterior  wings  this  species  nearly  imitates 
A.  pyramidoides.  the  costa  is  however  perceptibly  more  convex,  the 
coloration  paler  and  the  designs  more  effaced.  The  coloration  of  the 
posterior  wings  is  quite  different  and  they  appear  at  first  glance  almost 
concolorous ;  these  differences,  together  with  its  smaller  size,  prevent 
me  from  considering  it  as  a  variety  of  A.  pyramidoides^  which  latter 
is  moreover  a  very  constant  species. 

Catocala  phulanga,  laov.  sp.     Plate  3.  fig.  1.   % . 

Var.  "A."'  C.  palcEogama  Guenee,  Noct.  .3.  p.  97. 
Anterior  wings  slightly  produced  at  the  apex,  blackish,  suftused 
with  pale  bluish  grey  on  the  3uperior  half  of  the  median  space,  trans- 
verse posterior  line  followed  by  a  distinct  black  coincident  baud.  Ex- 
treme base  greyish  ;  basal  line  black,  distinct;  sub-basal  space  large, 
entirely  suffused  with  black.  Transverse  anterior  line  irregularly  un- 
dulate, black,  distinct,  forming  a  sub-costal  tooth  •  median  space  pale 
bluish  grey,  almost  whitish  anterior  to  the  reniform  spot,  sprinkled 


1864]  87 

with  dark  brownisli  along  internal  margin  ;  reniform  spot  moderate, 
oval,  bordered  with  Avhitish,  sub-reniform  spot  small,  rounded,  ringed 
with  a  dark  brown  line,  with  a  pale  brown  center,  unconnected  with 
either  of  the  median  lines.  Transverse  posterior  line  black,  distinct, 
moderately  dentate,  with  two  moderately  prominent  nearly  equal  sized 
teeth,  broadly  marked  at  its  last  and  deepest  inflexion  at  internal  mar- 
gin, followed  by  a  distinct,  coincident  black  band  which  occupies  the 
narrow  space  between  it  and  the  sub-terminal  line,  which  latter  is 
faintly  marked  and  preceded  by  a  broad  continued  distinct  whitish 
shade  baud.  Terminal  space  with  a  series  of  black  and  greyish  spots 
between  the  veins.  Posterior  wings  dark  yellow,  dark  brown  at  base, 
internal  margin  clothed  with  long  dark  brown  hair.  Median  band 
black,  absorbed  superiorily  by  the  brown  basal  shade,  much  constricted 
at  the  disc,  tapering,  sinuate  to  internal  margin.  Terminal  band  broad, 
black,  leaving  a  yellow  space  at  external  angle  and  a  narrow  line  from 
thence  to  anal  angle,  streaked  five  times  with  blackish  at  the  center  of 
the  external  margin.  Under  surface  dark  orange  yellow,  transverse 
bands  black  with  a  slight  purplish  shade,  median  band  on  po.^terior 
wings  much  attenuated,  becoming  obsolete  towards  internal  margin. 
Abdomen  dull  brownish  above,  whitish  below;  legs  pale  greyish,  pos- 
terior tibiaj  white  inside,  tarsi  white  at  base.  Exp.  3  inches.  Coll. 
Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Hah.     Middle  States. 

Possibly  a  variety  of  C.  palseojama  Gruenee,  but,  as  several  coinci- 
dent specimens  have  occurred,  it  may  be  distinct.  Mr.  Edwards  in- 
forms me  that  he  has  in  his  possession  an  individual  belonging  to  the 
present  species  obtained  from  Mr.  Newman  of  Philadelphia. 

Catocala  palaeogama,  Gueuee.  Plate  3,  fig.  2.  %  . 
C.  palceogama,  Gruenee.  Noct.  3,  p.  97. 
Anterior  wings  slightly  produced  at  the  apex,  blackish,  powdered 
with  bluish-grey,  median  lines  black,  distinct,  transverse  posterior,  fol- 
lowed by  a  broad  brown  shade  band.  Basal  line  black,  distinct,  undu- 
late ;  sub-basal  space  powdered  with  bluish-grey ;  transverse  anterior 
line  black,  distinct,  irregularly  undulate,  with  a  sub-costal  tooth,  pre- 
ceded by  a  darker  diffuse  shade.  Median  space  evenly  powdered  with 
bluish-grey,  sometimes  (  9  )  whitish  anterior  to  the  reniform  spot. 
Renifonu  spot  moderate,  oval,  dark  brown  with  a  darker  ringlet;  sub- 


88  [June 

reniform  spot  moderate,  somewliat  squarish  with  a  pale  brown  center, 
rin<>ed  with  bhick.  Transverse  posterior  line  evenly  dentate,  with  two 
broadly  prominent  teeth,  broadly  marked  at  its  last  and  deepest  inflex- 
ion at  internal  margin,  followed  by  an  even,  broad,  brown  shade,  which 
occupies  the  space  between  it  and  the  sub-terminal  line,  latter  distinct. 
black,  preceded,  towards  internal  margin,  by  a  greyish  shade.  Termi- 
nal space  with  a  row  of  black  and  greyish  dots  between  the  veins. 
Posterior  wings  yellow  with  a  basal  dark  brown  shade,  internal  margin 
clothed  with  long  dark  brown  hair.  Median  band  black,  absorbed  su- 
periorily  by  the  brown  basal  shade,  much  constricted  at  the  disc,  taper- 
ing, sinuate  to  internal  margin.  Terminal  band  broad,  black,  leaving 
a  small  yellow  space  at  external  angle  and  a  narrow  yellow  line  from 
thence  to  anal  angle,  streaked  five  times  with  blackish  at  the  center 
of  external  margin.  Under  surface  dark  orange  yellow,  median  bands 
black,  slightly  purplish,  median  band  of  posterior  wings  attenuated,  ob- 
solete towards  internal  margin.    Exp.  o  inches.     Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila. 

Hab.     Canada,  Eastern  and  Middle  States. 

I  can  detect  no  differences  between  C.  phalanija,  m  ,  and  the  present 
species,  with  which  it  conforms  in  the  shape  of  the  wings,  size,  course 
of  the  median  lines  on  the  anterior,  and  coloration  of  posterior,  wings, 
except  the  distinct  black  band  which  follows  the  transverse  posterior 
line,  giving  an  appearance  of  narrowness  to  the  sub-terminal  space, 
and  the  paler  coloration  of  the  median  space  superiorily. 

The  following  species  is  regarded  by  some  Entomologists  as  identical 
with  the  foregoing,  but  I  am  of  opinion  that  it  is  very  distinct.  I  think 
it  probable,  from  determinations  I  have  received  from  Mr.  Walker,  that 
C.  palseogama,  of  the  British  Museum,  refers  to  the  present,  and  not 
to  the  species  I  have  above  described  as  C.  palaeogama  Gruenee. 

Catocala  piatrix,  uov.  sj).     Plate  3,  fig.  5.  %, . 

Anterior  wings  brown,  varied  with  blackish,  with  a  paler  oblique 
costal  band  extending  over  the  sub-reniform  spot.  Transverse  anterior 
line  black,  distinct,  irregularly  undulate  with  a  sub-costal  tooth ;  me- 
dian space  brown  with  a  broad,  oblique,  anterior,  paler  costal  shade 
band  which  extends  over  the  sub-reniform  spot  {%  ).  Reniform  spot  very 
large,  rounded,  ringed  with  an  indistinct  brownish  line,  smaller,  more 
distinct  in  the  9 ;  sub-reniform  spot  long,  pale  brownish,  oblong, 
enclosed   by  (  S  )  the   transverse  posterior  line ;    transverse  posterior 


1864.] 


89 


line  distinct,  uniformly  black  and  of  equal  width,  with  two  nearly  equal 
sized,  moderately  prominent  and  acute  teeth,  sometimes  (  9  )  followed 
by  a  brown  band ;  subterminal  line  geminate,  indistinct,  with  an  ante- 
rior greyish  band  in  the  9  .  Posterior  wings  yellow,  of  a  paler  shade 
than  in  C.  palaeogama^  and  C  phakuKja  ;  median  baud  broad,  hardly 
constricted  on  the  disc,  slightly  tapering  to  internal  margin.  Base  of 
the  wing  very  pale  brownish  yellow  ;  internal  margin  clothed  with  pale 
brownish  yellow  hair,  internal  fringe  cinereous,  terminal  band  broad, 
black,  leaving  a  yellow  space  at  external  angle,  distinctly  terminating 
before  anal  angle.  Under  surface  pale  luteous,  pale  ochraceous  brown- 
ish along  external  margins,  orange-colored  at  base  of  posterior  wings, 
median  bands  black,  slightly  iridescent;  legs  brownish.  Exp.  2y^„  to 
3  inches.     Coll.  Eut.  Soc.  Philadelphia. 

Hah.     .Middle  and  Eastern  States.     Common. 

Differs  from  C.  palxogani'i.  Guenee,  by  the  more  acutely  toothed 
transverse  posterior  line  on  the  anterior  wings,  which  connects  with  the 
subreniform  spot,  by  the  larger  ordinary  spots  and  the  absence  of  the  blu- 
ish-grey color  of  the  median  space,  by  the  hardly  constricted,  straighter 
median  band  of  the  posterior  wings  and  paler  basal  shade ;  the  anterior 
wings  are  not  produced  at  the  apex  and  the  coloi'ing  of  the  under  sur- 
face is  paler  than  in   C.  paJseogama. 

Catocala  Clintonii,  no  v.  sji.     Plate  3,  fig.  4.    9  • 

Anterior  wings  uniformly  pale  greyish,  faintly  tinged  with  greenish 
except  along  the  costa.  Basal  half  line  black,  distinct,  joining  inferi- 
orily  a  broad  blackish  streak  which  extends  in  a  straight  line  from  the 
base  of  the  wing  to  the  transverse  anterior  line  which  latter  it  joins  at 
its  center.  Transverse  anterior  line  distinct,  preceded  by  a  lighter 
shade,  with  a  subcostal  tooth,  hardly  undulate,  with  a  single  dentation 
on  vein  1.  Median  space  with  a  slight  pale  brownish  tinge  anterior  to 
the  reniform  spot  and  suffusing  the  sub-reniform  spot.  Reniform  spot 
moderate,  oval,  pale,  with  a  whitish  ringlet,  surrounded  by  a  black 
costal  streak;  sub-reniform  rounded,  pale  brownish,  ringed  with  a  brown 
line,  open  posteriorily.  Transverse  posterior  line  sub-dentate,  with  two 
prominent  teeth,  broadly  marked  with  brownish  black  at  its  last  inflex- 
ion at  internal  margin.  Subterminal  line  greyish,  hardly  indicated  ; 
terminal  space  streaked  with  blackish  along  veins  2.  0  and  7.  the  rest 
of  the   veins   in   the  terminal  space  greyish   sprinkled    with   blackish 


90  -  [June 

atoms.  Posterior  wings  light  yellow;  median  band  black,  broadly  con- 
stricted on  the  disc,  straight,  slightly  narrowing  towards  internal  mar- 
gin, ioinina;  a  faint  blackish  basal  shade  at  external  margrin.  Terminal 
baud  black,  continued,  leaving  a  yellow  space  at  external  angle,  regu- 
larly undulate,  constricted  anterior  to  anal  angle.  Under  surface  of  wings 
pale  luteous,  darker  shaded  towards  the  base,  median  bauds  black, 
tapering  towards  either  margin.  Thorax,  tegulae  and  collar  greyish, 
latter  bordered  with  black  with  a  central  whitish  line;  tegulae  with  an 
anterior  brown  spot  bordered  with  whitish ;  abdomen  slightly  luteous 
above,  paler  beneath  ;  legs  grey,  middle  tibiae  streaked  with  brownish 
black,  anterior  and  posterior  tibise  grey.     Exp.  2f^  inches. 

Hab.     Eastern  States. 

A  9  specimen  in  good  condition  given  me  by  Mr.  Wm.  A.  Nason. 
and  now  in  the  Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.  A  very  distinct  species 
of  more  robust  form  than  G.  poli/yama  Guenee. 

Named  in  honor  of  Hon.  Geo.  W.  Clinton,  President  of  the  Buffalo 
Society  of  Natural  Sciences. 

GEOMETRINA,  H-S. 

Epione  depontanata,  nov.  sp.     Plate  2,  6g.  7.    % . 

Anterior  wings  pale  brownish,  median  space  citron  yellow  superi- 
orily,  external  margin  with  a  moderate  angle  at  the  extremity  of  vein 
4.  Basal  space  pale  fawn  color,  slightly  purplish  at  costa  and  showing 
several  minute  streaks.  Median  space  narrow,  owing  to  the  propinquity 
of  the  median  lines  which  latter  are  pale  brownish,  ill  defined,  the 
transverse  anterior  regularly  undulate,  forming  three  curves,  the  first 
of  which  rather  the  most  prominent;  transverse  posterior  line  some- 
what arcuated  superiorily,  slightly  dentate,  followed  by  a  row  of  mi- 
nute white  dots  on  the  veins.  Median  space  citron  yellow  superiorily 
till  below  the  median  vein,  becoming  pale  fawn  color  towards  the  inter- 
nal margin,  showing  some  costal  brownish  marks  and  a  distinct  black 
diseal  dot.  Terminal  and  subterminal  spaces  evenly  colored,  pale  brown- 
ish ;  subterminal  line  indicated  by  minute  blackish  dots  on  the  veins, 
joining  at  the  costa  a  sub-apical  purplish  semi-circular  spot,  open  at 
the  costa.  shaded  inwardly  with  whitish,  margined  by  a  darker  line 
which  is  somewhat  dentated  posteriorily,  straight  anteriorily.  The 
terminal  and  subterminal  spaces  at  internal  angle,  and  along  the  trans- 


1864.]  91 

verse  posterior  line  inferiorily,  are  sparsely  and  irregularly  sprinkled 
with  blackish  marks.  Posterior  wings  resembling  anterior,  external 
margin  acutely  angulated;  basal  space  pale  fawn  color  along  internal 
margin,  superiorily  of  the  same  yellow  as  on  the  anterior  wings ;  me- 
dian line  brownish,  appearing  as  the  continuation  of  the  transverse 
posterior  on  the  anterior  wings,  with  similar  white  dots  on  the  veins; 
subterminal  line  as  on  anterior  wings  indicated  by  blackish  dots  on  the 
veins,  most  prominent  at  anal  angle.  Under  surface  of  both  wings 
yellowish,  tinged  with  orange,  irregularly  speckled  with  purplish  marks 
and  showing  on  the  anterior  pair  a  disconnected  subterminal  and  me- 
dian line  emanating  at  the  costa  from  a  purplish  sub-apical  mark  which 
is  bordered  posteriorly  with  whitish.  Abdomen  and  thorax  pale  fawn- 
color,  head  above,  purplish;  legs  pale  fawn-color,  sparsely  speckled, 
anterior  tarsi  and  tibiae  purplish  on  their  upper  surface,  hind  tibiae 
moderately  incrassated;  antennae  simple.  %  .  Exp.  ly**g  inches. 
Hub.     Maryland.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia.) 

Tetracis  lorata,  nov.  sp. 

Anterior  wings  entirely  pale-yellow,  without  markings  of  any  kind 
except  an  oblique,  distinct,  nearly  straight  ochraceous  stripe,  which 
traverses  the  wing  from  the  costa,  near  the  apex,  to  internal  margin. 
Posterior  wings  white,  silky,  immaculate,  with  a  sHght  pale  yellowish 
tinge  along  the  external  margin  which  is  rounded  in  both  sexes.  Tho- 
rax and  head  pale-yellowish  ;  abdomen  whitish,  immaculate ;  legs  whit- 
ish, the  anterior  tibiae  and  femora  slightly  touched  with  ochraceous  ; 
eyes  pale  brownish.  The  external  margin  of  the  anterior  wings  is  promi- 
nently angulated  at  the  extremity  of  the  first  inferior  vein,  and  the 
apex  is  acute,  in  the  $  ,  while  in  the  S  the  external  margin  is  almost 
rounded  and  the  apex  obtuse,  as  is  the  case  with  its  congeners.  Exp. 
Ij  to  2  inches. 

Nab.  Eastern  and  Middle  States.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 
This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  already  described  N. 
American  species  of  this  genus  by  its  immaculate  wings,  which  are 
utterly  destitute  (  S  &  ?  )  of  other  ornamentation  than  the  single  och- 
raceous stripe  on  the  anterior  pair.  It  would  appear  to  be  allied  to 
T.  Cachexiata  Gruenee,  a  species  described  from  New  Holland,  while 
it  forms  a  group  in  the  genus  characterized  by  the  hardly  angulated 
external  margin  of  the  posterior  wings. 


92  [June 

A.  few  Lepidoptera  Heterocera  received  by  this  Society  from  Pike's 
Peak,  and  now  contained  in  its  Cabinet,  have  been  determined  as  fill- 
lows.  A  species  of  Flusia,  closely  resembling  the  European  P.  diver- 
gens,  was  preliminarily  described  on  page  274  of  the  2nd  volume  of 
these  Proceedings,  as  P.  vjnea  Grrote ;  while  still  considering  the  species 
as  distinct  from  its  European  ally,  it  is  believed  to  be  the  species  de- 
scribed as  P.  nitlcola  Walker,  with  which  description  the  specimen 
sufficiently  corresponds ;  the  name  given  it  in  these  pages  is  accord- 
ingl}^  withdrawn.  Besides  the  below  enumerated,  determined  speci- 
mens, individuals  were  received  belonging  to  the  genera  Hadena. 
Anarta,  and  Cidaria,  but  their  insufficient  preservation  prevented  their 
specific  determination. 

Deilephila  lineata.  Fab. 

Omoiala  vermiculata,  Grote. 

Ctenucha  Cressonana.  Grote. 

Coloradia  Pandora.  Blake. 

Anatolmis  Grotei.  Packard. 

Plusia  alticola.  Walker. 

Plataea  californiaria,  Herrich-Schseffer. 
Gon/todcs  uncanaria.  Guenee. 

Cidaria  albofasciata,  Grote. 
The  latter  species,  described  originally  under  Baptria,  is  more  cor- 
rectly referred  to  its  present  genus. 


List  of  a  Collection  of  LEPIDOPTERA  HETEROCERA,  taken  near  Williams- 
town,  Mass. 


BY    AUG.    R.    GROTK, 


Curator  of  Entomology,  Buffalo  Society  Natural  Sciences. 

A  small  collection  of  Lepidoptera  taken  in  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood of  Williamstown,  Mass.,  during  the  season  of  1863,  by  Mr.  Wm. 
A.  Nason.  having  been  submitted  to  me  for  determination,  I  have  pre- 
pared the  following  list,  in  the  expectation  of  its  being  of  interest  in 
regard  to  the  distribution  of  the  species  and  as  a  contribution  to  the 
Le])idopterous  History  of  the  locality  in  which  they  were  collected. 

Limacodes  fasciola.  H-S. 

L.  laticlavia,  Clemens. 
Harrisina  americana.  Boisd. 

1'.  di-^par.  Harris. 


1864.]  93 

Ctenucha  virginica.  Oliarp..  Grote. 

>'.  Jdfrcillnnii.   Kirby.  Anct. 
Sphinx  kalmiae,  Abb.  ct  Siii. 
Darapsa  myron.  Cramer. 

S.  paiiipinafri.c,  Abl>.  &  Siii. 
Ceratomia  quadricomis,  Hiib. 
Smerinthus  excaecatus,  Abb.  <fc  Sm. 
juglandis.  Abb.  .t  Rm. 
Tropaea  luna.  Dmrv. 
Samia  cecropia.  Linn. 

promethea.  Drury. 
Telea  polyphemus,  Fab. 
Hyperchiria  io.  Fab. 
Anisota*  pellucida.  Abb.  &  Sm. 

rubicunda,  Fab. 
Tolype  velleda.  t^toll. 
Clisiocampa  americana.  Harris. 

<'.  dccipicn-s.   Walker. 

P.  casfrensis.  Abb.  A  Sm. 
Clisiocampa  sylvatica.  Harris. 

P.  iicii-^fri'i.  Abb.  &  Sm. 
Platycerura  furcilla,  Packard,  MSS. 
Nadata  gibbosa.  Abb.  &  Smith. 
Eumetopona  ministra.  Drury. 
Edema  albifrons.  Abb.  &  Sm. 
unicornis.  Abb.  <fe  Sm. 
concinna,  Abb.  &  Sm. 
Notodonta  basistriens,  Walker.     Plate  11,  fig.  1.    %. 

A  single  %  specimen  which  I  figure  as  the  species  appears  to  lie 
rare  and  not  generally  identified  in  collections. 

Notodonta  stragula,  nov.  sjj.     Plate  1,  tig.  2.    %  . 

Anterior  wings  slatey-grey,  shaded  with  pale  bulF  along   internal 


••■This  generic  name  proposed  by  Hiibner  in  his  Verzeiehniss.  has  ]>riority 
over  Harris'  Dryocampa :  tlie  N.  A.  sjiecies  are  as  follows  : 
Anisota  pellucida. 

Diyocampa  pellucida.  Harr. 
Anisota  senatoria. 

Ihy.  .^c/iatoria.  Harr. 
Anisota  bicolor. 

Biy.  bicolor.  Harr. 
Anisota  stigma. 

I)ri/.  stigma.   Hurr. 
Anisota  rubicunda. 

Dry.  rubirunda.    Harr. 


94  [June 

margin,  with  a  chestnut-brown  basal  patch  and  some  brown  streaks 
and  spots  in  the  terminal  space,  internal  margin  crested.  Extreme 
base  of  the  wing  brownish;  basal  line  distinct;  sub-basal  space  large, 
greyish  at  costa,  rich  chestnut-brown  below  the  median  vein,  pale  buff 
along  the  internal  margin  which  latter  shade  extends  from  base  to  in- 
ternal angle.  A  very  dark  brown  streak  extends  from  the  basal  line 
to  the  transverse  anterior  line  below  the  median  vein,  and  a  similar 
streak  at  internal  margin.  Transverse  anterior  line  dark  brown,  grey- 
ish at  costa,  undulate,  bordered  anteriorily  by  a  pale  buff  shade  from 
below  the  sub-costal  vein  to  internal  margin.  Median  space  widest  at 
costa,  narrow  at  internal  margin,  greyish,  with  an  elongate  pale  discal 
spot  with  dark  brown  center.  Transverse  posterior  line  cinereous,  in- 
distinct, sub-dentate,  continued.  Terminal  space  with  a  series  of  rich 
chestnut-brown  streaks  between  the  veins,  two  more,  linear,  near  the 
apex.  Posterior  wings  pale  cinereous  with  two  indistinct  median  bands, 
anal  ano-le  touched  with  brownish.  Thorax  and  collar  brownish ;  teg:- 
ulge  greyish ;  abdomen  cinereous,  slightly  browni.sh  above.  Under  sur- 
face of  thorax  and  inside  of  legs  brownish,  outside  of  legs  and  sides 
of  thorax  clothed  with  cinereous  hairs.  Exp.  1  J'q  inch. 
A  single  S  specimen  in  good  preservation. 

Nerice  bidentata.  Walker. 
Chilodasys  biguttata,  Packard,  MSS. 

A  large  %  variety,  having  the  collar,  tegulae  and  anterior  wings  suf- 
fused with  dull   blackish. 

Eudryas  grata.  Fab. 

Orgyia  leucostigma.  Abb.  &  Sm. 

Halisidota  tessellaris,  Abb.  &  Sm. 

Halesidota  antiphola,  Walsh. 
Halisidota  caryae.  Harris. 

L.  caryoE,  Harr. 

H.  annul! fascia,  Walker. 
Arctia  virgo,  Linn. 

C.  parthenice,  Kirby. 
Arctia  isabella.  Abb.  &  Sm. 
Spilosoma  acrea,  Drury. 

virginica.  Fab. 
Hypercompa  militaris,  Harr.  var.  lecontei,  Boisd. 

C  leucomelas,  HS. 

A  single  specimen,  showing  the  white  spots  on  the  anterior  wing.« 


1804.] 


95 


much  reduced  ;   Herrich-Schaeffer's  figure  represents   an  intermediate 
individual  in  which  the  spots  are  nearly  confluent. 

Hypoprepria  fucosa,  Hubner. 

L.  miniata,  Kirby. 

G.  vittata,  Harris. 
Nudaria  mendica.  Walker. 

E.  hi.ieriafa,  H-S. 
Lacinia  cymatophoroides,  Guene'e. 
Microcoelia  diphtheroides,  Guenee. 

obliterata,  Grote. 
Diphthera  graefii,  Grote. 

A  %  specimen;  the  anterior  wings  are  more  uniformly  greyish  ahove 
than  in  the  9  ;  head  white  above,  with  a  transverse  black  streak  be- 
tween the  eyes,  below  the  antennal  insertion.  I  have  this  species 
also  from  Canada  West. 

Xanthia  gilvago,  W.  V. 

A  9  specimen  corresponding  with  my  European  specimens  of  this 
species  and  from  which  I  cannot  separate  it.     The  species  has  not 
been  heretofore  noticed  as  occuring  on  this  Continent. 
Cirroedia  pampina.  Gueuee. 
Gortyna  cataphracta,  Grote. 

nebris,  Guenee. 

nitela,  Guenee. 
Hydroecia  nictitans,  Linn. 

lorea,  Guenee. 
Leucania  pseudargyria,  Guenee. 

pallens.  Linn. 
Amphipyra  pyramidoides.  Guenee. 

An  individual  included,  was  taken  in  Minnesota,  and  showed  no 
variation  from  Eastern  specimens. 

Agrotis  suffusa,  W.  V. 

^4.  telifera,  Harris, 
jaculifera,  Guenee. 
tessellata.  Harris. 
clandestina.  Harris. 

X.  lubricans,  Guenee. 
plecta.  Linn. 
Celaena  herbimacula,  Guenee.  1 

('.  renigera,  Steph. 
Eurois  imbrifera,  Guenee. 
Hadena  arctica,  Boisd. 

H.  arnica,  Harris, 
xylinoides,  Guenee. 


96  [June 

Apamea  finitima,  Guene'e. 

■?  insignata.  Walker. 
Xylophasia  lig-nicolora,  Guenee. 
Phlogophora  iris.  Guenee. 
CucuUia  umbratica.  Linn, 
postera.  Guenee. 
asteroides.  Guenee. 
Alaria  florida.  (in^nee. 
Scoliopteryx  libatrix.  Linn. 
Plusia  praecationis.  Guenee. 

aereoides.  Grote. 

festucae.   Linn. 

calpoides.  Grote,  MSS. 

Parthenos  nubilis.  Hiibner. 

Catocala  amatrix,  Hiibner. 
>'.sclccfa.  Walker. 

concumbens.  Walker. 

briseis.  Edwardr*. 

clintonii.  Grote. 

Parallelia  bistriaria,  Hiibner. 

Drasteria  erichtea,  Cram. 

Homoptera,  spec,  indeterni. 

A  badly  deimded  specimen  apparently  referalije  tti  >  i/itsa   Orury. 

Placodes  cinereola,  Guen. 

Chamyris  cerintha,  Treits. 

Hypena  scabra.  Fal>. 

Desmia  maculalis,  Westw. 

Eutrapela  clemitaria,  Abb.  &  Sm. 

Choerodes  transversata,  Drury. 

Endropia  serrata.  Drury. 

muzaria.  Walker. 

tigrinaria.  Guenee. 

Angerona  crocataria.  Fab. 
T.  citrinaria.  Hubn. 

Ellopia  ribearia.  Fitch. 

Tetracis  crocallata,  Guenee. 

lorata,  Grote. 

Probole  alienaria.  IIS. 

Aniphidasys  cognataria,  <4uenee. 

Phibalapteryx  intestinata.  Guenee. 

Boarmia,  spee.  indeterm. 

Microgonia  vestitaria.  IIS. 
,V.  /i/iiinoifnria,  Guen. 

Corycia  vestaliata.  (Juen. 

Hoematopis  grataria.  Fab. 
//.  sauiurid,   Ilubn. 

Cidaria  diversilineata.   Ilnlm. 


18G4.]  97 

Synopsis  of  the  BOMBYCID^  of  the  United  States. 
BY    A.    S.  PACKARD.  JR. 

LITHOSIID^  AND  ARCTIAD.E. 

This  revision  of  our  Bomhycidse  is  prepared  from  materials  which 
have  been  accumulating  for  a  future  monograph  of  this  interesting  and 
beautiful  family.  It  is  simply  a  synonymical  list  of  described  species, 
with  the  characters  of  new  genera  and  species.  Our  material  has  been 
.scanty,  and  by  no  means  represents  fairly  a  group  which  is  so  largely 
developed  in  North  America;  as  it  is,  the  mass  of  specimens  were  col- 
lected in  New  England  and  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  with  a  few 
from  California  and  the  British  Provinces. 

The  principal  sources  from  which  the  specimens  were  obtained,  are  : 
the  Mu.seum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge,  Mass.;  the  collec- 
tion of  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris  in  the  possession  of  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History ;  while  Mr.  F.  Gr.  Sanborn  of  Boston,  has  generously 
thrown  open  his  own  collection  to  me,  and  that  belonging  to  the  Mas- 
sachusetts State  Museum,  accumulated  chiefly  through  his  own  exer- 
tions, and  I  am  indebted  to  him  for  continued  favors  while  preparing 
this  paper.  Mr.  A.  R.  G-rote,  of  New  York,  has  not  only  freely  given 
me  nearly  every  thing  of  value  in  his  own  collection,  but  has  been 
indefatigable  in  securing  from  other  collections  the  loan  of  many  rari- 
ties. Acknowledgements  will  be  found  in  their  proper  places  of  mate- 
rial aid  from  Messrs.  W.  H.  Kdwards  of  Newburg,  N.  Y. ;  Stephen 
(Jalverley  of  New  York;  J.  W.  Weidemeyer  of  New  York;  C.  A. 
Shurtliff  of  Brookline,  Mass.;  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder  of  Boston;  Mrs.  J. 
Bridgham  of  New  York;  Messrs.  M.  B.  Blake  of  Grilmanton,  N.  H.; 
8.  I.  Smith  of  Norway,  Me.;  L.  Trouvelot  of  Medford,  Mass..  who 
has  been  especially  successful  in  raising  rare  Limododes  and  Noto- 
doutians  and  other  genera  of  this  group,  and  in  faithfully  delineating 
their  forms.  I  should  notice  also  the  aid  received  from  Miss  A.  M. 
Edraands  of  Salem,  Mass.;  Messrs.  W.  Saunders  of  London,  Canada 
West;  A.  E.  Verrill.  Cambridge,  Mass.;  Prof  Miles  of  the  State  Agri- 
cultural College,  Lansing,  Mich.;  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  of  Salem, 
Mass. 

The    valuable   alcoholic   collection  of  this    family   in    all    stages   of 


98  [Junk 

growth,  aad  the  fine  European  collection  in  the  Cambridge  Museum, 
have  been  of  essential  service  in  comparing  those  genera  common  to 
both  countries.  Its  collections  also  contain  numerous  specimens  col- 
lected mostly  about  Cambridge  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  a  few  collected 
by  J.  A.  Allen  of  Springfield  and  A.  P.  Cragin.  The  Californian  spe- 
cies mentioned  below  were  in  part  collected  by  Mr.  Agassiz,  and  form 
but  a  small  portion  of  the  valuable  collections  of  insects  which  he  made 
in  that  State.  Mr.  Edwards  also  placed  in  my  hands  a  small  collection 
from  San  Francisco,  which  was  formed,  I  believe,  by  Dr.  Behr  of  that 
city. 

Dr.  Harris'  collection  was  especially  rich  in  Limacodes  and  allied 
genera,  and  in  the  Notodontians,  and  for  an  opportunity  of  consulting 
this  collection  at  a  time  when  it  was  not  generally  open  to  the  public, 
I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  the  Curator  of  Entomology,  Mr. 
Scudder.  Dr.  Harris'  MSS.  descriptions  and  drawings  of  the  members 
of  this  family  have  been  often  of  aid  in  limiting  and  grouping  the 
genera. 

Subfamily  Lithosiin^  Stephens. 

HYPOPREPIA  Hiibner. 
Hypoprepia  fucosa  Hiibner. 

Hypoprepia  fucosa  Hubn.,  Zutr.  Dritt.  Hand.  p.  21,  fig.  471,  472.     (1825). 
Lithosia  miniata  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  Pt.  IV,  p.  305.     (1837). 
G-nophria  vittata  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  241.     (1841). 
Hypoprepia  fucosa  Walk.,  B.  M.  Cat.  Lep.  p.  487.     (1854). 
Lithosia  miniata  Walk..  B.  M.  Cat.  Lep.  p.  512.     (1854.) 
Atolmis  tricolor  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  168.     (1856.) 
Atolmis?  miniata  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil,  p,  543.     (1860). 
Grnophria  vittata  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  256.     (1860). 
Hypoprepia  fucosa  Hiibn.  Morris,  Syu.  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  303.     (1860). 

Maine  (Verrill).      Mass.  (Sanborn,  Shurtlefi").      Mich.  (Miles). 

Hypoprepia  Packardii  Grote. 

Hypoprepia  Packardii  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  ii,  p.  30,  pi.  2,  f.  5.     ;1863). 

LITHOSIA  Fabr. 
Lithosia  argillacea  n.  sp. 

Slate-color  and  yellow.  Lustrous  slate-color.  Palpi  yellow,  with  a 
few  slate-colored  scales  near  the  tips.  Prothoras  yellow,  continued 
on  to  the  costa  of  the  primaries  on  the  upper  and  under  side  of  the 
wing,  nearly  to  the  apex.     Costa  of  secondaries  also  tinged  with  yellow. 


1804.]  99 

Coxae  of  the  three  pairs  of  legs  yellow,  as  is  also  the  tip  of  the  ab- 
domen. 

Length  of  body  .32;  Exp.  wings  1.10  inches. 

Cutler,  Me.,  July,  (A.  S.  P.,  Jr.)     Andover,  Mass.  (Garland). 

CRAMBIDIA  nov.  gen. 

Head  much  as  in  Lithosia,  but  the  front  converges  more  anteriorly. 
and  the  scales  are  coarser  and  lon2;er.  Antennae  setose,  otherwise 
simple,  but  a  little  stouter  than  in  Lithosia  and  the  porrect  palpi  are 
larger,  extending  a  little  farther  out  beyond  the  front 

.Body  as  in  Lithosia.  Primaries  narrow  oblong,  one-third  as  broad 
as  long.  Costa  convex,  apex  sub-rectangular,  outer  edge  very  straight, 
one-fourth  as  long  as  inner  edge.  Nervures  remarkably  equidistant. 
Costal  midway  between  the  marginal  and  s.  c.  nervure,  1st.  s.  c.  very 
short,  arising  remote  from  the  2d,  and  terminating  on  the  costal,  which 
last  is  very  long.  2d  terminating  on  costa,  opposite  the  fork  of  the 
3d,  which  last  encloses  a  long  narrow  apical  interspace  ;  5th,  indepen- 
dent. But  two  m.  neroules,  the  nervure  subdividing  much  within  the 
middle  of  the  wing. 

Secondaries  broad  triangular,  reaching  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdo- 
men, of  much  the  same  form  as  in  Lithosia,  but  two  m.  nervules  aris- 
ing in  the  middle  of  the  wing.  Legs  stouter  than  in  Lithosia,  with 
much  larger  spurs.     Abdomen  with  a  prominent  tuft. 

Xot  only  of  smaller  size  than  Lithosia,  but  differing  in  the  straight 
outer  edge  and  convex  costa  of  primaries,  and  in  the  neuration, 
throughout;  since  Crambidia  has  one-half  shorter  s.  c.  nervules,  and  the 
oth  is  situated  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  wing ;  and  I  can  discover 
but  two  m.  nervules,  while  Lithosia  has  three.  Also  in  Lithosia,  the 
median  nervure  subdivides  on  the  inner  third  of  the  secondaries ;  in 
our  genus  at  the  middle  of  the  wing.  When  at  rest  the  wings  are 
folded  flat  upon  the  abdomen,  mucli  as  in  Lithosia. 

Crambidia  pallida  n.  sp. 

Of  a  very  uniform  drab  color,  without  any  markings.  Head  and 
thorax  tinged  a  little  darker,  while  the  nervules  are  very  slightly  paler. 
Secondaries  very  little  paler  than  the  front  wings. 

Length  of  body  .35;  Exp.  wings  .85-.9U  inch. 

%    Mass.  (Sanborn).      9  Brunswick,  Me.,  August  6th. 


100  [June 

EUSTIXIS  Hubner. 
Eustixis  pupula  Hubner. 

Eustixis  pupula  Hiibn.,  Zutr.  Dritt.  Hand.  p.  24,  fig.  489,  490.     (1825). 
Eustixia pupula  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  522,  528.     (1854). 
Eustixia pupula  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  252,  306.     (1860). 

?  Locality.      (Edwards). 

MIEZA  Walk. 
Mieza  igninix  Walk. 

Mieza  igninix  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  527.     (1854). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  253,  306.     (1860). 
Mieza  suhfu-vcns  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II,  p.  528.     (1854). 

Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  253.     (1860). 

Eastern  Florida,  U,  S..  Doubleday,  (Walker). 

CLEMENSIA*  nov.  gen. 

Head  large:  frout  broad,  clypeus  triangular,  very  broad  between  the 
antennae.  Antennae  very  slender,  simple,  with  fine  setiB  beneath ;  9 
still  more  filiform  and  without  setae.  Palpi,  3  jointed,  free  from  the 
head,  porrect,  the  whole  of  the  third  joint  reaching  beyond  the  front 
of  the  head,  and  only  one-fourth  shorter  than  the  2d  joint,  acutely 
pointed.  Maxillse  long  and  slender,  reaching  to  the  second  pair  of 
coxae  when  extended. 

Thorax  just  as  long  as  broad,  of  equal  width  with  the  abdomen.  The 
prothorax  is  badly  separated  from  the  meso-thorax.  Patagia  slight, 
not  reaching  beyond  the  base  of  the  meso-scutellum. 

Primaries  a  little  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Costa  continu- 
ously convex  from  base  to  sub-acute  apex ;  outer  edge  very  oblique,  a 
little  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  inner  edge,  which  is  especially 
convex  at  the  basal  half.  Costal  region  very  broad,  1 — 4th  s.  c.  nervules 
very  short,  equal  in  length  and  going  rapidly  to  the  costal  edge ;  the 
5th  subdivides  within  its  middle,  and  the  triangular  interspace  between 
the  two  branches  is  twice  as  long  as  broad.  6th  s.  c.  and  1st  m.  ner- 
vules are  parallel  and  of  the  same  length.  The  three  first  m.  nervules 
arise  very  near  together,  while  the  4th  is  remote  as  usual,  and  arises 
just  within  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  wing. 

Secondaries  broad  triangular,  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  anal  tuft. 


*  Dedicated  to  Dr.  Brackenridge  Clemens,  whose  entomological  studies  have 
placed  him  among  the  first  of  our  living  lepidopterists. 


1864.]  101 

apex  a  little  produced  ;  costa  convex  throughout  from  base  to  apex. 
internal  angle  well  rounded.  S.  c.  subdivides  midway  between  the  apex 
and  discal  nervules,  enclosing  a  triangular  space.  The  three  upper 
median  nervules  are  very  approximate,  their  interspaces  narrow,  linear. 
Legs  long,  slender,  with  4  sub-equal,  very  long  acute  tibial  spurs  which 
are  a  little  shorter  in  the  $  .  Abdomen  stout,  broad  as  the  thorax  and 
four  times  as  long.  In  %  a  broad  obtuse  anal  tuft,  in  9  its  cylindrical 
tip  is  suddenly  truncate,  not  narrower  than  the  base  of  the  abdomen. 
In  coloration  the  single  species  known  is  white,  with  black  scales  and 
spots  resembling  the  spotted  species  of  Hijphantria. 

It  is  closely  allied  to  and  yet  very  distinct  from  Miltochrista  roaea 
Hiibner  of  Europe.  It  nearly  equals  it  in  size,  but  the  head  is  broader 
between  the  antennae  which  are  stouter,  and  the  palpi  are  larger  and 
longer.  The  costae  of  the  wings  are  fuller,  the  outer  edges  more  oblique 
and  consequently  the  apex  more  acute  than  in  Miltochrista.  The  neu- 
ration  is  very  different  from  the  European  genus,  since  the  s.  c.  ner- 
vules are  shorter,  the  3  first  median  nervules  much  nearer  at  their  origins 
and  throughout  their  length,  and  the  4th  m.  arises  near  the  middle  of 
the  wing,  while  in  Mlltochrhta  it  arises  at  the  basal  third  of  the  wing. 
In  the  secondaries  the  triangular  apical  interspace  is  shorter  and  broader 
in  Clemensia.  The  legs  are  longer,  slenderer,  as  are  the  tibial  spurs 
which  are  nearly  twice  the  size  as  those  in  Miltochrista. 

Clemensia  albata  n.  sp. 

White  with  ashen  and  brown  scales,  dark  spots  and  a  black  lunate 
discal  spot.  Front  greyish  white.  Edges  of  the  prothoracic  scales  pure 
white.     Thorax  and  abdomen  with  greyish  scales  ;  anal  tuft  white. 

Primaries  with  six  or  seven  black  costal  spots.  Midway  between 
the  base  of  the  wing  and  the  discal  spot,  is  a  sinuate  abbreviated  line 
proceeding  from  the  4th  costal  spot  to  just  below  the  median  nervure. 
A  dot  below  on  the  internal  nervures.  A  slight  black  streak  on  each 
side  of  the  4th  m.  below  the  discal  spot.  Between  this  median  spot 
and  the  base  of  the  wing  is,  in  the  %  ,  a  slightly  tawny  discoloration. 
Outer  edge  of  the  wing  clear  white.  Marginal  row  of  black  dots  fine, 
but  very  distinct.     Fringe  clear  white. 

Secondaries  white  but  finely  dusted  with  grey  scales,  gathered  into 
a  diffuse  very  indistinct  extra-mesial  line.      No  discal  dot. 


102  [June 

9  is  clearer  white,  the  extra-basal  line  is  much  less  distinct  than 
in  %  ,  consisting  of  a  linear  spot,  connected  with  the  costal  one. 
Length  of  body  .35  9  -'^0.     Exp.  wings  S  .83  inch. 
Norway,  Me.  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Smith).    Brunswick.  Me..  August. 

EUPHANESSA  »  nov.  gen. 

The  head  is  much  elevated  behind  the  antennse,  the  epicranium 
divided  on  its  surface  into  two  bosses.  Clypeus  much  elevated,  surface 
convex.  The  front  narrows  rather  rapidly  anteriorly.  Antennae  simple 
scaled  above  and  on  the  sides,  setose  beneath.  Palpi  porrect,  passing 
nearly  one-half  their  length  beyond  the  front.  Primaries  two-thirds 
as  broad  as  long;  costa  rounded  towards  the  apex.  Outer  margin 
oblique,  almost  as  long  as  the  inner  margin.  Internal  angle  rounded. 
Costal  nervure  bent  down  towards  the  subcostal,  parallel  at  its  termina- 
tion with  the  three  s.  costal  nervules.  A  scalene  triangular  area  below 
the  s.  costal;  one  of  the  two  shorter  sides  of  which  consists  of  the  com- 
mon base  of  the  4th  and  5th  s.  costal  ;  the  other,  by  the  anastomosis 
of  the  4th  s.  costal  with  its  main  nervure.  The  1st  median  becomes 
independent,  arising  from  the  middle  of  the  discoidal  area. 

Secondaries  nearly  as  large  as  the  primaries,  very  broad.  Outer 
margin  full  rounded;  internal  angle  about  midway  in  the  wing,  the 
internal  edge  being  short.  Scales  minute,  thin,  wings  semi-transparent 
in  spots. 

This  genus  differs  from  Nudaria  with  which  it  has  been  confounded 
by  Walker  and  subsequent  writers,  in  the  smooth  finely  scaled  narrower 
front,  while  the  antennae  are  not  tufted  at  the  base  as  in  the  European 
genus.  Besides,  the  palpi  are  much  longer,  and  project  far  beyond 
the  front ;  the  triangular  fore-wings  are  much  broader  and  they  have 
straighter  costae  than  in  Nudaria.  In  the  last  named  genus  also,  the 
inner  edge  is  warlij  twice  as  long  as  the  outer,  while  in  Euphanessa  it 
is  considerably  shorter  than  the  outer  edge.  The  secondaries  in  our 
genus  reach  much  farther  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  There  are 
moreover  constant  differences  in  the  neuration  of  the  two  genera. 

Euphanessa  mendica. 

Nudaria  mendica  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  ,^76.     (1854). 

Eudule  biseriata  Herrich-Schseffer,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  19,  fig.  441.     (1855). 

*  'Ev,  ipayjis,  transparent. 


1864.] 


103 


Nvdaria?  mendica  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  543.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Ainer.  p.  300.     (1860). 

Mass.  (Sanboru).      Maine  ;  commoa  in  low  swampy  grounds  or  dry 

pine  woods,  July.     London,  C.  W.  (Saunders). 

CISTHENE  Walk. 
Cisthene  subjects  Walker. 

asthene  subjecta  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  534.     (1854). 

Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  254.     (1860). 

U.  S.,  Doubleduy  (Walker). 

CROCOTA  Hubner. 
Crocota  aarantiaca. 

Eubaphe  aurantiaca  Hubn.,  Zutr.  Dritt.  Hand.  p.  9,  fig.  411,  412.     (1825). 
Not  Eubaphe  aurantiaca  Harr.,  Agassiz's  Lake  Superior,  p.  393.     (1850). 
Eubaphe  aurantiaca  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  523.     (1854). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  253.     (1860). 

Eubaphe  lohula  of  Hiibner  (Zutr.  fig.  299,  300),  is  the  type  of  quite 
a  different  geuus  from  Crocota.  On  the  other  hand,  judging  simply 
from  Hiibner's  plates,  his  E.  aurantiaca  is  undoubtedly  a  true  Crocota. 

The  specimen  of  E.  aurantiaca?  Harr.,  which  was  collected  at  Lake 
Superior  by  Professor  Agassiz  and  is  still  preserved  in  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoijlogy  at  Cambridge,  though  somewhat  rubbed  and  un- 
expanded,  I  should  refer  to  C.  ferruginosa  Walker. 

Crocota  rubicundaria  Hubner. 

Crocota  rubicundaria  Hubn.,  Zutr.  Dritt.  Hand.  p.  28,  fig.  511,  512.     (1825), 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  536.     (1854). 
Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  541.    (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  256.     (1860). 

Georgia  (Hubner).     Mass.  (Walker). 

Crocota  ferruginosa  Walker. 

Crocota  f err ugiiw.sa  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  535.     (1854). 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  542.    (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  255,  308.     (1860). 

"  St.  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  River,  Hudson's  Bay.  •  Caterpillar 
with  fine  brown  hairs,'  MSS.  Dr.  Barnston."     (Walker). 

N.  York  (G-rote).  Mass.  (Sanborn,  Mrs.  Bridgham).  Maine  (Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  Smith,  Coll.  A.  S.  P.  Jr.). 

This  species  varies  in  its  shades  of  pale  ferruginous,  some  being 
much  lighter  than  others.     One  very  light  specimen  is  immaculate  and 


104  [June 

without  the  two  dusky,  obscure  broad  extra-mesial  bands  which  cross 
the  primaries.  The  two  or  three  sub-margiaal  black  patches  on  the 
secondaries  are  often  absent,  and  never  connected  in  my  specimens. 

Two  specimens  have  below  the  4th  m.  on  the  primaries,  two  sub- 
equal  paler  round  spots  quite  distinct,  reminding  us  of  C.  quinaria. 
One  r  9  )  of  the  specimens  has  no  dark  bands  and  spots,  the  other  (  S  ) 
a  patch  at  the  internal  angle  of  the  secondaries.  I  should  not  consider 
them  distinct,  however.  Another  specimen  from  Mr.  Sanborn  has  a 
single  pale  dot  margined  with  dusky  just  below  the  origin  of  the  4th 
m.  and  the  wing  is  obscurely,  transversely  banded,  while  there  is  a 
dark  spot  at  the  internal  angle  of  the  secondaries,  showing  a  passage 
into  the  normal  coloration.  Mr.  Sanborn  has  also  another  variety  with 
yellowish  secondaries,  which  possesses  the  two  usual  patches  of  dark 
near  the  inner  angle. 

I  have  compared  thirty  specimens,  from  Mass.  (Sanborn)  and  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.  (A.  Agrassiz).  Norway,  Maine,  (Smith,  M.  C  Z.)  and 
Brunswick,  Maine,  whei'e  it  is  common  during  June  and  July,  flying 
in  day  time;  when  disturbed,  in  open  fields  and  pine  woods  in  com- 
pany with  Geometridae.  Another  remarkable  variety  of  this  species 
from  Mr.  Sanborn  is  immaculate,  but  only  the  body  is  reddish,  while 
the  primaries  and  thorax  above  are  pale  greyish  clay  color,  and  the 
hind  wings  are  smoky  clay ;  but  beneath  the  costse  are  orange  ferrugi- 
nous as  usual,  leaving  no  doubt  that  the  specimen  is  a  mere  variation 
of  G .  ferrxKjinom . 

The  primaries  of  this  species  are  broadest,  most  triangular,  those  of 
G.  breoicoriiis  Walker,  are  a  little  narrower,  while  those  of  G.  quinaria 
Grrote,  are  still  longer  and  narrower,  the  apex  being  much  more  pro- 
duced while  the  outer  edge  is  more  oblique  than  in  any  other  species 
known  to  me. 

Crocota  brevicornis  Walker. 

Crocota  brevicornis  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  536.     (1854). 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Se.  Phil.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synop.  Lep.  N.Am.  p.  255,  Appendix,  .307.    (1860). 

This  species  has  darker  primaries,  without  the  dusky  bands,  with 
deeper  vermillion  secondaries,  with  very  distinct  discal  spots,  and  a 
broad  submarginal  dark  leaden  band,  rarely  interrupted. 

Mass.  (Sanborn  ;   Mus. Comp.  Zool.  A.  Agassiz).   Maine  (A.  S.  P.  Jr.) 


1864.]  105 

Crocota  quinaria  Grote. 

Crocota  quinaria  Grote,  Proc.  Eat.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  1.  April,  1863.  p.  30.  PL  2, 
fig.  2.   9. 

Grenerally  iu  my  specimens  there  are  but  two  pale  unequal  spots  on 
the  primaries,  and  the  secondaries  may  have  the  submarginal  light 
band  interrupted  or  continuous. 

Mas.sachusetts  (Sanborn). 

Crocota  choriona  Reakirt. 

Crocota  choriona  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  2,  p.  371.     (1864). 

This  must  come  very  near  the  preceding  species.  In  comparing 
the  description  of  Mr.  Keakirt  with  my  specimens  of  quinaria,  which 
usually  have  but  two  pale  spots,  it  agrees  throughout,  except  that  the 
dark  discal  spot  is  not  papillated  with  white. 

"Philadelphia"   (Reakirt.) 

Crocota  nigricans  Reakirt. 

Crocota  nigricans  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  2,  p.  371.     (1864). 
Philadelphia  (Reakirt). 

Crocota  immaculata  Reakirt. 

Crocota  immaculata  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  2,  p.  372.     (1864). 
Var.  C.  trimaculosa  Reakirt. 
Philadelphia  (Reakirt). 

Crocota  opella  Grote. 

Crocota  opella  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1.  p.  345.  PI.  2,  fig.  1.     (1863). 

Penn.  (Grrote). 

I  have  been  unable  to  see  (luerin's  figure  of  Crocotn  l-xta  Boisdu- 
val.  The  figure  in  Griffith's  •'  Cuvier"  leads  me  to  suppose  that  it  is 
the  same  species  as  Walker's  hrecicornis. 

UTETHEISA  Hubner. 
Utetheisa  bella  Hubner. 

Tinea  bella  Linn,  Syst.  Nat.     (1767). 
Fabricius. 

Drury,  Illustr.  ii.  p.  191.  PI.  24,  tig.  1.     (1773). 
Utetheisa  bella  Hiibn.,  Verz.  p.  168.     (1816). 
Deiopeia  bella  Westw.,  Ed.  Drury  i.  p.  46.     (1837). 
Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  p.  342.  PL  vi.  fig.  3.     (1862). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  251.  Appendix,  313.    (1860). 

White  Mts.,  Md.,    Western   States,  Texas    (Mus.    Comp.  Zool.    A. 


106  [June 

Agassiz).  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Scudder).  New  York  (Grote).  Md. 
(Weidemeyer). 

The  i^ingle  specimen  noticed  from  Texas  aflFords  indications  of  a  dis- 
tinct species  inhabiting  that  section. 

After  the  examination  of  over  fifty  specimens  of  this  species,  kindly 
presented  me  by  Mr.  Weidemeyer,  which  were  collected  in  Maryland, 
I  find  but  slight  variation.  Some  are  of  richer  hues  than  others;  in 
some  the  primaries  are  deeply  tinged,  while  the  secondaries  are  not 
more  pink  than  usual,  or  the  black  border  of  the  hind-wings  is  remark- 
ably slight  and  narrow,  and  in  the  others  the  black  border  greatly  pre- 
ponderates and  sends  in  broad  expansions  towards  the  middle  and  costa 
of  the  wings.  In  many  specimens  two  minute  discal  dots  are  absent 
on  the  hind-wings.  The  fore-wings  vary  in  the  relative  distances  apart 
of  the  bands  of  dots,  of  the  breadth  of  the  white  circles  around  the 
individual  dots,  which  may  be  very  faint,  or  stand  out  conspicuously  in 
the  deep  orange  of  the  wings.  The  third  band  is  sometimes  inter- 
I'upted.  The  accessory  short  sub-costal  branch  of  the  5th  band  some- 
times has  the  black  spots  obsolete.  On  the  under  side  the  costal  and 
discal  spots  of  both  wings  are  exposed  to  considerable  variation  in 
their  position  and  disappearance.  One  %  has  lemon  yellow  fore-wings 
instead  of  orange,  with  very  minute  black  dots,  often  entirely  absent. 
It  is  in  this  specimen  that  the  apex  of  the  secondaries  are  broadly 
shaded  with  black,  and  the  discal  dot  on  the  hind-wino;s  is  lar^e  and 
broad.  There  is  no  special  variation  in  size,  and  only  that  of  one  line 
in  the  expanse  of  the  wings. 

Deiopeia  aurea  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  168.     (1856). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  251.     (1860). 

"Georgia"  (Fitch). 

Subfamily  ARCTllDiE  Leach. 
CALLIMORPHA  Latreille. 
Hiibner's  term  Hypercompa  was,  as  he  employed  it  in  1806,  (Samm- 
lung  Exot.  Schm.  Bd.  1.)  not  a  genus,  but  a  group  (Stirps)  of  genera. 
The  type  of  Latreille's  genus  was  G.  Hera  which  is  congeneric  with 
the  species  enumerated  below.  In  1816  Hiibner  (Verzeichness  bek. 
Schm.),  proposed  Haploa  for  C.  dt/nip.ae  Brown  sp.  (Illustrations  of 
Zoology)  which  must  be  considered  as  a  synonyme  of  Callimorpha  Latr. 


1S64.]  107 

Without  more  specimens,  and  the  works  of  Esper,  Hiibner,  Beau- 
vois  and  Brown  at  hand,  where  Golona^  Glymene  and  interrupto-marr/i- 
nata  are  figured,  I  can  add  nothing  new  concerning  the  synonyme  of 
the  species  of  this  genus  which  are  exposed  to  such  unusual  variation. 

Callimorplia  clymene. 
Hypercompa  clymene  Esper  sp.,  "  Schm.  IV.  22,  10,  jil.  1S2 ;  Noct.  103,  fig.  1." 
Haploa  clymene  Hiibn.,  Verz.  p.  182.     (1816).  (1786). 

?  C.  coloiia  "Ilubuer,  Eur.  fig.  135."     H.-Soh. 
Callimorpha  Carolina  Harr.,  Rt.  las.  Mass.  p.  243.     (1841). 
Hypercompa  clymene  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  650.     (1855). 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  536.     (1S60). 

''        Morris  Synop.  Lep.  IST.  Am.  App.  p.  345.  (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  ArctiadiE,  p.  28.     (1863). 
New  York  (Edwards,  G-rote).     "  Canada,  (Bethune)"  Saunders. 

Callimorpha  interrupto-marginata. 

Bomblx  interrupto-marginata  De  Beauvois,  "Ins.  Afriq.  et  Amer.  p.  265.  PI.  24, 

fig.  5,  6."     (1805). 
Callimorpha  anchora  Harris,  (MS.  figs.). 

Hypercompa  comma  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  652.     (1855). 
Hypercompa  interrupto-marginata  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sc.   Phil.  p.  161, 
536.     (May  and  Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Ajipeudix,  p.  346.    (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Aretiadse,  p.  29.     (1863). 

Connecticut,  (Coll.  Harris,  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.)  New  York  (Grote). 
St.  Catharine,  C.  W.,  (Coll.  Scudder.)     Mass.  (Trouvelot). 

Callimorpha  Lecontei  Boisd. 

Callimorplia  Lecotitei   Boids.,  Guerin,   Icon.  Regne  An.  Griffith's  Cuvier  An. 

Kingd.  Plate  32,  fig.  4.     (1831). 
Callimorpha  militaris  Harr.,  Cat.   Ins.  Mass.   (Hitchcock's  Geol.    Rt.)  p.  592. 

(1833).    Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  243.  (1841).     Third  Edit.  fig.  165.  (1862). 
Hypercompa  Lecontei  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.  p.  651.     (         ). 
Callimorpha  leucomelas  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  17,  fig.  431.     (1855). 
Callimorpha  Lecontei  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  p.  72.     (1858). 

Hypercompa  Lecontei  "var.  of  militaris",  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p. 
536.  (Nov.  1860).     Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  28.  (1860). 
St.  Louis,  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  -A.  Agassiz).     New  York  (Edwards). 
Mass.,  (Sanborn,  ShurtlefF.) 

Callimorpha  confinis. 

Hypercompa  corvfinis  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  651.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil,  p  43.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Apj^end.,  p.  345.    (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadte,  p.  28.     (1863). 


lOS 


[June 


Callimorpha  contigua. 

Hi/percompa  contigua  Walk.,  Cat  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  -p-  652.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proe.  Acad.  iS"at.  Se.  p.  536.     (Nov.  1800). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appen.,  p.  .346.    (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Aretiadse,  p.  26.     (1863). 

Callimorplia  fulvicosta. 

Hypercompafiilvicosta  Clem.,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  So.  Phil.  p.  536.     (Nov.  1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiada3,  p.  27.     (1863). 

Callimorpha  vestalis  n.  sp. 

S  &  9  .     Pure  iiuuiaculate  milk-white,   9  white.     Tips  of  the  palpi 
brown.     Head   and   prothorax,  basal  half  of  the  patagia  and  costa  of 
both  wings  above  and  beneath  yellow.     The  legs  are  also  yellow  be- 
neath.   The  abdomen  is  white  and  unspotted.    Antennas  brown.    Body 
%   .65,   9  .65.     Exp.  wings   %  1.70,   9  1.70  inch. 
Middle  Atlantic  States.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  through  A.  R.  arote.) 
This  species  of  which  I  had  a  %  and  9  each  differs  remarkably  from 
the  other  species  in  being  of  a  nearly  pure  white,  and  of  smaller  size. 
The  broader  triangular  primaries,  the  fine  scales  on  the  body,  and  the 
short  angular  hind  wings  will  distinguish  it  readily  from  the  white 
variety  of  Euchsetes  egle. 

EPICALLIA  llubner. 
This  genus  differs  from  the  closely  allied   PcricalUa  and  Eiqyrepla 
in  the  hardly  oblique  outer  margin  of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  straight 
costa. 

Epicallia  virginalis. 

Chelonia  virginalis  Boisd.,  Lep   Cal.  (Ann.  Ent.  Soo.  France),  p.  -19.     (1852). 
Arctia  virginalis  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  IIL  p.  611.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  337.     (1860). 

The  angular  outer  edge  of  the  hind  wings  of  the  European  Epicallia 
villica  give  the  wing  a  triangular  form,  which  becomes  subovate  in  the 
Californian  E.  virginalis.  Now  the  European  species  villica  imitates 
in  this  respect  the  European  genera  Pericallia  and  Euprcpia.  Thus 
the  Californian  species,  which  is  moreover  finely  scaled,  agrees  best 
with  Callimorpha^  which  is  a  truly  American  genus;  for  we  would  con- 
sider the  single  European  species  C.  Hera  as  the  most  aberrant  form 
in  the  genus,  since  it  simulates  in  its  colors  other  strictly  European 
genera.    On  the  other  hand,  we  would  consider  that  in  the  genus  under 


1864.]  109 

consideration  the  European  vtllica  is  the  more  aberrant  form,  since  it 
is  evidently  influenced  by  the  hairy  genera  with  which  it  is  associated. 
E.  virginalis  also  diff"ers  structurally  from  the  European  species  in  hav- 
ing the  antennae  nearly  simple ;  the  median  nervules  longer ;  while 
the  third  median  is  nearer  the  second  than  in  villica.  These  facts 
show  the  importance  of  studying  all  the  species  of  a  genus  which  ranges 
over  two  continents,  in  order  to  properly  appreciate  the  characters  of 
the  genus  itself,  and  to  see  how  those  characters  are  apparently  swayed 
and  influenced  on  the  one  hand  by  the  proximity  of  other  genera  in 
one  and  the  same  province ;  and  on  the  other,  by  the  strong  influence 
of  a  corresponding  geographical  province . 

Thus  in  illustration  : — the  American  genera  of  this  sub-family  are 
more  generally  white  and  finely  scaled,  i.  e.  Callimorplia,  Leucarctia^ 
Seirarctia,  Halesidota^  Ecpantheria  and  allies,  and  Eiichsetes,  while 
in  Europe  they  are  more  prevalent  red  and  brown,  and  wooly  genera, 
such  as  Oneogyna  and  the  numerous  species  of  Arctia. 

However,  this  state  of  things  is  reversed  in  the  genus  Callarctia 
(  Chelojiia  Grodt.)  Here  the  Californian  species  is  pilose  and  the  abdo- 
men is  slender,  while  the  European  species  are  finely  scaled  and  have 
obtuse  abdomens. 

A  single  specimen  from  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  now  in  the  Mus.  Comp. 
Zoijl.  was  collected  by  A.  Agassiz. 

Herrich-Schaeff"er  figures  (Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  p.  72,  fig.  464)  Ple- 
refes  gutfafa  in  illustration  of  Boisduval's  Agarista  guttata  (Lep.  Cal. 
p.  48,  1852).  The  last  named  author  gives  us  too  meagre  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  species  for  us  to  know  whether  it  is  a  Zygoenid  or  not. 
H.-Scha3fi"er's  figure  represents  a  species  so  closely  allied  to  E.  virgina- 
lis as  to  lead  us  to  suspect  that  it  is  but  a  variety  of  that  species.  It 
seems  to  difiier  in  having  dark  secondaries,  with  a  single  light  dot,  but 
otherwise  answers  to  Boisduval's  description  of  E.  virginalis. 

PLATARCTIA*-  nov.  gen. 
Head  prominent;  front  square  broad,  moderately  pilose,  hairs  on  the 
front  margin  converging  to  a  point.     Palpi  long,  pointed,  porrect,  ex- 
tending one-half  their  length  beyond  the  front.    Antennas  moderately 
pectinated,  in  9  subsimple,  serrated,  the  teeth  terminating  in  setse. 


'^lAarvs   broad,  Arctia. 


110  [June 

Thorax  stout,  pilose.  Prothorax  gaily  colored.  Patagia  nut  very  dis- 
tinct. Primaries  broader  than  usual,  triangular;  breadth  more  than 
one-half  as  great  as  their  length.  Costa  convex  throughout,  especially 
towards  the  apex,  which  is  subrectangular,  hardly  obtuse :  outer  mar- 
gin oblique,  nearly  straight;  inner  angle  distinct.  The  nervules  are 
wider  apart,  and  the  median  nervules  are  bent  downwards  towards  the 
internal  angle  more  than  usual. 

Secondaries  broad  triangular,  reaching  beyond  the  abdomen  in  both 
sexes  farther  than  usual.  Costa  long,  hardly  convex ;  apex  a  little  pro- 
duced, rounded ;  outer  margins  hardly  convex,  parallel  with  the  costa. 

Legs  moderately  stout.  Abdomen  rather  slender,  in  %  tapering 
gradually  to  a  slight  anal  tuft. 

Though  the  Californian  P.  modesfa  is  so  much  smaller  than  the 
two  other  species  that  we  would  suspect  naturally  they  were  generi- 
cally  distinct,  there  is  nothing  of  sufficient  importance  to  separate  the 
three  species  which  approach  closely  the  genus  Epicallia. 

In  none  of  the  species  ai"e  the  primaries  crossed  by  gaily  colored 
bands,  but  there  is  generally  present  a  bright  costal  patch,  while  the 
hind  wings  are  crossed  beyond  the  middle,  by  a  yellowish  band. 

Platarctia  parthenos. 

Arctia  parthenos  Harr.,  in  Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  j).  390,  vii.  fig.  4.  (1850). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  608.     (1855). 
Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  529.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lap.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  337.     (1860.) 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  4.     (1863). 

Soft  brown  and  orange  yellow.  Head  rubicund  between  the  antennae. 
Base  of  the  pronotal  pieces  yellowish  white.  Primaries  with  four  yel- 
lowish white  costal  spots,  3rd  largest  and  followed  below  by  the  discal 
dot,  and  another  larger  spot  on  the  inner  margin ;  4th  costal  spot  suc- 
ceeded by  two  spots,  the  lower  on  the  internal  angle.  A  long  fascia 
nearly  parallel  to,  and  lying  just  under  the  base  of  the  m.  nervure. 

Secondaries;  blackish  with  a  median  band  of  approximate  large 
orange  spots  of  which  the  costal  one  is  double.  Within  this  last  spot, 
the  costa  is  orange,  widening  at  the  base.  Thorax  reddish  beneath ; 
femora  beneath  rubicund,  near  the  tips  ringed  with  vermillion,  while 
the  legs  generally  are  black.  Base  of  the  abdomen  reddish,  below  and 
on  the  sides  rubicund.     Beneath  paler;  costa  and  nervules  red;  most 


18G4.]  Ill 

of  the  markings  appear  through.  lu  the  middle  of  the  wing  are  two 
obscure  yellow  spots,  the  upper  one  in  the  3rd  m.  interspace.  Two 
smaller  ones  near  the  internal  margin.  Costa  of  the  secondaries  broadly 
tinged  with  red. 

Length  S    04.     Exp.  wings,  2.50  inches. 

%  .  Lake  Superior  (Harr.  Coll.).    River  Rouge,  C.  W.,  (Saunders). 

A  9  specimen  taken  near  the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington  by  Mr. 
Scudder,  differs  thus :  there  is  one  more  costal  spot;  the  intra-discal  spot 
is  wanting,  the  costo-apical  spot  is  much  larger;  there  is  simply  a  dark 
discoloration  instead  of  the  spot  under  the  origin  of  the  4th  m.  The 
two  small  dots  in  the  middle  of  the  median  band  on  the  S  secondaries 
are  wanting  in  Mr.  Scudder's  9  .  Beneath,  the  costo-apical  spot  is 
present,  the  one  below  single.  The  extra-discal  dot  is  geminate.  The 
middle  of  the  wing  and  internal  angle  are  orange  yellow,  and  the  costal 
region  of  the  secondaries  is  broadly  tinged  with  orange. 

Length  1  inch.     Exp.  wings  2.90  inches. 

These  differences  are,  without  doubt,  sexual,  for  the  sexes  of  the 
European  broad  wings  Arctians  differ  greatly. 

Platarctia  borealis. 
Arctia  borealis  Moschler,    Beitriige  zur    Lepidopteren-Fauna  von    Labrador 
(Wien.  Ent.  Monatsl.  Bd.  4.  Taf.  9,  f.  3.     Nov.  1860). 
9  .  Head  :  vertex  above  and  between  the  antennae  deep  vermillion ; 
front  below  brown,  as  in  P.  parthenos.  Palpi  reddish,  outer  half  brown. 
Base  of  prothorax  deep  yellow,  continuous  with  a  broad  yellow  stripe 
at  the  lower  edge  of  the  patagia,  forming  a  continuous  band  on  each 
side  of  the  thorax  above  the  insertion  of  the  wings  which  meets  in 
front :  while  in  P.  parthenos  these  two  lateral  bands  do  not  meet  in 
the  mesial  line.     Meta-thoracic  hairs  pale  vermillion. 

Primaries  brown  with  large  straw-yellow  spots.  A  basal  longitudinal 
spot  just  below  the  origin  of  the  median  nervure  which  is  swollen  at 
its  outer  end.  A  costal  rather  large  square  spot  on  the  inner  fourth 
of  the  costa,  and  opposite  the  end  of  the  long  baso-median  spot.  Be- 
yond are  three  large  costal  spots  forming  the  termini  of  the  three 
oblique  bands  of  mostly  large  yellow  angulated  spots ;  the  inner  con- 
sisting of  three  spots,  the  costal  being  long  and  narrow,  and  the  lower 
one  the  smallest  and  opposite  the  baso-median  spot.  The  second  line 
of  spots  is  interrupted  on  the  origin  of  the  upper  three  median  ner- 


112  [June 

vules.  The  lowest  spot  is  largest  and  triangular,  the  succeeding  one 
in  the  3rd  m.  space  is  sublunate  and  oblique.  The  three  costal  and 
subcostal  ones  are  united ;  the  outer  and  submarginal  row  is  dislocated 
on  the  lower  subcostal ;  the  lower  portion  consisting  mostly  of  lunate 
spots,  the  upper  one  rounded,  while  the  costal  spot  in  the  upper  por- 
tion which  is  set  back  from  the  apex,  is  connected  with  the  second 
small  spot,  forming  a  produced  triangle. 

Secondaries  orange-yellow.  Two  transverse  broad  bands,  the  inner 
very  irregular,  crossing  the  wing  a  little  beyond  the  inner  third,  ex- 
panding very  much  outwards  towards  the  long  diseal  spot  which  is 
bent  inwards  somewhat.  Below  it  dilates  inwards  and  continues  along 
just  beneath  the  median  nervure.  It  also  runs  along  the  internal  mar- 
gin of  the  wing  to  the  base,  thus  leaving  but  two  long  yellow  stripes, 
one  above,  the  other  below  the  m.  nervure.  The  outer  submarginal 
band  is  regular,  except  that  it  is  dilated  outwards  a  little  in  the  diseal 
space,  and  expands  upon  the  costa. 

Beneath,  both  wings  are  yellow,  while  the  costa3  and  nervules  of  both 
are  vermillion.  Base  of  the  primaries  with  a  blackish  diseal  discolora- 
tion. In  the  sub-m.  space  are  three  blackish  spots ;  the  middle  one 
rounded  lunate,  and  twice  as  large  as  the  inner,  while  the  outer  one 
is  geminate.  In  the  middle  of  the  diseal  space  is  a  transverse  spot 
aligned  with  the  lunate  spot  below.  The  yellow  spots  are  faintly  re- 
produced beneath,  surrounded  by  a  brown  tinge.  On  the  under  side 
of  the  secondaries  the  diseal  spot  is  nearly  obsolete ;  the  inner  band 
does  not  reach  the  costa,  and  the  outer  band  only  reaches  half  across 
the  wing. 

Legs :  femora  vermillion  ]  tibia?  black  above ;  basal  and  terminal 
joint  black.  Abdomen  black  above.  Sides,  the  two  terminal  segments 
and  under  side  pale  rubicund. 

Compared  with  Moschler's  figure  of  the  %  ,  the  spots  on  the  prima- 
ries in  our  9  specimen  are  larger  and  heavier,  and  the  outer  band  on 
the  secondaries  is  broader  and  more  regular,  while  the  black  portion 
extends  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  being  much  farther  than  in 
the  %  ,  where  also  the  middle  diseal  spot  on  the  primaries  is  wanting. 

Length,  9  ,  1  inch.     Exp.  wings,  2.35  inches. 

Quebec  (Auth.  Edwards). 

This  species  is  a  little  smaller  than  /-•.  parthenos ;  the  apex  of  the 


1864.]  113 

primaries  is  more  rounded,  and  the  whole  wing  is  hardly  so  broad,  and 
the  spots  are  larger,  more  numerous,  and  of  a  much  deeper  yellow.  In 
the  hind  wings  the  internal  angle  is  more  rounded,  and  the  outer  edge 
is  more  convex ;  the  two  black  band.s  narrower,  and  the  discal  reni- 
form  dot  is  farther  removed  from  the  inner  band  than  in  P.  pai'thetios. 

Platarctia  Scudderi  n.  sp. 

%  .  Brownish  black.  Sides  of  the  prothorax  orange.  Two  whitish 
bands  on  the  fore  wing;  one  lying  just  under  the  base  of  the  median 
nervure,  as  long  as  the  thorax  ;  the  other  transverse  running  from  just 
above  the  internal  angle  to  the  outer  third  of  the  costa.  The  middle 
of  the  patagia  is  whitish,  and  there  are  two  curved  narrow  lines  on 
each  side  of  the  meso-scutum.  The  tips  of  the  palpi,  and  the  ends  of 
the  femora  above,  and  the  tibise  and  tarsi  are  very  pale  yellowish  white, 
concolorous  with  the  bands  on  the  thorax  and  primaries. 

Secondaries  entirely  brownish  black  and  concolorous  with  the  fore 
wings. 

Length  of  body,  .45 ;  length  of  primaries,  .65  inch. 

This  species  is  intermediate  in  size  between  P.  horealis  and  modesta, 
and  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  simple  markings,  chiefly  consisting  of 
a  basal  longitudinal  and  transverse  sub-apical  band. 

Collected  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder  on  the  Saskatchewan  River,  Brit. 
America. 

Platarctia  modesta  n.  sp. 

%  .  Brown,  head  and  thorax  darker.  Patagia  with  a  pinkish  white 
stripe,  preceeded  by  two  dots  on  the  prothorax  and  at  the  base  of  the 
antennre,  with  a  few  concolorous  scales  on  the  vertex.  Primaries  with 
a  light  costal  spot,  connected  with  the  discal  dot.  A  concolorous  spot 
on  the  internal  angle.     A  large  spot  at  the  base  of  the  m.  nervure. 

Secondaries  mostly  darker,  with  a  broad  light  pinkish  mesial  band. 
Outer  margin  interrupted  by  eight  spots.  Beneath,  the  primaries  are 
pinkish-yellow  at  their  base,  with  a  dark  median  band ;  beyond  paler, 
while  the  outer  margin  is  dark.  Base  of  the  .secondaries  pale,  other- 
wise as  above.     Legs  dark. 

Length,  %  .45.     Exp.  wings,  1.20  inches. 

California.     (Mus.  Comp.  Zobl.  A.  Agassiz.) 


114  [JUXE 

EUPREPIA  Germar. 
Euprepia  americana. 

Arctia  americana  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  246.     (1S41). 

Harr.  in  Agassiz.  Lake  Superior,  p.  .391.  PI.  vii.  fig.  .j.     (1850). 
Walk..  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  607.     (1S55). 
Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Xat  Sei.  Pliila.  p.  529.     (Nov.  ISGii). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  IST.  Amer.  Appemlix.  p.  :VM\.     (1860). 
Saunders,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  ii.  p.  28.  Larva.     (186;;). 
Synopsis  Can.  Lep.  p.  3.     (lS6;i). 
Mass.,   (Harr.  Coll.) 

When  compared  with  the  very  closely  allied  E.  caja,  our  species  is 
found  to  have  a  much  stouter  body,  and  shorter  wings.  The  antennfe 
of  our  species  are  provided  with  short  but  distinct  pectinations  ;  in 
E^  caja  they  are  hardly  pectinated  at  all.  In  our  species  likewise  the 
hind  wings  are  yellow,  while  in  the  European  representative  they  are 
plainly  orange. 

CALLARCTIA.s 

Front  vertically  oblong,  moderately  broad,  hairs  closely  cut.  Anten- 
l\•^e:  subsimple,  serrated,  not  pectinated  being  obsolete ;  9  simple,  filiform. 
Palpi  long,  slender,  porrect,  outer  third  of  second  joint  surpassing  the 
front,  third,  joint  slender  acute.  Thorax  thick  and  densely  pilose. 
Prothoracic  pieces  and  patagia  very  distinct. 

Primaries  half  as  long  as  broad :  costa  nearly  straight ;  apex  obtusely 
rectangular;  internal  angle  slowly  rounded. 

Secondaries  reach  to  outer  fourth  of  the  abdomen  :  costa  straia-ht. 
apex  very  obtuse,  sub-rectangular ;  the  outer  margin  is  full  and  some- 
what rounded,  bent  slightly  on  the  2nd  median  and  on  the  sub-median 
fold.     Legs  slender.     Abdomen  large  and  heavy,  densely  pilose. 

This  genus  was  first  established  by  Grodart.  under  the  name  of  Che- 
Ionia,  which  was  previously  used  for  Mammalia  in  ISOO.  As  it  now 
stands  I  would  restrict  it  to  the  two  European  species  Okelonin  fasciafa 
and  pudica^  and  to  the  new  Californian  species.  It  is  subject  to  con- 
siderable variation  in  the  palpi  which  are  very  slender  in  C.  fasciata, 
but  stouter  and  more  pilose  in  C.  piulica.  and  C.  ornafa. 

The  secondaries  in  0.  fasciafa  are  shorter  and  rounder  thm  in  the 
other  species;  and  both  European  species  have  the  abdomen  thicker 
and  more  obtuse  and  more  finely  scaled  than  in  the  Californian  ornafa. 

*AcaXXoj  beautiful,  Arctia. 


1864.]  115 

They  all  agree  in  being  colored  straw  yellow,  or  very  pale  vermilion, 
and  being  thickly  covered  with  triangular  black  spots,  which  are  con- 
nected in  C.  fasciata. 

Secondaries  with  one  or  two  transverse  rows  of  three  or  four  large 
black  spots.  The  genus  is  distinguished  from  Eucharia  Hiibner,  its 
nearest  ally,  by  its  nearly  simple  anteuna3  and  more  slender  thorax : 
and  from  Eujn-epia  by  its  much  smaller  and  narrower  wings,  the  outer 
margin  of  which  are  less  oblique  in  Callarctia. 

Callarctia  ornata  n.  sp. 

S  .  Very  pale  salmon ;  sides  of  the  front,  central  dot  of  the  protho- 
racic  scales,  patagia  and  middle  of  the  mesonotum  black.  Primaries 
with  two  long  broad  black  streaks ;  the  one  between  the  costal  and 
median  nervures;  the  other  divided  by  the  internal  nervure.  Two 
transverse  spots  beyond.  Between  this  last  and  the  submarginal  row 
of  three  spots  is  a  long  narrow  triangular  spot  reaching  from  the  costa 
to  the  4th  m.  nervule.  The  costal  spot  of  the  submai'ginal  line  is  ob- 
long, the  two  lower  ones  triangular.  A  triangular  apical  and  median 
spot,  the  latter  twice  divided  by  the  m.  nervules. 

Secondaries  deep  salmon  color,  with  two  rows  of  marginal  round 
black  spots;  an  apical  and  median  sub-linear  spot.  Beneath,  both 
wings  are  uniformly  yellowish  salmon,  otherwise  much  as  on  the  upper 
side.  Abdomen  with  dorsal,  ventral  and  sub-ventral  rows  of  partially 
united  black  spots. 

Length,  .75.     Exp.  wings,  1.85  inch. 

San  Mateo,  Cal.     (Mus.  Oomp.  Zool.  K.  Agassiz.) 

ARCTIA  Schk. 
Arctia  virgo  Hair. 

Bombijx  virgo  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  Vol.  I,  p.  501.     (1758). 
Phakena  virgo  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  123.  Tab.  62.     (1797). 
Euplagia  virgo  Hiibn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schm.  ii.  PI.  189.     (1806). 

Verz.  p.  180.     (1816). 
Arctia  virgo  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 

Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  Moths  and  Sphinges,  xxxvi.  PI.  19.    (1836). 

Han-.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  244.     (1841). 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  60S.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  p.  528.     (Nov.  1860). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  338.     (1860). 

Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadte,  p.  6.     (1863). 


116  [June 

N.  Y.  (Weidemeyer,  G-rote).  Mass.  (Coll.  Harris).  (Mrs.  Bridg- 
ham).     (Mus.  Comp.  Zool). 

Arctia  parthenice  Harris. 

Callimorpha  parthenice  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor-Amer.  iv.  p.  204.     (1837). 

Morris,  Synop.  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appen.  p.  339.     (1860). 
Saunders,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  ii.  p.  28.     (1863). 
Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadte,  p.  5.     (1863). 
Mr.  Saunders  has  shown,  by  the  larval  characters  that  this  species  is 
quite  distinct  from  A.  virgo.    In  Maine  it  is  our  most  common  species, 
appearing  late  in  INIay  and  August. 

Arctia  phalerata  Harris. 

Arctia  Nais  Hiibu.,  Verz.  p.  183.     (1816). 

Zutr.  Dritt.  Hand.  p.  40,  fig.  599,  66o.     (1825). 
Arctia  phalerata  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 

Et.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  245.     (1841). 

'••  "       Third  edit.  fig.  168.  (1862). 

Saunders,  Synop.  Can.  ArctidiB,  p.  11.  (1863). 
Mass.  (Harr.  Coll.),    (F.   W.   Putnam.)     (:Mus.  Comp.  Zocil.      A. 
Agassiz.) 

Arctia  Anna  Grote. 

Arciia  Anna  Grote,  Proc.  Phil.  Ent.  Soc.  ii.  p.  335.  PI.  8,  fig.  1.    (Dec.  1863). 

Philadelphia,  Lewis,  (Grrote.) 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Grrote  for  an  opportunity  of  seeing  his  type  of 
this  fine  species. 

Arctia  celia  Saunders. 

Arctia  celia  Saund.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  ii,  p.  59.     (May,  1863). 
Synopsis  Can,  Arctiadse,  p.  13.     (1863). 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Saunders  for  an  opportunity  of  seeing  his 
types  of  this  species,  A.  decorata  Saund.,  and  A.  parthenice,  and  also 
a  larva  of  E.  americana.  This  species  I  have  taken  at  light  in  Maine, 
in  August.     Mass.  (Sanborn). 

Arctia  Phylira  Harris. 

Bombyx  Phyllira  Drury,  Illustr.  i.  p.  15.    Pi.  vii.  fig.  2.     (1770). 
Phalczna  Phyllira  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  127.  Tab.  64.     (1797). 
Euplagia  Phylira  Hubn.,  Verz.  ji.  180.     (1816). 

Zutr.  Zeveite  Hand.  p.  9,  fig.  215,  216.     (1823). 
Arctia  Phyllira  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 
Callimorpha  Phyllira  Westw.,  Edit.  Drury.     (1837). 
Arctia  Phylira  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  245.     (1841). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (Nov.  1860). 


1864.] 


n: 


Arctia  Phylira  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  \mer.  Appendix,  p.  339.     (1860). 

Saunders.  Synoysis  Can.  Arctiadse.  p.  11.     (1863). 
Mass.  (Harr.  Coll.)     N."  Y."  (Edwards). 

Arctia  figurata  Harris. 

Bombi/x  figiu-ata  Drury,  Illnstr.  ii.  p.  22.  PL  xii.  fig.  4.     (1773). 
Arctia  figurata  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 
Nemeophila  figurata  Westvv.,  Edit.  Drury.     (1837). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  341.  (1860). 

Peun.  (Coll.  Phil.  Ent.  Soc).     New  York  (Edwards). 

Arctia  Nais  Walker. 

Bomhyx  Nais  Drury,  Illustr.  i.  p.  15.  PI.  vii.  fig.  3.     (1770). 
Not  Arctia  Nais  Htibn.,  Zutr.  fig.  599,  600.     (1825). 
Spilosoma  Nais  Westw..  Edit.  Drury.     (1837). 
Arctia  Nais  Walli.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  IIL  p.  609.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (Nov.  1860). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  339.     (1860). 
Arctia  decorata  Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  12.     (1863). 

Arctia  virguncula  Walker. 

Callimorpha  virguncula  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  iv.  p.  304.  PL  4,  fig.  6.  ( 1837). 
Arctia  virguncula  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  609.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (Nov.  1860). 

Morris,  Synoiisis  Lejj.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  338.    (1860). 
Arctia  Nais  Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  8.     (1863). 
Not  Arctia  virguncula  Saund.,  Synopsis,  p.  9.     (1863). 

This  species,  specimens  of  which  I  have  received  from  Mr.  Saun- 
ders, labelled  "^.  «ais,"  is  not  infrequent  in  Maine.  It  has  been 
taken  in  Mass.  by  Mr.  Sanborn.  The  species  of  this  genus  are  diffi- 
cult to  describe,  and  difficult  to  recognize  from  description  without 
good  figures,  such  is  their  great  variability.  The  rarity  of  the  illus- 
trated works  in  which  they  are  first  described  and  figured  has  led  ob- 
servers into  occasional  inadvertencies.  Thus  under  the  name  of  "  nais\ 
Hiibner  figures  what  is  unmistakeably  A.  phalerata  Harris. 

Arctia  Quenselii  Geyer,  Forts.  Hubn.  Zutr.  Ftinft.  Hund.  p.  14,  fig.  847,  848. 

(1837). 
Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  527.     (Nov.  1860). 
"Labrador"   (Geyer). 

Arctia  gelida  Moeschler.  Ent.  Zeit.  Stettin,  ix.  17,  3,  174.     (1849). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  IIL  p.  61L     (1855). 
Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  341.     (1860). 
•'  Labrador"   (Moeschl.). 


118  [June 

Arctia  hyperborea  Walker. 

Ei/prepia  hyperborea  Curtis.  App.  Ross'  Xar.  2d  Voy.  Ixxi.  17.     (1831). 
Arctia  hyperborea  Walk..  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  (511.     (1855). 

Clem..  Proc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phil.  p.  520.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Anier.  III.  p.  840.     (1S(>0). 
■^Arctic  America"   (Ross). 

Arctia  dahurica  Boisd.  sji. 

Chehjiiia  dahurica  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.  (Extr.  Ann.  Ent.  Soe.  France.)  p.  I'.l.  (1852). 
Arctia  dahurica  Walk..  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  ]).  597.     (1855). 

Clem..  Proc.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  527.     (Mov.  18()0). 
Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Amer.  Apjiendix,  p.  341.     (ISfiO). 
'•('aliforuia"   (Boisd.). 

Arctia  Arge  Harris. 
Bombyx  Argc  Drury.  lUustr.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  p.  35.   PL  18.  lig.  2.     (1770). 
Phakcna  Dione  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  125.  Tab.  (53.     (1797). 
Spilosoma  Argc  Westw.,   Edit.  Drury.     (1837). 
Arctia  Arge  Harr..  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  244.     (1841). 
Arctia  Dione  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  (505.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (Nov.  18G0). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  310.     (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  7.     (18(53). 
N.  Y.  (Grote.  Edwards).     Mass.  (Sluirtleff.    Sauborii.    3Irs.  Bridg-- 
ham.   M.  C.  Z.,   A.  Agassiz). 

lu  31ass.  this  species  is  not  uufrequeut.  and  it  becomes  more  abun- 
dant as  we  go  southward. 

Arctia  Placentia  Walker. 
Phaloena  Placentia  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  129.  Tab.  (55.     (1797). 
Heraclia  Placentia  Hiibn.,  Verz.  23-  150.     (181(5). 
Arctia  Placentia  Walk.,  Cat.  Lejj.  B.  M.  III.  p.  610.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Aj^i^endix,  p.  337.    (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse.  p.  5.     (1863). 
This   species,  so  far  as  we   know,   has  not  been  found  outside  of 
Georgia. 

Arctia  pallida  n.  sp. 

9  Uniform  pure  white,  with  brownish-blaciv  streaks  in  most  of  the 
interspaces.  Palpi  dark  at  the  tips.  Nervules  white.  Costa  clear 
white,  except  a  small  short  longitudinal  linear  streak  on  the  basal  fifth. 
Discal  area  brown,  divided  by  a  white  streak  running  inwards.  In  the 
apical  area  is  a  broad  brown  spot,  and  a  little  farther  out,  just  below 
the  costa  is  a  small  linear  oval  dark  spot.  Beyond  the  discal  space  are 
three  linear  streaks,  the  lower  one  forked.     In  the  ord  median  space  is 


1S(54.]  119 

a  large  brown  area  ;  in  the  space  below  the  long  streak  is  separated  at  the 
outer  third,  corresponding  to  the  streak  lying  along  the  internal  ner- 
vure,  which  has  a  detached  dark  spot  without,  just  above  the  internal 
angle.  None  of  these  streaks  approach  very  near  the  outer  margin. 
A  marginal  row  of  dark  spots,  some  of  them  nearly  obsolete. 

Secondaries  with  a  geminate  large  dark  dot  near  the  middle  of  the 
outer  margin.  Legs:  fore  tibiae  yellowish,  tarsi  dark  above.  Two  poste- 
rior pairs  of  legs  sparsely  dotted  with  brown.  Abdomen  white  with  a  me- 
dian and  subdorsal  row  of  spots,  and  two  subventral  rows.     Tip  obtuse. 

This  species  will  be  easily  recognized  as  being  pure  white  with  dark 
brown  streaks  on  the  fore-wings  which  terminate  at  a  distance  from 
the  edge  of  the  wing.  In  structure  it  is  by  its  form  and  narrow  wings, 
with  very  oblique  outer  edges,  like  A.  arge.^  and  forms  a  passage  from 
Arctia  to  Sicrarctia. 

Length  .30.     Exp.  wings  1.50  inches. 

New  York  ((Jalverley).  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Calverley  for  the  loan 
of  this  fine,  and  apparently,  very  rare  species. 

SEIEARCTIA  *  nov.  gen. 

Owing  to  the  fine  powdery  scales  that  cover  the  body,  the  head  seems 
miich  freer  from  the  thorax  than  in  Arctia.  The  front  is  broader 
throughout,  more  convex,  where  in  Arctia  it  narrows  towards  the  front 
edge,  and  becomes  flattened.  Palpi  porrect  large  and  long,  tips  obtuse, 
surpassing  the  front  by  the  entire  length  of  the  third  joint.  Li  Arctia 
the  palpi  do  not  reach  beyond  the  front. 

Thorax  moderately  stout,  finely  scaled.  Primaries  long  and  narrow, 
the  breadth  being  contained  two  and  one-half  times  in  the  length. 
Costa  straight  on  the  basal  half,  from  thence  more  convex  throughout 
than  in  A.  ar<je.  The  apex  is  produced  more  than  usual,  obtusely 
pointed.  Outer  edge  very  oblique,  one-half  as  long  as  the  costa,  and 
nearly  equals  the  length  of  the  inner  edge.  In  the  neuration  this 
genus  is  more  like  that  of  Halesidota  than  Arctia,  since  the  second  and 
third  subcostals  are  curved  very  near  the  costa.  Apical  interspace 
much  larger  than  in  Arctia,  while  the  fifth  s.  c.  is  longer  and  straighter, 
as  are  the  three  first  median  nervules,  the  3rd  being  curved  more,  while 
the  semi-ovate  space  enclosed  between  the  1st  and  3rd  is  longer  and 


'*atipa  stripe,  Arctia. 


120  [June 

broader  towards  the  apex  than  in  Arctia,  where  it  is  more  acute.  In 
this  respect  it  resembles  Halesidota.  4th  median  curved  sHghtly,  aris- 
ing much  nearer  the  middle  of  the  wing  than  in  Arctia ;  and  nearer 
also  to  the  3rd  median,  to  which  it  is  parallel. 

Its  affinity  to  Halesidota  is  still  more  striking  in  the  form  of  the 
secondaries,  which  are  much  produced  towards  the  apex.  The  costa 
is  much  bent  in  the  middle  ;  in  Arctia  it  is  not  bent  at  all ;  and  the 
long  outer  edge  is  somewhat  angulated.  Legs  large  and  stout,  finely 
scaled,  resembling  the  stout  finely  scaled  legs  of  Halesidota  and  Ecpan- 
theria. 

The  species  are  pure  white,  with  black  stripes  along  the  nervures, 
not  in  the  interspaces  as  in  Arctia. 

In  the  figure  of  Abbot's,  the  larva  of  S.  echo  have  the  dorsal  hairs 
arranged  in  high  broad  tufts  which  show  the  transition  from  Arctia,  in 
the  larva  of  which  the  fascicles  are  of  uniform  length,  to  Halesidota 
where  the  fascicles  often  form  tufts  and  pencils  of  hairs. 

Seirarctia  Echo. 

Phalcena  Echo  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  13 J.  PI.  08.     (1797). 
JIi/2}ha)itria  Echo  Ciena.,  Proc.  Acad.  'Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  5.31.     (Nov.  1860). 
Spi/oso»ia  Echo  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  3i2.     (1860). 

Seirarctia  Clio  n.  sjj. 

S  .  White,  streaked  longitudinally  along  the  nervules  with  black 
brown.  Palpi  above  black.  Prothorax  immaculate.  Meso-notum  with 
three  black  stripes,  those  of  the  patagia  lined  without  with  yellowish  ; 
hinder  part  of  the  thorax  also  yellow. 

Primaries  pure  white;  median  and  internal  nervures  lined  with  black, 
as  is  the  internal  margin  partially.  Ends  of  the  3rd  subcostal,  4th  and 
5th  s.  c.  entirely ;  2nd  median  entirely,  and  the  remaining  median 
nervules  partially  black.  Secondaries  immaculate,  except  two  apical 
minute  streaks.  Costae  of  both  wings  beneath  cream-white.  The  black 
markings  distinct  beneath.  Fore-legs  darker  above  than  the  others, 
and  they  are  all  more  or  less  blackened  at  the  joints  above. 

Exp.  wings.  2.0(J  inches. 

California  (Edwards). 

PYKRHARCTIA  *  nov.  gen. 
Head :  front  subquadrate,  fuller  and  broader  between  the  antennae 

'■■■  TTvppoi,  yellowish  red,  Arctia. 


1864.]  121 

which  are  short  and  simple  in  both  sexes.  Palpi  not  reaching  beyond 
the  front,  scales  spreading,  hardly  distinct  from  those  of  the  front. 
Clypeus  short  and  broader  in  front  than  usual.  Epicranium  broad, 
somewhat  pointed  above.  Labrum  narrow.  Maxillae  hardly  longer 
than  the  head.     Body  stouter  than  usual. 

Primaries  narrow,  much  produced  towards  the  apex.  Costa  convex 
at  the  outer  third ;.  apex  acute ;  outer  margin  one-third  shorter  than 
the  costa,  2nd  subcostal  arched,  running  near  the  3rd.  Upper  branch 
of  Brd  short,  one-half  as  long  as  the  lower.  Space  between  the  median 
nervules  in  both  wings  regularly  semi-oval,  not  so  acute  art  the  end  as 
usual,  since  the  nervules  are  a  little  more  bent  outwards  at  their  origin 
than  usual. 

Secondaries  subtriangular,  produced  towards  the  apex  ;  costa  slightly 
convex,  a  little  bent  in  the  middle;  outer  margin  convex,  not  reaching 
to  the  tip  of  abdomen.  Legs  stout ;  femora  densely  pilose,  scales  short. 
Tibiae  and  tarsi  naked.  Four  hind  tibial  spurs  of  moderate  size.  Tarsi 
thickly  spined  beneath. 

Pyrrharctia  Isabella. 

Phaloena  Isabella  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  1.31.  Tab.  66.     (1797). 
Arctia  Isabella  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  (Hitchcock's  Rt.)  p.  591.     (18.33). 
Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  253.  (1841).     Third  ed.  fig.  170  larva.  (1862). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  611.     (1855). 
Spilosoma  Isabella  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  531.    (ZSTov.  1860). 
Arctia  Isabella  Morris,  Synopsis  hep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  340.     (1860). 
Spilosoma  isabella  Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiad.T:,  p.  16.     (1863). 
N.  Y.  (Edwards).    Mass.  (Sanborn,  ShurtlefF,  Scudder).    Maine  (A. 
S.  P.  Jr.).     C.  W.  (Saunders). 

Pyrrharctia  californica  n.  sp. 

This  species  would  at  first  sight  be  easily  confounded  with  P.  mibnUa, 
but  the  head  is  much  larger,  and  the  body  much  stouter  generally. 
The  costa  is  much  more  convex,  apex  not  so  much  produced ;  outer 
margin  a  little  concave  beneath  the  apex.  Three  transverse  lines  very 
obsolete,  not  so  much  waved  as  in  P.  hahe.lla.  Primaries  of  a  deeper 
yellow.  Secondaries:  costa  much  bent  in  its  middle;  slightly  concave 
below  the  apex.  Nervules  and  margin  roseate,  within  pale  yellow,  but 
much  darker  th;in  in  P.  isabella.    Beneath  a  costo-apical  spot  is  visible. 

Length  .85.     Exp.  wings  2  inches. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  (Mus.  Comp.  Zobl.   x\.  Agassiz.) 


122  [June 

PHEAGMATOBIA  Stephens. 
Phragmatobia  rubricosa  Saunders. 

Arctia  rubricosa  Harr.,   Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  253.     (1841). 
Third  edit.  fig.  171.     (1862). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  ji.  341.    (1860). 
Phragmatobia  assimilans  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  630.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  536.  (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Leji.  N.  Amer.  Ajjpen.  p.  346.  (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  23.     (1863). 
Phragmatobia  rubricosa  Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadte,  p.  24.     (1863). 
Mass.  (ScuJder,  Mus.  Comp.  Zobl.,  Mrs.  Bridghaiu).     Maine  (C  0. 
Hunt). 

Mr.  Beedle  of  St.  Catherines,  has  given  a  description  t»f  the  larvae 
and  their  interesting  habits  (Saunders'  Synopsis,  p.  24).  Mr.  Scudder 
has  found  the  cocoon  from  which  he  raised  the  moth.  It  is  loo,se  and 
thin,  composed  of  the  hairs  of  the  caterpillar  for  the  most  part,  held  to- 
gether by  silk,  and  though  much  paler  than  that  of  P.  isabeUa  is  very 
much  like  it  otherwise.     It  is  .85  inch  long  and  .55  inch  broad. 

?  Phragmatobia  fuliginosa  Steph. 

Phragmatobia  fuliginosa  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  628.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  537,  (Nov.  1860). 
Phragmatobia  rubricosa  Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadise,  p.  24.     (1862). 
"  St.  Martin's  Falls,  Hudson's  Bay,  Dr.  Barnston"   (Walk.) 

■?  Phragmatobia  fuliginosa  Steph. 

Arctia  fuliginosa  Boi«d.,  Lep.  Cal.  (Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  France)  jj.  49.     (1852). 
California,"  (Boisd. ) 


a 


Phragmatobia  vagans  Walk. 

Arctia  vagans  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.  (Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  France)  p.  49.     (1852). 
Phragmatobia  vagans  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M,  III.  p.  630.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  y,.  336.    (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synojisis  Lep.  N.  Ainer.  Appen.  p.  346.  (I860). 
"  California."   (Boisd.) 

ANTARCTIA  Hiibn. 
%  .  Head  very  prominent,  owing  to  the  long  frontal  hairs,  which 
form  a  conical  horizontal  tuft.  Antennse  with  long  even  pectinations. 
9  ?  Palpi  porrect,  long  and  slender;  the  tips  acute,  projecting  beyond 
the  front.  Thorax  very  pilose,  remarkably  stout,  while  the  abdomen 
is  short  conical,  rapidly  tapering  to  the  subacute  tip.  The  scales  of 
the  prothorax  are  hardly  distinguishable  from  tho.se  on  the  rest  of  the 
thorax. 


1864.]  123 

Primai-ies  a  little  more  than  one-half  as  broad  as  long,  being  short, 
broad  and  oblong.  Costa  straight,  apex  obtusely  rectangular.  Outer 
margin  straight,  suddenly  bending  around  near  the  inner  angle.  Costal 
nervure  lorn;-,  terminating  near  the  1st  and  2nd  s.  c.  Origin  of  4th 
very  remote  from  5th,  arising  near  the  outer  margin.  First  three  me- 
dian nervules  arise  much  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing  ;  the  3rd 
being  close  to  the  1st  and  2nd. 

Secondaries  reach  farther  towards  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  than  usual. 
Costa  long  and  straight;  apex  rounded,  a  little  produced;  outer  edge 
long,  convex,  not  bent  in  the  middle.  The  three  m.  nervules  arise 
very  near  together,  slightly  angulated  at  their  origins. 

Legs  somewhat  slender,  long,  pilose.     Body  beneath  very  pilose. 

Coloration  uniform  tawny,  with  no  markings  except  discal  dots  and 
two  transverse  bands  of  black  dots. 

In  form  this  genus  closely  resembles  Lederer's  genus  Ocnogijna  in 
the  much  produced  prominent  head,  owing  to  the  length  of  the  frontal 
hairs ;  in  the  deeply  pectinated  large  stout  antennae ;  the  short  broad 
wings  and  very  stout  wooly  body  and  short  abdomen.  The  costa  of 
the  primaries  is  remarkably  straight ;  the  outer  edge  straight,  making 
the  apex  rectangular,  but  they  differ  from  the  above  mentioned  genus. 
The  peculiar  coloration  is  abnormal  in  this  family.  It  was  this,  besides 
the  stout  wooly  body  and  short  broadly  pectinated  antennae,  that  most 
probably  led  Hiibner  to  place  it  near  CUslocampa  in  his  "  Verzeichniss." 

Antarctia  punctata  n.  si). 

Tawny  brown.  Pectinations  of  the  antennae  and  tips  of  the  palpi 
darker.  Two  black  dots  near  the  base  of  the  primaries ;  one  costal, 
the  other  median.  Two  outer  curved  lines  of  black  dots.  Discal  dot 
largest  and  most  distinct  beneath.  Secondaries  with  discal  dot ;  an 
interrupted  submarginal  row  of  dots  consisting  of  two  near  the  inter- 
nal angle,  one  below  the  apex,  the  other  situated  upon  it.  Fore  femora 
tinged  with  vermillion  beneath.  Another  specimen  has  all  the  dots 
nearly  obsolete. 

Two  males  loaned  me  by  Mr.  Edwards  vary  as  much  as  Ht/phantria 
cunea  in  the  obsolescence  of  the  three  rows  of  spots,  since  in  one  speci- 
men they  are  nearly  absent,  while  in  another  specimen  they  are  all 
present.  Both  differ  from  the  subjects  of  the  above  description  in 
having  entirely  dark  secondaries,  while  one  has  a  still  darker  almost 


124  [June 

black  brown  submarginal  baud  separated  by  a  ligbt  brown  abbreviated 
basal  band  from  the  inner  dusky  portion  of  the  wing,  and  the  other 
has  the  wing  uniformly  dusky  to  near  the  base  of  the  fringe,  while  in 
both  cases  the  discal  dots  are  present,  though  obscure. 

%  .  Length  .(50.     Exp.  wings  1.55. 

Mendocino  City.  Cal.  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  A.  Agassiz).  California 
(Edwards). 

LEUCARCriA*  nov.  gen. 

Front  thickly  covered  with  short  hairs.  Antennse  well  pectinated, 
the  pectinations  in  the  9  being  as  long  as  the  joints  of  the  antenna 
themselves,  which  are  annulated  above  with  white  and  black.  Clypeus 
short,  somewhat  sunken  between  the  eyes ;  the  sides  nearly  straight 
front  edge  square,  slightly  notched  at  the  foramina.  Labrum  short 
obtusely  rounded.  Mandibles  minute,  discoverable  by  a  few  seta3. 
Maxillffi  stout  and  well  developed.  Palpi  depressed,  hardly  surpassing 
the  front;  2-jointed,  the  joints  of  nearly  equal  length,  the  scales  on 
the  tip  of  the  basal  joint  surpassing  the  tip  of  the  2nd. 

Thorax  and  abdomen  stouter  than  usual.  The  forewings  are  convex 
towards  the  unusually  produced  apex ;  outer  margin  very  oblique, 
slightly  convex.  Secondaries  :  costa  hardly  bent  in  the  middle ;  apex 
produced ;  outer  margin  nearly  as  long  as  the  costa,  and  regularly 
convex,  reaching  a  third  of  the  way  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Legs 
stout,  short,  femora  pilose  beneath.  Two  pairs  of  tibial  spurs  very 
approximate  and  unequal  in  size.  The  tip  of  the  abdomen  is  conical 
in  the  "S  ,  very  obtuse  in  the  9  • 

While  this  genus  is  of  much  larger  size  and  possesses  quite  a  differ- 
ent style  of  coloration  from  SjjilosonKi,  thei'e  are  many  important  cha- 
racters that  warrant  its  separation  from  that  genus.  There  are  marked 
differences  in  the  relative  size  and  form  of  the  clypeus,  and  also  of  the 
palpi.  Though  confounded  with  Spilosoma,  by  its  narrower  primaries, 
with  their  very  oblique  outer  edge,  it  is  much  nearer  to  R//phaafria, 
and  it  should  perhaps  fall  between  the  two  genera. 

Leucarctia  Acraea. 

pseiiderminea  Peck  ? 

Phalaena  acria  Smith,  X.  H.  Lep.  lus.  Ga.  p.  133.  Tab.  67.     (1797). 

*  Xc'jKOi  white,  Aretia. 


1864.]  125 

Estigmene  acria  Hiibn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schin.  Bd.  2,  pi.  191,  no  loc.  (1806). 

Verz.  p.  184.     (1816). 
pseudermia  Peck,  Mass.  Ag.  Rej).  and  Journ. 
Arctia  p sender minea  Harr.,  Mass.  Ag.  Rep.  and  Journ.  p.  322.  PI.  1.    (1823). 
Arctia  acria  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  (Hitchcock's  Rt.  p.  591).     (1833). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  251.  (1841).  Third  ed.  PI.  6,  fig.  9  -^  ,  10  J  . 
Fig.  169,  larva. 
Spilosoma  acrea  Westw.,  Ed.  Drury. 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  667.     (1855). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  531.     (Nov.  1860). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  342.    (1860). 

Leucarctia  californica  n.  sp. 

9  .  White.  Primaries  with  five  distinct  black  costal  dots,  and  a 
mesial,  submarginal  and  marginal  row  of  black  dots,  those  on  the  outer 
margin  the  most  distinct.  Secondaries  white;  a  discal  dot,  another 
one  near  the  internal  angle,  and  a  marginal  row  of  minute  dots,  obso- 
lete on  the  internal  angle.  On  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  the 
costal  dot,  the  apical  half  of  the  submarginal  row  and  the  marginal  are 
present.  All  the  dots  appear  on  the  under  side  of  the  secondaries. 
Fore  coxge  yellow,  black  within,  xibdomen  deep  buff  yellow,  with  a 
dorsal  and  subventral  row  of  black  dots. 

Length  of  body,  .88.     Exp.  wings,  2.40  inches. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  A.  Agassiz). 
The  single  specimen  described  above  was  imperfect,  wanting  the 
head. 

SPILOSOMA  Stephens. 
Spilosoma  virginica  Walker. 
Bomhyx  virginica  Fabr. 
Arctia  virginica  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  (Hitchcock's  Rt.  p.  591).     (1833). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  248.  (1841).  .3rd  ed.  fig.  168,167,  larva.    (1862). 
Spilosoma  virginica  Walk.,  Cat.  Lejj.  B.  M.  III.  p.  668.     (1855). 
Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Ins.  N.  Y.     (1856). 
Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  531.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  342.  (1860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Lej).  p.  14.     (1863). 
Desideratum. 
Spilosoma  congrua  Walk.,  Cat.  Lej).  B.  M.  p.  669. 
"G-eorgia." 

Spilosoma  vestalis  n.  sp. 

9  .  Pure  white.  Antennae,  thorax  and  wings  white.  Palpi  brown. 
A  minute  brown  dot  near  the  base  of  the  median,  and  a  similar  one 


126  [June 

the  orisin  of  the  fourth  median,  aud  one  on  each  side  of  the  oriciu  of 
the  2nd  m.  There  are  two  indistinct  rows  of  minute  and  remote  dots 
pai-allel  with  the  margin  of  the  winu'.  A  discal  dot  on  the  secondaries, 
and  a  somewhat  larger  spot  near  the  inner  angle.  These  reappear  be- 
neath. Two  costal  dots  on  the  primaries  beneath  with  a  linear  discal 
dot.  Beneath  the  two  outer  rows  of  dots  are  obsolete.  Fore  coxae  and 
femora  vermillion  beneath  ;  tibife  and  tarsi  brown  beneath.  iVbdomen 
broadly  annulated  above  with  brown,  and  a  subventral  row  of  large 
brown  spots. 

Length  of  body,  .82.     Exp.  wings,  2.05. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.     (Mus.  Comp.  Zobl.   A.  Agassiz). 

HYPHANTRIA  Harris. 
Hyphantria  textor  Harr. 

Hyphantria  textor  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  255.     (1841). 

Arctia  textor  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  (Hitchcock's  Rt.  p.  591.)     (1833). 

Hyphantria  textor  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  382.     (1856). 

Eupractis  textor  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  j).  .     (         ). 

Hyphantria  textor  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  p.  530.     (Nov.  1860). 

Spilosoma  textor  Clem.,  Appen.  to  Morris,  Synop.  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  344.   (1860). 
N.  Y.  (Edwards).     Mass.  (ShurtlefF,  Sanborn.   Harr.  (lol.)     Maine 
(A.  S.  P.,  Jr.). 

Hyphantria  punctata  Fitch. 
Hyphantria  punctata  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  387.     (1856). 
Spilosoma  punctata  Clem.,  Appendix  to  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p. 
344.     (1860). 

Hyphantria  cunea  Fitch. 

Bombyx  cunea  Drury,  Illustr.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  p.  36.   PL  18,  fig.  4.     (1770). 
Phalaena  punctatissima  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  139.  Tab.  77.     (1797). 
Cycma  cunea  Hubn..    Verz.  p.  184.  (1816).     Zutr.   Dritt.  Hund.  p.  8,  fig.  405, 

406.     (1825). 
Spilosoma  cunea  Westw.,  Ed.  Drury,  p.  34.     (1837). 
Hyphantria  punctatissima  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  255.     (1841). 

cunea  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  384.     (1856). 
Spilosoma  cunea  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  669.     (1855). 
Hyphantria  cunea  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  p.  531.     (Nov.  1860). 

Appendix  to  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  343.   (1860). 
N.  Y.  (Edwards).     Mass.  (Harr.  Coll.). 

ARACHNIS  Hiibner. 
Arachnis  picta  n.  sp. 

9   Head  bicolorous ;  front  below  the  base  of  antenni^  pale  slate, 
above  white.     Base  and  tip  of  palpi  vermillion,  scales  beneath  white. 


1864.]  127 

Prothomx  white,  each  half  with  a  hirge  round  pale  slate  central  spot 
margined  with  black.  Notum  pale  slate  j  patagia  margined  with  black, 
and  a  double  median  black  line. 

Primaries  pale  slate  with  five  very  unequal  sigmoid  dislocated  white 
bands,  broadest  upon  the  costa,  and  margined  with  black.  Third  and 
fourth  consist,  below  the  costa,  of  disconnected  dots,  and  the  5th  is  en- 
tirely dislocated  on  the  5th  s.  c.  Secondaries  and  abdomen  pale  Ver- 
million. The  former  with  three  transverse  dusky  bands  of  which  the 
inner  is  the  broadest ;  the  outer  consists  of  four  disconnected  spots, 
and  the  outer  margin  is  lined  with  dusky  cinereous.  Primaries  beneath 
with  four  cost.d  yellow  spots,  of  which  the  second  is  much  the  largest. 
There  are  two  smaller  triangular  ones  on  the  internal  margin,  obscurely 
connected  with  the  costal  one  by  a  dark  obscure  line,  the  marginal 
white  line  is  the  same  as  in  the  upper  surface. 

Secondaries  :  costal  half  of  base  yellow,  with  two  costal  yellow  spots, 
of  which  the  outer  is  much  the  smaller ;  the  internal  half  of  the  base 
of  the  wing  is  pale  vermillion,  and  the  wing  below  the  median  nervure 
is  slightly  tinged  with  vermillion.  Transverse  incomplete  lines,  as  on 
the  upper  side. 

Legs  :  femora  beneath  vermillion,  femoral  joint  and  tips  of  tibiae  and 
tarsi  slate  and  whitish,  ringed  with  black.  Abdomen  above  vermillion, 
with  a  dorsal  median  broad  dusky  line  and  a  lateral  row  of  small  ap- 
proximate black  dots,  bounding  the  pruinose  ventral  side. 

Length  .65.     Exp.  wings  1.62  inches. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  A.  Agassiz). 

ECPANTHERIA  Hubner. 
Ecpantheria  scribonia  Hiibn. 

Fhalcena  scribonia  StoU,  Suppl.  Cramer.  Pap.  Exot.  p.  177.  PI.  41,  fig.  3.  (1787). 

oculatissima  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  137.  Tab.  69.     (1797). 
Ecpantheria  scribonia  Hiibn.,  Verz.  jj.  183.     (1816). 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lej).  B.  M.  III.  p.  689.     (185.5). 
Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  523.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appen.,  p.  347.  (1860). 
Saunders,   Larva.    (Descr.  and  habits.)   Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.  ii.  p.  28.     (1863).     Imago,  Synopsis  Can.  Arcti- 
adaj,  p.  22.     (1863). 
Larva,  London,  Can.  W.  (Saunders).  St.  Catharines  (Coll.  Scudder). 
N.  York  (G-rote).     Va.,   Larva.  M.  C  Z.  (Lyman).     Beaufort,  X.  C. 
(Shute). 


12S  [June 

HALESIDOTA  Hiibner. 
Halesidota  tessellaris  Htibner. 
Phalcena  tessellaris  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Georgia,  p.  149.     (1797). 
Halesidota  tessellaris  Hiibn.,  Verz.  p.  170.     (1816). 

Arctia  tessellaris  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  (Hitchcock's  Rt.  p.  592.)     (18.33). 
Halesidota  tessellaris  Hiibn.,  Geyer's  Forts.,  Hiibn.,  Zutr.,  Dritt.,  Hund.  p.  34, 

fig.  939-'40.     (1837). 
Lophocampa  tessellaris  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  260.     (1841). 
Halesidota  tessellaris  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  v.  p.  732.     (1855). 

Clem..  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  534.     (Nov.  1860). 
Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  348.  (I860). 
Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  19.     (1863). 
Mass.  (Shurtleff,  Sanborn).   Maine,  at  night,  August  (A.  S.  P.,  Jr.). 

Halesidota  antiphola  Walsh,  Proc.  Bost.  Soe.  N.  H.  ix.  p.  288.     (Feb.  1864). 
•■Illinois."   (Walsh.) 

Halesidota  caryae  Clemens. 

Lophocampa  carym  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  258.     (1841). 

Fitch,    First  Rt.   Ins.  N.  Y.  p.   159,  fig.  larva,   pupa   and 
cocoon.     (1855). 
Halesidota  annulifascia  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  v.  p.  734.     (1855). 
Phegoptera  porphyria  H.-Seh.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  fig.  283.     (1855). 
Halesidota  porphyria  H.-Sch.,  "  "  ''         p.  71.     (1858). 

caryoi  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  533.     (Nov.  1860). 
annulifascia  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  533.  (Nov.  1860). 
caryae  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Appendix,  p.  349.     (1860). 
annulifascia  Morris,  "        '"  "  "  "  (1860). 

carycE  Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  20.     (1863). 
Mass.  (Sanborn,  Shurtleff).     .Maine  (A.  S.  P.,  Jr.). 

Halesidota  maculata  Clemens. 
Lophocainpa  maculata  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  259.     (1841). 
Halesidota  fulvojlava  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  v.  p.  733.     (1855). 
Phegoptera  guttifera  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  fig.  284.     (1855). 
Halesidota  fulvoflava  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  p.  71.     (1858). 

Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  534.    (Nov.  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  Append,  p.  349.   (1860). 
maculata    Clem..  Loc.  cit.     (Nov.  1860). 

Morris,  Loc.  cit.     (1860). 
fulvojlava  Saunders,  Synopsis  Can.  Arctiadse,  p.  21.     (1863). 
Mass.  (Harris'  Coll.).     Maine  (Mus.  Comp.  Zobl.  Smith,  Verrill). 

Halesidota  Agassizii  n.  sp. 

'h  ■  Pale  lemon  yellow.  Base  of  patagia  reddish  brown.  Primaries 
with  three  oblique  indistinct  reddish  brown  bands  of  which  the  basal 
one  is  curved,  while  the  two  outer  ones  are  straight.     The  second  one 


1864.]  129 

subdivides  just  below  the  fourth  median.  A  triangular  discal  spot.  A 
submarginal  row  of  rust  brown  dots  on  the  apical  half  of  the  wings. 
Secondaries  much  paler,  concolorous  with  both  wings  beneath.  On  the 
primaries  the  discal  and  an  outer  additional  dot  appear  beneath. 

Length  of  body,  .68.     Exp.  wings,  1.65  inches. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  A.  Agassiz). 

Halesidota  Edwardsii  n.  sp. 

%  .  Bicolorous,  bulF-yellow  and  vermillion.  Primaries  with  five  sub- 
hyaline  smoky  transverse  bands,  margined  with  black,  less  oblique  than 
usual.  The  basal  band  consists  of  a  small  costal  spot  and  an  outer  me- 
dian large  round  spot.  Second  band  regularly  curved,  third  hardly 
oblique,  waved.    Two  outer  ones  nearly  parallel  with  the  outer  margin. 

Secondaries  transparent  except  on  the  pilose  inner  margin,  which  is 
tinged  with  vermillion.  Abdomen  above,  including  the  base  of  the 
anal  tuft,  vermillion. 

Beneath  pale  bufi",  the  costal  spots  reappear.  On  the  costa  of  the 
secondaries  near  the  apex  are  two  dusky  square  spots,  which  do  not 
appear  on  the  upper  side. 

Legs  annulated  on  the  femora  and  tibiae.  One  ring  on  the  end  of 
tibife,  and  each  tarsus  is  annulated  on  the  basal  half  with  smoky  pale 
brown.     Femora  vermillion  beneath. 

Length  of  body,  .80.     Exp.  wings,  2.20  inches. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.     (Edwards.) 

Halesidota  argentata  n.  sp. 

9  .  Head  and  thorax  pale  buff  yellow.  Base  and  side  of  the  front 
walnut  brown.  Centre  of  prothoracic  pieces  brown.  Patagia  margined 
with  brown,  within  very  broadly  so. 

Primaries  walnut  brown,  with  five  rows  of  large  irregular  round  or 
ovate  silver  white  spots,  except  the  costal  spots,  which  are  buff  yellow. 
Two  basal  spots  yellow.  Internal  margin  buff  as  far  as  the  first  line, 
which  is  slightly  curved,  the  middle  dot  of  which  last  is  much  smaller 
than  the  others.  In  the  second  line,  which  is  straight,  the  submedian 
spot  is  transversely  broad,  oblong.  Costal  spot  largest.  The  third  row 
does  not  extend  to  the  inner  margin.  The  spots  making  up  the  mar- 
ginal and  last  row  are  uniformly  round.  Fringe  and  termination  of 
nervules  pale  buff. 


130  [June 

Secondaries  white.  Middle  of  the  costa  and  apex  ami  diseal  dot 
brown.  Beneath  much  as  above,  a  little  paler.  Legs  buff,  base  of 
femora  and  tips  of  tibias  and  tarsi  broadly  annulated  with  brown.  Ab- 
domen buflp  above,  beneath  brown. 

Length  of  body,  .85.     Exp.  wings,  2.U5. 

Grulf  of  Georgia,  Cal.  (Mas.  Conip.  Zoijl.   A.  Agassiz). 

EUCH.ETES  Harris. 
Euchsetes  Egle  Harris. 

Bombyx  Egle  Drury.  Illustr.  Nat.  Hist.  ii.  jx  .36.  PI.  20,  fig.  3.     (1773). 
Spilosoma  Egle  Westw..  Ed.  Drury.     (1837). 
Euchoetes  Egle  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  257.     (1S41). 

Third  ed.  fig.  172  ^a7-ya,  173  C0C0071,  174  ^ttpa.     (1862). 
Spilosoma  Egle  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  669.     (1855). 
Euchoetes  Egle  Clem..  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  532.     (Nov.  1860). 
Spilosoma  Egle  Morris,  Synojjsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  343.     (1860). 

Brookline,  Mass.,  (ShurtlefF,  Harris'  Coll.)  Norway,  Me.,  (Mus. 
Comp.  Zobl.  Smith.)     London,  C.  W.,  (Saunders.) 

Erom  the  same  brood  of  larvae,  Mr.  Shurtleff  has  raised  both  the 
typical  forms,  and  a  white  variety  which  agrees  well  with  Dr.  Fitch's 
description  of  Hijpltantrla  collaris.  I  have  since  received  this  albino 
from  Mr.  Saunders,  of  London,  C.  W.,  labelled  II.  collaris. 

Euchaetes  eglenensis  Clem. 

Var?  Euehcetes  eglenensis  Clem..  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  533.  ^Nov.  1S60). 


1>!64.]  131 


Descriptions  of  North  American  HYMENOPTERA.  in  the  Collection  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

BY  E.  T.  CRESSON. 

Fam.  EVANIID.E. 

Genus  F(ENUS,  Fabr. 

1.  F.  occidentalis,  n.  sp. 

Black,  tliorax  rugose,  third  and  fourth  segments  of  the  abdomen  ferruginous, 
ovipositor  long,  valves  ti2->f)ed  with  white. 

Ff'inalii. — Head  black,  somewhat  shining;  face  and  cheeks  slightly 
silvery-sericeous  ;  antennae  black,  tinged  with  piceous  beneath.  Thorax 
black,  opaque,  rather  roughly  and  confluently  punctured,  mesothorax 
transversely  rugose,  especially  on  the  sides ;  metathorax  scabrous. 
Wings  hyaline,  nervures  and  stigma  black.  Legs  black,  the  anterior 
pair  and  the  intermediate  tibiae  at  base  tinged  with  piceous ;  the  ante- 
rior tibi?e  at  base  whitish,  the  posterior  tibiae  and  their  tarsi  within 
near  their  base  with  a  pale  spot.  Abdomen  long  and  slender,  black ; 
the  second,  third  and  fourth  segments  ferruginous ;  ovipositor  longer 
than  the  body,  ferruginous,  valves  black,  tipped  with  white.  Length 
7  lines ;  *  expanse  of  wings  8  lines. 

Varictij  9  • — Has  the  base  of  the  intermediate  tibite  white  and  the 
basal  joint  of  the  posterior  tarsi  with  a  broad  white  annulus  ;  the  sides 
of  the  fifth  segment  of  the  abdomen  are  tinged  with  ferruginous. 

ILth. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.  Two  specimens.  From 
the  Committee  on  Collecting  Fund,  (as  well  as  all  other  species  described 
in  this  paper  from  this  locality). 

Seems  to  be  closely  allied  to  F.  jaculator  Linn.,  of  Europe,  which 
I  have  not  seen.  The  mandibles  have  each  a  very  strong,  acute,  basal, 
rufous  tooth  within,  as  has  been  observed  in  Jaculator  and  several 
other  species. 

2.  F.  perplexus,  n.  sp. 

Bhicli  :  thorax  punctured,  not  rugose ;  second,  third  and  fourth  segments  of 
abdomen  ferruginous :  ovipositor  long,  valves  tipped  with  white. 

FcmalK. — Ulack.  Head  somewhat  shining  :  antennae  slightly  pice- 
ous beneath  towards  the  tip.     Thorax  opaque ;  mesothorax  sprinkled 

■•■In  giving  tin-  length  of  the  species  described  in  these  papers,  the  oviposi- 
tor is  not  included. 


132  [June 

rather  sparsely  with  distinct  punctures,  which  are  confluent  in  front  of 
the  scutelluni ;  metathorax  roughly  punctured.  Wings  hyaline,  ner- 
vures  black.  Legs  black,  all  the  tibiae  at  base  with  an  obscure  whitish 
spot,  indistinct  on  the  posterior  pair.  Abdomen  long  and  slender, 
black,  the  second,  third  and  fourth  segments  ferruginous,  the  fourth 
partly  blackish  ;  ovipositor  longer  than  the  body,  ferruginous,  valves 
black,  their  tips  white.  Length  5 — 0  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  6 — 7 
lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.     Four  9  specimens. 

Closely  resembles  the  preceding  species,  but  is  smaller,  the  thorax 
above  has  the  punctures  distinct  and  somewhat  sparse,  while  occiden- 
talia  has  the  punctures  rough  and  confluent,  and  the  sides  of  the  meso- 
thorax  transversely  rugose  ;  otherwise  the  two  species  agree. 

3.  F.  montanus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  half  of  the  second,  the  third  ami  part  of  the  fourth  segment  of  the 
abdomen  rufous  ;  ovijjositor  very  short. 

Female. — Black  ;  tip  of  the  antennae  beneath  testaceous ;  thorax 
without  punctures,  minutely  shagreened ;  metathorax  roughly  punc- 
tured. Wings  slightly  tinged  with  fuliginous ;  nervui*es  and  stigma 
black.  Ijcgs  black ;  anterior  femora  at  base,  apex  of  all  their  tibiae 
within  and  all  the  tarsi  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  rufous ;  posterior 
femora  beneath  with  a  rufous  stripe  near  the  tip.  Abdomen  black, 
the  apical  half  of  the  second,  the  whole  of  the  third  and  a  part  of  the 
fourth  segments  rufous;  ovipositor  very  short,  about  2  lines  in  length, 
pale  rufous,  valves  black.     Length  5  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 

H(ih. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Distinct  from  all  other  species  known  to  me,  by  its  shorter  and  much 
more  robust  form  ;  the  abdomen  is  not  so  much  compressed  and  the 
segments  are  shorter  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  the  abdomen,  than 
in  the  other  species. 

4.  F.  tarsatorius,  Say. 

Fcenus  tarsatorius  Say,  Long's  Second  Expedition,  ii,  p.  321. 
This  species  seems  to  be  closely  allied  to  i^.  Barnstonii  Westw.,  from 
Hudson's  Bay,  and  having  before  me  ten  9  specimens  of  Say's  species, 
it  would  perhaps  be  useful  to  give  here  a  more  detailed  description  of  it. 
which  may  serve  to  draw  more  closely  the  dividing  line  between  the 
two  species.     I  have  not  seen  any  males  of  this  species. 


1864.] 


133 


Female. — Black,  subopaque ;  face,  cheeks  and  the  thorax  have  a 
more  or  less  distinct  silvery-sericeous  appearance  in  certain  lights;  man- 
dibles, except  base  and  apex,  yellowish-ferruginous  ;  antenna?  blackish- 
piceous  above  and  rufo-piceous  beneath,  sometimes  the  basal  joint  be- 
neath is  rufous,  and  the  joints  towards  the  tip  are  also  sometimes  ru- 
fous ;  neck  long  ;  thorax  roughly  and  confluently  punctured,  somewhat 
transversely  rugose  above ;  tegulae  and  tubercles  mostly  pale  rufous, 
sometimes  piceous ;  wings  hyaline  and  beautifully  iridescent ;  the  two 
anterior  pairs  of  legs  are  pale  rufous,  base  and  tips  of  their  tibiae,  and 
the  base  of  their  tarsi  whitish,  their  femora  sometimes  obfuscated ;  the 
anterior  and  intermediate  coxae  are  piceous,  the  anterior  pair  sometimes 
rufous,  posterior  pair  always  black  and  rugose;  posterior  legs  black, 
their  trochanters  rufous,  their  tibiae  and  tarsi  near  the  base  white,  the 
latter  sometimes  reduced  to  a  dot  or  subobsolete ;  abdomen  long  and 
slender,  tip  of  the  second  and  third  segments  on  each  side  broadly 
rufous,  sometimes  the  tip  of  the  fourth  segment  is  obscurely  so  ;  in  two 
specimens  the  rufous  coloring  is  indistinct  on  the  second  and  third  seg- 
ments ;  ovipositor  about  as  long  as  the  body,  fulvous,  valves  black,  tip- 
ped with  white. 

Hah. —  Massachusetts.     Mr.  James  Ridings. 

5.  F.  incertus,  n.  sp. 

Black :  second,  third  and  fourth  segments  of  tbe  abdomen  each  with  a  fer- 
ruginous spot  on  each  side  at  base:  ovipositor  very  short. 

Femah'. — Black ;  antennae  slightly  tinged  with  piceous  beneath  to- 
wards the  tip.  Thorax  dull  black,  without  distinct  punctures,  minutely 
shagreeued ;  metathorax  roughly  punctured.  Wings  obscure  hyaline, 
nervures  and  stigma  black.  Legs  black,  the  two  anterior  pairs  with 
the  base  of  their  tibiae  reddish.  Abdomen  black,  apex  much  broader 
than  usual  ;  sides  of  the  second,  third  and  fourth  segments  at  tip,  fer- 
ruginous; ovipositor  very  short,  about  one  line  in  length,  ferruginous, 
valves  black.     Length  4^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

Afa/e. — Resembles  the  female,  but  the  abdomen  is  more  slender,  all 
the  tarsi,  the  two  anterior  pairs  of  femora  and  the  posterior  femora  at 
base,  more  or  less  pale  ferruginous. 

Hub. — Rocky  ?.Iountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

This  appears  to  agree  very  well  with  the  description  of  F.  assecfdtor 
Linn.,  of  Europe,  with  the  exception  of  the  coloring  of  the  legs. 


134  [June 

Genus  AULACUS.  Jurine. 

1.  A.  rufitarsis.  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  abdomen  and  tarsi  rufous. 

Female. — Head  black;  cheeks,  vertex,  occiput  and  mandibles  pol- 
ished ;  face  subopaque,  slightly  pubescent;  antennae  longer  than  the 
head  and  thorax,  black.  Thorax  black,  gibbous,  deeply  and  trans- 
versely wrinkled  above,  the  furrows  apparently  impunctured ;  scutelluni 
more  finely  wrinkled  and  having  two  short  longitudinal  impressions, 
close  together,  on  the  disk ;  metathorax  rugose.  Wings  hyaline  costa 
fuliginous,  nervures  and  stigma  black,  the  second  transverse  nervure 
almost  entirely  obliterated.  Legs  black  ;  femora  polished  ;  coxae  ru- 
gose ;  posterior  tibiEe  flattened  and  having  a  few  large  confluent  punc- 
tures exteriorly  ;  tarsi  rufous,  their  claws  black,  sometimes  the  anterior 
tarsi  are  blackish,  and  in  one  specimen  the  two  anterior  pairs  of  legs 
are  rufo-pieeous.  Abdomen  bright  rufous,  polished,  impunctured.  ex- 
treme base  black  ;  ovipositor  rather  longer  than  the  body,  yellmvish, 
valves  black.     Jjength  5  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  8  lines. 

Huh. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

2.  A.  stigmaterus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  the  first  and  second  abdominal  segments  rufous ;  legs  in  most  part 
pale  fulvous. 

Female. — Head  black,  cheeks,  vertex,  occiput  and  mandibles  pol- 
ished, the  face  slightly  pubescent ;  the  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus 
and  a  large  spot  on  the  mandibles,  pale  testaceous ;  antennae  longer 
than  head  and  thorax,  black,  reddish  at  tip.  Thorax  black,  gibbous, 
rather  deeply  and  transversely  wrinkled  above,  the  furrows  apparently 
impunctured ;  pleura  not  so  coarsely  rugose ;  metathorax  coarsely  ru- 
gose. Wings  hyaline,  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous;  the  extreme  apex 
and  a  subtriangular  mark  extending  from  the  stigma  to  the  radial  ner- 
vure at  the  junction  between  the  marginal  and  the  first  submarginal 
cells,  fuscous ;  posterior  half  of  the  second  transverse  nervure  obliter- 
ated. Legs  pale  fulvous,  the  tarsi  paler,  all  the  coxae  and  trochanters 
and  the  posterior  femora  except  extreme  base  and  apex  black,  the  pos- 
terior tibiae  slightly  obfuscated.  Abdomen  black,  polished,  impunc- 
tured; the  peduncle  and  the  third  and  following  segments  black,  the 
first  and  second  segments  being  bright  rufous ;  ovipositor  rather  longer 
than  the  body,  fulvous,  valves  black.  Length  5  lines ;  expanse  of 
wings  8  lines. 


18G4.]  135 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Seems  to  be  closely  allied  to  A.  Abbottii  Westw.,  but  is  much  smaller 
and  somewhat  differently  colored. 

Fam.  ICHNEUMONID.E. 

Gen.  ICHNEUMON,  Linn. 

BLACK    SPECIES. 

Section  1. — Scutelluni  and  abdomen  black Sp.    1 — 13 

"         2. — Seutellum  white,  abdomen  black Sjj.  14—22 

"         .3, a.  Seutellum  pale,  or  with  pale  markings  ;  abdomen  black, 

terminal  segment  more  or  less  white ' Sp.  23 — 24 

•'  b.  Seutellum  ditto  ;  abdomen  black,  tip  of  first  segment  more 

or  less  white Sp.  25 — 27 

"  c.  Seutellum  ditto  :  abdomen  black,  apex  fulvous Sp.      — 28 

YELLOW,  RED  AND  BLACK  SPECIES. 

"         4. — Seutellum  ditto;  abdomen  tricolored — black,  red  &  white 

or  yellow Sp.  29—31 

YELLOW  AND  BLACK  SPECIES. 

"  5. — Seutellum  pale  ;  abdomen  black,  with  the  apex  and  in 
general  the  middle  also,  banded  or  sj^otted  with  yellow 
or  white Sp.  32—34 

*'         6. — Seutellum  pale  :  abdomen  black,  banded  with  yellow,  the 

apex  always  black Sp.  35- — 38 

RED    AND    BLACK    SPECIES. 

"         7. a.  Seutellum  pale:  thorax  black;  abdomen  red  or  red  and 

black Sp.  39— 4ti 

b.  Seutellum  yellow,  yellowish-red,  or  red ;   thorax  more  or 

less  red;  abdomen  red  or  red  and  black Sp.  47 — 63 

"         8. — Seutellum  black,  abdomen  red  or  red  and  black Sp.  64 — 73 

"         9. — Seutellum   yellow  :  abdomen  red  or  red  and  black,  apex 

white Sp.  74 — 7.i 

Section!. 
].  Ich.  Maurus.  u.  sp. 

Black;  antennae  with  a  broad  white  annulus ;  wings  dark  fuscous;  central 
area  of  naetathorax  rotundate,  moderate. 

Femdlc. — Black,  opaque;  head  with  very  narrow  pale  orbits  above 
the  antennae ;  clypeus  polished,  with  a  rounded  impression  on  each 
side ;  antennae  about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  9th  to  17th 
joints  white  above,  spotted  beneath  with  black,  apical  half  involute, 
flattened  toward  the  tip  and  brownish-sericeous  beneath.  Thorax  closely 
punctured;  seutellum  flat,  polished,  with  a  few  scattered  punctures; 


136  [June 

metathorax  scabrous,  opaque,  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  the 
central  area  moderate,  rotundate.  Wings  dark  fuscous,  with  a  rather 
strong  violaceous  reflection  ;  nervures  and  stigma  black  ;  areolet  5- 
angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs  black,  anterior  tibiae  pale  in  front. 
Abdomen  elongate-subovate,  opaque  black,  slightly  tinged  with  blue, 
densely  and  minutely  punctured  5  the  first  segment  broad,  bilineated  ; 
basal  foveae  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  transverse ;  apical  seg- 
ments more  smooth  and  somewhat  shining  •  ovipositor  not  exserted. 
Length  9  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  16  lines. 
i^,/,._Virginia.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

2.  Ich.  Orpheus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  antennae  with  a  broad  white  anuulus;  wiugs  fuscous,  clearer  at  base : 
central  area  of  metathorax  large,  quadrate,  transverse. 

Fnnah. — Black ;  the  head  with  the  frontal  orbits  above  the  anten- 
nae, interrupted  at  the  summit  of  the  eyes,  white ;  antennae  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  with  the  10th  to  18th  joints  pure 
white  above,  apex  slightly  involute.  Thorax  closely  punctured,  some- 
what shining ;  mesothorax  in  front  with  an  impressed  line  on  each 
side;  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings  and  sometimes  one  in  front,  white; 
scutellum  slightly  convex,  deeply  impressed  in  front;  metathorax  closely 
and  confluently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  not  well  defined,  the  cen- 
tral area  large,  quadrate,  somewhat  transverse,  rather  smooth  and  shin- 
ing. Wings  fuscous,  clearer  at  base,  slightly  violaceous ;  nervures  and 
stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular  or 
subtriangular,  slightly  oblique.  Legs  black,  tips  of  the  anterior  femora 
and  their  tibia3  on  the  inner  side,  whitish.  Abdomen  blue-black,  sub- 
opaque,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  basal  segment  broad,  finely  acicu- 
late  and  bilineated  ;  basal  foveae  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  trans- 
verse ;  apical  segments  almost  smooth,  shining;  ovipositor  not  exserted. 
Length  9  lines;  expanse  of  wings  15 j  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Closely  resembles  Icli.  Maxims^  but  differs  by  the  head  being  broader, 
the  metathorax  much  smoother  and  shining,  the  quadrate  central  area, 
the  clearer  wings,  and  the  stronger  punctation  of  the  abdomen,  the 
apex  of  which  is  smooth  and  shining. 


1864.]  137 

o.  Ich.  Viola,  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennae  with  abroad  white  annuluj ;  wings  deep  violaceous;   cen- 
tral area  of  a  metathorax  somewhat  conical,  small. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  closely  punctured;  head  with  narrow  whit- 
ish orbits;  clypeus  polished,  with  a  rounded,  well  impressed  fovea  on 
each  side;  antennae  rather  short,  black,  the  10th  to  18th  joints  white 
above,  the  apical  half  involute,  flattened  toward  the  tip  and  brownish- 
sericeous  beneath.  Thorax  with  a  longitudinal,  slightly  impressed  line 
on  each  side  anteriorly;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  polished;  meta- 
thorax deeply  and  confluently  punctured,  clothed  with  a  short  pale  pu- 
bescence, the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  small  and 
somewhat  conical,  almost  smooth  and  rather  indistinct.  Wings  dark 
fuscous,  with  a  deep  violaceous  reflection,  nervures  and  stigma  black, 
areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular,  slightly  oblique.  Legs  black,  the 
anterior  tarsi  in  front  whitish.  Abdomen  black,  with  a  faint  tinge  of 
blue,  shining,  minutely  punctured;  first  segment  broad,  punctured; 
basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  deep,  transverse,  and  somewhat 
oblique;  apical  segments  smooth  and  polished;  ovipositor  not  exserted. 
Length  8  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  14  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

This  fine  species  closely  resembles  Ich.  Orpheua^  but  is  distinguished 
at  once  by  the  difierent  sculpture  of  the  metathorax  and  the  deep  vio- 
laceous wings. 

4.  Ich.  saucius,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  antennae  with  a  broad  white  annulus;  wings  fuscous  ;  central  area  of 
metathorax  large,  rounded  in  front  and  indented  behind. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  closely  punctured ;  clypeus  with  large 
punctures  and  a  large  rounded  fovea  on  each  side ;  antennae  short, 
slightly  involute  at  tip,  the  9th  to  17th  joints  white  above  and  beneath, 
beyond  this  annulus  the  joints  are  rufous  beneath.  Scutellum  flat, 
polished,  with  a  few  scattered  punctures;  metathorax  strongly  and  some- 
what confluently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined, 
the  central  area  large,  slightly  elongate,  rounded  in  front  and  deeply 
indented  behind.  Wings  fuscous,  marginal  cell  darker ;  nervures  and 
stigma  black;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black,  shining,  the  anterior  tibite 
and  tarsi  in  front  piceous.  Abdomen  elongate,  densely  punctured,  sub- 
opaque,  smooth  and  shining  towards  the  apex;  basal  segment  finely 


138  [June 

aciculate,  bilineated  ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  small ;  ovipo- 
sitor not  exserted.     Length^!  lines;  expanse  of  wings  12  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Allied  in  form  and  color  to  the  preceding  species,  but  is  smaller,  the 
antennae  much  shorter,  and  the  sculpturing  of  the  metathorax  is  very 
different. 

•        5.  Ich.  Afer,  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennae  with  a  yellowish-white  annulus;  wings  subhyaline;  central 
area  of  metathorax  large  and  quadrate. 

Feinale. — Deep  black,  shining,  closely  and  finely  punctured ;  an- 
tennae two-thirds  as  long  as  the  body,  porrect,  the  11th  to  16th  joints 
yellowish-white,  basal  joint  robust ;  middle  of  the  face  just  beneath  the 
antennae  prominent.  Scutellum  slightly  convex ;  metathorax  finely 
scabrous,  the  elevated  lines  distinct,  the  central  area  large,  quadrate, 
slightly  ti'ansverse.  Wings  subhyaline,  tinged  with  fuliginous  and  hav- 
ing a  slight  violaceous  reflection;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish;  areolet 
5-angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs  black,  the  anterior  tibijB  and  all  the 
tarsi  at  tips  piceous.  Abdomen  robust,  shining,  finely  punctured ;  pe- 
tiole slender  ;  the  first  segment  broad,  finely  aciculate ;  basal  foveae  of 
the  second  segment  indistinctly  impressed ;  ovipositor  not  exserted. 
Length  h\  lines;  expanse  of  wings  9  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Closely  allied  to  Ich.  ^nalacus  Say,  but  is  smaller  and  with  clearer 
wings.  I  have  before  me  14  specimens  of  malacits,  all  of  which  have 
the  central  area  of  the  metathorax  large  and  quadrate,  and  the  wiugs 
dark  fuscous  with  a  rather  strong  violaceous  reflection.  Length  6j — 
TA  lines;  expanse  of  wings  12 — 13  lines. 

5.  Ich.  ater,  n.  sp. 

Black:  anteunpe  with  a  white  annulus;  wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of 
metathorax  large,  subquadrate. 

Female. — Black,  subopaque;  head  with  narrow  white  frontal  orbits 
not  reaching  the  clypeus  which  is  shining  and  having  a  rather  deep 
rounded  fovea  on  each  side;  antennae  short,  flattened  towards  the  tip 
and  slightly  involute,  the  8th  and  14th  joints  white.  Thorax  finely 
punctured,  subopaque ;  a  minute  white  spot  on  each  side  in  front  of 
the  tegulje ;  scutellum  flat,  triangular,  polished,  distinctly  punctured ; 
metathorax  finely  scabrous,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined  and 


18G4.] 


139 


shining,  the  central  area  large,  subquadrate,  rather  smooth.  Wings 
subhyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuliginous ;  nervures  blackish,  stigma 
piceous  ;  areolet  5-angular,  almost  triangular.  Legs  black,  the  anterior 
tibia3  in  front  pale.  Abdomen  elongate,  subopaque,  very  finely  and 
densely  punctured ;  first  segment  rather  broad,  bilineated  and  finely 
aciculate;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  deep,  transverse  and  some- 
what oblique ;  ^apical  segments  smoother  and  shining ;  ovipositor  not 
exserted.     Length  7  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 

Hah. — New  York  (Mr.  James  Angus)  ;  lUiuois  (Dr.  Saml.  Lewis). 

7.  Ich.  cincticornis.  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennse  with  a  broad  white  anuulus ;  wings  fuliginous;  central  area 
of  metathorax  large,  quadrate. 

Female. — Black,  closely  punctured ;  antennae  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  body,  black,  the  9th  to  17th  joints  white  above  and  be- 
neath. Thorax  opaque,  scutellum  convex,  strongly  punctured ;  meta- 
thorax confluently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  the 
central  area  large,  quadrate.  Wings  tinged  with  fuliginous;  nervures 
and  stigma  blackish  ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black,  the  anterior  tibiae 
in  front  yellowish.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather  slender,  subopaque, 
densely  and  finely  punctured,  apical  segments  smooth  and  shining; 
the  basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  oblique ;  ovipositor 
yellow,  exserted  about  one  line.  Length  65  lines;  expanse  of  wings 
10  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  Chas.  A.  Blake. 

Resembles  Ich.  atcr,  but  the  antennae  are  longer  and  more  slender, 
and  the  white  annulus  broader ;  the  head  is  entirely  black,  the  central 
area  larger  and  quadrate  and  the  areolet  of  the  superior  wings  is  5- 
angular  and  not  subtriangular. 

8.  Ich.  Blakei,  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennae  with  a  broad  white  annulus;  wings  blackish-fuscous;  cen- 
tral area  of  metathorax  obsolete. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  clypeus  and  mandibles  shining,  clothed  with 
short  black  pubescence ;  palpi  black ;  antennae  porrect,  three-fourths 
the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  8th  to  18th  joints  pure  white,  the 
8th  and  15th  to  18th  joints  spotted  beneath  with  black.  Thorax  black, 
closely  punctured ;  mesothorax  in  front  with  a  deeply  impressed  longi- 
tudinal line  on  each  side,  between  which  there  is  a  longitudinal  carina 
more  distinct  on  the  extreme  front;    scutellum   convex,  black,  very 


140  [June 

deeply  impressed  in  front  and  connected  with  the  mesothorax  on  each 
side  by  a  sharp  carina;  uietathorax  scabrous,  opaque  black,  the  elevated 
lines  broken  and  indistinct,  the  central  ai-ea  obsolete,  the  lateral  tuber- 
cles prominent.  Wings  ample,  blackish-fuscous,  with  a  slight  viola- 
ceous gloss;  areolet  5-angular,  the  exterior  nervure  of  which  has  a 
small  hyaline  spot  on  its  middle,  the  cubital  nervure  and  the  second 
recurrent  nervure,  near  the  areolet,  have  also  a  small  hyaline  spot. 
Legs  black,  shining,  the  anterior  femora  with  a  whitish  spot  at  tip  and 
their  tibiae  a  whitish  line  on  the  inner  side.  Abdomen  elongate,  slen- 
der, black  with  a  slight  tinge  of  blue  ;  the  basal  segment  elongate,  with 
two  well  defined  carinas  extendin";  from  the  ano-le  forward  on  the 
petiole,  on  each  side  of  the  angulation  a  minute  tubercle ;  the  first  and 
second  segments  roughly  punctured,  the  latter  having  the  basal  foveas 
transverse  and  rather  deep  ;  the  fourth  and  following  segments  pol- 
ished; venter  black,  shining.   Length  9  lines;  expanse  of  wings  15?  lines. 

Hah. — Kocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

I  dedicate  this  very  distinct  and  elegant  species  to  my  friend  Mr. 
Charles  A.  Blake  of  Philadelphia. 

9.  Ich.  flavicornis,  n.  sp. 

Black,  opaque;  antennse  orange-yellow ;  wings  dark  fuscous,  with  a  strong 
peneous  reflection  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  subquadrate,  transverse. 

Male. — Opaque  deep  black;  head  with  the  frontal  orbits  yellow, 
sometimes  subobsolete  or  wanting ;  antenna  two-thirds  the  length  of 
the  body,  orange-yellow,  with  the  extreme  base  and  apex  blackish,  scape 
deep  black.  Thorax  closely  punctured,  with  a  rather  deep  indentation 
on  each  side  of  the  mesothorax  in  front;  scutellum  convex,  punctured, 
somewhat  shining,  deeply  impressed  in  front  and  connected  to  the 
mesothorax  on  each  side  by  a  sharply  defined  carina,  metathorax  sca- 
brous, the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central  area  rather 
large  and  transverse.  Wings  dark  fuscous,  with  a  strong  asneous  reflec- 
tion ;  nervures  and  stigma  black;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular. 
Legs  black,  the  anterior  pair  tinged  with  pale  rufous  on  the  inner  side. 
Abdomen  elongate,  opaque  black,  immaculate,  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured ;  basal  segment  finely  aciculate,  bilineated ;  basal  foveas  of  the 
second  segment  rather  large  and  deep,  more  coarsely  aciculate;  beneath 
black.     Length  9  lines;  expanse  of  wings  15i  lines. 

Hah. — New  York.     Mr.  James  Angus. 


1864.]  141 

10.  Ich.  montanus.  n.  sp. 

Blue-black ;  wings  fusco-hyaline :  Central  area  of  metathorax  large,  quad- 
rate, transverse. 

Male. — Entirely  blue-black ;  the  head  and  thorax  having  a  slight 
tinge  of  green,  rather  densely  punctured ;  antennas  almost  as  long  as 
the  body,  black,  opaque.  Scutellum  convex,  deeply  impressed  in  front 
and  connected  with  the  mesothorax  on  each  side  by  a  sharp  carina; 
metathorax  densely  and  confluently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  well 
defined,  the  central  area  large,  quadrate,  transverse.  Wings  fusco- 
hyaline,  darkest  on  the  apical  margin  and  having  a  slight  violaceous 
reflection ;  nervures  black ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  blue-black,  the 
inner  side  of  the  anterior  tibife  and  tarsi  and  a  spot  at  the  tips  of  the 
anterior  femora,  whitish.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather  slender,  densely 
punctured ;  basal  segment  somewhat  shining,  deeply  tinged  with  blue, 
bilineated  and  finely  aciculate;  apical  segments  smoother.  Length  7 
lines;  expanse  of  wings  11  g  lines. 

Female. — Resembles  the  male,  except  that  the  color  is  more  bluish, 
the  antennae  are  shorter  and  the  11th  to  14th  joints  above  are  white  ; 
the  ovipositor  is  yellowish  and  exserted  about  one  line. 

Hah. — Rocky  iMountains,  Colorado  Territory.  3  %  and  2  9  specimens. 

11.  Ich.  pedalis.  n.  sji. 

Black:  wiugs  fusco-hyaline:  legs  fulvous:  central  area  of  metathorax  trans- 
verse. 

Male. — Black,  densely  punctured  ;  antennae  brown-black,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  body.  Thorax  shining;  scutellum  rather  convex, 
punctured  shining;  metathorax  scabrous,  opaque,  the  elevated  lines 
well  defined,  the  central  area  rather  large,  transverse,  the  posterior 
margin  bent  inwards.  Wings  fusco-hyaline,  with  a  slight  violaceous 
reflection;  nervures  and  stigma  black;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtrian- 
gular.  Legs  fulvous,  their  coxae,  trochanters  and  the  extreme  tips  of 
the  posterior  tibiae,  black.  Abdomen  opaque, densely  punctured  ;  basal 
foveae  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  oblique.  Length  6^  lines;  ex- 
panse of  wings  11,';  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

12.  Ich.  Ormenus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  shining  :  wings  subhyaline  :  legs  fulvous:  central  area  of  metathorax 
large,  elongate-subquadrate. 

Female. — Black,  closely  punctured,  clypeus  shining,  with  a  deeply 


142  [June 

impressed  poiut  on  each  side,  mandibles  and  palpi  piceous ;  antennte 
short,  involute,  fuseo-sericeous.  Thorax  somewhat  shining,  finely  punc- 
tured ;  tegulcB  rufo-testaceous ;  scutellum  flat,  smooth  and  polished ; 
metathorax  densely  and  somewhat  roughly  punctured,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large,  elongate-subquadrate.  Wings 
subhyaline,  faintly  stained  with  fuscous ;  nervures  fuscous,  testaceous 
at  base,  stigma  fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  fvilvous,  the  coxae, 
the  posterior  femora  at  tip  and  their  tarsi  black.  Abdomen  elongate, 
rather  slender,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  the  apical  segments 
smooth  and  shining;  the  first  segment  bilineated,  finely  aciculate ; 
basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  deep ;  beneath  black ;  ovipositor 
not  exserted.  Length  6^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  IH  lines. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

13.  Ich.  semilsevis,  n.  sp. 

Black:  antennae  with  a  narrow  white  annulus ;  wings  subhyaline;  femora 
fulvous;  central  area  of  metathorax  quadrate. 

Female. — Black ;  head  shining,  closely  punctured ;  face  short,  a 
rounded  carina  beneath  the  insertion  of  the  antennae;  narrow  orbits 
above  the  antennse  and  a  spot  at  the  summit  of  the  eyes,  white ;  clypeus 
with  a  few  large  punctures,  its  anterior  margin  and  the  mandibles  to- 
ward their  tips,  rufo-piceous ;  antennae  short,  involute,  the  joints  sub- 
moniliform,  black,  the  10th  to  16th  joints  white  above,  beneath  towards 
the  tip  they  are  brown-sericeous  and  flattened,  basal  joint  robust,  shin- 
ing black.  Thorax  polished,  sparsely  punctured,  the  disk  above  as  well 
as  the  scutellum  almost  destitute  of  punctures,  being  very  smooth  and 
shining ;  scutellum  flat ;  metathorax  densely  and  rather  roughly  punc- 
tured, the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central  area  quad- 
rate, not  very  distinct.  Wings  almost  hyaline,  faintly  stained  with  fuli- 
ginous, nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black, 
shining;  all  the  femora  and  the  anterior  and  intermediate  tibi^  and 
tarsi  rufous,  the  latter  obfuscated  at  tips.  Abdomen  black,  tinged  with 
purple,  polished  towards  the  tip  ;  petiole  short ;  the  1st  segment  biline- 
ated, finely  aciculate ;  basal  fovese  of  the  second  segment  deep  and 
oblique,  between  these  foveas  the  surface  is  longitudinally  rugose,  the 
rugosity  extending  down  the  middle  of  the  segment  almost  to  its  tip ; 
the  seventh  segment  sulcate  above.  Length  6^  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
Hi  lines. 


1864.]  143 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Resembles  Idi.  Ormenus  in  size  and  form,  but  otherwise  quite  dis- 
tinct. 

Section  2. 

14.  Ich.  vittifrons,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face  whitish,  with  a  broad  black  stripe  down  its  middle;  scutellum 
white ;  wings  fuscous,  hyaline  at  base ;  central  area  of  metathorax  indistinct. 
Male. — Head  black,  the  face  below  the  antennae,  clypeus,  orbits  not 
reaching  the  vertex  behind,  and  the  middle  of  the  mandibles,  white ; 
the  face  with  a  broad  black  vitta  extending  from  the  base  of  the  an- 
tennas to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus ;  antennae  porrect,  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  whitish  beneath. 
Thorax  black,  shining,  rather  sparsely  punctured,  a  well  impressed  lon- 
gitudinal line  on  each  side  of  the  mesothorax  in  front,  which  become 
obsolete  before  reaching  the  disk ;  tegulse,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a 
short  line  beneath  the  wings,  white ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  white,  with 
a  deep  impression  at  base  and  connected  to  the  mesothorax  on  each 
side  by  a  sharply  defined  cai'ina ;  behind  the  scutellum  a  short  trans- 
verse white  line  ;  metathorax  confluently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines 
indistinct,  the  central  area  small,  subobsolete,  its  shape  indistinct. 
Wings  broad,  dark  fuscous,  with  a  strong  violaceous  reflection,  the  base 
especially  of  the  posterior  pair,  hyaline;  nervures  black,  areolet  5-angu- 
lar  or  subtriangular,  rather  oblique.  Legs  black,  the  anterior  coxa3 
beneath,  a  spot  on  the  intermediate  coxae  beneath,  the  anterior  and  in- 
termediate femora  exteriorly  at  base,  their  tarsi  and  all  their  tibiae 
exteriorly,  white.  Abdomen  elongate,  black,  closely  punctured,  shin- 
ing, especially  at  tip ;  basal  segment  deeply  punctured,  the  peduncle 
rather  short;  basal  fovese  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  transverse; 
beneath,  black.  Length  9  lines;  expanse  of  wings  15  lines. 
fla6.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

15.  Ich.  audax,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  face,  scutellum  and  legs  in  part,  yellowish-white  ;  wings  subhyaline  ; 
central  area  of  metathorax  transverse. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  frontal  orbits  not 
reaching  the  vertex,  clypeus,  a  spot  on  the  mandibles,  and  the  palpi, 
yellowish-white ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the 
basal  joint  beneath  whitish.  Thorax  black,  finely  and  confluently  punc- 
tured ;  teguloe  except  at  base,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  line 


144  [June 

beneath  the  wings,  white ;  scutelhim  convex,  profoundly  impressed  in 
front,  entirely  whitish  ;  metathorax  roughly  punctured,  the  elevated 
lines  distinct,  the  central  area  transversely  subquadrate,  its  margins 
smooth  and  shining.  Wings  subhyaline,  tinged  with  fuliginous,  with 
a  faint  violet  reflection  ;  nervures  and  stigma  black  ;  areolet  5-angular. 
Legs  black,  anterior  pair  with  a  spot  on  their  coxae  beneath,  and  their 
tibiae  and  tarsi  white;  intermediate  pair  with  the  tips  of  their  trochan- 
ters and  femora,  and  their  tibiae  and  tarsi  white ;  posterior  pair  with  a 
small  spot  at  the  base  of  their  femora  within,  the  basal  two-thirds  of 
their  tibiae  and  their  tarsi  also  white ;  all  the  tarsal  claws  black.  Ab- 
domen entirely  opaque  black;  basal  segment  bilineated,  finely  aciculate, 
as  is  also  the  base  of  the  second  segment,  the  fovese  of  which  are  large 
and  deeply  impressed ;  beneath  black.  Length  7^  lines ;  expanse  of 
wings  12i  lines. 

Ilnb. — Rocky  Mountains.  Colorado  Territory. 

Ifi.  Ich.  caliginosus.  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennae  with  a  white  annulus  ;  scutellum  white:  wings  fusco-hya- 
line  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  quadrate  and  transverse. 

Female. — Black,  subopaque,  densely  and  finely  punctured ;  clypeus 
shining,  with  a  few  large  punctures ;  antennae  half  the  length  of  the 
body,  black,  the  10th  to  15th  joints  white  above.  Thorax  densely  and 
confluently  punctured,  with  an  abbreviated  impressed  line  on  each  side 
of  the  mesothorax  in  front ;  .scutellum  rather  flat,  smooth  and  shining, 
with  a  large  white  spot  occupying  nearly  its  whole  surface  and  slightly 
indented  posteriorly;  metathorax  scabrous,  the  elevated  lines  well  de- 
fined, the  central  area  large  and  transversely  quadrate.  Wings  fuscous, 
nervures  black,  stigma  piceous,  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  shining  black, 
inner  side  of  the  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  whitish.  Abdomen  entirely 
black ;  the  first  segment  broad  and  finely  aciculate,  the  peduncle  slen- 
der ;  basal  foveae  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  oblique ;  apical  seg- 
ments rather  smooth  and  shining;  ovipositor  subexserted,  yellowish. 
Length  6  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

17.  Ich.  Bronteus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  the  face,  scutellum  and  legs  in  part,  yellow;  wings  subhyaline:  cen- 
tral area  of  metathorax  rather  large,  subquadrate.      * 

Male. — Black,  subopaque,  closely  punctured ;  the  face  beneath   the 


1864.]  145 

antenna;,  frontal  orbits,  clypeus,  mandibles  except  base  and  apex,  and 
the  palpi,  yellow ;  antennae  black,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
body,  porreet,  the  basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  somewhat  shin- 
ing above,  clothed  with  short  fuscous  pubescence,  an  abbreviated  im- 
pressed line  on  each  side  of  the  mesothorax  in  front;  the  tegulje,  a  short 
line  in  front  and  another  beneath  the  wings,  yellow;  scutellum  convex, 
smooth,  yellow,  slightly  pilose  ;  metathorax  scabrous,  the  elevated  lines 
well  defined,  the  central  area  rather  large,  subquadrate.  Wings  subhya- 
line,  faintly  fuliginous,  and  with  a  brassy  reflection  ;  nervures  fuscous, 
stigma  fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  yellow,  the  two  anterior  pairs  of 
coxae,  except  a  spot  beneath,  their  femora  posteriorly  and  the  posterior 
coxae,  femora  and  tibiae  at  tip,  black.  Abdomen  long  and  rather  slender, 
subopaque,  densely  and  finely  punctured  ;  the  basal  segment  biliueated 
and  finely  aciculate  ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  deep  ;  on  each 
side  of  the  third  segment  at  base  a  small  obscure  testaceous  spot ;  apical 
segments  smoother;  beneath,  the  second,  third  and  part  of  the  fourth 
segments  are  yellowish.  Length  8  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  12  lines. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

18.  Ich.  tenebrosus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  fiicc  aud   scutellum  yellow:    legs  fulvous;    wings    hyaline;  central 
area  of  metathorax  quadrate,  elongate. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  frontal  orbits, 
clypeus,  mandibles  except  base  and  apex,  and  the  palpi,  yellow ;  an- 
tenna3  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint 
beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  shining,  closely  punctured ;  tegular,  a 
short  line  before  and  another  beneath  the  wings,  yellow ;  scutellum 
rather  flat,  yellow,  smooth  and  shining;  metathorax  roughly  punctured, 
opaque  black,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  longitu- 
dinally quadrate.  Wings  hyaline;  nervures  fuscous,  testaceous  at  base, 
the  stigma  fulvous;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  pale  fulvous,  the  anterior 
and  intermediate  coxre  black  above,  yellow  beneath,  the  posterior  pair 
entirely  black,  as  well  as  the  extreme  tips  of  the  posterior  tibicG ;  pos- 
terior femora  of  a  more  deeper  fulvous;  tips  of  tarsi  blackish.  Abdo- 
men elongate,  rather  slender,  minutely  punctured,  opaque  black,  slightly 
shining  towards  the  apex ;  first  segment  bilineated  and  finely  aciculate ; 
basal  foveiB  of  the  second  segment  oblique ;  on  each  side  of  the  third 
segment  at  base  an  obscure  ferruginous  spot ;  beneath  black,  the  second 


146  [June 

and  third  segments  pale  testaceous,  obfuscated  on  each  side.     Length 
6:7  hnes  ;  expanse  of  wings  11^  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

19.  Ich.  puUatus,  n.  sjj. 

Black :  face  and  scutellum  white,  the  former  with  a  black  stripe  down  its 
middle;  wings  clear;  central  area  of  metathorax  transverse,  rather  large. 

Male. — Black ;  head  with  the  orbits,  interrupted  behind,  the  face, 
clypeus,  spot  on  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  whitish  ;  a  broad  black  vitta 
extending  from  the  base  of  the  antennas  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
clypeus  ;  autenuje  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  body,  slender,  black, 
the  basal  joint  beneath  with  a  white  spot.  Thorax  densely  and  finely 
punctured ;  the  mesothorax  in  front  with  a  shallow  impression  on  each 
side ;  the  collar  above,  tegulee,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  one 
beneath  the  wings,  white ;  scutellum  rather  convex,  polished,  yellow- 
ish-white, behind  it  a  small  spot  of  the  same  color;  metathorax  rather 
finely  and  confluently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  de- 
fined, shining,  the  central  area  rather  large  or  moderate,  semicircular, 
transverse,  convex  in  front.  Wings  almost  hyaline,  having  a  very  faint 
tinge  of  fuliginous  especially  on  the  apical  margin  ;  nervures  fuscous, 
costa  piceous,  stigma  paler ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black,  a  spot  on 
the  anterior  coxae  beneath,  the  anterior  femora  and  tips  of  the  middle 
feiuora  within  and  the  two  anterior  pairs  of  tibiae  and  tarsi,  except  a 
black  line  behind,  whitish ;  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  posterior  tibiae 
and  the  joints  of  the  tarsi  exteriorly  except  their  extreme  tips  also 
whitish  ;  tips  of  all  the  tarsi  black.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather  slender, 
shining,  densely  and  finely  punctured;  basal  segment  bilineated,  rather 
smooth,  the  peduncle  short;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  small, 
deep  and  obHque  ;  apical  segments  polished  ;  beneath  black.  Length 
6 — 6^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  lOA — 11  lines. 

Hah. — Delaware  (Dr.  Wilson) ;  Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis). 

20.  Ich.  cordatus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  sides  of  face,  a  cordate  spot  on  scutellum  and  legs  in  part,  white : 
wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of  metathorax  transverse. 

Alale. — Head  black,  the  frontal  orbits  (interrupted  on  each  side  of 
the  insertion  of  the  antennse,  narrow  above,  broader  below  and  con- 
stricted on  each  side  of  the  clypeus),  a  spot  on  each  side  of  the  cly- 
peus, spot  on  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  white  ;  antennas  more  than  half 


1864.]  147 

the  length  of  the  body,  black.  Thorax  black,  shining,  closely  punc- 
tured ;  a  spot  on  tegulas,  a  spot  before  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings 
white ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  smooth  and  shining,  black  with  a  rather 
large,  cordate,  white  spot ;  metathorax  black,  subopaque,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  transverse,  subreniform,  being- 
rounded  in  front  and  emarginate  behind.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical 
margins  slightly  fuliginous,  nervures  and  stigma  black,  areolet  5-angu- 
lar.  Legs  black,  tips  of  the  four  anterior  femora  and  their  tibise  and 
tarsi  exteriorly,  white,  the  tips  of  the  latter  and  the  claws,  black ;  in- 
ner half  of  the  posterior  tibise  also  white.  Abdomen  elongate,  black 
with  a  slight  tinge  of  blue,  somewhat  shining,  rather  smooth,  the  punc- 
tures close,  but  distinct  and  uniform,  becoming  less  obvious  towards 
the  tip  ;  first  segment  bilineated,  shining,  the  peduncle  slender ;  basal 
foveas  of  the  second  segment  obliquely  impressed  ;  beneath  black. 
Length  6  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  10  lines. 
Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

21.  Ich.  obliteratus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  scutellum  white;  wings  subhyaline,  areolet  incomplete;  central  area 
of  metathorax  obliterated. 

Male. — Jet-black,  subopaque,  densely  punctured  ;  a  minute  whitish 
spot  at  the  summit  of  the  eyes ;  antennte  about  half  the  length  of  the 
body,  entirely  black.  Thorax  shining  above,  conflueutly  punctured  ; 
a  spot  on  tegulae,  a  short  line  before  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings, 
white;  scutellum  rather  convex,  deeply  impressed  in  front,  with  a 
large  quadrate  white  spot;  metathorax  opaque,  scabrous,  the  elevated 
lines  indistinct,  the  central  area  obliterated.  Wings  subhyaline,  apical 
margins  smoky ;  areolet  subtriangular,  incomplete,  the  outer  nervure 
being  almost  entirely  obliterated.  Legs  black  ;  tips  of  the  anterior  and 
intermediate  femora,  the  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi,  the  intermediate 
tibiae  and  tarsi  exteriorly,  and  the  posterior  tibiae  at  base,  white.  Abdo- 
men elongate,  rather  slender :  basal  segment,  broad  posteriorly,  biline- 
ated and  roughly  punctured ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  small 
and  indistinct ;  the  second  and  third  segments  above  densely  punc- 
tured, the  apical  ones  smoother  and  shining,  especially  the  sixth  and 
seventh;  beneath  black,  shining.  Length  6^  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
11  lines. 

Hah. — llocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 


148  [June 

22.  Ich.  subcyaneus.  n  sp. 

Black,  with  a  bluish  tinge:  annulus  on  the  antennae  and  the  scutellma  white; 
wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of  metathorax  quadrate,  moderate. 

Female. — Black,  tinged  with  blue,  shining,  finely  and  densely  punc- 
tured ;  frontal  orbits  pale,  subobsolete;  antennae  involute,  black,  10th 
to  16th  joints  whitish.  Scutellum  flat,  polished,  yellowish-white ; 
metathorax  finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  cen- 
tral area  moderate,  quadrate.  Wings  almost  hyaline,  having  a  faint 
tinge  of  fuliginous ;  nervures  fuscous,  costa  blackish,  stigma  brown  ; 
areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black,  the  two  anterior  pairs  tinged  with  brown. 
Abdomen  stout,  subovate,  strongly  arcuated,  deeply  tinged  with  dark 
blue  J  basal  segment  very  broad,  bilineated,  punctured  and  subobso- 
letely  aciculate,  the  tip  deeply  incised  ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  seg- 
ment transverse,  rather  deeply  impressed  5  apical  segments  smooth  and 
polished  ;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  5  Hues ;  expanse  of  wings 
9^  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     Mr.  Wm.  Wenzel. 

Section  3 — a. 

23.  Ich.  scelestus,  n.  sp. 

Deep  black,  annulus  on  the  antennse,  spot  on  scutellum  and  another  on  ter- 
minal segment  of  the  abdomen  whitish  ;  wings  dark  fuscous  ;  central  area  of 
metathorax  large,  quadrate,  elongate. 

Female. — Deep  black,  shining,  densely  and  finely  punctured  ;  on 
each  side  of  the  clypeus  a  deep  fovea ;  antennae  short,  slightly  invo- 
lute, black,  9th  to  loth  joints  whitish,  spotted  on  the  outside  with 
blackish ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  polished,  with  a  small  yellowish  spot 
posteriorly;  metathorax  finely  and  densely  punctured,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large,  elongate-quadi'ate.  Wings 
dark  fuscous,  with  a  rather  strong  violaceous  and  cupreous  reflection  ; 
nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular,  with  a  small  hyaline 
spot  on  its  outer  nervure  and  two  others  below.  Legs  deep  black,  the 
anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  pale  in  front.  Abdomen  elongate,  strongly 
arcuated,  feebly  punctured,  shining;  basal  segment  bilineated,  smooth 
on  the  disk  and  deeply  punctured  laterally ;  apical  segments  polished, 
the  extreme  tip  with  a  rounded  yellowish-white  spot ;  ovipositor  not 
exserted.     Length  6i  lines;  expanse  of  wings  lOJ  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 


1864.]  149 

24.  Ich.  extrematis.  n.  sp. 

Deep  black:  aunulus  on  antennse,  seutellum  and  extreme  apex  of  aodomen 
above,  white:  wing.s  subbyaline  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  moderate,  sub- 
quadrate. 

Female. — Deep  black,  somewhat  shiniug,  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured ;  clypeus  on  each  side  with  a  deep  fovea ;  antennsB  about  half 
the  length  of  the  body,  slightly  involute,  black,  8th  to  13th  joints  above 
white ;  seutellum  flat,  polished,  yellowish-white ;  metathorax  finely 
punctured,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate, 
subquadrate,  slightly  transverse.  Wings  subhyaline,  tinged  with  fuli- 
ginous ;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base  ; 
areolet  5-angular,  somewhat  oblique.  Legs  black,  sericeous,  the  ante- 
rior pair  brownish  in  front,  the  posterior  trochanters  white.  Abdomen 
rather  stout,  .subovate,  shining,  the  2nd  and  3rd  segments  opaque ; 
basal  segment  rather  broad,  glossy,  bilineated,  obsolete ly  aciculate  ; 
basal  fovese  of  the  2nd  segment  subobsolete  ;  apical  segments  polished ; 
terminal  segment  above  and  the  posterior  margin  of  the  6th  segment, 
white ;  beneath  black  ;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  5  lines ;  ex- 
panse of  wings  8  lines. 

Ilab. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Closely  allied  to  Ich.  hrevicmctor  Say.  but  is  shorter  and  more  ro- 
bust, and  the  wings  are  shorter  and  darker ;  it  is  readily  distinguished 
from  Say's  species  by  the  posterior  trochanters  being  entirely  white. 

Ich.  hrevicinctor  Say  also  belongs  to  this  Section. 

Section  3 — h. 

25.  Ich.  cseruleus,  n.  sp. 

Deej3  blue,  shining;  thorax  tinged  with  green;  orbits,  two  spots  on  clypeus, 
lateral  sutures  of  mesothorax,  two  short  lines  on  its  disk  and  sides  of  seu- 
tellum, whitish  ;  wings  clear  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  moderate,  quadrate, 
indistinctly  defined. 

Female. — Deep  dark  blue,  shining,  clothed  with  a  very  short  pale 
pubescence ;  head  black  with  a  bluish-green  tinge,  closely  punctured ; 
the  orbits  (interrupted  behind),  a  round  spot  on  each  side  of  the  cly- 
peus, the  labrum,  a  spot  on  the  mandibles  and  the  palpi,  whitish ;  labrum 
and  mandibles  fringed  with  yellowish  pubescence ;  antennae  short,  in- 
volute, black,  the  10th  to  15th  joints  above  white,  the  tip  beneath  fus- 
cous. Thorax  rather  closely  and  finely  punctured ;  the  mesothorax 
black  more  or  less  tinged  with  green,  the  pleura  and  metathorax  green- 


150  [June 

ish-blue ;  the  collar  above,  outer  margin  of  the  tegulae,  a  sutural  line 
before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings,  and  two  longitudinal  lines 
on  the  disk  of  mesothorax,  white ;  scutellum  same  color  as  the  meso- 
thorax,  sparsely  punctured,  polished,  its  lateral  margins  whitish ;  post- 
scutellum  with  a  transverse  white  spot;  metathorax  finely  and  conflu- 
ently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central 
area  moderate,  subquadrate,  indistinctly  defined,  smooth  and  shining. 
Wings  almost  hyaline,  being  faintly  tinged  with  fuscous ;  nervures  and 
stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black,  the  anterior  coxfe  be- 
neath, the  four  anterior  femora  at  tip  and  their  tibife  in  front,  and 
sometimes  the  posterior  tibiae  at  base  exteriorly,  whitish.  Abdomen 
elongate,  stout,  brilliant  deep  blue,  closely  and  finely  punctured,  shin- 
ing ;  basal  segment  rather  broad,  bilineated,  finely  aciculate,  and  with 
a  small  whitish  spot,  sometimes  obsolete  or  wanting,  on  each  extreme 
apical  corner,  the  peduncle  short ;  extreme  base  of  the  second  segment, 
between  the  basal  fovere  which  are  deep,  is  coarsely  aciculate ;  apical 
segments  polished,  impunctured.  Length  6 — 8  lines;  expanse  of  wings 
10—13  Unes. 

Hah. — Mass.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Md.,  111.     Eight  9  specimens. 

This  is  a  very  beautiful  species ;  it  agrees  in  some  respects  with  the 
description  given  of  Icli.  pulcher  Brulle,  but  I  cannot  satisfy  myself  of 
their  identity.  In  this  species  the  scape  of  the  antennae  is  always 
black,  the  face  is  black  with  narrow  white  orbits,  and  the  sides  of  the 
mesothorax  and  surface  of  the  metathorax  are  not  ornamented  with 
yellow  lines  or  spots,  as  is  said  to  be  present  in  pulcher.  I  have  not 
seen  the  male. 

26.  Ich.  Azotus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  face,  orbits,  lateral  lines  of  mesothorax  and  two  lines  on  its  disk, 
scutellum,  and  apex  of  the  first  abdominal  segment,  white ;  wings  hyaline ; 
central  area  of  metathorax  moderate,  transverse. 

Male.. — Black,  shining;  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  orbits,  cly- 
peus,  mandibles  except  base,  and  the  palpi,  white ;  antennae  porrect, 
about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  be- 
neath white.  Thorax  finely  and  closely  punctured,  with  an  impressed 
line  on  each  side  of  the  mesothorax  in  front;  the  tegulaa,  a  broad  sutu- 
ral line  before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings,  and  two  short  lines 
on  the  disk  above,  white;  scutellum  rather  flat,  polished,  white  except 


1864.]  151 

its  anterior  margin  which  is  black ;  a  transverse  white  line  on  the  post- 
scutellum  ;  metathorax  densely  and  confluently  punctured,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  narrow  and  transverse, 
the  space  in  front  convex.  Wings  hyaline,  slightly  fuliginous  at  tip ; 
iiervures  and  stigma  black  ;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs 
black,  the  two  anterior  pairs  in  front  and  their  coxse  beneath,  as  well 
as  a  line  on  the  posterior  tibia?  and  tarsi  behind,  white.  x\bdomen 
elongate,  rather  slender,  densely  and  very  finely  punctured ;  basal  seg- 
ment bilineated,  closely  punctured,  the  extreme  apex  with  a  large  white 
spot  on  the  disk  and  a  smaller  one  on  each  side,  having  the  appearance 
of  a  transverse  band  trilobed  in  front ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  seg- 
ment large,  deep  and  somewhat  oblique  ;  apical  segments  rather  smooth 
and  shining.     Length  H  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11 J  lines. 

^a^*.— Delaware.     Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

Closely  resembles  Ich.  ofiosus  Say,  but  the  antennae  have  no  white 
annulus,  the  face  is  entirely  white,  the  colors  of  the  legs  are  difierently 
arranged  and  the  metathorax  has  no  lateral  white  spot  as  is  always 
present  in  that  species. 

2".  Ich.  agnitus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  autennte  with  a  broad  white  annulus;  orbits,  a  spot  on  each  side  of 
clypeus,  lateral  lines  of  mesothorax  and  the  scutellum,  white ;  wings  subhya- 
line  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  subquadrate. 

Female. — Black,  shining.  Head  with  the  orbits  of  the  eyes  and  a 
spot  on  each  side  of  the  clypeus,  white  ;  antennae  about  half  the  length 
of  the  body,  the  apex  involute,  the  9th  to  15th  joints  white,  spotted 
beneath  with  black.  Thorax  strongly  punctured ;  tegulae  black ;  the 
collar  above,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings, 
white;  scutellum  flat  and  polished,  with  a  large  round  white  spot  cov- 
ering nearly  its  entire  surface,  behind  it  an  obsolete  pale  spot;  meta- 
thorax densely  and  confluently  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably 
well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  subquadrate,  rather  smooth. 
Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  stained  with  fuscous;  nervures  and  stigma 
black;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular,  slightly  oblique.  Legs  black, 
the  anterior  and  middle  femora  at  tip,  the  anterior  tibiae  in  front  and  a 
spot  on  the  posterior  coxae  beneath,  white.  Abdomen  elongate,  black, 
slightly  tinged  with  blue,  densely  and  minutely  punctured ;  basal  seg- 
ment bilineated,  broad  posteriorly,  distinctly  punctured  and  having  at  its 


152  [June 

extreme  tip  above  a  narrow  white  line  and  a  minute  white  dot  on  each 
side  of  it ;  basal  foxese  of  the  second  segment  deep ;  apical  segments 
smooth  and  shining ;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  6^  lines ;  ex- 
panse of  wings  11  lines. 

Hab.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Differs  from  Ich.  ofiosus  Say,  by  having  a  white  spot  on  each  side 
of  the  clypeus,  by  the  absence  of  the  lines  on  the  disk  of  the  thorax, 
by  the  different  coloi'ation  of  the  legs,  by  the  absence  of  the  lateral 
spots  on  the  metathorax  and  by  the  different  shaped  central  ai-ea.  which 
in  ofiosus  is  transverse,  rounded  in  front  and  deeply  indented  behind. 

The  following  species  also  belong  to  this  Section  : — Irh.  uni/asriafo- 
rius  Say,  Ich.  ott'osus  Say,  Ich.  navus  Say  and  Ich.  pulchcr  liruUe, 
all  of  which  are  known  to  me,  except  the  last. 

Section  o — c. 

28.  Ich.  apicalis,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face  yellow ;  scutellum  pale ;  legs  and  apex  of  abdomen  fulvous : 
wings  subhyaline :  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  quadrate,  indistinct. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antennas,  frontal  orbits, 
clypeus,  mandibles  except  base  and  apex,  and  the  palpi,  yellow :  an- 
tennae rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  basal 
joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  shining,  closely  punctured ;  tegulfe, 
a  spot  before  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings,  yellow ;  scutellum  i-ather 
flat,  smooth  and  shining,  black,  with  a  subquadrate,  obscure  yellowish 
spot ;  metathorax  roughly  punctured,  opaque  black,  the  elevated  lines 
tolerably  distinct,  the  central  area  quadrate,  not  well  defined.  Wings 
fusco-hyaline ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  fulvous ;  areolet 
5-angular.  Legs  fulvous,  anterior  and  intermediate  cox»  black  above, 
yellow  beneath,  the  posterior  pair  entirely  black  ;  the  four  anteriijr  legs 
yellowish  in  front.  Abdomen  black,  elongate,  minutely  punctured ; 
first  segment  finely  aciculate,  bilineated,  the  foveae  of  the  second  seg- 
ment profoundly  impressed ;  second,  third  and  fourth  segments  opaque, 
the  apical  ones  smooth  and  shining;  last  segment  fulvous;  beneath 
blackish,  with  the  middle  of  the  2nd  and  three  following  segments 
pale  yellow,  the  apical  ones  fulvous.  Length  G  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings 
11  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territoi-y. 


1864.]  158 

Section  4. 

29.  leh.  variegatus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face,  scutellum,  metathorax,  legs  in  most  part,  and  basal  i  of  second 
abdominal  segment,  yellow;  rest  of  abdomen,  except  basal  segment,  rufous; 
wings  subhyaline:  central  area  of  metathorax  subquadrate  and  transverse. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antenna},  frontal  orbits, 
clypeus,  spot  on  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  bright  yellow  ;  antennae  por- 
rect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  basal  joint  beneath  yellow. 
Thorax  black,  polished,  very  finely  punctured ;  tegulae,  a  sutural  line 
before  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings,  yellow;  scutellum  slightly  convex, 
polished,  entirely  bright  yellow;  metathorax  densely  punctured,  yel- 
low except  its  anterior  and  lateral  margins,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably 
well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  transverse,  subquadrate.  Wings 
subhyaline,  slightly  fuliginous ;  uervures  and  stigma  piceous,  paler  at 
base ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  bright  yellow,  the  posterior  coxae,  fe- 
mora and  apical  half  of  the  tibiae,  black.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather 
slender,  opaque,  densely  and  very  finely  punctured ;  basal  segment 
black,  distinctly  bilineated  and  finely  aciculate;  second  segment  bright 
yellow,  its  apical  half  dull  rufous,  the  basal  foveae  small,  black,  coarsely 
aciculate ;  remaining  segments  dull  rufous,  the  third  segment  having; 
on  each  side  an  irregular  yellowish  stain  dilated  laterally;  apical  seg- 
ments smoother  than  the  basal  ones ;  beneath  pale  ferruginous,  the 
middle  of  the  segments  stained  with  yellowish.  Length  8  lines;  ex- 
panse of  wings  11 J  lines. 

Variety  %  . — Differs  from  the  above  as  follows : — The  four  anterior 
femora  have  a  black  spot  behind,  the  wings  are  clearer,  the  apical  half 
of  the  2nd  abdominal  segment  is  yellowish-ferruginous  as  also  the  basal 
foveae,  the  3rd  segment  above  is  entirely  yellow,  except  the  basal  incis- 
ure which  is  black,  the  remaining  segments  are  dull  rufous,  the  4th 
and  5th  each  having  a  narrow  black  fascia  at  base.  Length  6^  lines. 
ITab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

30.  Ich.  inconstans,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face,  scutellum,  legs,  the  2nd,  3rd,  4th  and  two  apical  segments  of 
abdomen,  more  or  less  yellow  ;  wings  subhyaline  ;  central  area  of  metathorax 
moderate,  subquadrate. 

31ale. — Head  black;  the  face  beneath  the  antennte,  clypeus,  man- 
dibles (except  the  base  which  is  piceous),  and  the  palpi  pale  yellow ; 
antennae  porrect,  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black. 


154  [June 

basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  minutely  punctured,  shin- 
ino-j  tegulae,  a  spot  before  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings,  white;  scu- 
tellum  flat,  polished,  white;  metathorax  entirely  black,  finely  and  con- 
fluently  punctured,  opaque,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central 
area  moderate,  subquadrate,  rounded  in  front  and  obtusely  indented 
behind.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather  slender,  finely  and  densely  punc- 
tured ;  basal  segment  black,  distinctly  bilineated  and  finely  aciculate ; 
second  and  third  segments  bright  yellow,  their  apical  third  stained 
with  ferruginous  and  their  extreme  apex  obfuscated ;  fourth  segment 
brown-black  with  a  large  angular  yellow  spot  on  each  side,  almost 
meeting  on  the  disk ;  the  two  following  segments  black,  the  apical 
ones  fulvous ;  beneath  colored  as  above.  Length  7 — 8  lines ;  expanse 
of  wings  11 — 11^  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

31.  Ich.  Crrotei,  n.  sp. 

Black:  face  and  scutellum  yellow;  metathorax  yellowi^h-ferrugiuous;  ab- 
domen ferruginous  and  yellow,  banded  with  black ;  central  area  of  metatho- 
rax small,  transverse. 

Male. — Head  black ;  the  face  beneath  the  antennse,  orbits,  clypeus, 
mandibles  except  base  and  extreme  tips,  and  the  palpi,  yellow ;  an- 
tennae porrect,  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  brown- 
black,  basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  finely  and  rather 
closely  punctured,  shining;  tegular,  a  broad  sutural  line  before  and  a 
short  one  beneath  the  wings,  an  oblique  line  on  each  side  of  the  pectus, 
yellow  or  yellowish-ferruginous ;  a  spot  on  each  side  of  the  pleui'a  and 
two  lines  on  the  disk  of  the  mesothorax,  almost  confiuent  behind  and 
diverging  in  front,  rufous  and  subobsolete ;  scutellum  rather  convex, 
shining,  yellow,  immediately  behind  it  a  short  transverse  yellowish- 
ferruginous  line  ;  metathorax  almost  entirely  yellowish-ferruginous,  the 
elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central  area  small,  transverse, 
subquadrate,  the  posterior  margin  bent  inwards.  Wings  subhyaline, 
with  a  brassy  gloss,  the  apical  margin  faintly  tinged  with  fuliginous ; 
nervures  blackish,  pale  testaceous  at  base,  as  well  as  the  outer  margin 
of  the  costa;  stigma  fulvous;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  yellow,  more 
or  less  varied  with  fuh^ous,  the  posterior  coxas,  trochanters,  femora 
and  tips  of  the  tibice  fulvous,  the  latter  obfuscated  at  tips.  Abdomen 
long  and  rather  slender,  densely  and  finely  punctured,  opaque-yellow, 


1864.] 


155 


varied  witli  fulvous  or  pale  ferruginous,  the  tips  of  the  first,  second, 
third  and  fourth  segments  bright  yellow,  their  middle  yellowish-ferru- 
sinous,  their  basal  third  black,  as  well  as  the  base  of  the  fifth  and  sixth 
segments,  the  remainder  of  these  segments  and  also  the  apical  segment 
entirely,  fulvous ;  basal  segment  distinctly  bilineated ;  basal  foveas  of 
the  second  segment  small  and  transverse  ;  fifth  and  following  segments 
smoother  than  the  preceding  ones,  and  somewhat  shining ;  beneath, 
the  segments  are  yellow  varied  with  fulvous,  the  basal  segment  black, 
the  middle  of  the  second  and  three  following  segments  yellow  with  a 
black  spot  on  each  side  at  base ;  apical  segments  fulvous.  Length  6i 
— 7^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11 — 12^  lines. 

Varieti/  %  . — Difiers  from  the  above  by  having  the  cheeks,  disk  of 
the  thorax  above  and  the  sides  of  the  pleura  more  or  less  yellowish- 
ferruginous  ;  in  one  specimen  the  pleura  has  on  each  side  a  broad  yel- 
lowish-ferruginous dash.     Length  6  lines. 

Eah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Col.  Ter.     Illinois.     Dr.  Saml.  Lewis. 

The  two  specimens  from  Illinois  are  not  so  bright  in  color  as  those 
from  Colorado,  the  ferruginous  color  being  very  dull,  approaching  fus- 
cous, especially  at  the  apex  of  the  abdomen.  I  have  no  doubt  of  their 
identity. 

I  dedicate  this  beautiful  species  to  my  friend  Mr.  Aug.  R.  Glrote  of 
New  York. 

Irh.  jHcundits  Brulle  also  belongs  to  this  Section. 

Section  5. 
32.  Ich.  nobilis,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face,  scutelhxm,  metathorax  and  legs  in  part,  and  posterior  portion  of 
the  first  4  abdominal  segments,  yellow  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  transverse. 
Male. — Head  black ;  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  orbits,  clypeus, 
mandibles  and  palpi,  yellow ;  antennae  porrect,  about  half  the  length 
of  the  body,  black,  basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  shining, 
closely  punctured,  clothed  with  short  fuscous  pubescence  ;  collar  above, 
tegulse,  a  broad  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings, 
yellow;  scutellum  convex,  yellow,  as  well  as  a  short  line  behind  it; 
metathorax  mostly  yellow,  its  anterior,  posterior  and  lateral  margins 
black,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  trans- 
verse. Wings  subhyaline,  stained  with  yellowish ;  nervures  fuscous, 
testaceous  at  base,  stigma  fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular.     Legs  yellow,  a 


156  [June 

spot  on  the  intermediate  cox?e  beneath,  the  posterior  coxae,  their 
femora  except  extreme  base  and  apex,  and  the  tips  of  their  tibice, 
black.  Abdomen  elongate,  stout,  bUick ;  the  first  segment,  except  pe- 
duncle, apical  two-thirds  of  the  second,  and  the  apical  half  of  the  two 
following  segments,  yellow ;  remaining  segments  black,  narrowly  mar- 
gined at  tip  with  obscure  yellowish,  shining;  basal  segment  bilineated, 
finely  aciculate  ;  basal  foveas  of  the  2nd  segment  small ;  beneath  colored 
same  as  above,  except  that  the  black  bands  of  the  2nd,  3rd  and  4th 
segments  are  interrupted  on  the  middle.  Length  9  lines;  expanse  of 
win"s  15  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Saml.  Lewis. 

Closely  resembles  Ich.  /sefus  Brulle,  but  is  much  larger,  the  wings 
longer,  and  the  central  area  of  the  metathorax  differently  shaped  ;  the 
colors  are  arranged  pretty  much  the  same,  but  the  apical  segments  of 
Isetus  are  always  black. 

I  would  remark  here  that  Ich.  parata  Say,  Contrib.  Macl.  Lye.  i, 
p.  68,  and  Ich.  pavdtd  Say,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  p.  228,  refer  to 
two  separate  and  distinct  species;  the  former  belongs,  I  think,  to  Isch- 
nus.  and  the  latter  is  a  true  Ichneumon^  and  identical  with  Ich.  Isetus 
Brulle, — Say  having  mistaken  the  two  for  %  and  9  of  the  same  species. 
I  have  six  specimens  of  the  former  species,  all  males,  and  fifteen  of  the 
latter,  also  all  males.  They  are  widely  distinct  and  answer  exactly  to 
the  desci'iptions  given  of  them.  I  have  therefore  separated  the  two  as 
follows  : — 

Ischnus  paratus  Say. — Ichneumon  parata  Say,  Contrib.  Macl.  Lye.  i.  p   68. 

Ichneumon  laetus  Brulle. — Ich.  parata  Say,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  p.  228. 

33.  Ich.  fiavizonatus.  n.  sp. 

Black:  face,  seutellum,  legs,  two  spots  on  metatliorax  and  5  bands  on  the 
abdomen,  yellow  ;  wings  subhyaline  :  central  area  of  metathorax  transverse. 

Black ;  the  face,  clypeus,  mandibles  except  base  and  apex,  frontal 
orbits  not  reaching  the  vertex,  and  the  palpi,  yellow ;  antennae  about 
half  the  length  of  the  body,  porrect,  black  or  brown  above,  fvilvous 
beneath,  obfuscated  at  the  tips,  the  basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax 
densely  and  finely  punctured ;  the  collar  above,  tegulfe,  a  short  sutural 
line  before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings,  yellow;  seutellum 
rather  convex,  polished,  entirely  yellow,  with  a  small  transverse  spot 
immediately  behind  it;  metathorax  densely  and  rather  finely  punc- 


1864.]  157 

tured,  opaque  black,  witli  a  rather  large  yellow  spot  on  each  side, 
sometimes  reduced  to  a  small  round  spot,  the  elevated  lines  well  de- 
fined, the  central  area  subquadrate,  transverse,  moderate,  its  margins 
polished.  Wings  subhyaline,  more  or  less  stained  with  fuscous ;  ner- 
vures  fuscous,  testaceous  at  base;  stigma  fulvous;  areolet  5-angular  or 
subtriangular.  Legs  yellow,  the  posterior  coxae  beneath  and  the  tips 
of  their  femora  and  tibiaj,  black;  tips  of  the  tarsi  sometimes  blackish. 
Abdomen  elongate,  opaque,  finely  punctured,  the  punctures  coarser  at 
base  of  the  second  segment ;  basal  segment  distinctly  bilineated  and 
finely  aciculate;  basal  fovete  of  the  second  segment  deep,  coarsely  aci- 
culate ;  apex  of  all  the  segments  above  with  a  more  or  less  broad  yel- 
low or  yellowish-white  band,  sometimes  slightly  indented  anteriorly ; 
in  one  specimen  the  bands  are  much  narrowed  and  that  on  the  5th 
segment  is  wanting  and  that  on  the  7th  segment  is  interrupted  in  the 
middle  ;  in  another  specimen  the  bands  of  the  two  apical  segments  are 
nearly  white  and  occupy  almost  the  whole  surface ;  beneath  pale  ful- 
vous, the  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  segments  each  with  a  large  lateral  blackish 
spot,  remaining  segments  black.  Length  7 J  lines;  expanse  of  wings 
12  lines. 

Ilah. — New  York  (Mr.  James  Angus);  Virginia  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson). 

Allied  to  Lh.  laefus  Brulle,  but  is  more  robust,  the  bands  of  the  ab- 
domen much  narrower  and  continued  on  the  apical  segments,  and  the 
central  area  of  the  metathorax  is  transverse. 

34.  Ich.  atrifrons,  n.  sp. 

Black,  anteniiiie  with  a  broad  wliitisli  annulus ;  scutellum.  sides  of  metatho- 
rax, and  the  apical  and  lateral  margins  of  the  abdominal  segments,  yellow; 
legs  fulvous  varied  behind  with  yellow;  wings  clear;  central  area  of  metatho- 
rax, elongate-quadrate. 

Fmnale. — Black,  somewhat  shining,  finely  and  densely  punctured ; 
head  entirely  black,  except  the  frontal  orbits  above  the  antennse  which 
are  broadly  yellow ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black, 
the  10th  to  15th  joints  whitish,  basal  joint  beneath  pale  brownish. 
Thorax :  collar  above,  tegulcS,  a  short  sutural  line  before  and  a  spot 
beneath  the  anterior  wings,  another  spot  beneath  the  posterior  pair 
and  a  round  spot  on  each  side  of  the  pleura  immediately  over  the  in- 
termediate coxoe,  yellow  ;  scutellum  flat,  polished,  yellow,  with  a  trans- 
verse yellow  spot  behind  it,  the  carina  on  each  side  in  front  of  the 


158  [June 

scutellum  with  a  small  yellow  spot  exteriorly ;  metatliorax  finely  and 
densely  punctured,  black,  with  a  very  large  longitudinal  spot  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  and  a  small  rounded  yellow  spot  on  the  extreme 
sides,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  quad- 
rate, elongate.  Wings  hyaline,  nervures  testaceous,  stigma  pale  ful- 
vous, areolet  5-angular.  Legs  dull  fulvous,  the  coxas,  trochanters  and 
the  four  anterior  femora  behind  yellow,  posterior  coxae  at  base  beneath 
and  at  the  insertion  of  the  trochanters  behind,  black.  Abdomen  elon- 
gate, rather  robust,  strongly  arcuated,  basal  segments  opaque,  apical 
ones  shininir  ;  basal  segment  rather  narrow,  bilineated,  finely  aciculate  ; 
basal  fove^e  of  the  second  segment  scarcely  impressed ;  the  apical  and 
lateral  margins  of  all  the  segments,  broader  at  the  apical  corners,  yel- 
low ;  beneath  blackish  ;  ovipositor  fulvous,  exserted  about  half  a  line. 
Length  5  lines;  expanse  of  wings  8 J  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

To  this  Section  also  belongs  Ich.  compfns  Say  and  Ich.  conchtnm 
Say,  the  last  of  which  is  unknown  to  me. 

Section  6. 

35.  Ich.  comes,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face,  two  lines  on  mesothorax,  scutellum,  spot  on  pleura,  Won  meta- 
thorax,  legs  in  part,  and  the  2nd  and  3rd  abdominal  segments,  yellow  ;  central 
area  of  metatliorax  quadrate. 

Male. — Head  black ;  face  beneath  the  antennae,  frontal  orbits,  cly- 
peus,  mandibles  except  tips,  palpi,  and  a  spot  on  the  cheeks  just  above 
the  base  of  the  mandibles,  yellow ;  antennae  porrect,  about  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  body,  black,  basal  joint  beneath,  yellow.  Thorax 
black,  shining,  finely  punctured ;  collar  above,  tegulas,  a  broad  sutural 
line  before  and  a  narrow  one  beneath  the  wings,  two  lines  on  the  disk 
of  mesothorax  (which  are  confluent  before  reaching  the  posterior  mar- 
gin, diverging  in  front  and  becoming  confluent  with  the  sutural  lines), 
and  a  rather  large  irregular  mark  on  pleura,  enclosing  a  small  black 
spot,  yellow;  scutellum  convex,  yellow,  polished,  behind  it  a  short, 
transverse,  yellowish  spot ;  the  lateral  carinse  of  the  scutellum  have  an 
exterior  yellow  spot ;  metatliorax  scabrous,  black,  with  a  yellow  mark 
behind  having  somewhat  the  shape  of  a  W;  elevated  lines  well  defined, 
the  central  area  moderate,  quadrate,  not  at  all  transverse.  Wings  sub- 
hyaline,  slightly  stained  with  yellowish;  nervures  pale  fuscous,  testa- 


1864.]  159 

ceous  at  base,  stigma  pale  fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  yellow ; 
the  posterior  coxre,  their  femora  except  extreme  base,  and  the  apex  of 
their  tibia),  black ;  tips  of  the  tarsi  brown,  the  four  anterior  femora 
stained  with  blackish  behind.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather  stout,  black  ; 
the  2nd,  except  a  transverse  irregular  blackish  mark  at  tip,  and  the 
whole  of  the  3rd  segment,  yellow ;  basal  segment  bilineated,  finely 
aciculate ;  basal  fovese  of  the  2nd  segment  deep ;  apical  segments 
smoother  than  the  basal  ones;  beneath  colored  same  as  above,  except 
that  the  4th  segment  is  stained  with  yellowish.  Length  7 — 8^  lines; 
expanse  of  wings  12 — 13  2  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois  (Dr.  Saml.  Lewis) ;   Delaware  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson). 

The  lines  on  the  disk  of  the  mesothorax,  and  the  irregular  mark  on 
the  pleura  are  sometimes  wanting;  the  foveas  of  the  2nd  abdominal 
segment  are  sometimes  black,  and  the  irregular  black  mark  on  the 
apical  half  of  this  segment  sometimes  forms  a  regular  band. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  Mi.  leetus  Brulle,  and  may  possibly 
*prove  to  be  a  variety  of  it.  The  wings  are,  however,  longer,  the  an- 
teunsB  are  entirely  black,  except  the  basal  joint  beneath,  and  the  basal 
segment  of  the  abdomen  is  always  black;  only  two  segments  are  yel- 
low, while  Isehis  has  four. 

3(5.  Ich.  parvuS;  n.  sp. 

Black:  face,  scutellum;  legs  in  part,  and  the  apical  half  of  the  three  first 
abdominal  segments,  yellow  :  wings  subhyaline  ;  central  area  of  the  metatho- 
rax  moderate,  subquadrate. 

Male. — Black,  finely  punctured,  shining;  the  face,  clypeus,  spot  on 
mandibles  and  the  palpi,  yellow  ;  antennas  about  half  the  length  of  the 
body,  porrect,  black,  the  basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  entirely 
black;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  polished,  entirely  yellow;  metathorax 
finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  mode- 
rate, subquadrate,  somewhat  elongate,  rounded  in  front  and  indented 
behind.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  iridescent ;  nervures  fuscous,  paler 
at  base,  stigma  brown  or  fulvous  ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  yellow  ;  the 
coxa),  the  four  anterior  femora  behind,  the  posterior  femora  entirely 
and  their  tibiae  at  tips  black  ;  tips  of  the  tarsi  blackish,  and  sometimes 
the  posterior  tarsi  are  almost  entirely  blackish.  x\bomen  elongate, 
rather  slender,  apical  segments  smooth  and  shining,  the  basal  ones 
finely  punctured;  basal  segment  bilineated,  finely  aciculate;  basal  foveae 


160  [June 

of  the  second  segment  small,  not  deep ;  apex  of  the  first  segment  and 
the  apical  two-thirds  of  the  two  following  segments  yellow,  in  one  spe- 
cimen the  apical  middle  of  the  fourth  segment  is  obscurely  yellowish  ; 
beneath  colored  same  as  above.  Length  4A  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
7  lines. 

^^,7;. —New  York  (Mr.  Angus);  Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis). 

About  half  the  size  of  kh.  Isettis  BruUe,  which  it  resembles  in  color, 
except  that  the  meso-  and  metathorax  are  immaculate. 

37.  Ich.  pictifrons,  n.  sp. 

Black,  face  spotted  with  yellow;  scutellum,  legs  in  part,  and  the  2nd  and  3rd 
abdominal  segments  yellowish  :  wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of  metathorax 
large,  transversely  quadrate. 

Male. — Black,  very  finely  punctured  ;  a  wedge-shaped  stripe  on  each 
side  of  the  face,  two  small  spots  immediately  beneath  the  antennae, 
clypeus,  except  a  blackish  spot  on  its  middle,  and  a  spot  on  the  man- 
dibles, yellow ;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  por- 
rect,  black,  tip  of  the  basal  joint  beneath  yellowish.     Thorax  entirely* 
black ;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  yellow,  stained  with  fulvous  at  base 
and  apex  ;  metathorax  finely  and  densely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines 
well  defined,  the  central  area  large,  transversely  quadrate,  its  posterior 
margin   rather   indistinct.     Wings  subhyaline,  slightly   stained   with 
fulio-inous,  and  having  a  slight  violaceous  reflection  at  tips ;  nervures 
blackish,  stigma  brown  ;  areolet  .5-angular.     Legs  yellowish  ;  the  coxfe, 
the  four  anterior  femora  behind,  the  posterior  femora  entirely  and  the 
apex  of  the  posterior  tibis\),  black  ;  tips  of  the  tarsi  also  blackish.     Ab- 
domen elongate,  rather  slender,  basal  segment  bilineated  and  finely 
aciculate ;   basal  foveae  of  the  second   segment   large  and  deeply  im- 
pressed ;  apical  segments  smooth  and  shining ;   the  second  and  third 
segments  yellowish-fulvous,  the  anterior  half  of  the  second  segment 
paler;  beneath  colored  same  as  above.     Length   5  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  1^  lines. 

jjah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

38.  Ich.  bizonatus.  n.  sp. 

Black :  face,  annulus  on  antennse,  scutellum,  legs  in  part,  and  two  bands  on  ab- 
domen, yellow:  wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  quadrate. 
Female. — Head  black,  shining,  sides  of  the  face  and  frontal  orbits, 
yellow,  the  latter  tinged  with  ferruginous  near  the  summit  of  the  eyes ; 


1864.]  161 

middle  of  the  face  and  the  clypeus  rufous,  the  latter  with  a  yellow  spot 
on  each  side,  the  mandibles  near  their  tips  also  rufous ;  antennas  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  beneath  yellow, 
and  the  8th  to  12th  joints  yellowish-white,  spotted  beneath  with  black. 
Thorax  black,  rather  densely  and  closely  punctured,  shining,  the  tegular 
and  a  spot  before  the  wings  honey -yellow ;  a  line  beneath  the  wings 
and  the  scutellum  yellow,  the  latter  flat,  smooth  and  shining;  meta- 
thorax  scabrous,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large, 
quadrate.  Wings  subhyaliue,  slightly  stained  with  fuscous  and  having 
a  brassy  gloss,  the  nervures  and  stigma  testaceous,  the  areolet  5-angu- 
lar.  Legs  black,  apex  of  the  anterior  and  intermediate  femora  and 
the  tibiai  and  tarsi  yellow,  the  latter  obfuscated  at  tips,  the  anterior 
femora  stained  with  ferruginous  on  the  inside ;  the  posterior  femora 
entirely  black,  the  basal  half  of  their  tibiae  yellow,  the  tarsi  dusky. 
Abdomen  black,  the  petiole  rather  slender ;  first  segment  bilineated, 
finely  aciculate,  the  second  and  third  segments  above  very  finely  and 
closely  punctured,  the  remaining  segments  smooth  and  shining  •  at  the 
base  of  the  second  and  third  segments  above  a  rather  narrow  transverse 
yellow  band,  the  posterior  margin  of  which  is  denticulated,  that  on  the 
second  segment  covering  the  base  and  extending  down  for  a  short  dis- 
tance on  each  side  of  the  segment,  that  on  the  third  segment  not  quite 
reaching  the  base  and  is  somewhat  dilated  on  each  side ;  beneath,  the 
second,  third  and  fourth  segments  are  yellowish,  the  rest  black  ;  ovi- 
positor scarcely  exserted.  Length  G  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 
ffiih. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Section  7 — a. 

39.  Ich.  ambiguus.  n.  sp. 

Black  :  the  face,  orbits,  two  lines  before  the  wings,  scutellum  and  the  ante- 
rior legs  in  front,  white;  wings  fuliginous;  central  area  of  metathorax  small, 
.subconical. 

Male. — Elongate.  Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  the 
orbits  interrupted  behind,  clypeus,  spot  on  mandibles,  and  the  palpi, 
white  ;  antennas  porrect,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black, 
basal  joint  beneath  white.  Thorax  black,  shining,  closely  punctured  ; 
mesothorax  in  front  with  two  impressed  longitudinal  lines  reaching  the 
disk ;  the  collar  above,  an  abbreviated  sutural  line  before  and  a  dot 
beneath  the  wings,  white ;  scutellum  flat,  polished,  with  a  large  round 


162  [June 

white  spot ;  metatlioras  scabrous,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the 
central  ai'ea  small,  elongate,  subcorneal,  smooth  and  polished.  Wings 
fuliginous,  darkest  alons  the  costa ;  nervures  and  stic-ma  black,  the 
latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black,  the  in- 
termediate coxfe  beneath  with  a  rounded  white  spot,  the  anterior  and 
intermediate  legs  in  front  white,  tarsal  claws  black.  Abdomen  elon- 
gate, sublinear,  depressed,  opaque  yellowish-ferruginous;  basal  seg- 
ment black,  bilineated,  finely  aciculate  at  tip;  basal  foveae  of  the  second 
segment  deep  and  oblique ;  apical  segments  somewhat  shining.  Length 
10  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  15  lines. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

40.  Ich.  vinulentus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face,  scutelluin  and  legs  in  part,  white;  abdomen  rufous;  wings  sub- 
hyaline  :  central  area  of  metathorax  quadrate. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face  below  the  antennas,  frontal  orbits,  cly- 
peus,  a  spot  near  the  tip  of  the  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  white;  an- 
tennae two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  blackish,  the  basal  joint 
beneath  white.  Thorax  black,  shining,  finely,  closely  and  uniformly 
punctured ;  tegulae,  a  cuneiform  mark  before  and  a  short  line  beneath 
the  fore-wings,  white ;  scutellum  almost  flat,  smooth,  shining  and  en- 
tirely white  ;  metathorax  opaque  black,  finely  scabrous,  the  elevated 
lines  smooth  and  shining,  the  central  area  large,  quadrate,  not  at  all 
transverse,  more  finely  sculptured  than  the  rest  of  the  metathorax. 
Wings  subhyaline,  with  a  slight  brassy  gloss;  the  nervures  and  stigma 
dark  fuscous,  the  former  much  paler  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular  or  al- 
most triangular.  Legs  white;  the  coxas,  except  a  small  spot  posteriorly, 
the  outer  surface  of  the  anterior  and  intermediate  femora  except  their 
extreme  base  and  apex,  the  posterior  femora  except  their  extreme  base, 
and  almost  the  terminal  half  of  the  posterior  tibiae,  black.  Abdomen 
rufous;  the  basal  segment  black,  distinctly  bilineated,  finely  aciculate, 
interspersed  with  a  few  punctures  at  base ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second 
segment  deep  and  somewhat  oblique,  this  and  the  following  segments 
opaque,  very  densely  and  finely  punctured,  the  punctures  becoming 
finer  and  the  surface  smoother  towards  the  apex.  Length  1\  lines ; 
expanse  of  wings  12^  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains.  Colorado  Territory. 


1864.]  168 

41.  Ich.  consimilis,  n.  sp. 

Black  :  face,  scutellum  and  legs  in  part,  yellow:  abdomen  brick-red;  wings 
subhyaline  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  subquadrate,  moderate. 

Mcde. — Head  black,  the  face  below  the  antennae,  frontal  orbits,  cly- 
peus,  mandibles  except  base  and  apex,  and  the  palpi,  yellow  ]  antennae 
two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  beneath  with 
a  broad  yellow  line.  Thorax  black,  finely,  closely  and  uniformly  punc- 
tured ;  tegulre,  a  narrow  sutural  line  before  the  wings  abbreviated  be- 
fore and  suddenly  dilated  behind,  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings, 
yellow ;  scutellum  convex,  entirely  pale  yellow ;  a  small,  transverse, 
subobsolete,  yellowish  line  behind  the  scutellum  ;  metathorax  black, 
rather  finely  rugose,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined ;  the  central  ai-ea 
subquadrate,  rounded  in  front  and  obtusely  emarginate  behind.  Wings 
subhyaline,  slightly  tinged  with  fuscous  and  with  a  brassy  gloss ;  ner- 
vures  fuscous,  testaceous  at  base,  stigma  fulvous  ;  areolet  5-angular  or 
subtriangular.  Legs  yellow  ;  coxae,  trochanters,  anterior  and  interme- 
diate femora  exteriorly  except  tips,  the  posterior  femora  entirely,  as 
well  as  the  tips  of  the  posterior  tibias,  black.  Abdomen  brick-red, 
darker  towards  the  apex ;  basal  segment  black,  distinctly  bilineated, 
finely  aciculate  ;  basal  fovea3  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  somewhat 
oblique,  and  between  which  the  surface  is  finely  aciculate ;  second  and 
following  segments  opaque,  very  finely  and  densely  punctured ;  ventral 
segments  stained  with  yellowish,  with  a  more  or  less  dusky  spot  on  each 
side  especially  towards  the  tip.  Length  T^  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
121  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Closely  resembles  Icli.  vinidentus,  but  besides  the  difference  of  color, 
the  scutellum  is  much  more  convex  and  the  sculpture  of  the  metatho- 
rax is  different,  the  central  area  being  smaller  and  difiierently  shaped. 

42.  Ich.  juxtus,  n.  sp. 

Black :  face,  scutellum  and  legs  in  part,  yellow ;  abdomen  dull  ferruginous  : 
wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  transversely  subreniform. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  frontal  orbits, 
clypeus,  mandibles  except  base  and  apex,  and  the  palpi,  yellow  ;  an- 
tennae more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint 
beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  finely  punctured  ;  a  sutural  line  before 
the  wings,  tegula)  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings,  pale  yellowish  ;  a  sub- 


164  [June 

obsolete,  quadi-ate,  ferruginous  spot  on  the  disk  of  the  mesothorax ; 
scutellum  rather  flat,  pale  yellowish,  shining,  a  short  transverse  line 
of  the  same  color  just  behind ;  metathorax  opaque  black,  with  a  sub- 
obsolete,  longitudinal,  rufous  stripe  on  each  side ;  densely  and  roughly 
punctured,  clothed  like  the  head  and  thorax  with  short  pale  brownish 
pubescence ;  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  lai'ge, 
transversely  subreniform,  being  broadly  rounded  in  front  and  emargi- 
nate  behind.  Wings  subhyaline.  with  a  flint  violaceous  and  brassy 
gloss ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  ferruginous  ;  areolet  5-an- 
gular.  Legs  yellow  ;  the  four  anterior  coxjb  black,  more  or  less  stained 
with  ferruginous  beneath,  as  well  as  their  femora  beneath ;  posterior 
coxae  black  with  a  subobsolute  rufous  spot  behind,  their  femora,  except 
their  base  and  trochanters  which  are  rufous,  and  the  tips  of  their 
tibiae,  black.  Abdomen  dull  ferruginous,  the  apical  margin  of  each 
segment  with  an  indistinct  darker  stain,  the  basal  half  of  the  petiole 
blackened  ;  first  segment  distinctly  bilineated  and  finely  aciculate  ; 
basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  small,  not  deep,  this  and  the  follow- 
ing segments  densely  and  finely  punctured,  the  punctures  becoming 
finer  and  the  surface  smoother  towards  the  tip ;  beneath,  the  basal  seg- 
ment is  black,  the  disk  of  the  second  and  third  and  the  apical  margin 
of  the  following  segments  ai'e  yellowish.  Length  7.1  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  12i  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Resembles  the  two  preceding  species,  but  differs  much  in  the  distri- 
bution of  color,  and  especially  in  the  shape  of  the  central  area  of  the 
metathorax  which  in  this  species  is  transversely  subreniform,  while  in 
the  two  preceding  species  it  is  quadrate  or  subquadrate. 

4:1  Ich.  animosus.  n.  sp. 

Black;  face,  dcutellum  and  legs  in  part,  yellow;  wings  hyaline;  abdomen 
dull  rufous  banded  with  black;  central  area  of  metathorax  elongate. 

Male. — Head  deep  black,  shining;  face  beneath  the  antennae,  fron- 
tal orbits,  clypeus,  mandibles,  except  base  and  apex,  and  the  palpi, 
bright  yellow  ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  basal 
joint  beneath  bright  yellow.  Thorax  deep  black,  shining,  finely  and 
rather  sparsely  punctured ;  tegulae,  a  short  line  before  and  a  line  be- 
neath the  wings,  yellow  ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  shining,  entirely  bright 
yellow,  except  a  sinuate  line  at  base,  which  gives  the  yellow  a  cordate 


1864.]  165 

appearance  with  its  apex  truncate  ;  metathorax  scabrous,  opaque  black, 
the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  rather  small,  elonu-ate, 
narrow,  rounded  in  front  and  truncate  behind.  Wings  nearly  hyaline; 
iiervures  fuscous,  pale  testaceous  at  base,  stigraa  and  most  of  the  costa 
fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  bright  yellow  ;  anterior  coxee  black 
above,  yellow  beneath,  intermediate  pair  almost  entirely  yellow,  having 
a  black  stripe  on  the  exterior  side,  posterior  pair  entirely  black  ;  pos- 
terior side  of  the  four  anterior  femora  with  a  broad  black  vitta  mar- 
gined above  with  pale  ferruginous,  posterior  femora,  except  extreme 
base  and  apex,  and  the  apical  half  of  their  tibias,  black.  Abdomen  dull 
rufous,  subopaque ;  basal  segment  black,  bilineated,  faintly  aciculate, 
with  a  subobsolete  rufous  dot  at  the  extreme  tip  ;  on  each  side  of  the 
second  segment  at  bnse  a  somewhat  obliquely  impressed  fovea;  a  black 
mark  occupies  nearly  the  basal  half  of  this  segment,  the  posterior  mar- 
gin beino-  concave  and  leavino;  an  obtuse  lobe  on  each  side  not  touch- 
ino-  the  lateral  maroin  of  the  seirment ;  basal  maroin  of  the  four  follow- 
ing  segments  black,  that  on  the  third  segment  slightly  and  gradually 
dilated  on  the  disk,  that  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments  suddenly  and 
broadly  dilated  on  the  disk  reaching  the  middle  of  the  segments,  that 
on  the  sixth  segment  small ;  the  apical  segment  entirely  rufous ;  be- 
neath pale  rufous,  stained  with  yellowish  on  the  middle  of  the  second, 
third  and  fourth  segments.  Length  6i  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 
Ifab. — Kocky  Mountains,  ('olorado  Territory. 

44.  Ich.  vultus.  II.  #j>. 

Black;  face    bright  yellow;  legs   and   abdomen  rufous;   wings   subh  valine  ■ 
central  area  of  metathorax  rather  large,  lunate. 

Alale. — Black,  finely  and  densely  punctured;  face  beneath  the  an- 
tennae, orbits,  interrupted  behind,  clypeus  and  spot  on  mandibles,  bright 
yellow  ;  palpi  pale  ;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body, 
porrect,  black,  opaque,  basal  joint  beneath  yellowish.  Thorax  shining; 
tegulae,  a  dot  before  them  and  the  apical  half  of  the  scutellum  pale 
honey-yellow ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  polished ;  metathorax  densely 
punctured,  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  the  central  area  rather 
large,  lunate,  transverse,  rounded  in  front  and  indented  behind.  Wings 
subhyaline,  slightly  tinged  with  fuliginous ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous ; 
areolet  .5-angular  or  sub  triangular.  Legs  rufous,  tibise  and  tai'si  tinged 
with  yellow,  the  coxae,  trochanters  and  the  apex  of  the  posterior  tibiae, 


166  [June 

black.  Abdomen  elongate,  finely  and  closely  punctured,  shining,  ru- 
fous, base  of  petiole  blackish  ;  basal  segment  not  much  dilated,  biline- 
ated,  the  disk  with  a  shallow  fovea ;  basal  fove?e  of  the  second  segment 
deep  and  oblique ;  basal  incisures  of  the  3rd  and  4th  segments  black- 
ish ;  apical  segments  smooth  and  polished,  the  last  one  tinged  with 
yellowish.  Length  4  lines;  expanse  of  wings  62-  lines. 
Htilj. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

45.  Ich.  fuscifrons,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face  dark  brown,  basal  half  of  antennse,  two  spots  on  nietathorax, 
legs  and  abdomen  rufo-fuscoiis  ;  scutellum  and  middle  of  autennce  white;  wings 
hyaline  ;  central  area  of  metathora  x  rather  large  and  subquadrate. 

Female. — Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  the  frontal 
orbits,  the  clypeus  and  mandibles,  dark  brown  ;  palpi  paler ;  antennae 
about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  the  8  basal  joints  rufo-fuscous,  the 
7  following  white  and  the  remainder  black  above,  fuscous  beneath. 
Thorax  black,  clothed  with  short  yellowish-sericeous  pubescence  ;  the 
tegulje,  a  spot  befoi'e  and  another  beneath  the  posterior  wings,  rufous ; 
a  short  line  beneath  the  anterior  wings  and  the  scutellum,  yellowish- 
white,  the  latter  rather  flat,  polished ;  metathorax  densely  punctured, 
opaque,  with  a  dull  rufous  spot  on  each  side,  the  elevated  lines  sharply 
defined,  the  central  area  large,  subquadrate,  slightly  elongate.  Wings 
hyaline,  nervures  fuscous,  stigma  pale  testaceous,  areolet  5-angular. 
Legs  pale  rufo-fuscous,  the  intermediate  coxjb  yellowish  beneath.  Ab- 
domen elongate,  rufo-fuscous ;  a  small  spot  on  each  side  of  the  first  seg- 
ment at  tip,  an  obsolete  spot  on  each  side  of  the  third  segment  poste- 
riorly and  the  disk  of  the  two  apical  segments,  yellowish ;  basal  segment 
with  the  peduncle  black,  rather  slender ;  apical  segments  smoother  and 
somewhat  shining.     Length  6  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  9  lines. 

Hah. — IlUnois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

46.  Ich.  funestus.  n.  sp. 

Black:  head  varied  with  dull  rufous;  anteuuce  with  a  white  annulu.-^ :  scu- 
tellum yellow ;  abdomen  rufo-fuscous  ;  wings  hyaline  :  central  area  of  meta- 
thorax large,  quadrate. 

Female. — Head  black,  the  orbits  (yellowish  in  front),  and  the  lower 
part  of  cheeks,  dull  rufous  ;  antennae  short,  involute,  black,  9th  to  15th 
joints  white.  Thorax  feebly  punctured,  shining,  black  ;  beneath  the 
anterior  wings  a  short  yellowish  line  ;  scutellum  flat,  polished,  yellow, 
with  a  yellow  spot  behind  ;  metathorax  finely  punctured,  the  elevated 


1864.]  167 

lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large,  quadrate,  slightly  transverse. 
Wings  subhyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuliginous;  nervures  fuscous; 
stigma  fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs  black,  the 
tibiae  piceous  and  the  tarsi  ferruginous.  Abdomen  robust,  strongly 
arcuated,  rufo-fuscous,  polished  towards  the  apes ;  basal  segment  black- 
ish, bilineated.  finely  aciculate ;  basal  fovefe  of  the  second  segment 
rather  deep  and  coarsely  aciculate  ;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length 
5  lines;  expanse  of  wings  8^  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  J.  H.  B.  Bland. 

To  this  Section  also  belongs  Irli.  grandis  Brulle,  Ich.  devinctor  Say 
(t=tibialis  Brulle),  and  Ich.  succinctus  Brulle,  the  first  of  which  is 
unknown  to  me. 

Section  7 — b. 
47.  Ich.  seminiger,  u.  sp. 

Dull  rufous ;  apex  of  antennte,  thorax  beneath,  metathorax  and  basal  mar- 
gin of  3rd  and  4th  abdominal  segments,  black;  seutellum  yellow  ;  wings  sub- 
hyaline  :  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  subquadrate. 

Female. — Dull  rufous.  Head  :  palpi  pale  ;  antennae  about  half  the 
length  of  the  body,  involute,  the  1st  to  8th  joints  rufous,  sometimes 
fuscous,  the  9th  to  15th  joints  whitish  or  yellowish,  the  remainder 
blackish  or  brownish,  the  basal  joint  beneath  always  rufous.  Thorax 
finely  punctured,  shining,  black ;  the  mesothorax  above  dull  rufous ; 
seutellum  flat,  polished,  yellow ;  metathorax  finely  punctured,  black, 
the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large,  subquadrate, 
truncate  in  front  and  deeply  indented  behind.  Wings  subhyaline, 
slightly  and  uniformly  stained  with  fuscous ;  nervures  fuscous,  paler 
at  base;  stigma  pale  fulvous;  areolet  5-angular,  rather  oblique.  Legs 
rufous,  shining,  coxte  black,  the  four  anterior  ones  occasionally  reddish 
beneath.  Abdomen  rather  short,  robust;  basal  segment  broad,  biline- 
ated, finely  aciculate,  and  having  a  small  round  yellowish  spot  on  each 
side,  sometimes  obsolete  or  wanting ;  petiole  black  ;  basal  foveae  of  the 
second  segment  small,  not  deep ;  basal  margin  of  the  third  and  fourth 
segments  above  narrowly  black;  apical  segments  smoother  than  the 
basal  ones;  ovipositor  not  .exserted.  Length  5^  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings 
9  J  lines. 

Hah. — Mass..  N.  J..  Penn.,  Virginia. 

Allied  to  Ich.  sufiiralis  Say,  but  differs  by  the  tricolored  antennae. 


168  [June 

by  the  thorax  beneath  and  the  metathoros  being  black,  and  by  the 
central  area  of  the  latter  being  quadrate  and  not  at  all  elongate. 

4S.  Ich.  discus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  face,  mesothorax,  scutellum,  legs  and  abdomeu,  except  sutures. 
fulvo-ferru2;iuous:  %vings  subhyaline  :  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  quad- 
rate. 

Male. — Head  black,  shining;  face  beneath  the  anteunre,  frontal  or- 
bits, clypeus  and  mandibles,  except  base  and  apex,  yellowish-fulvous ; 
palpi  yellowish  ;  antennae  about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the 
basal  joint  beneath  fulvous.  Thorax  black,  closely  punctured,  shining, 
the  disk  above,  and  a  spot  before  the  wings,  obscure  ferruginous  ; 
scutellum  rather  flat,  smooth  and  shining,  yellowish-ferruginous  ;  meta- 
thorax opaque  black,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area 
large,  quadrate,  slightly  transverse.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  stained 
with  fuliginous  ;  nervures  blackish,  testaceous  at  base,  stigma  fuscous  ; 
areolet  5-angular.  Legs  fulvous  above,  yellow  beneath  ;  the  coxae  and 
a  spot  on  the  trochanters,  black,  the  four  anterior  coxa;  with  a  large 
yellow  spot  beneath.  Abdomen  ferruginous,  dai'ker  towards  the  apex  ; 
basal  segment  black,  distinctly  bilineated,  and  having  an  obscure  fer- 
ruginous spot  at  the  extreme  tip  ;  basal  margin  of  the  second  and  three 
following  segments  narrowly  black,  the  second  and  third  segments 
above  paler  ferruginous  than  the  others;  beneath,  the  segments  are 
dull  ferruginous,  stained  with  fuscous  on  the  disk  of  the  second,  third 
and  fourth  segments.     Length  6  lines;  expanse  of  wings  10  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

49.  Ich.  subrufus,  n.  sp. 

Dull  rufous:  tips  of  anteiiuffi,  pectus,  pleura,  metathnrax  and  eo.Kte  black  : 
scutellum  and  basal  portion  of  antennae  tinged  witli  yelbiwish  ;  wings  fusco- 
hyaline  :  central  area  of  metathorax  obsolete. 

Female. — Dull  rufous ;  antennae  about  half  the  length  of  the  body, 
involute  at  tip,  the  17  basal  joints  submoniliform,  rufous,  golden  seri- 
ceous, apical  joints  black.  Thorax  finely  punctured,  shining,  black ; 
the  collar  and  mesothorax  rufous,  the  latter  slightly  stained  on  the  disk 
in  front  with  fuscous ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  polished,  yellowish-ferru- 
ginous ;  metathorax  black,  finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  not  dis- 
tinct, the  central  area  obsolete.  Wings  fusco-hyaline  with  a  yellowish 
tinge ;  nervures  fuscous,  paler  at  base ;  stigma  fulvous ;  areolet  5-an- 
gular.    Legs  pale  rufous,  the  coxae  black.     Abdomeu  elongate ;  basal 


1864.]  169 

segment  broad,  bilineated,  finely  aciculate  ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second 
segment  ()l)lique,  not  deep  ;  terminal  margins  of  the  segments  with  an 
indistinct  darker  stain  ;  apical  segments  smooth  and  polished  ;  beneath 
slightly  tinged  with  yellowish ;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  7 
lines ;  expanse  of  wings  lOJ  lines. 

^a/A— Virginia.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

x\llied  to  Ich.  seminige)',  but  differs  by  being  larger  and  more  elon- 
gate, by  the  bicolored  antennae,  by  the  central  area  of  the  metathorax 
being  obsolete,  and  by  the  abdomen  being  entirely  rufous. 

50.  Ich.  vicinus.  n.  sp. 

Dull  rufous;  antennae  tricolored;  scutellum  yellowish-white;  sutures  of  the 
thorax  and  of  the  third  and  fourth  segments  of  abdomen  black;  wings  clear; 
central  area  of  metathorax  rather  large,  elongate-quadrate. 

Femdlr. — Dull  rufous,  approaching  brown,  shining ;  antennae  about 
half  the  length  of  the  body,  slightly  involute,  the  1st  to  8th  joints  ru- 
fous, the  9th  to  l-l:th  white  above,  spotted  with  rufous  beneath,  apical 
joints  blackish.  Thorax  feebly  punctured,  the  sutures  of  the  pleura, 
the  surface  beneath  between  the  four  anterior  legs,  and  the  spaces  on 
each  side  of  scutellum,  blackish;  scutellum  rather  flat,  polished,  pale 
yellow ;  metathorax  finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  distinct,  the 
central  area  large,  longitudinally  quadrate.  Wings  almost  hyaline ; 
nervures  fuscous,  testaceous  at  base ;  stigma  pale  fulvous ;  areolet  5- 
angular.  Legs  rufous,  the  basal  third  of  the  posterior  femora  and  tips 
of  their  tibiee  black.  Abdomen  elongate,  subovate ;  basal  segment 
almost  smooth,  shining,  bilineated,  indistinctly  aciculate;  basal  foveas 
of  the  second  segment  oblique  and  scarcely  impressed ;  basal  margin 
of  the  third  and  fourth  segments  above  narrowly  black;  apical  seg- 
ments smooth  and  polished  ;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  5  lines  ; 
expanse  of  wings  8  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Resembles  Ich.  seminli/er,  but  not  so  robust,  the  thorax  above  and 
beneath  and  the  metathorax  is  rufous,  not  black,  and  the  basal  segment 
of  abdomen  not  so  broad  as  in  that  species. 

."Jl.  Ich.  rutilus,  n.  sp. 

Pale  rufous:  antennae  fuscous,  with  a  broad  whitish  annulus  ;  incisures  of 
thorax  blackish;  scutellum  white;  wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of  meta- 
thorax large,  subquadrate. 

Fcmiilr.— 'Pale  rufous ;  frontal  orbits  yellowish  ;  clypeus  rather  large, 


170  [June 

truncate  in  front,  with  a  deep  puncture  on  each  side ;  its  apical  two- 
thirds,  as  wfell  as  the  mandibles,  blackish ;  palpi  dusky ;  eyes  promi- 
nent j  antennae  as  long  as  the  body,  fuscous,  the  base  of  the  3  or  4 
basal  joints  rufous,  the  9th  to  13th  joints  white,  basal  joint  beneath 
entirely  rufous.  Thorax  densely  punctured,  dull  rufous,  tinged  with 
brown,  the  incisures  blackish;  the  dorsal  lines  scarcely  impressed;  a 
dot  before  and  a  line  beneath  the  anterior  wings,  yellow ;  scutellum 
flattened,  pale  yellowish-white,  polished,  the  space  on  each  side  black- 
ish, as  well  as  the  postscutellum  except  a  small  rufous  spot  beneath  the 
scutellum ;  metathorax  densely  punctured,  pale  rufous,  tinged  laterally 
with  yellowish,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central 
area  large  and  subquadrate,  the  lateral  tubercles  strongly  developed 
and  subacute,  the  incisure  at  the  base  of  the  posterior  coxse  and  abdo- 
men, black.  Wings  subhyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuscous ;  nervures 
and  stigma  pale  fulvous;  areolet  large,  5-angular.  Legs  rufous,  ex- 
treme tips  of  the  posterior  femora,  apical  half  of  their  tibijB  and  the 
basal  and  apical  joints  of  their  tarsi,  black.  Abdomen  short,  ovate, 
flattened  above,  shining  at  tip;  basal  segment  longer  than  the  second, 
strongly  arcuated,  flattened,  broad  at  tip,  somewhat  bilineated ;  basal 
fovene  of  the  second  segment  rather  large  and  deep ;  extreme  apical 
segment  obsoletely  tinged  with  yellowi.sh  ;  ovipositor  black,  exserted 
about  one  line.     Length  5  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  8^  lines. 

Hab. — Virginia.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Resembles  Ich.  vicinus,  but  is  more  robust,  and  is  at  once  distin- 
guished from  that  species  by  the  prominent  tubercles  on  the  meta- 
thorax. 

52.  Ich.  annulipes.  n.  sp. 

Rufous,  the  thorax  blackish ;  antennse  with  a  white  annulus  ;  scutellum  yel- 
low ;  wings  clear;  central  area  of  metathorax  obsolete;  tibiae  with  a  yellow 
baud. 

Female. — •Yellowish-rufous,  finely  punctured,  shining ;  palpi  pale 
yellowish  ;  antennae  half  the  length  of  the  body,  involute,  blackish,  the 
9th  to  14th  joints  white,  basal  joint  robust,  rufous.  Thorax  blackish, 
the  disk  of  the  mesothorax  and  a  sutural  line  before  the  wings  rufous ; 
tegulfe  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings  yellowish ;  scutellum  flat, 
polished,  yellow,  with  a  transverse  yellow  spot  behind  it;  metathorax 
densely  punctured,  deeply  impressed  behind,  black,  the  posterior  angles 


1S64.]  171 

rufous,  the  elevated  lines  and  central  area  obsolete,  the  latter  almost 
entirely  so.  Wings  hyaline,  very  fiiintly  tinged  with  fuliginous,  iride- 
scent; nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the  latter  paler;  areolet  5-angular. 
Legs  yellowish-rufous ;  trochanters  and  band  on  the  tibiae,  subobsolete 
on  the  two  anterior  pairs  and  very  distinct  on  the  posterior  pair,  yellow  ; 
posterior  coxae,  femora  and  base  and  apex  of  their  tibiae,  piceous.  Ab- 
domen subovate,  shining,  pale  rufous;  basal  segment  rather  broad, 
bilineated,  basal  foveae  of  the  2nd  segment  obsolete ;  apical  segments 
smooth  and  polished,  the  last  segment  with  a  yellowish  tinge ;  oviposi- 
tor not  exserted.  Length  3^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 
ir«i.— Delaware.     Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

5.3.  Ich.  pusillus,  n.  sp. 

Yellowish-rufous,  the  thorax  partly  blackish  ;  anteniise  with  a  white  annu- 
lus :  seutellum  and  subobsolete  bands  on  tibise,  yellowish:  wings  clear;  cen- 
tral area  of  metathorax  obsolete. 

Female. — Yellowish-rufous,  rather  slender,  shining;  antennae  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  involute,  rufo-piceous,  the  9th  to  15th 
joints  white,  basal  joint  robust,  rufous.  Thorax  pale  rufous  above, 
blackish  beneath  ;  seutellum  flat,  polished,  yellow,  with  a  rufous  spot 
behind  ;  metathorax  densely  punctured,  blackish,  rufous  behind,  the 
elevated  lines  and  central  area  obsolete.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent; 
nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the  latter  paler;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs 
yellowish-rufous,  all  the  tibiae  with  a  subobsolete  yellow  band,  more 
obvious  on  the  posterior  pair.  Abdomen  elongate-subovate,  polished, 
yellowish-rufous,  the  last  segment  tinged  with  yellow ;  ovipositor  not 
exserted.     Length  2^  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  A^  lines. 

iTai.— Delaware.  '  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

Closely  allied  to  Ich.  (inmdipes,  but  is  smaller,  much  less  robust,  and 
paler  in  color,  with  the  antennse  rather  longer. 

54.  Ich.  longulus,  n.  sp. 

Yellowish-ferruginous;  face  and  seutellum,  yellow;  incisures  of  abdomen 
above  black;  wings  subhyaline;  central  area  of  metathorax  rather  large, 
quadrate. 

Mdle. — Yellowish-ferruginous,  subopaque ;  face  beneath  the  anten- 
nae, clypeus,  labrum,  mandibles  and  lower  part  of  the  cheeks,  yellow ; 
antennae  porrect,  half  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  basal  joint  yellowish- 
ferruginous,  paler  beneath.  Thorax  polished,  sparsely  punctured  ; 
metathorax  slightly  stained  with  fuscous ;  tegulae,  a  sutural  line  before 


172  [June 

and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings,  yellowish;  seutellum  rather  con- 
vex, yellow,  polished,  the  space  on  each  side  blackish ;  metathorax  in- 
distinctly punctured,  opaque,  the  elevated  lines  indistinct,  central  area 
rather  large,  quadrate,  not  well  defined.  Wings  fusco-hyaline,  with  a 
slight  violaceous  reflection  ;  nervures  fuscous,  testaceous  at  base,  stigma 
fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  yellowish-ferruginous  varied  with 
yellow;  tips  of  posterior  tibice  blackish.  Abdomen  very  elongate, 
rather  slender  ;  basal  segment  distinctly  bilineafed  and  finely  aciculate  ; 
basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  deep  and  oblique ;  the  third  and 
three  following  segments  each  with  a  narrow  black  fascia  at  base  above  ; 
apical  segments  smoother ;  beneath  yellowish-ferruginous,  the  middle 
of  the  segments  stained  with  yellowish.  Length  7  lines ;  "expanse  of 
wing  10  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Resembles  Ich.  propinquus,  but  the  color  is  paler,  the  form  much 
more  elongate  and  slender,  and  the  antennae  almost  entirely  black.  It 
is  possible,  however,  that  it  may  be  the  male  of  that  species. 

55.  Ich.  propinquus,  u.  sp. 

Reddish-fulvous;  apical  half  of  antennre,  suturesof  the  thorax  aud  the  basal 
margin  of  2nd,  .3rd  and  4th  abdominal  segments,  black;  wings  fusco-hyaline; 
central  area  of  metathorax  moderate,  quadrate,  rather  transverse. 

Female. — Bright  reddish-fulvous,  shining,  very  minutely  punctured; 
antennae  half  the  length  of  the  body,  involute,  apical  half  blackish. 
Thorax :  the  mesothorax  shining ;  a  line  on  the  collar  above,  the  su- 
tures of  the  pleura  and  the  spaces  on  each  side  of  the  seutellum,  black  ; 
seutellum  slightly  convex,  polished,  tinged  with  yellowish  ;  metathorax 
finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  distinct,  the  central  area 
moderate,  quadrate,  slightly  transverse.  Wings  fusco-hyaline,  with  a 
slight  yellowish  tinge ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  fulvous ; 
areolet  5-angular.  Legs  bright  fulvous,  polished,  basal  sutures  of  the 
coxse  blackish.  Abdomen  elongate-subovate,  rather  robust ;  basal  seg- 
ment distinctly  bilineated,  finely  aciculate  ;  basal  fovea?  of  the  2nd  seg- 
ment small,  black,  as  well  as  the  margin  between  them;  ord  and  4th 
segments  with  a  narrow  black  band  at  base ;  apical  segments  smooth 
and  polished  ;  beneath  tinged  with  yellowish ;  ovipositor  not  exserted. 
Length  6^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 

Bab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 


1864.]  173 

Closely  resembles  Irh.  suturnlis  Say,  but  is  at  once  distinguished 
from  that  species  by  the  slightly  transverse  subquadrate  central  area 
of  the  metathorax.  I  have  before  me  numerous  specimens  of  siitio-a/is 
from  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Del.,  Va.,  and  Illinois,  and  all  of  them 
have  the  central  area  large  and  elongate ;  they  vary  in  the  black  sutu- 
ral  bands  of  the  abdomen  being  sometimes  indistinct,  and  at  other 
times  broad,  especially  that  on  the  4th  segment. 

56.  Ich.  stibfuscus,  n.  sp. 

Reddish-brown:  face,  basal  half  of  antennse,  and  scutellura  tinged  with  yel- 
lowish :  apical  half  of  antennce,  sutures  of  thorax,  and  base  of  2nd  and  3rd  ab- 
dominal segments,  blackish  ;  wings  fusco-hyaline  ;  central  area  of  metathorax 
large,  elongate. 

Femdle. — Reddish-brown ;  the  face  and  frontal  orbits  tinged  with 
yellowish ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  slender,  the 
basal  half  pale  rufous,  the  remainder  black.  Thorax  finely  and  indis- 
tinctly punctured,  the  mesothorax  polished,  the  pleura  indistinctly 
aciculate  ;  all  the  sutures,  except  those  in  front  of  the  wings,  blackish  ; 
scutellum  flat,  polished,  tinged  with  yellowish,  the  space  on  each  side, 
including  the  postscutellum,  blackish ;  metathorax  densely  and  finely 
punctured,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large  and 
elongate.  Wings  long,  fusco-hyaline ;  nervures  fuscous,  testaceous  at 
base,  stigma  fulvous  ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  rufo-fuscous,  the  poste- 
rior tibiai  at  tip  blackish.  Abdomen  rather  short,  robust,  shining, 
very  minutely  punctured ;  first  segment  rather  broad,  bilineated  and 
finely  aciculate,  petiole  moderate,  blackish  at  base ;  basal  foveae  of  the 
2nd  segment  small,  slightly  impressed,  coarsely  aciculate  and  blackish  ; 
base  of  the  3rd  and  4th  segments  above  with  a  blackish  band  not  reach- 
ing the  lateral  margins,  that  on  the  4th  segment  occupies  almost  the 
basal  half  and  is  twice  as  broad  as  that  on  the  3rd  segment ;  apical 
segments  polished ;  beneath  same  color  as  above,  the  apical  margins  of 
the  segments  with  a  darker  stain  ;  ovipositor  subexserted.  Length  6 
lines;  expanse  of  wings  ll^  lines. 

Hal). — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

This  species  is  allied  to  Ich.  suturah's  Say  and  Ich.  propinquus  n.  sp. ; 
from  the  former  it  differs  by  the  darker  color,  the  longer  antennae  and 
wings,  and  the  more  robust  form ;  from  propinquus  it  differs  by  the 
darker  color,  the  longer  antennae  and  in  the  shape  of  the  central  area 
of  the  metathorax. 


174  [June 

57.  Ich.  brevipennis.  n.  sp. 

Reddish-brown;  sutures  of  thorax  and  abdomen  blackish;  wings  short,  sub- 
hyaline  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  small,  transversely  subquadrate. 

Female. — Reddish-brown,  robust;  antennae  darker  towards  the  tip, 
involute,  about  half  the  length  of  the  body.  Thorax  densely  and  finely 
punctured;  the  sutures  beneath  and  on  each  side  of  the  scutellum, 
blackish ;  scutellum  flat,  polished,  tinged  with  yellowish ;  metathorax 
finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  distinct,  the  central  area 
rather  small  and  transversely  subquadrate.  Wings  short,  sub  hyaline, 
slightly  tinged  with  fuliginous,  the  posterior  pair  clear ;  nervures  fus- 
cous, stigma  fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs  stout, 
reddish-brown,  the  posterior  tibige  at  tips  and  their  tarsi  obfuscated. 
Abdomen  rather  short,  robust ;  basal  segment  broad,  finely  aciculate  ; 
basal  fovese  of  the  2nd  segment  transverse,  indistinctly  impressed  ; 
basal  margin  of  the  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  segments  above,  uai-rowly  black; 
the  basal  and  two  or  three  apical  segments  paler  in  color  than  the  rest ; 
ovipositor  reddish,  exserted  about  li  lines.  Length  5^  lines ;  expanse 
of  wings  7^  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

In  color,  this  species  resembles  Ich.  suhfuscus,  but  is  readily  distin- 
guished by  its  much  shorter  wings. 

58.  Icli.  sandix,  n.  sp. 

Yellowish-rufous,  thorax  beneath  blackish,  antennte  tricolored  :  wings  dark 
fuscous :  central  area  of  metathorax  moderate,  subquadrate. 

Female. — Dull  yellowish-rufous,  rather  shining,  feebly  punctured ; 
antennae  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  body,  slightly  involute  at  tip,  basal 
joints  pale  rufous,  the  middle  yellowish,  the  apical  joints  blackish. 
Thorax  above  rufous,  beneath  black  ;  pleura  with  a  rufous  spot,  tegulae 
and  scutellum  rufous,  the  latter  flat  and  polished,  the  space  on  each 
side  blackish ;  metathorax  rufous  above,  black  beneath,  densely  and 
rather  roughly  punctured,  profoundly  impressed  behind,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate  transversely  subquadrate, 
not  well  defined.  Wings  dark  fuscous,  with  a  strong  aeneous  reflection  ; 
nervures  black,  stigma  brown ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  rufo-fulvous, 
coxae  black,  the  posterior  pair  tinged  with  rufous  behind.  Abdomen 
rather  short,  ovate,  subdepressed,  basal  segment  broad,  bilineated  and 
slightly  aciculate,  peduncle  slender;  basal  foveje  of  the  second  seg- 


1864.]  175 

inent  small,  subobsolete,  apical  segments  slightly  obfuscated  ;  oviposi- 
tor not  exserted.     Length  6  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11^  lines. 
Hah. — New  York.     Mr.  James  Angus. 

59.  Ich.  1  trogiformis,  n.  sp 

Dull  rufous,  thorax  beneath  and  metathorax  blackish :  antennsB  finely  sub- 
serrate,  with  a  yellowish  annulus  ;  wings  blackish-violaceous  ;  segments  of  the 
abdomen  strongly  contracted  at  incisures. 

Male. — Head  large,  transverse,  subquadrate,  slightly  broader  than 
the  thorax,  rufous,  paler  in  front,  feebly  punctured,  shining;  clypeus 
polished ;  mandibles  with  a  yellowish  spot ;  antennge  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  body,  porrect,  finely  subserrate,  black  above,  brown 
beneath,  the  four  basal-  joints  rufous,  the  14th  to  20th  joints  yellow, 
apical  joints  gradually  attenuated.  Thorax  densely,  deeply  and  con- 
fluently  punctured,  the  mesothorax  and  a  large  irregular  stain  on  the 
pleura,  rufous ;  remainder  of  the  pleura  and  the  metathorax  black,  the 
latter  sometimes  tinged  with  rufous;  the  collar  and  scutellum  tinged 
with  yellowish,  the  latter  rather  convex  ;  metathorax  scabrous,  the 
elevated  lines  obsoletely  defined,  the  central  area  small,  elongate,  sub- 
obsolete.  Wings  ample,  blackish-violaceous ;  nervures  and  stigma 
black,  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular,  rather 
oblique,  the  2nd  recurrent  nervure  with  a  process  in  the  middle.  Legs 
moderately  long  and  slender,  pale  rufous,  the  tibias  and  tarsi  tinged 
with  yellowish  ;  posterior  coxae  black,  their  femora  obfuscated.  Abdo- 
men elongate,  not  broad,  the  apex  incurved,  densely  and  profoundly 
punctured ;  the  segments  strongly  contracted  at  the  incisures  as  in  the 
genus  Trogus ;  rufous;  basal  segment  not  much  dilated,  subconvex, 
deeply  punctured,  with  a  depression  on  each  side  at  tip,  petiole  rather 
short  and  stout,  blackish  ;  basal  fovese  of  the  2nd  segment  small,  rather 
deep ;  the  apical  segments  have  the  punctures  gradually  finer,  and  the 
last  two  are  smooth,  shining  and  yellowish-sericeous;  beneath  tinged 
with  yellowish.     Length  6  lines;  expanse  of  wings  10  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

This  singular  insect  probably  does  not  belong  to  this  genus;  in  gene- 
ral appearance  it  resembles  that  of  Tragus^  but  the  head  is  much  larger, 
the  antennge  are  shorter  and  subserrate,  the  areolet  of  the  wings  diff"e- 
rently  shaped,  the  scutellum  not  elevated,  and  the  abdomen  not  so 
broad.     The  structure  does  not  satisfactorily  agree  with  that  given  of 


176  [June 

Pn'sficeros,  the  principal  character  of  which  seems  to  be  the  serrate 
antennae. 

(5(1.  Ich.  rubicundus,  n.  sp. 

Pale  rufous  ;  antenuie  with  a  whitish  annuhis :  wings  subhyalinc  ;  eentral 
area  of  metathorax  moderate,  subquadrate. 

Fenvde. — Entirely  pale  rufous,  densely  punctured,  subopaque ;  face 
short ;  antennae  rather  short,  rufous  at  base,  whitish  in  the  ruiddle  and 
piceous  at  tip ;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  polished  ;  metathorax  shin- 
ing, finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  cen- 
tral area  moderate,  elongate-subquadrate,  polished.  Wings  subhyaline, 
the  anterior  pair  rather  strongly  fuliginous,  posterior  pair  paler  ;ind 
iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  the  latter  whitish  at  base ; 
areolet  5-angular,  the  2nd  recurrent  nervure  angulated.  Legs  color  of 
the  body,  the  tarsi  obfuscated,  tips  of  the  posterior  femora  and  tibiae 
sometimes  blackish.  Abdomen  rather  stout,  densely  punctured  ;  basal 
segment  rather  broad,  indistinctly  bilineated  and  finely  aciculate;  basal 
foveas  of  the  2nd  segment  obsolete ;  apical  segments  darker,  smooth 
and  polished;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  o^^  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  62  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

()].  Ich.  l8evigatus,  n.  sp. 

Rufo-ferruginous,  shining;  antennre  with  a  broad  yellowish  aunulu-j;  wings 
clear;  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  irregularly  subquadrate. 

Female. — Entirely  rufo-ferruginuus,  smooth  and  shining ;  face  be- 
neath the  antennae  tinged  with  yellowish  ;  anteunse  short,  slightly 
involute,  basal  joint  rufous,  2nd  to  7th  piceous,  8th  to  loth  yellow, 
remaining  joints  blackish  above,  rufo-piceous  beneath.  Thorax  finely 
punctured,  somewhat  flattened  on  the  disk  above ;  scutellum  flat,  pol- 
ished, slightly  tinged  with  yellowish ;  metathorax  somewhat  roughly 
punctured,  subopaque,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area 
large,  irregular,  slightly  transverse.  Wings  almost  hyaline,  very  fiiintly 
tinged  with  fuliginous;  nervures  blackish,  fuscous  at  base,  stigma  rather 
large,  black ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  short  and  rather  stout,  color  of 
the  body,  clothed  with  very  short  yellowish  pubescence.  Abdomen 
rather  short,  stout,  smooth  and  polished ;  basal  segment  not  much 
dilated,  rather  convex,  minutely  and  obsoletely  aciculate,  lateral  mar- 
gins carinated,  deeply  incised  at  tip ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  seg- 


1864.]  177 

ment  very  transverse  and  rather  deeply  impressed ;  incisures  of  the 
segments  somewhat  fuscous ;  ovipositor  not  esserted.  Length  4  Unes  ; 
expanse  of  wings  (3  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

62.  Ich.  dorsalis,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  middle  of  face,  mesothorax,  scutellum  and  abdomen,  rufous ;  wings 
dark  fuscous;  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  transversely  subquadrate. 

Female. — Head  black,  shining,  middle  of  the  face,  clypeus,  man- 
dibles, narrow  frontal  orbits,  and  the  vertex  and  occiput,  rufous ;  an- 
tenna} as  long  as  the  thorax,  involute,  brown,  beautifully  golden-serice- 
ous, blackish  towards  the  base,  basal  joint  robust,  black,  shining- 
Thorax  black,  the  whole  of  the  mesothorax  above  and  the  scutellum 
rufous,  the  latter  slightly  convex,  depressed  and  flattened  in  front  and 
connected  with  the  mesothorax  on  each  side  by  a  sharp  carina ;  post- 
scutellum  with  an  obsolete  rufous  spot ;  metathorax  scabrous,  opaque 
black,  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  the  central  area  large,  trans- 
versely subquadrate,  the  posterior  margin  bent  inwards.  Wings  fus- 
cous, with  a  violaceous  reflection ;  nervures  black,  the  stigma  rufous  at 
base ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  shining  black,  the  extreme  base  and 
apex  of  the  femora,  and  the  tibijii  and  tarsi,  rufous,  the  tibiae  va- 
ried with  rufo-piceous.  Abdomen  short,  robust,  rufous,  the  petiole 
rather  slender,  black ;  first  segment  bilineated  and  finely  aciculate  ; 
basal  foveoe  of  the  second  segment  transverse,  rather  deep,  this  and 
the  third  segment  above  subopaque,  very  densely  punctured,  the  re- 
maining segments  shining,  the  punctures  less  distinct ;  beneath,  the 
segments,  excepting  the  first,  are  rufous  with  their  middle  obfuscated. 
Length  6  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11^-  lines. 
Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

63.  Ich.  Lewisii,  n.  sp. 

Cinnamon-brown ;  the  pleura,  metathorax,  cox»  and  the  first  and  base  of 
third  segments  of  abdomen  black ;  antennas  tricolored  ;  wings  dark  fuscous  ; 
central  area  of  metathorax  large  and  subquadrate. 

Female. — Head  cinnamon-brown,  palpi  paler ;  antennae  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  body,  slightly  involute,  basal  joint  pale  rufous, 
gradually  shading  into  pale  yellow,  which  color  extends  to  the  18th 
joint,  beyond  which  the  joints  are  blackish  above  and  dull  rufous  be- 
neath.    Thorax  black,  the  mesothorax  above,  as  well  as  the  scutellum. 


178  [June 

dark  brown,  the  latter  polished,  slightly  convex  and  impressed  ante- 
riorly;  metathorax  scabrous,  black,  elevated  lines  not  well  defined,  the 
central  area  large,  subquadrate  and  somewhat  transverse.  Wings  dark 
fuscous  with  a  strong  violaceous  reflection  ;  costa  and  stigma  except 
tip  fulvous,  nervures  blackish ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  pale  brown, 
the  coxae  and  trochanters  black.  Abdomen  ovate,  rather  short  and 
broad,  cinnamon-brown,  subopaque  ;  basal  segment  broad,  very  much 
dilated,  confluently  punctured  and  having  a  tubercle  on  each  side ; 
peduncle  slender;  basal  fovese  of  second  segment  shallow;  apical  seg- 
ments smoother  and  pilose  ;  beneath,  the  second  and  following  segments 
are  cinnamon-brown,  obfuscated  on  their  middle ;  ovipositor  not  ex- 
serted.  Length  6A  lines;  expanse  of  wings  llA  lines. 
Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

The  following  species  also  seem  to  belong  to  this  Section  : — Irh. 
suturalis  Say,  Ich.  Larise  Curtis,  Ich.  ferrwjator  Kirby,  Ich.  duplica- 
fus  Say,  Ich.  residuus  Say,  Ich.  hilaris  Say,  Ich.  hifasciatus  Say  and 
Ich.  pennatnr  Fab.,  all  of  which  are  unknown  to  me  except  the  first. 

Section  8. 
(U.  Ich.  regnatrix,  'n.  sp. 

Large,  black  ;  antennse  with  a  white  aunulus  ;  wings  blackish  ;  central  area 
of  metathorax  small,  elongate,  conical ;  abdomen  exce23tiug  basal  segment 
rufous. 

Female. — Black,  subopaque.  thinly  clothed  with  short  black  pubes- 
cence. Head  entirely  black,  sometimes  the  frontal  orbits  above  the 
antennae  are  narrowly  white ;  clypeus  shining,  with  a  deep,  rounded 
fovea  on  each  side ;  antenna?  short,  black,  the  apical  half  involute, 
flattened  towards  the  tip,  the  10th  to  16th  joints  above  white,  beyond 
this  the  joints  beneath  are  sometimes  tinged  with  rufous.  Thorax 
closely  punctured,  the  mesothorax  in  front  with  an  impressed  line  on 
each  side  not  reaching  the  disk ;  scutellum  black,  convex,  punctured, 
shining;  metathorax  densely  and  confluently  punctured,  somewhat 
scabrous,  opaque,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  central  area  small, 
conical,  elons-ate.  Wino-s  blackish-fuscous,  with  a  rather  strong  viola- 
ceous  reflection;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot 
at  base;  areolet  5-angular,  slightly  oblique.  Legs  black,  the  anterior 
tibiae  whitish  in  front.  Abdomen  elongate-subovate,  minutely  punc- 
tured, opaque  rufous,  the  segments  strongly  incised  and  compressed  at 


1864.]  179 

the  sutures  as  in  the  genus  Tragus  ;  basal  segment  black,  broad  at  the 
apex,  bilineated,  confluently  punctured  ;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  seg- 
ment very  deep,  transverse,  slightly  oblique  and  strongly  aciculate ; 
the  two  apical  segments  clothed  above  with  rufous  pubescence,  as  well 
as  the  ventral  segments  which  are  also  rufous,  shining.  Length  11 — 
12  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  17 — 19  lines 
//.«/>.— Peun.,  Del.,  Va.     Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

A  fine,  large  species,  probably  the  same  as  Say's  variety  of  his  Ich. 
devinctor  with  black  scutellum  and  legs,  but  in  that  species  the  scutel- 
lum  is  flat,  the  central  area  of  the  metathorax  is  large  and  subquadrate, 
the  abdomen  more  smoothly  and  finely  punctured  and  the  segments 
not  contracted  at  their  sutures  as  in  rtgnatrix. 

This  species  seems  very  close  to  Ich.  grandis  Brulle,  but  among  a 
dozen  individuals  I  cannot  find  one  with  a  yellow  spot  on  the  scutel- 
lum, as  is  mentioned  by  Brull6. 

Ich.  tibialis  Brulle  seems  to  be  identical  with  Ich.  devinctor  Say. 

65.  Ich.  semicoccineus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  face  yellow,  wings  dark  fuscous,  abdomen  bright  rufous,  central  area 
of  metathorax  moderate,  transverse. 

M(de. — Head  black,  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  narrow  frontal 
orbits,  clypeus,  a  spot  on  mandibles  and  the  palpi  yellow,  the  face  with 
a  large  black  spot  on  its  middle,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  dot ; 
antennge  porrect,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  brown- 
ish beneath  towards  the  tip,  basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black, 
shining,  finely  and  sparsely  punctured ;  scutellum  slightly  convex, 
polished,  black,  deeply  impressed  in  front;  njetathorax  somewhat  sca- 
brous, the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  transverse,  mode- 
rate, its  margin  smooth  and  shining.  Wings  blackish-fuscous,  with  a 
strong  aeneous  reflection ;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a 
pale  spot  at  base;  areolet  5-angular,  slightly  oblique.  Legs  black,  the 
anterior  and  intermediate  tibiae  yellowish  in  front.  Abdomen  elongate, 
sublinear,  bright  rufous,  opaque,  the  segments  strongly  incised ;  the 
basal  segment  black,  slender,  rather  broad  at  tip,  bilineated ;  basal 
foveae  of  the  second  segment  deep ;  beneath,  the  segments  are  yellow- 
ish-ferruginous.    Length  8  lines;  expanse  of  wings  12j  lines. 

Hah. — Delaware  and  Viro;inia.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 


180  [June 

fif).  Ich.  californicus.  n.  sji. 

Black,  the  legs  and  abdomen  brown  ;  wings  dark  fuscous,  with  a  violet  re- 
flection ;  central  area  of  metathorax  narrow,  transverse. 

Male. — Black,  subopaque ;  clypeus  polished,  mandibles  and  palpi 
piceous ;  antennfB  porrect,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body, 
black,  tinged  with  piceous  beneath.  Thorax  finely  punctured  ;  scutel- 
lum  convex,  shining ;  metathorax  confluently  punctured,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  narrow,  transverse.  Wings  dark 
fuscous,  with  a  violaceous  reflection  ;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  areolet 
5-angular.  Legs  brown,  shining,  the  anterior  pair  paler  in  front, 
the  coxfie  and  posterior  tarsi  black.  Abdomen  elongate,  compressed, 
opaque  dark  brown,  densely  punctured;  basal  segment  black,  biline- 
ated  and  finely  aciculate ;  basal  foveas  of  second  segment  deep,  trans- 
verse and  oblique,  near  the  tip  of  this  segment  is  a  triangular  impres- 
sion ;  apical  segments  smoother  and  somewhat  shining  5  beneath  pale 
brown.     Length  7  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 

Hah. — California.     Dr.  Geo.  H.  Horn. 

67.  Ich.  incertus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  antennce  with  a  whitish  annulus ;  legs  and  abdomen  rufous  ;  wings 
violaceous-black ;  central  area  of  metathorax  transversely  subquadrate. 

Female. — Head  and  thorax  black,  finely  and  densely  punctured, 
shining;  clypeus  polished,  with  a  deeply  impressed  fovea  on  each  side 
and  a  slight  one  on  its  middle ;  antennas  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  body,  porrect,  11th  to  15th  joints  white,  tinged  with  ferruginous 
exteriorly,  apical  joints  beneath  rufous.  Thorax  with  an  impressed 
line  on  each  side  of  the  disk  anteriorly ;  tegulse  black ;  scutellum  con- 
vex, polished,  black;  postscutellum  with  two  deep  punctures ;  meta- 
thorax densely  and  rather  roughly  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  toler- 
ably well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  transversely  subquadrate. 
Wings  ample,  blackish-fuscous,  with  a  deep  violaceous  reflection ;  ner- 
vures and  stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base ;  areolet 
5-angular,  with  5  small  hyaline  spots  on  each  side  and  3  below.  Legs 
rufous,  the  coxas  and  trochanters  black,  the  four  posterior  tarsi  piceous. 
Abdomen  robust,  subovate,  shining,  rufous, petiole  black;  basal  segment 
broad,  bilineated  and  finely  aciculate ;  basal  foveae  of  the  second  seg- 
ment deep  and  oblique  ;  apical  segments  polished  ;  ovipositor  not  ex- 
serted.     Length  (34  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  12  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Gresson. 


18G4.]  ■  181 

Closely  resembles  Icli.  rtijivenfri's  Brulle,  of  which  it  may  be  a  va- 
riety, but  the  annulus  of  the  antennje  is  larger,  the  central  area  of 
metathorax  is  smaller  and  less  quadrate,  and  the  legs  and  the  basal 
segment  of  the  abdomen  are  rufous  instead  of  black.  The  size  and 
general  appearance  is  much  the  same  in  both  species. 

68.  Ich.  virginicus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  autennse  witli  a  white  annulus:  abdomen  rufous;  wings  hyaline; 
central  area  of  metathorax  small,  conical,  polished. 

Female. — Head  large,  black,  face  short,  densely  punctured,  clothed 
with  pale  pubescence,  prominent  in  the  middle,  with  a  small  tubercle 
beneath  the  insertion  of  each  antenna;  frontal  orbits,  interrupted  on 
each  side  of  the  antennae,  yellowish ;  clypeus  short  and  very  transverse, 
with  a  deep  fovea  on  each  side,  apical  margin  depressed,  smooth  and 
tinged  with  rufo-piceous  ;  mandibles  large,  black,  polished  ;  palpi  yel- 
lowish-white;  antenna3  short,  involute,  black,  7th  to  18th  joints  above 
white,  apical  joints  beneath  tinged  with  rufous,  basal  joint  very  robust, 
remaining  joints  short,  submoniliform.  Thorax  black,  shining,  closely 
punctured,  clothed  with  a  very  fine  pale  glittering  pubescence;  tegulas 
piceous,  before  which  there  is  a  short,  narrow  white  line ;  scutellum 
black,  rather  flat,  densely  punctured  ;  metathorax  black,  densely  and 
strongly  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area 
rather  small,  subconical,  smooth  and  polished.  Wings  clear,  nervures 
and  stigma  black,  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular,  rather  oblique, 
the  2nd  recurrent  nervure  angular.  Legs  short  and  stout,  black,  the 
tibise  and  tarsi  piceous,  clothed  with  very  short,  sparse,  yellowish  pu- 
bescence; femora  short  and  thick.  Abdomen  short,  subovate,  slender 
at  base,  finely  punctured,  shining,  rufous,  the  petiole  blackish  ;  basal 
segment  bilineated,  densely  and  rather  deeply  punctured ;  basal  fovea? 
of  the  second  segment  small,  not  deep  ;  apical  segments  polished  ;  ovi- 
positor not  exserted.     Length  6  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  10  lines. 

//(«/>.— Virginia.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

This  may  be  identical  with  Ich.  detritus  Brulle,  but  is  rather  doubt- 
ful.    It  is  however  distinct  from  any  other  species  known  to  me. 

69.  Ich.  Syphax,  n.  sp. 

Black,  glossy  ;    antennfe   involute,  with  a  whitish  annulus  ;  wings   subhya- 
line ;  abdomen  ferruginous  ;  central  area  of  metatliorax  large,  quadrate. 
Female. — Head  and  thoi*ax  black,  shining,  closely  punctured ;  cly- 


182  .  [June 

pens  with  a  deep  fovea  on  each  side;  antennje  black,  slender,  invokite. 
the  9th  to  14th  joints  whitish  above  ;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  black, 
polished,  impunctnred ;  metathorax  finely  scabrous,  opaque,  the  ele- 
vated lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large,  quadrate  and  slightly 
transverse.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  stained  with  fuscous  ;  nervures 
and  stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base;  areolet  5-augular. 
Legs  black,  shining;  the  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  in  front,  pale.  Abdo- 
men elongate-ovate,  ferruginous,  convex  above  especially  towards  the 
apex  which  is  polished;  basal  segment  black,  rather  broad,  bilineated 
and  minutely  punctured,  petiole  slender.  Length  7i  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  11  lines. 

//aJ._Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

70.  Ich.  limbifrons,  n.  sp. 

Black;  lateral  margins  of  the  face  white;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  base 
and  apex,  rufous ;  wings  subhyaline  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  moderate, 
subconical. 

31ale. — Black,  finely  punctured ;  lateral  margins  of  the  face  and  a 
spot  on  each  side  of  the  clypeus,  white;  antenna?  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  body,  porrect,  entirely  opaque  black.  Thorax  and  scu- 
tellum entirely  black,  somewhat  shining,  the  latter  slightly  convex  ; 
metathorax  finely  punctured,  shining,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined, 
the  central  area  moderate,  subconical,  rounded  in  front,  indented  be- 
hind. Wings  subhyaline,  tinged  with  fuliginous  and  iridescent ;  ner- 
vures and  stigma  black  ;  areolet  subtriangular.  Legs  rufous,  the  ante- 
rior pair  yellowish,  the  coxa8  and  trochanters  black,  the  tai'si  obfus- 
cated. Abdomen  elongate,  rather  slender,  shining,  rufous,  the  petiole, 
disk  of  the  5th  and  the  two  apical  segments,  black ;  basal  segment  not 
much  dilated,  indistinctly  bilineated,  punctured ;  basal  foveas  of  the 
2nd  segment  deep  and  oblique ;  beneath  colored  same  as  above.  Length 
4  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  5f  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

71.  Ich.  exiguus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished ;  abdomen  and  legs  rufous ;  wings  hyaline  ;  central  area  of 
metathorax  small,  lunate. 

Female. — Black,  poli-shed,  indistinctly  punctured;  face  short,  slightly 
pubescent;  mandibles  mostly  rufous;  antennge  short,  piceous,  basal  joint 
beneath  rufous.     Thorax  smooth  and  polished  ;  scutellum  rather  flat ; 


1864.]  183 

metathorax  finely  punctured,  tlie  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central 
area  very  small,  lunate.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stig- 
ma black;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  rufous;  posterior  coxae  black.  Ab- 
domen short  and  stout,  subovate,  smooth  and  polished,  rufous ;  basal 
segment  broad,  obsoletely  aciculate ;  basal  foveae  of  the  2nd  segment 
obsolete ;  ovipositor  not  exerted.  Length  2^  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings 
4^  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

72.  Ich.  rufizonatus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennae  with  a  narrow  white  annulus ;  wings  subhyaline;  second 
and  third  segments  of  abdomen  ferruginous  ;  central  area  of  metathorax  large 
and  quadrate. 

Female. — Black,  shining;  clypeus  polished,  with  a -deep  fovea  on 
each  side  ;  antennae  about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  sericeous 
beneath,  the  9th  to  12th  joints  white  above.  Thorax  closely  punctured  ; 
scutellum  slightly  convex,  punctured ;  metathorax  finely  scabrous,  the 
elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large,  quadrate,  slightly 
elongate.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  stained  with  fuliginous,  and  hav- 
ing a  faint  metallic  reflection  ;  nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet 
5-angular.  Legs  black,  the  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  in  front  whitish. 
Abdomen  elongate-ovate,  black,  convex  above  and  polished  towards 
the  apex ;  basal  segment  bilineated,  minutely  punctured,  petiole  slen- 
der; second  and  third  segments  ferruginous  above  and  beneath.  Length 
7  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

73.  Ich.  involutus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished  :  antennae  strongly  involute,  legs  and  the  2nd  .nnd  :^rd  seg- 
ments of  the  abdomen  rufous ;  wings  fuliginous  ;  central  area  of  metathorax 
large,  quadrate,  polished. 

Female. — Black,  polished,  finely  punctured;  face  short;  clypeus 
very  transverse,  with  a  large  deep  puncture  on  each  side;  mandibles 
rufous,  cheeks  with  scattering  puncturns ;  antennae  short,  strongly  in- 
volute, black,  apical  two-thirds  tinged  with  rufous,  and  densely  clothed 
with  yellowish-sericeous  pubescence,  basal  joint  robust,  globose,  rufous 
beneath.  Thorax  closely  and  finely  punctured,  indistinctly  so  on  the 
disk  above  which  is  polished ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  polished ;  meta- 
thorax densely  punctured,  subopaque,  the  elevated  lina«   not  well  de- 


184  [June 

fined,  the  central  area  large,  quadrate,  polished.  Wing^  fuliginous ; 
nervures  and  stigma  black;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriaugular.  Legs 
yellowish  rufous,  the  coxae  tinged  with  piceous,  the  tarsi  obfuscated  at 
tips.  Abdomen  stout,  subovate,  polished,  finely  and  uniformly  punc- 
tured, indistinctly  so  at  tip ;  basal  segment  rather  broad  at  tip.  biline- 
ated,  black,  its  extreme  apical  margin  rufous,  as  well  as  the  whole  of 
the  2nd  and  ord  segments  except  the  apical  margin  of  the  latter  which 
is  blackish ;  remaining  segments  black ;  basal  foveas  of  the  2nd  seg- 
ment obsolete ;  beneath  as  above  3  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  4 
lines ;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Ich.  rufiventru  Brulle  and  Ich.  detritus  BruUe  also  belong  to  this 
Section,  the  last  of  which  is  unknown  to  me. 

Section  9. 
74.  Ich.  terminalis.  n.  sp. 

Rufous,  head,  mesothorax,  pleura  and  apical  segments,  except  a  white  spot 
at  tip,  blackish ;  antennae  with  a  white  aunulus  ;  scutellum  yellow  ;  wings 
clear;  central  area  of  metathorax  moderate,  subquadrate. 

Female. — Head  blackish,  palpi  pale  5  antennae  about  half  the  length 
of  the  body,  slightly  involute,  the  basal  joints  somewhat  rufous,  the 
9th  to  l4th  joints  pure  white,  the  apical  joints  brown-black.  Tho- 
rax minutely  punctured,  black,  with  a  large  rufous  stain  on  the  pleura  ; 
tegulge  pale  rufous ;  scutellum  flat,  polished,  pale  yellow ;  metathorax 
densely  punctured,  entirely  pale  rufous,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably 
well  defined,  the  central  area  subquadrate.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent ; 
nervures  fuscous,  stigma  pale  ]  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriaugular,  the 
2nd  recurrent  nervure  sinuate.  Legs  pale  rufous,  tips  of  the  posterior 
femora  and  tibiae  blackish,  their  tai'si  obfuscated.  Abdomen  stout, 
subovate,  pale  rufous ;  petiole  slender ;  basal  segment  bilineated,  pol- 
ished ;  2nd  and  3rd  segments  finely  and  densely  punctured,  the  basal 
foveae  of  the  former  obsolete ;  apical  segments  smooth  and  polished ; 
the  4th,  except  its  basal  margin,  and  the  remaining  segments  black  ; 
a  small  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  6th  and  the  whole  of  the  7th  above, 
pure  white ;  ovipositor  not  exserted.  Length  3^  lines ;  expanse  of 
winiis  5i  lines. 

//a ^.—Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 


1864.]  185 

75.  Ich.  soror,  n.  sp. 

Yellnwish-rufous ;  autennfe  with  a  white  annulus;  scutellura,  the  four  ante- 
rior coxte  and  a  spot  on  apical  segment  of  abdomen  yellowish;  wings  clear  ; 
central  area  of  metathorax  moderate,  subrotundate. 

Female. — Yellowish-rufous,  shining ;  antennae  short,  blackish,  the 
9th  to  15th  joints  white,  basal  joint  beneath  rutbus.  Thorax  above 
slightly  tinged  with  fuscous;  tegulae  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings, 
surrounded  by  a  blackish  spot,  yellowish ;  scutellum  flat,  polished,  yel- 
lowish, with  a  subobsolete  pale  spot  behind,  space  on  each  side  black- 
ish ;  metathorax  finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  not  well  defined, 
the  central  area  moderate,  subrotundate,  polished.  Wings  hyaline, 
very  faintly  fuliginous,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the 
latter  pale  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular,  the  2nd  recur- 
rent nervure  sinuate.  Legs  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxae  yellow, 
the  tips  of  the  posterior  femora  and  tibiae,  and  their  tarsi,  blackish. 
Abdomen  robust,  subovate,  shining;  basal  segment  rather  broad,  bilin- 
eated,  polished ;  2nd  and  3rd  segments  finely  punctured,  apical  seg- 
ments polished ;  last  segment  above  yellow ;  beneath  tinged  with  yel- 
low; ovipositor  not  exserted.    Length  3  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

//;,A._Delaware.     Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

76.  Ich.  velox,  n.  sp. 

Reddish-brown :  antennee  with  a  broad  white  annulus :  thorax  beneath 
blackish:  wings  hyaline:  central  area  of  metathorax  large,  quadrate;  apical 
segment  of  abdomen  with  a  yellow  sjDot. 

Female. — Reddish-brown ;  clypeus  and  occiput  blackish  ;  antennae 
about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  tip  slightly  involute,  the  9th 
to  16th  joints  white.  Thorax  black  ;  mesothorax  above  brown,  as  well 
as  the  tegulse,  a  spot  beneath  the  wings,  the  scutellum  and  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  metathorax;  scutellum  flat,  punctured,  shining;  meta- 
thorax finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central 
area  large,  quadrate.  Wings  long,  ample,  hyaline ;  nervures  fuscous, 
stigma  paler;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs  reddish-brown, 
the  intermediate  and  posterior  femora  in  part  black,  the  latter  almost 
entirely  so.  xVbdomen  elongate-ovate,  reddish-brown,  subopaque,  shin- 
ing at  tip ;  basal  foveee  of  the  second  segment  transverse ;  apical  seg- 
ment with  a  large  yellow  spot  above ;  beneath  brownish.  Length  5 
lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  9  lines. 

Hab. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 


19.Q  [June 

This  species  belongs  to  this  Section,  and  was  accidentally  omitted 
in  the  Table  given  on  page  135  ;  the  scutellum  and  last  abdominal  seg- 
ment differs  in  color  from  that  stated  in  the  Table,  which  should  there- 
fore be  amended  to  read  as  follows  : — 

Section  9.— Scutellum  yellow  or  red ;  abdomen  red  or  red  and  black, 

apex  white  or  yellow Sp.  74 — 76 

Genus  ISCHNUS,  Grav. 
Under  this  genus,  I  have  placed  those  species  which  only  differ  from 
Ichneumon,  in   the  basal  segment  of  the  abdomen  being  smooth  and 
polished,  while  those  of  the  latter  genus  have  that  segment  more  or 
less  ru2:2red. 


*oe^ 


1.  Isch.  jejunus.  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  face,  two  lines  or  a  sjjot  on  mesothorax,  and  scutellum,  white :  wings 
subhyaline :  central  area  of  raetathorax  small,  slightly  elongate. 

Male. — Black  ;  the  iace  beneath  the  antennEe,  orbits,  clypeus,  spot 
on  mandibles  and  the  palpi,  white ;  antennae  porrect,  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  body,  black,  basal  joint  beneath  white.  Thorax 
closely  punctured ;  the  teguU^,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  line 
beneath  the  wings,  and  two  lines  or  a  spot  on  the  disk  of  mesothorax, 
white;  scutellum  flat,  punctured,  white;  metathoras  confluently  punc- 
tured, the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  small,  subconi- 
cal,  rather  elongate.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  tinged  with  fuscous; 
nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black,  the  two 
anterior  pairs  in  front,  their  coxae  beneath,  and  the  base  of  the  poste- 
rior tibiae  exteriorly,  whitish.  Abdomen  long  and  slender,  subcylin- 
drical,  finely  punctured,  black  with  a  slight  bluish  tinge ;  peduncle 
slender,  the  tip  of  the  basal  segment  only  slightly  dilated,  subconvex, 
rather  smooth  and  shining;  basal  foveas  of  the  second  segment  small 
and  deep;  apical  segments  smooth  and  shining.  Length  7  lines; 
expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 

ffah. — Illinois  (Dr.  Saml.  Lewis)  ;  Massachusetts  (F.  G.  Sanborn). 

2.  Isch.  sublatus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face,  scutellum.  two  spots  on  metathorax  and  the  four  anterior  legs, 
white  ;  wings  hyaline  :  central  area  of  metathorax  small,  rotundate  or  slightly 
subquadrate. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face,  orbits  very  wide  on  the  cheeks,  cly- 
peus, mandibles  and  palpi,  white ;  antennas  porrect,  almost  as  long  as 
the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  beneath  white.     Thorax  black;  a  spot 


1864.]  187 

on  the  disk  of  mesothorax,  the  tegulse,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a  short 
line  beneath  the  anterior  wings,  a  spot  beneath  the  posterior  wings, 
and  the  collar  above,  white ;  scutellum  flat,  whitish,  with  a  short  trans- 
verse whitish  line  behind  it ;  metathorax  somewhat  finely  punctured, 
shining,  a  rather  large  whitish  spot  on  each  side  behind,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  small,  rotundate  or  slightly  subquad- 
rate.  Wings  hyaline,  faintly  fuliginous  at  tips  ;  nervures  and  stigma 
black  ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black ;  the  anterior  pair,  excepting 
the  femora  behind,  the  intermediate  pair  with  the  eoxae  beneath,  the 
trochanters,  the  tarsi,  and  the  femora  and  tibiae  exteriorly,  white ;  the 
basal  half  of  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  at  base,  also  white.  Abdo- 
men elongate,  subcylindrical,  slender,  black,  immaculate,  minutely 
punctured,  shining  ;  basal  segments  slender,  subconvex,  rather  smooth  ; 
basal  fovese  of  the  second  segment  small,  not  deep ;  beneath  black. 
Length  7  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11?  lines. 

^a6.— Illinois  (Dr.  Saml.  Lewis) ;  Virginia  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson). 

Same  form  as  Zsr/;.jV'/»»»s,  but  that  species  has  the  antennae  shorter 
and  the  metathorax  immaculate. 

3.  Isch.  proximus.  n.  sp. 

Black;  antenute  with  abroad  white  aiinulus :  face,  scutellum,  two  short  lines 
on  mesothorax,  two  spots  on  metathorax  and  the  anterior  legs  in  part,  white ; 
wings  hyaline ;  central  area  of  metathorax  small,  quadrate. 

Male. — Head  black ;  the  face  beneath  the  antennre,  broad  orbits, 
clypeus,  spot  on  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  white ;  antennae  porrect, 
three-fourths  the  length  of  the  body,  the  17th  to  23rd  joints,  and  the 
basal  joint  beneath,  white.  Thorax  black,  shining,  sparsely  punctured 
above,  closely  beneath  ;  mesothorax  with  the  dorsal  lines  well  im- 
pressed ;  tegulae,  a  broad  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  one  beneath 
the  wings,  the  collar  above  and  two  short  lines  on  the  disk  of  mesotho- 
rax, white ;  scutellum  rather  flat,  smooth  and  shining,  white,  as  well  as 
a  transverse  spot  behind  it ;  metathorax  confluently  punctured,  black, 
with  two  white  spots  behind,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined, 
the  central  area  small  and  subquadrate.  Wings  hyaline  ;  nervures  and 
stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  black ;  anterior  and  middle 
pairs  with  their  coxae  beneath,  the  trochanters,  femora,  tibiae  and  tarsi 
in  front,  white,  tips  of  tarsi  blackish ;  posterior  pair  with  their  coxae 
behind  and  the  extreme  two-thirds  of  their  tibice,  also  white.    Abdomen 


188  [June 

elongate,  subcylindrical,  black,  densely  and  finely  punctured ;  1st  seg- 
ment convex  above,  smootli  and  polished,  not  much  wider  than  the 
peduncle  ;  foveae  of  the  2nd  segment  small ;  apical  segments  gradually 
smoother  and  more  shining ;  beneath  black.  Length  7  lines  ;  expanse 
of  wings  II2  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Eesembles  Isch.  sublatus,  and  may  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  it. 

4.  Isch.  Wilsoni,  n.  sp. 

Black;  the  face,  scutellum,  legs,  and  2nd  and  3rd  abdominal  segments  yel- 
low ;  wings  subhyaline. 

31ale. — Head  black  ;  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  orbits,  inter- 
rupted behind  near  the  summit  and  broad  above  base  of  mandibles, 
clypeus,  mandibles  except  base  and  apex,  and  the  palpi,  yellow ;  an- 
tennae slender,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  porrect,  black- 
ish-brown above  with  a  very  narrow  pale  annulus  in  the  middle,  cover- 
ing two  or  three  joints,  beneath  pale  fulvous,  darker  towards  the  apex  ; 
basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  shining,  finely  punctured, 
clothed  with  very  short,  fine,  pale  sericeous  pubescence  ;  tegula),  a  short 
sutural  line  before  and  another  beneath  the  wings,  yellow ;  scutellum 
rather  convex,  polished,  yellow ;  metathorax  black,  finely  punctured, 
the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  the  central  area  rather  small,  sub- 
quadrate,  rather  elongate.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  fuliginous  ;  ner- 
vures  fuscous,  paler  at  base,  stigma  pale  fulvous ;  areolet  5-angular. 
Legs  yellow,  the  posterior  coxae,  their  femora  and  tips  of  their  tibi<i3 
black ;  apical  joints  of  the  tarsi  often  black.  Abdomen  elongate,  sub- 
cylindrical,  shining,  black;  basal  segment  narrow,  convex,  smooth  and 
polished,  petiole  slender ;  on  each  side  of  the  second  segment  at  base  a 
short  longitudinal  impressed  line ;  apical  segments  polished ;  second 
and  third  segments  yellow,  their  extreme  apical  mai-gins  black,  some- 
what dilated  in  the  middle,  apical  half  of  the  second  segment  often 
stained  with  pale  ferruginous.  Length  5 — 6  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
6^— 8A  lines. 

'//f/i'.— Virginia.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

5.  Isch.  Blandii,  u.  sp. 

Black  ;  face,  orbits,  broad  annulus  on  antennra,  lateral  margins  of  thorax  and 
scutellum,  apical  margins  of  abdominal  segments,  and  tarsi,  white  :  metatho- 
rax and  legs  in  part,  reddish  :  wings  hyaline. 

3Iah'. — Head  black,  the  fiice,  orbits — broad  on  the  cheeks, — clypeus, 


1864.]  189 

mandibles  and  palpi,  white ;  antennfe  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  por- 
rect.  black,  the  15th  to  24th  joints  entirely,  and  the  outer  sides  of  the 
four  following  joints,  white.  Thorax  black,  finely  punctured;  sides  of 
the  pleura  and  most  of  the  metathorax  rufo-fulvous ;  a  line  on  the  col- 
lar extending  down  on  each  side,  tegulfe,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a 
short  one  beneath  the  wings,  two  short  dorsal  lines,  and  a  large  patch 
on  the  pleura  in  front  and  beneath,  white  :  scutellum  rather  flat,  pol- 
ished, black,  the  lateral  and  apical  margins,  the  outer  sides  of  the  ca- 
rina on  each  side  of  the  scutellum  in  front,  and  the  postscutellum, 
white ;  metathorax  finely  punctured,  rufo-fulvous,  the  anterior  portion 
above  and  a  quadrate  mark  behind,  blackish,  the  elevated  lines  well 
defined,  the  posterior  ones  yellowish,  the  central  area  rather  large, 
subelongate.  Wings  hyaline,  apical  margins  faintly  smoky ;  nervui'es 
fuscous,  the  stigma  paler;  areolet  subtriangular.  Legs  rufo-fulvous, 
the  4  anterior  coxjb,  the  trochanters,  anterior  tibiae  in  front  and  all  the 
tarsi,  more  or  less  white ;  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsal  claws,  black.  Ab- 
domen elongate,  subcylindrical,  black,  minutely  punctured,  shining ; 
basal  segment  slightly  dilated,  subconvex,  its  sides,  as  well  as  most  of 
the  petiole,  fulvous;  basal  foveas  of  second  segment  small,  and  deep; 
apical  margins  of  the  first  six  segments  and  the  whole  of  the  seventh, 
except  two  black  dots,  white,  the  band  on  the  third  segment  inter- 
rupted in  the  middle.  Length  5  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  8  lines. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  Jas.  H.  B.  Bland. 

6.  Isch.  vinnulus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  anteniiiB  with  a  yellowish  annulus ;  face,  orbits,  lateral  margins  of 
mesothorax,  a  spot  on  its  disk,  tegulse,  most  of  pectus,  scutellum,  an  ill  defined 
W  on  metathorax  and  the  coxse,  whitish ;  part  of  the  3rd,  -Ith  and  5th,  and  all 
of  the  remaining  segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  the  femora,  fulvous ;  wings 
hyaline. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face,  clypeus,  mandibles,  orbits,  broad  on 
the  cheeks,  and  the  palpi,  white ;  antennae  porrect,  three-fourths  as 
long  as  the  body,  black  above,  brown  beneath,  the  16th  to  24th  joints 
yellowish,  the  basal  joint  beneath  whitish.  Thorax  black,  shining, 
feebly  punctured,  a  quadrate  spot  on  the  disk  of  the  mesothorax,  the 
tegultie,  a  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  fore-wings, 
extending  down  the  suture  and  meeting  the  large  spot  which  covers 
the  pleura  beneath,  a  line  above  the  anterior  coxse,  a  spot  beneath  the 
hind  wings  and  an  angular  line  immediately  behind  it,  all  whitish ; 


190  [June 

scutellum  slightly  convex,  smooth  and  polished,  pale  yellowish-white, 
as  well  as  a  spot  behind  it;  metathorax  black,  densely  punctured, 
rather  shining,  a  large  white  mark  on  its  posterior  face,  somewhat  re- 
sembling an  ill-defined  W,  elevated  lines  tolerably  distinct,  central  area 
small,  quadrate.  Wings  hyaline,  slightly  iridescent,  the  extreme  tips 
faintly  fuliginous ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  pale  brown  ; 
areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs :  coxae  and  trochanters  whit- 
ish ;  the  posterior  coxae  exteriorly,  extreme  tips  of  their  femora  and 
the  apical  half  of  their  tibiae,  black  ;  the  anterior  legs  before,  the  basal 
half  of  the  posterior  tibiae  and  their  tarsi,  yellowish  ;  remainder  of  the 
legs  fulvous,  much  paler  on  the  two  anterior  pair  and  deeper  on  the 
posterior  femora.  Abdomen  elongate,  subcylindric,  very  slender  at 
base ;  biisal  segment  not  much  dilated  at  tip,  black,  smooth  and  pol- 
ished, its  extreme  apex  with  a  whitish  band  ;  the  2nd  and  ord  segments 
finely  punctured,  shining,  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  2nd,  and  the  basal 
half  of  two  following  segments  not  reachins:  the  lateral  mari^ins,  black, 
remainder  of  the  segments  fulvous,  tinged  with  yellowish  on  the  2nd 
and  8rd,  the  former  having  a  fulvous  dot  on  each  side  of  the  basal 
third ;  beneath  paler,  the  black  bands  of  the  upper  surface  showing 
through.  Length  6  lines;  expanse  of  wings  10  lines. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  J.  H.  B.  Bland. 

7.  Isch.  contiguus,  n.  sp. 

Black:  auteuiice  with  a  yellowish  annulus:  clypeus,  scutellum,  a  trilobed 
mark  on  metathorax,  and  the  legs  in  part,  yellowish;  apical  half  of  the  1st 
and  2nd  abdominal  segments,  pale  fulvous,  remaining  segments  dull  rufo-ful- 
vous  :  wings  hyaline. 

Male. — Black,  polished,  clothed  with  a  very  short,  fine,  glittering 
pubescence ;  the  clypeus,  mandibles,  palpi  and  the  frontal  orbits  be- 
neath the  antenna;,  broad  beneath  the  eyes,  yellowish-white  ;  antennoe 
porrect,  almost  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  the  11th  to  17th  joints  yel- 
lowish, the  basal  joint  beneath  whitish.  Thorax  glossy;  the  meso- 
thorax  with  an  impressed  line  on  each  side  in  front ;  the  tegulte,  a  spot 
before  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings,  yellowish-white  ;  scutellum  slightly 
convex,  polished,  entirely  yellowish-white,  as  well  as  a  transverse  spot 
behind,  the  carina  on  each  side  of  the  scutellum  anteriorly  is  whitish 
behind ;  metathorax  roughly  punctured,  black,  with  a  large,  transverse, 
trilobed,  pale  yellowish  mark  posteriorly,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and 


1864.]  '      191 

almost  reaching  the  postscutellum ;  the  elevated  lines  and  central  area 
obsolete.  Wings  hyaline,  with  a  faint  yellowish  gloss ;  nervures  fuscous 
pale  testaceous  at  base,  stigma  pale  brown  ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  : 
the  two  antei'ior  pairs  yellowish-fulvous  ;  the  anterior  coxai,  the  inter- 
mediate pair  above  and  a  double  line  on  the  posterior  pair  behind, 
whitish ;  the  middle  coxas  beneath,  the  posterior  coxae,  their  femora, 
except  extreme  base,  and  the  apical  third  of  their  tibiae,  black ;  the 
four  anterior  tibiae,  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  posterior  pair,  and  all 
the  tarsi,  pale  yellowish.  Abdomen  elongate,  subeylindrical,  very  slen- 
der at  base,  polished  ;  basal  segment  with  a  small  tubercle  on  each  side 
before  the  apical  third ;  basal  two-thirds  of  the  first  segment  and  the 
basal  half  of  the  two  following  segments,  black ;  apex  of  the  first  and 
apical  half  of  the  2nd  segments,  pale  fulvous  ;  remaining  segments  dull 
rufo-fulvous.  Length  5  lines;  expanse  of  wings  9?  lines. 
Hab. — Maryland.     E.  T.  Cressou. 

At  first  sight  this  species  closely  resembles  Isch.  vinmdus,  but  the 
markings  of  the  head  and  thorax  are  diiferently  arranged.  They  are 
certainly  distinct. 

8.  Isch.  W-album,  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennse  with  a  yellowish  anuulation ;  face,  orbits,  lateral  margins 
of  mesothorax  and  a  spot  on  its  disk,  large  spot  on  each  side  of  pleura  beneath, 
seutellum,  W  on  metathorax  and  the  coxoe,  yellowish-white;  abdomen,  except 
1st  segment,  aud  the  femora  pale  fulvous ;  wings  hyaline. 

Male. — Head  black  ;  face,  orbits,  broad  on  the  cheeks,  clypeus,  man- 
dibles and  palpi,  yellowish-white ;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  body,  porrect,  black  above,  pale  brown  beneath,  the  17th  to  24th 
joints,  and  the  basal  joint  beneath  yellowish.  Thorax  black,  shining, 
feebly  punctured,  the  mesothorax  impressed  on  each  side  in  front ;  the 
collar  above,  a  quadrate  spot  on  the  disk  of  the  mesothorax,  tegulae,  a 
sutural  line  before  and  a  line  beneath  the  fore  wings,  a  large  spot  on 
each  side  of  the  pleura  beneath,  an  oblique  line  on  each  side  above  the 
anterior  coxre  and  also  a  spot  in  front,  a  spot  beneath  each  hind  wing 
and  another  large  transverse  one  behind,  all  yellowish-white;  seutellum 
rather  convex,  polished,  entirely  pale  yellow,  as  well  as  a  transverse 
spot  behind  it;  metathorax  rather  densely  punctured,  black,  with  a 
large,  more  or  less  distinct,  W-shaped.  yellowish-white  mark,  the  ele- 
vated lines  not  well  defined,   the  central   area  small  and   transverse. 


192  [June 

Wings  hyaline,  faintly  fuliginous  at  apical  margins ;  nervures  fuscous, 
pale  at  base,  stigma  pale  brown  ;  areolet  5-angular,  slightly  subtrian- 
gular.  Legs  pale  fulvous  ;  the  coxae  except  a  large  black  spot  on  the 
outside  of  the  posterior  pair,  whitish  ;  the  trochanters,  the  four  anterior 
tibiae  in  front  and  a  band  on  the  posterior  tibire  near  their  base,  also 
whitish  ;  extreme  base  of  the  posterior  tibisB  as  well  as  their  apical  half 
exteriorly,  blackish.  Abdomen  elongate,  subcylindric,  slender  at  base, 
pale  fulvous,  darker  towards  the  apex,  shining,  finely  punctured  ;  basal 
segment  smooth  and  polished,  black  above  and  beneath,  a  triangular 
spot  at  its  tip  and  its  sides  whitish  ;  base  of  second  segment  depressed ; 
beneath  colored  as  above.  Length  6  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  9  lines. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania  (C  A.  Blake) ;  Delaware  (Dr.  Wilson)  ;  New 
Jersey  (Cresson). 

9.  Isch.  volens,  u.  sp. 

Yellowish-rufous  ;  face,  scutellum,  two  spots  on  metathorax.  and  the  four 
anterior  coxise,  yellowish  :  base  of  the  2nd  and  three  following  abdominal  seg- 
ments black  :  wings  subhyaline. 

Male. — Yellowish-rufous,  shining,  covered  with  a  very  short  pale 
pubescence  ;  the  face  beneath  the  antenn;\;,  clypeus,  spot  on  mandibles, 
palpi,  and  the  outer  orbits  indistinctly,  yellowish ;  the  space  immedi- 
ately behind  the  base  of  the  antennae  blackish ;  antennae  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  body,  porrect,  yellowish-rufous,  paler  beneath, 
sometimes  the  15th  to  21st  joints  above  are  yellowish.  Thorax  dull 
rufous,  sometimes  brownish,  finely  punctured;  the  collar  above,  tegulje, 
a  spot  before  and  a  line  beneath  the  wings  yellowish ;  the  pleura  is 
stained  with  blackish  along  the  sutui-es  and  beneath ;  scutellum  rather 
convex,  polished,  as  well  as  a  short  transverse  line  or  two  spots  behind 
it,  the  space  on  each  side  is  black  ;  metathorax  rather  feebly  punctured, 
shining,  clothed  behind  with  white  pubescence,  yellowish-rufous,  its 
extreme  sides  black,  and  having  two  large  yellowish  spots  behind,  the 
elevated  lines  indistinct,  the  central  area  moderate,  subquadrate,  pol- 
ished. Wings  subhyaline,  tinged  with  fuliginous ;  nervures  fuscous, 
pale  at  base,  stigma  fulvous  ;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtriangular.  Legs 
yellowish-rufous ;  the  four  anterior  coxae  and  trochanters  yellowish, 
the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  obfuscated.  Abdomen  elongate,  subeylin- 
drical,  slender  at  base,  densely  and  finely  punctured ;  basal  segment 
smooth  and  poUshed ;  base  of  the  2nd  and  three  following  segments 


1864.] 


19 


Q 


above  with  a  black  transverse  mark,  broadest  on  the  2nd  and  narrow- 
est on  5th  segment,  the  black  color  not  reaching  the  lateral  margins ; 
remaining  segments  entirely  yellowish-rufous;  apical  segments  shining. 
Length  6A  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  10  lines. 

/^(/&.— Virginia  (Dr.  "Wilson)  ;  Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis). 

10.  Isch.  scitulus,  u.  sp. 

Blackish  :  face,  orbits,  annulus  on  antennte,  scutellum,  coxse  and  trochan- 
ters, yellowish  :  spot  on  pleura,  most  of  metathorax  and  the  abdomen,  except 
base,  pale  rufous:  wings  hyaline,  iridescent. 

Male. — Head  black  ;  the  face,  clypeus,  orbits,  interrupted  on  each 
side  near  the  summit,  mandibles,  except  tips,  and  the  palpi,  pale  yel- 
lowish;  antenua?  almost  as  long  as  the  body,  porrect,  black,  brown  be- 
neath, the  15th  to  21st  joints  and  the  basal  joint  beneath,  yellowish. 
Thorax  black,  tinged  with  brown  above  ;  collar  above,  tegulae,  a  sutural 
line  before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  fore-wing,  a  spot  beneath  the 
hind-wing,  and  an  oblique  line  above  the  anterior  coxfe,  all  yellowish; 
a  transverse  rufous  mark  on  each  side  of  the  pleura ;  scutellum  pol- 
ished, yellowish,  as  well  as  a  transverse  spot  behind  it ;  metathorax 
finely  punctured,  profoundly  impressed  behind,  pale  rufous,  its  sides 
black  and  bilobed  with  black  in  front,  on  each  side  behind  a  small  sub- 
obsolete  yellowish  spot.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  the  apical  margins 
faintly  tinged  with  fuliginous;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma 
blackish  ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  :  the  four  anterior  coxae,  all  the  tro- 
chanters and  the  four  anterior  legs  in  front,  yellowish-white;  a  spot  on 
the  four  anterior  femora  behind,  the  posterior  coxaj,  their  femora  ex- 
cept extreme  base,  and  the  apical  half  of  their  tibiae,  black  ;  remainder 
of  the  legs  pale  fulvous.  x\bdomen  elongate,  cylindric,  slender  at  base, 
shining,  dull  rufous  ;  basal  segment  linear,  smooth  and  polished,  black, 
its  extreme  apex  rufous;  basal  half  of  the  second  segment  depressed 
on  each  side.  Length  3 J  lines;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 
Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

11.  Isch.  iridescens.  n.  sp. 

Yellow-rufous;  antennse  black  with  a  broad  whitish  annulation  ;  face  and 
tarsi  whitish  ;  apex  of  abdomen  obfuscated  :  wings  beautifully  iridescent. 

Male. — Yellowish-rufous,  shining  ;  face,  frontal  orbits,  clypeus,  spot 
on  mandibles,  space  beneath  the  eyes  and  the  palpi,  whitish,  the  vertex 
and  occiput  piceous ;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body. 


194  [June 

black,  the  10th  to  15th  joints  whitish,  the  basal  joint  beneath  pale 
fulvous.  Thorax  polished,  the  tegulae  whitish,  the  suture  just  beneath 
the  wings  and  pleura  beneath  immediately  behind  the  fore  legs,  black- 
ish ;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  dull  rufous  as  well  as  a  spot  behind  it, 
the  space  on  each  side  blackish  ;  metathorax  minutely  punctured,  shin- 
ing, yellowish-rufous,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  cen- 
tral area  small,  rather  elongate.  Wings  hyaline,  beautifully  iridescent, 
nervures  and  stigma  pale  fuscous,  the  former  pale  at  base  ;  areolet 
5-angular.  Legs  yellowish-rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxae  and  all  the 
tarsi,  whitish  ;  extreme  tips  of  the  tarsi  blackish.  Abdomen  slender 
at  base,  polished,  yellowish-rufous,  the  three  apical  segments  brownish. 
Length  3  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 
Hub. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

12.  Isch.  albitarsis,  n.  sp. 

Very  slender,  black  :  most  of  the  face,  scutellum  and  tarsi,  whitish  ;  abdo- 
men rufous :  wings  hyaline. 

Male. — Very  slender,  black,  shining ;  face  :  the  inner  orbits,  broad 
beneath  the  antennfe,  a  bilobed  spot  just  beneath  the  antennae,  most  of 
the  clypeus,  a  spot  on  each  mandible,  and  the  palpi,  whitish  ;  antennae 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  beneath  with 
a  white  spot.  Thorax  finely  punctured ;  the  tegulae,  a  sutural  line  be- 
fore and  a  short  line  beneath  the  fore-wing,  the  collar  above  and  a  spot 
on  each  side  of  the  pleura  just  above  the  anterior  coxa,  whitish;  scu- 
tellum slightly  convex,  polished,  black,  with  a  rather  large  whitish  spot, 
and  a  short  transverse  whitish  line  behind  it ;  metathorax  black,  finely 
and  densely  punctured,  truncate  behind,  the  elevated  lines  not  well 
defined,  the  central  area  rather  large,  subquadrate,  obsoletely  defined. 
Wings  hyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuliginous,  slightly  iridescent;  ner- 
vures fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular  or  subtri- 
angular.  Legs  black,  the  four  anterior  coxae  and  trochanters  beneath, 
their  femora,  tibiae  and  tarsi  before  and  the  posterior  tarsi,  except  base 
and  extreme  apex,  whitish.  Abdomen  elongate,  slender,  cylindric, 
polished,  rufous,  the  apex  slightly  blackish  ;  basal  segment  linear,  with 
a  slight  tubercle  on  each  side  behind  the  middle.  Length  4-2-5  lines ; 
expanse  of  wings  G — 7  lines. 

Hub. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 


1864.] 


195 


INDEX    TO   SPECIES. 

FCENUS. 

Page 


incertus 13.3 

montanus 132 

occideutalis 131 


Page 

perplexus 131 

tarsatorius 132 


rufitarsis., 


AULACUS. 

....1341  stigmaterus. 


.134 


ICHNEUMON. 


Afer 13S 

agnitus 151 

ambiguus 161 

animosus 164 

annulipes 170 

apicalis 152 

ater 138 

atrifrons 157 

audax 143 


involutus 183 

juxtus 163 

Ipevigatus 176 

Lewisii 177 

limbifrons 182 

longulus 171 

Maurus 135 

montanus 141 

nobilis 155 


Azotus 150  j  obliteratus 147 

bizonatus 160  j  Ormenus 141 

Blakei 139  :  Orpheus 136 

brevipennis 174  :  parvus 151) 

Bronteus 144  ,  pedalis 141 

cseruleus 149  I  pictifrons 160 

californicus 180  {  propinquus 172 

caligiuosus 144  ;  pullatus 146 

cincticornis 139  j  pusillus 171 

comes 158    regnatrix 178 

consimilis 163    rubicundus 176 


cordatus 146 

discus 168 

dorsalis 177 

exiguus 182 

extrematis 149 

flavicornis 140 

flavizonatus 156 

fuse  i  frons 166 

funestus 166 

Grotei 154 

incertus ISO 

incoustans 153 


rufizonatus 183 

rutilus 169 

sandix 174 

saueius 137 

seelestus 148 

semicoccineus 179 

semilsevis 142 

seminiger 167 

soror 185 

subcyaueus 148 

subfuscus 173 

subrufus 168 


195 


[June 


Page  ' 

Syphax 181  i  vicinns. 

tenebrosus 145 

terminalis 184 

trogi form  is 175 

variegatus 1 53 

velox 185 


Page 
....169 


vi  11  u  1  en  tus 162 

Viola 137 

virginioiLs 181 

vittifrons 143 

vultus 165 


ISCHNUS. 


albitarsis 194 

Blandii 188 

contiguus 190 

iridesceus 193 

jejnnus 186 

proxinius 187 


scitulus 193 

sublatus  186 

vinnulus 189 

volens 192 

W-album 191 

Wilsoni ISS 


CONTENTS 


Page 
Description  of  a  New  (jetms;  and  Species  of  North  Araerican  Noc- 

tuina,  by  Aug.  R.  Grote.        -.-.-..       2 
Notes  on  Tenthredinidfe,  with  descriptions  of  new  species,  in  the 
Collection   of  the    Entomological   Society  of  Philadelphia,   by 
Kdward  Norton,  ----....       5 

On  the  North  American  species  of  Osmia,  by  E.  T.  Cresson,       -     17 

])e,scrij)tiun.s  of  several  new  species  of  North  American  Apidae, 
by  E.  T.  Cresson,  .         . 38 

Description  of  several  new  North  American  Ctenophorae,  by  Baron 
K.  Osten  Sacken,  ----....     45 

Notes  on  some  of  the  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  with  descriptions  of  their  Larvae  and  Chrysalides,  by  J. 
A.  Lintuer,  -         -         -         -         -         -         -         -         -     50 

Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  North  American  Coleop- 
tera,  by  Jas.  H.  B.  Bland,     -------     65 

.Descriptions  of  North  American  Lepidoptera,  No.  3,  by  Aug.  R. 
Grote.  -         -         - .73 

List  of  a  Collection  of  Lepidoptera  Heterocera,  taken  near  Will- 
iamstown,  Ma.ss.,  by  Aug.  R.  Grote,        -         -         -         -         -     92 

Synopsis  of  the  Bombycida3  of  the  United  States,  by  A.  S.  Pack- 
ard, Jr., 97 

Descriptions  of  North  American  Hymenoptera,  in  the  Collection 
of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  by  E.  T.  Cresson,   131 


6@^  A  list  of  the  Donations  to  the  Cabinet  and  Library,  will  be 
liiven  at  the  end  of  the  Volume. 


'M^^^COi/0QO'T<^:y(!£)i^Vj^W^^ 


Vol.  3,  No.  2. 


PROCEEDINGS 


(!) 


OF  THE 


(!) 


Entomological  Society 


OF 


( 


^ 


'J 


nPHILA-IDELP^XII^. 


JULY  —  SEPTEMBER, 


1864. 


^/^ 


PITIL  ADELPHTA : 

r>I2,I2srTEX)        BY      THE        SOGIETTT. 


€rL-^^acrac^^n^^^j<§^g^^§^^g^i;Q^gQ.gcgQ.^ 


1804.]  .  197 

STATED    MEETING,    July  11. 

President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

A  communication  was  read  from  Mr.  Bland  reporting  the  capture 
by  him  in  New  Jersey,  during  June,  of  the  following  Coleoptera  :  — 
Alaus  m^opg,  Boras  unlcolor^  Htlops  gracilis,  Brontes  fhibius  and 
Elater  rubricof/is,  under  the  bark  of  pine  trees;  Cacoplia  pruinosa 
on  the  Oak,  and  Strnn//alia  acuminata  and  Leptura  nitens  on  flowers. 
On  July  4th  he  captured  a  considerable  number  of  Ancylochira  linc- 
ata  and  also  its  supposed  variety  maculipennis.  Mr.  Bland  expressed 
his  doubts  about  macidipennis  being  a  variety  of  lineata,  as  each  spe- 
cies seems  to  have  their  distinct  markings  and  not  varying  so  as  to 
make  one  have  the  least  resemblance  to  the  other ;  they  were  both 
taken  from  the  same  kind  of  tree,  and  each  species  were  found  in  coitu 
and  in  no  instance  were  they  amalgamating.  Ou  the  same  day  he  cap- 
tured two  fine  specimens  of  Chrijsohofhris  concinnula  Lee,  on  the  Oak 
being,  to  his  knowledge,  the  first  specimens  collected  in  this  locality, 
the  typical  specimen  having  been  taken  in  Missouri.  Acanthodc.res 
decipie7is,  Liopus  varicf/atus,  Eapogonius  tomentosus,  Pogonocherns 
mixtus,  Adrastus  testacms  and  Megapenthes  rufilahris  were  part  of 
the  captures  by  beating  bushes. 

Also  the  following  communication  from  Mr.  H.  F.  Bassett,  dated 
Waterbury,  Conn.,  June  28th,  1864: — 

I  have  this  afternoon  discovered  a  fact  relating  to  the  Cynips,  or  to  one  spe- 
cies rather  (C.  q.  operator  Osten  Sacken),  which  you  may,  if  you  think  proper, 
communicate  to  the  Society  at  your  next  meeting.  It  seems  to  me  to  be  quite 
important,  throwing  light  upon  some  of  the  most  difficult  questions  relating  to 
the  economy  of  this  family. 

Baron  Osten  Sacken  {Proa.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.  I.  p.  248)  asks,  "  Have  the  gall- 
flies of  the  Oak-ai)ples  one  or  two  generations?"  and  at  the  close  of  his  remarks 
on  that  subject  declares  "  the  question  still  undecided."  The  same  subject  is 
referred  to  in  an  earlier  article  on  the  Cynipidse  {Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.  I.  p. 
51),  when  speaking  of  his  C.  q.  palusfris,  a  species  that  appears  in  May.  He 
asks:  "  May  not  this  gall-fly  have  a  second  generation,  and  if  it  has,  may  not 
the  gall  of  this  second  generation  be  different  from  the  first  produced,  as  it 
would  be  under  different  circumstances,  in  a  more  advanced  season,  jserhaps, 
on  leaves  instead  of  buds?" 

Dr.  Fitch  states  {N.  Y.  Pep.  II.  ^315,  p.  33),  that  C.  q.  seminator  Harris,  pro- 


198  [July 

duces  two  generations  each  year. — the  first  (second?)  appearing  in  July,  from 
the  well-known  wooly  gall  on  the  white  oak,  the  last  producing  a  somewhat 
similar  autumnal  gall  from  which  the  insect  emerges  the  following  spring. 

I  have  not  until  this  spring  seen  anything  that  favored  this  view. 

Early  this  spring  I  reared  a  species  of  gall-fly,  in  considerable  abundance, 
from  galls  gathered  in  the  winter  that  are  identical,  I  am  quite  sure,  with  the 
C.  q.  batatus  Fitch,  (I  think  Dr.  Fitch  has  described  an  inquilinae  that  I  have 
reared  from  the  same  gall  in  great  abundance,  and  not  the  insect  producing 
the  gall — I  am  not  sure  however,)  and  ten  days  ago  a  large  number  from  green 
galls  on  the  same  trees,  evidently  the  same  though  then  green  and  succulent. 
I  think  the  .June  crop  restock  the  galls  with  eggs  that  are  developed  the  follow- 
ing spring. 

Certain  species  of  galls  are  usually  abundant  this  season,  in  this  section  . 
Those  of  C.  q.  operator  0.  S..  can  be  gathered  by  the  bushel.     The  flies  have 
now  nearly  all  appeared  and  I  have  watched  them  carefully  to  learn  if  possible 
whether  the  females  deposited  any  eggs,  and  if  so.  whether  they  were  deposited 
in  the  young  leaf-buds. 

I  have  reared  thousands  of  the  flies  and  have  seen  thousands  more  within  a 
few  days  on  the  leaves  of  the  shrub-oak,  but  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  in 
the  act  of  ovipositing  until  this  afternoon. 

On  visiting  a  shrub-oak  ( Q.  ilicifolia)  thicket  this  afternoon  I  found  hundreds 
of  C  q.  operator  with  the  ovipositor,  (nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  body.)  in- 
serted the  full  length  into  the  cups  of  the  young  acorns. 

The  acorn,  as  yet,  projects  scarcely  at  all  above  the  cup  and  the  fly  alighting 
on  the  edge  of  the  cup  inserts  its  ovipositor  near  the  acorn  but  not  touching  it. 
I  cut  out  the  ovipositor  of  twelve  or  fifteen  and  found  that  their  points  did  not 
touch,  or  at  least  penetrate  the  acorn,  but  seemed  to  curve  around  it  so  that 
they  were  almost  directly  under  it.  I  did  not  in  any  case  find  more  than  one 
fly  to  a  cup. 

Those  who  have  studied  this  family  and  have  felt  how  difficult  it  is  to  ac- 
count for  the  appearance  of  some  of  the  vernal  species,  will  appreciate  the 
value  of  a  discovery  that  will  jjrobably  solve  the  mystery  and  that  may  possi- 
bly clear  up  the  subjects  of '"  agamous  species"  and  "dimorphism." 

I  am  inclined  to  think  the  larva  now  deposited  will  remain  in  the  larva  state 
until  next  spring,  but  shall  not  be  surprised  to  learn  they  produce  an  autum- 
nal brood  that  depofit  their  eggs  in  the  matured  leaf-buds.  I  shall  await,  im- 
patiently, further  developments.  Many  interesting  questions  arise  as  to  what 
tnese  developments  maybe.  Will  the  gallflies  agree  specifically  \\\i\x  the  pa- 
rent,— when  will  they  appear,  and  how  many  of  our  species  will  be  found  to 
produce  two  broods,  and  how  many  (jf  our  autumnal  species  are  dimorphous 
forms  of  vernal  species  ? 

I  am  sure  all  do  not  produce  two  broods.  C.  q.  punctata  (nobis),  for  instance, 
which  appeared  in  April,  and  whose  galls  apjieared  a  few  weeks  later  and  pro- 
duced no  flies  till  the  next  April. 

That  you  may  see  that  I  am  not  mistaken,  I  send  you  with  this  a  few  acorns 
with  the  fly  still  attached.     They  were  killed  by  immersing  in  boiling  water. 


18G4.]  199 

Also  the  followino-  communication  from  Beverly  K.  Morris,  M.  D., 

.dated  Toronto,  Canada  West,  July  8th,  1864  : — 

"  PoLYOMMATiTs  PORSKXSA  : — I  took  four  specimens  of  this  beautiful  and  rare 
insect  on  the  24th  of  May,  1864,  at  the  Huraber  Plains,  four  miles  west  of  To- 
ronto and  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  lake  shore,  on  the  first  road  lead- 
ing into  the  country  beyond  where  the  railway  crosses  the  high-road.  The 
day  was  not  very  warm,  though  fine :  the  insects  were  not  very  active  :  at  first 
I  thought  I  saw  a  specimen  of  L.  phlceas,  but  I  soon  found  out  I  had  something 
new  to  me.  They  flew  on  in  front  of  the  horse,  and  I  only  saw  them  in  the 
road.  On  June  loth,  1864,  in  company  with  Messrs.  Saunders,  Hubbut  and 
Cowdry,  I  visited  the  same  place,  and  we  succeeded  in  taking  in  all  about  ten 
specimens.  They  were  this  day  very  active  and  diflBcult  to  capture,  and  were 
met  with  in  open  parts  of  the  woods  as  well  as  on  the  road." 

The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings : — 

'"  On  the  Pupa  of  the  Ephemerinous  genus  Bajtisca,  Walsh,  by 
Benj.  D.  Walsh,  M.  A." 

"  Descriptions  of  new  North  American  Coleoptera,  by  James  H.  B. 
Bland." 

And  were  referred  to  Committees. 

On  ballot,  Charles  C.  Cresson,  M.  D.,  was  elected  a  Resident  Mem- 
ber of  the  Society. 


STATED    MEETING,   August   8. 
President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings : — 

"  On  certain  Entomological  Speculations  of  the  New  England  School 
of  Naturalists,  by  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  M.  A." 

"  Description  of  three  new  species  of  Cochliopodina,  by  Tryon  Rea- 
kirt." 

And  were  referred  to  Committees. 

On  report  of  the  Committee,  the  following  paper  was  ordered  to  be 
published. 


200 


[August 


b 

a 


On  the  Pupa  of  the  Ephemerinous  genus  B^TISCA  Walsh. 
BY    BENJ.    D.  WALSn,   M.  A. 

The  pup;i  that  forms  the  subject  of  the  present  Article,  and  of  the 
female  of  which  a  figure  is  annexed,  has  been   known   to  me  for  four 

years ;  but  it  was  not  till  the  present  year 
that  I  succeeded  in  breeding  the  subi- 
mas;o  from  it.  Tt  diifers  from  all  de- 
scribed  Ephemerinous  pupae  in  the  an- 
tennae being  eight-jointed  or  thereabouts, 
not  multiarticulate.and  also  in  the  bran- 
ch\iG  being  internal  and  not  used  for  lo- 
comotive purposes;  and  from  all  known 
larvae  and  pupie,  and  indeed  from  all 
known  hexapod  insects  in  any  of  their 
states,  in  the  pro-  meso-  and  meta-uotum 
being;  connate  and  confluent  and  extend- 
ing  over  one-half  of  the  abdomen  in  the  form  of  a  large,  dilated,  convex 
carapace  or  shield,  thus  giving  the  insect  a  very  Crustacean  appear- 
ance. In  the  Orthopterous  genus  Tetrix  and  the  Homopterous  Mem- 
hracidse,  as  is  well  known,  it  is  by  a  prolongation  of  the  prothorax 
alone  that  the  body  of  the  insect  is  almost  entirely  concealed  and  cov- 
ered above.  In  certain  of  the  Heteropterous  ScutellcriJse  and  in  the 
foreign  Chalcididous  genera  Thoracantha  and  G^rt^'aria(Hymenoptera). 
and  the  Indian  Muscidous  genus  Celyphus  (Diptera),  it  is  by  a  pro- 
longation of  the  mesoscutellum  that  the  abdomen  is  almost  entirely 
concealed  above.  But  in  all  these  cases  the  other  thoracic  segments 
are  clearly  distinguishable. 

I  had  sent  a  9  specimen  of  the  above  pupa  to  Dr.  Hagen  in  1863, 
and  subjoin  his  remarks  on   it,  translating  from  the  original   French 

MS.  :— 

The  larva  No.  CO  is  the  most  extraordinary  animal  that  I  have  seen,  so 
that  I  asked  myself  whether  it  really  belonged  to  Inseeta.  But  there  is  u<> 
doubt  of  the  fact  of  its  being  the  larva  of  a  hexapod  insect.  The  large  com- 
pound eyes  determ.ine  at  once  its  position  as  belonging  to  those  insects  which 
liave  an  incomplete  metamorphosis,  and  therefore  to  Orthoj^tera,*  or  Hemiptera. 


'According;  to  Erichson's  and  Sieboldt's  views  Dr.  Ha'jn  refers  Pseudoneu- 


1864.]  201 

As  to  Hemijttera,  its  mandibulate  mouth  excludes  that  Order.  There  remains 
therefore  only  the  order  Orthoptera.  of  which  there  are  only  three  families 
witli  aquatic  larvse — Odonata,  Perlina,  and  Ephemerina.  The  larvae  of  Odo- 
nata  always  have  the  labium  transformed  into  a  well-known  species  of  mask, 
which  is  not  found  here.  It  cannot  therefore  belong  to  Odonata.  Perlina 
have  only  two  caudal  setas,  instead  of  three.  There  remains  Ephemerina,  and 
I  believe  that  it  belongs  there,  in  spite  of  the  antennae  being,  as  you  observe, 
eight-jointed,  and  the  absence  of  branchiae.  Possibly,  however,  there  are  bran- 
chife  to  the  four  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen,  for  I  see  something  under  the 
carapace,  but  do  not  choose  to  ruin  a  unique  specimen  by  a  more  violent  exam- 
ination. 

On  inspecting  the  beautiful  Ephemerina  previously  received  from  you,  my 
eyes  accidentally  fell  upon  Bcetisca  obesa.  Its  robust  form  strikingly  resembles 
that  of  this  larva,  when  viewed  at  a  distance.  After  a  minute  examination  I 
believe  that  I  am  sure  that  this  larva  belongs  to  the  genus  Bcetisca,  and  proba- 
bly to  Bcetisca  obesa;  that  is  to  say  so  far  as  one  can  be  sure  without  actually 
breeding  the  imago.  The  head  and  the  oviparous  lamina  are  alike,  and  the 
carapace  is  represented  in  the  imago,  and  even  the  groove  on  the  dorsum 
of  the  abdomen  that  fits  into  the  tip  of  the  carapace.*  But  there  is  a  sort  of 
enigma  here :  for  according  to  physiological  and  anatomical  laws,  we  cannot 
understand  how  the  pro-  meso-  and  meta-thorax  can  be  all  soldered  together 
in  the  larva.  On  the  whole,  it  is  about  the  most  extraordinary  larva  known  to 
science. 

Those  who  are  aware  of  the  practical  difficulty  of  correlating  an  in- 
sect, known  only  in  the  larva  or  pupa  state,  with  its  imago,  will  appre- 
ciate the  successful  acumen  of  the  above  analysis.  One  additional  fea- 
ture, by  which  the  imago  strikingly  recals  the  larva  and  pupa,  is  not 
referred  to  by  Dr.  Hagen.  In  the  characters  of  the  genus  Bsetisca,  I 
noticed  that  ''  the  fifth  abdominal  joint  is  twice  as  long  as  any  of  the 

roptera  to  Orthoptera.  See  Monogr.  Calopt.  p.  1,  note,  and  Monogr.  Gomphin, 
p.  1,  note:  also  LeCoute's  Introd.  Class.  Coleopt.  p.  viii,  note.  It  is  not  quite 
true,  as  suggested  in  the  last  passage  by  Baron  Osten  Sacken,  that  Pseudoueu- 
roptera,  as  contradistinguished  from  Orthoptera,  are  "essentially  aeriaZ,  passing 
the  greater  portion  of  the  time  on  the  wing."  In  Odonata,  indeed,  this  is  the 
case,  but  Perlina  and  Psocina,  and  especially  Psocina,  to  say  nothing  of  Ter- 
mitina,  pass  the  greater  portion  of  their  time  on  trees,  like  the  Orthopterous 
Catydids  and  tree-crickets. 

*  In  the  imago,  as  is  usual  in  Ephemerina,  the  pro-  and  meso-thorax  are  sepa- 
rated by  a  free  suture,  and  the  meso-  and  meta-thorax  by  a  connate  suture,  but 
the  meso-scutellum  extends  over  the  abdomen  to  the  tip  of  the  first,  or  what 
some  would  call  the  scrond  abdominal  joint,  thus  simulating  the  carapace  of 
the  larva.  The  transverse,  medial,  sinuate  carina  on  the  5th  abdominal  dorsal 
is  remarkably  distinct  and  strongly  recals  that  found  in  the  pupa,  though 
it  is  not  nearlv  so  much  elevated. 


202  [August 

others,  which  are  subequal."  {Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.,  Sept. 
1862,  p.  378.)  This  is  not  known  to  be  the  case,  so  far  as  I  am  aware, 
in  any  other  Ephemerinous  imago.  We  can  understand  now  why  it 
should  be  so  here.  In  the  pupa  this  joint  is  abnormally  developed  to 
receive  the  tip  of  the  cai-apace,  and  therefore,  as  is  not  unfrequently 
the  case,  traces  of  the  same  arrangement  are  found  in  the  imago,  though 
there  are  no  longer  the  same  special  functions  performed  by  the  part. 
There  is  a  feature,  too,  in  the  ornamentation  of  its  legs  which  indicates 
that  it  belongs  to  Ephemerina,  and  not  to  Odonata  as  I  had  myself 
originally  suspected.  They  are  fasciate,  not  vittate  ;  and  I  have  already 
observed  that  Odonata  never  have  fasciate  legs,  and  might  have  added 
that,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  Ephemerina  never  have  vittate  legs.  (See 
Proa.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.,  Sept.  1862,  p.  383.) 

It  will  have  been  noticed  that  Dr.  Hagen  calls  the  insect  which  I 
sent  him,  and  which  was  identical  in  every  respect  with  the  one  figured 
above,  a  larva  and  not  a  pupa.  Authors  generally  tell  us  that  in  In- 
secta  the  pupa  is  distinguishable  from  the  larva  by  having  rudimentary 
wings,  with  the  exception  of  course  of  those  genera  {Diaphcromera, 
Phaphidophora,  &c.)  which  have  no  wings  whatever  in  the  imago  state. 
Probably  from  the  fact  of  there  being  no  external  wings  in  this  insect, 
as  in  all  other  known  Pseudoneuropterous  pupae,  Dr.  Hagen  supposed 
it  to  be  in  the  larva  state.  The  above,  however,  is  only  another  ano- 
maly in  this  most  anomalous  creature.  I  have  a  specimen  in  alcohol 
from  which  the  subimago  has  partly  emerged,  and  which  must  neces- 
sarily therefore  be  in  the  pupa  state ;  yet  it  has  no  external  wings  and 
the  subimaginal  wings  lie  flatly  under  the  interior  surface  of  the  cara- 
pace; neither  indeed  had  any  of  my  other  specimens  any  external  wings. 
It  is,  I  think,  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  in  lusecta  the  possession  of  rudi- 
mentary wings  is  peculiar  to  the  pupa  as  distinguished  from  the  larva. 
Many  insects  that  I  have  bred,  e.  g.  a  Psyllade  inhabiting  a  gall  on 
the  hackhen-y  (Celtis  occidentalis), exhibit  distinct  rudimentary  wings 
before  their  final  moult  into  the  pupa  state ;  and  I  believe  it  is  gene- 
rally so  with  Pseudoneuroptera  and  Orthoptera,  and  probably  in  all 
those  Orders  which  have  an  active  pupa.  Unless,  indeed,  which  is 
contrary  to  all  analogy,  we  choose  to  believe  that  an  insect  can  moult 
after  assuming  the  pupa  and  before  assuming  the  imago  state,  and  so 
consider  it  as  a  pupa  as  soon  as  the  rudimentary  wings  begin  to  be 


1864.]  203 

developed,  which  in  many  Orthoptera  saltatoria  is  at  a  very  early  period. 
The  rule,  however,  seems  to  be,  that  in  the  larva  state  an  insect  moults 
about  four  times,  and  after  assuming  the  pupa  state  not  at  all,  until  its 
final  moult  into  the  subimago  or  imago  state.  And  this  is  shown  clearly 
in  those  Orders  (Coleoptera,  the  true  Neuroptera,  Hymenoptera,  Lepi- 
doptera  and  Diptera)  which  have  a  quiescent  pupa, 'and  where  conse- 
quently the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  larva  and  pupa  states  is 
clearly  drawn.  Consequently,  if  this  be  a  correct  view  of  the  case, 
just  as  in  Perlina,  Ephemerina,  Odonata,  &c.,  both  the  mature  larva 
and  the  pupa  have  distinct  external  rudimental  wings,  so  in  the  genus 
Bsetisca  neither  the  mature  larva  nor  the  pupa  has  them.  And  if  the 
above  considerations  are  correct,  in  none  of  these  instances  can  the 
mature  larva  be  distinguished  from  the  pupa,  except  by  ascertaining 
whether  it  has  undergone  its  final  moult  before  assuming  the  subimago 
or  imago  states.  As  regards  Bsetisca  obesa,  none  of  my  specimens 
moulted  while  in  my  possession,  and  therefore  those  from  which  I  bred 
the  subimago  must  have  been  pupae  when  I  obtained  them.  The  others, 
some  of  which  were  much  smaller  and  might  have  been  larvae,  after  I 
had  kept  them  in  water  alive  for  six  or  seven  days,  were  either  dis- 
.sected  or  placed  in  alcohol,  without  awaiting  their  further  development. 
If  any  additional  proof  was  required  to  establish  the  validity  of  my 
genus  Bsetisca,  which  is  itself  suSiciently  remarkable  in  its  characters, 
all  drawn  from  the  imago,  the  discovery  of  the  very  anomalous  cha- 
racters of  its  pupa  would  amply  supply  the  deficiency. 

Genus  B^TISCA— Pupa. 
Head  freely  moveable  and  connected  with  the  thorax  by  membrane, 
with  two  horizontally  porrect  horns  springing  from  above  the  anterior 
edge  of  the  front,  which  are  sometimes  simply  elongate-triangular, 
sometimes  both  of  them  deeply  emarginate  on  the  interior  edge  so  as 
to  present  the  appearance  of  a  long  exterior  and  a  short  interior  horn, 
.sometimes  only  one  of  them  thus  emarginate  (as  shown  in  Fig.  I.)  An- 
terior edge  of  front  strongly  carinate,  deeply  and  widely  emarginate 
in  the  middle  opposite  the  labrum  and  less  deeply  so  on  each  side. 
Epistoma  scarcely  extending  forwards  beyond  the  central  emargination 
of  the  front,  and  separated  from  the  labrum  by  a  very  distinct  and 
Jeep   transverse   suture.     Labrum   moderate,   transverse.     Mandibles 


204  [August 

moderate,  normal,  appressed  to  the  moutli  and  not  extending  forwards 
in  the  form  of  a  horn.  No  palpi  visible  externally.  Labium  large, 
subquadrate,  rather  wider  than  long  and  not  emarginate.  Eyes  S  large 
and  almost  contiguous ;  eyes  9  much  smaller  and  separated  by  a  space 
equal  to  one-half  the  diameter  of  the  head,  with  distinct  rudiments  of 
the  two  posterior  ocelli  between  them.  Antennte  (Fig.  II.)  inserted 
in  a  large  but  shallow  cavity  before  the  eyes,  eight-jointed  or  there- 
abouts, the  joints  rather  indistinct  with  appearances  in  some  specimens 
of  a  9th  long  and  slender  setiform  joint.  Thorax  with  the  pro-  meso- 
and  meta-notum  confluently  soldered  together  in  the  form  of  a  large 
convex  shield,  which  has  an  inflected  lateral  flange  for  its  entire  length 
like  the  epipleura  of  the  Coleopterous  elytrum,  and  the  tip  of  which 
fits  accurately  into  a  transversely  sinuate  medial  groove  on  the  fifth 
dorsal  joint  of  the  abdomen,  immediately  behind  which  groove  runs  a 
transverse  carina.  On  the  lateral  edge  of  this  shield  about  t  of  the 
way  to  its  tip,  and  also  on  the  side  of  its  dorsum  about  |  of  the  way 
to  its  tip,  there  projects  a  large  flattened  triangular  tooth,  the  lateral 
teeth  (Fig.  I.  a)  directed  outwards,  the  dorsal  teeth  directed  out- 
wards and  upwards  and  prolonged  both  forwards  and  backwards  in  an 
acute  carina  or  elevated  and  angulated  ridge.  From  the  central  point 
of  the  dorsum  of  this  shield  there  extends  obliquely  forwards  on  each 
side  a  wide,  shallow,  ill-defined  stria  or  depression  which  terminates 
before  it  reaches  the  latei-al  edo;e,  the  two  striae  forming  with  each 
other  from  their  origin  an  angle  of  about  90°.  These  striae  probably 
represent  the  suture  between  the  pi'O-  and  meso-notum.  Along  the 
whole  length  of  this  shield,  but  obscurely  interrupted  before  its  middle 
and  again  just  before  its  tip,  extends  a  not  very  acute  dorsal  carina. 
Prosternum  divided  throughout  by  a  suture,  which  is  apparently  con- 
nate, from  the  meso-sternum.  Meso-  and  meta-sterna  confluent  with  each 
other,  as  well  as  all  the  episterna  and  epimera.  Central  piece  of  sternum 
truncate  in  front,  about  as  wide  between  the  front  legs  as  the  anterior 
acetabulum,  with  the  suture  behind  the  front  legs  transverse,  thence 
gradually  widening  to  double  its  former  width  a  little  behind  the  middle 
legs,  thence  to  its  posterior  edge,  which  is  squarely  truncate,  with  its 
sides  nearly  parallel.  Abdomen  9-jointed  dorsally,  8-jointed  ventrally, 
joints  S  and  9  being  ventrally  confluent.  The  dor.sal  joints  1 — 4  and 
the  anterior  i  of  5  soft  and  membranous,  except  a  narrow  lateral  piece. 


1864.]  205 

Joint  1  lias  attached  to  its  lateral  base  a  large,  pale,  fleshy  branchia 
(Fig.  III.  a)  full  of  dai-k-colored  interlacing  vessels,  above  the  origin  of 
which  lies  a  much  smaller  flap-like  piece  (Fig.  III.  h)  apparently  de- 
void of  vessels.  Joints  2 — 4  have  on  each  side  a  very  distinct  spi- 
racle, to  exhibit  which  in  Fig.  Ill,  the  left  branchia  is  removed.  Joint 
5  is  twice  as  long  as  any  of  the  others,  which  are  subequal,  and  rises 
upwards  abruptly  and  almost  vertically  from  its  hind  margin  into  a 
transversely  sinuate  carina  to  receive  the  tip  of  the  thoracic  shield, 
whence  it  is  suddenly  depressed  downwards  and  forwards  so  as  to  leave 
a  cavity  under  the  tip  of  the  shield  for  the  two  branchiae  to  work  in, 
the  shield  being  attached  by  membrane  to  the  inferior  portion  of  the 
thorax,  but  only  in  front  of  the  abdomen.  Caudal  setae  three,  equal  in 
length  and  diameter,  multiarticulate  and  very  finely  pilose,  the  pilosity 
indistinct  except  when  the  insect  is  alive  and  in  the  water,  when  it  is 
very  obvious.  Legs  with  the  tarsi  one-jointed  and  bearing  a  single 
robust  claw,  the  tibiae  exceedingly  short  and  connate  with  the  tarsus. 
No  external  wings.  The  %  difiers  from  the  9  ,  not  only  in  its  much 
larger  eyes,  but  in  being  considerably  slenderer. 

In  the  only  known  species  belonging  to  this  genus  {B.  obesa  Say, 
Walsh)  the  general  color  of  the  pupa  is  dull  brown,  variably  marked 
above  and  below  with  luteous.  The  legs  are  luteous  with  the  tarsus, 
tibia  and  femur  each  medially  but  irregularly  fiisciate  with  brown,  and 
the  femur  with  also  a  superior  basal  brown  spot.  Its  general  consist- 
ence is  pretty  firm. 

The  habits  of  this  species  are  to  frequent  clear,  rapidly-running  riv- 
ers, and  to  attach  themselves  in  repose  to  the  under  surface  of  sub- 
merged stones.  Their  food  must  consist  almost  exclusively  of  minute 
particles  of  matter  floating  in  the  water,  for  of  two  which  I  bred  to 
the  subimago  state  and  two  which  partially  attained  that  state — mak- 
ing four  in  all — three  lived  for  over  five  and  one  for  six  or  seven  days 
in  a  glass  vessel  in  clear  but  unfiltered  cistern  water,  changed  every 
twenty-four  hours  and  containing  no  solid  substance  whatever  but  a 
piece  of  floating  cork.  I  had  originally  placed  a  specimen  in  water 
containing  several  dead  aquatic  larvaj  and  some  jelly-like  masses,  pro- 
bably confervge,  which  occurred  in  its  natural  station ;  but  on  noticing 
that  it  repeatedly  crawled  over  such  substances  in  an  unconcerned  man- 
ner, I  placed  them  all  in  simple  water.     It  is  singular  that,  neither  in 


206  [August 

the  water  nor  out  of  the  water,  did  I  ever  observe  the  antennae  to  be 
diseno;aa;ed  from  the  lower  surface  of  the  breast  and  thrust  forwards. 
They  crawl  quite  slowly,  but  swim  very  rapidly,  the  caudal  set?e  being 
the  chief  organ  of  motion  in  swimming,  and  the  legs  being  only  used 
occasionally  to  direct  their  coui-se.  When  swimming  the  caudal  setje 
and  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  are  directed  upwards  and  backwards  at  an 
angle  of  45°  with  the  body,  and  with  this  as  the  axis  of  oscillation 
are  vibrated  vigorously  and  rapidly  up  and  down.  When  desirous  of 
rapidly  changing  their  course,  they  have  the  power  of  elevating  the  tip 
of  the  abdomen  and  setae  so  as  to  lie  along  the  dorsum  of  the  shield, 
and  then  suddenly  lashing  out  with  them.  I  noticed  that  in  repose 
they  sometimes  adhered  to  the  under  surface  of  the  floating  cork  for 
hours  together,  and  sometimes  to  its  side,  so  that  their  body  would  be 
half  in  and  half  out  of  the  water.  When  they  were  taken  out  of 
the  water  the  tip  of  the  notal  shield  generally  after  a  few  seconds 
gaped  apart  from  the  fifth  dorsal  joint  of  the  abdomen,  and  the  pal- 
pitations and  structure  of  the  branchife  became  plainly  visible  under 
the  shield.  The  reason  is  obvious.  They  were  then  compelled  to 
breathe  through  their  spiracles,  instead  of  through  their  branchiae. 

The  pupa  crawls  out  of  the  water  to  assume  the  subimago  state, 
which  process  is  performed  by  the  notal  shield  splitting  open  dorsally 
in  a  straight  line  from  end  to  end,  and  the  head  being  disengaged  back- 
wards from  the  pupal  head  without  splitting  it.  Described  from  S 
specimens,  some  living,  some  alcoholic,  procured  in  the  Mississippi 
Rapids,  June  5 — 11;  the  first  subimago  appeared  June  13,  from  a 
specimen  obtained  June  5.  Length  %  (one  specimen)  7  millimetres. 
9  (one  specimen)  7  2  mill.  Breadth  %  0-4-  mill.  9  4  mill.  Setae  % 
21  mill.    9  2J  mill. 

Rock  Island,  Illinois,  July  1,  1864. 


1864.]  207 


STATED    MEETING,   September  12. 

President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

On  report  of  the  respective  Committees,  the  following  Papers  were 
ordered  to  be  published. 


ON  CERTAIN  ENTOMOLOGICAL  SPECULATIONS  OF  THE  NEW  ENGLAND 

SCHOOL  OF  NATURALISTS. 

BY    BENJ.    D.    WALSH,    M.   A. 

I.  In  Prof.  Agassiz's  Book  on  Lake  Superior,  he  asserts  in  the  most 
unqualified  manner  that  the  Insects  of  the  temperate  zone  of  North 
America  "  differ  specifically  throughout"  from  those  of  Europe.  And 
subsequently  he  remarks  that  ''  quite  a  number  of  European  insects 
have  been  introduced  into  this  country  along  with  plants,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  some  showy  butterflies,  as  V<tnessa  Atalanta,  car  dm 
and  Antiojxi,  which  are  very  erroneously  considered  by  some  entomo- 
logists as  native  Americans."     (Pp.  187,  190.) 

This  assertion  is  the  more  startling,  because  he  himself  catalogues  in 
the  same  work  a  very  great  number  of  plants  as  common  to  the  tem- 
perate zones  of  North  America  and  Europe,  some  of  which  he  consid- 
ers as  introduced,  while  at  the  same  time  he  distinctly  states  that  he 
does  not  intend  to  deny  the  fact  of  others  being  indigenous  both  in 
North  America  and  in  Europe,  (t'hid  p.  187);  and  because  the  very  same 
work  that  contains  the  above  remarks  contains  also  a  list  of  Coleoptera 
by  Dr.  LeConte,  in  which  several  species  are  enumerated  as  in  his 
opinion  common  to  both  Continents,*  and  at  the  conclusion  of  which 
it  is  expressly  asserted  by  that  author,  that  there  are  certain  rare  cases 
in  which  "  the  same  species,  or  organic  forms  so  similar  as  to  present 

*  E.  g.  Bembidium  i-maculatum  Lin.,  Upis  ceramboides  Fabr.,  Sippodamia  13- 
pictictata  Lin.,  and  Coccinella  Ib-punctata  Oliv. 


208  [August 

no  appreciable  difierenee,  appear  at  points  so  situated  as  to  preclude 
the  possibility  of  any  intercommunication."  (Ibid.  pp.  201 — 239  and 
p.  239.) 

Since,  ls%,  it  is  not  denied  even  by  Prof.  Agassiz  himself,  that 
many  plants  which  cannot  be  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  are 
common  to  the  two  continents ;  since,  2ndli/,  several  birds,  which  can- 
not be  reasonably  supposed  to  have  been  introduced,  for  example 
the  common  mallard,  the  blue-winged  teal  and  the  magpie,  are  common 
to  both  continents;  and  since,  lastly^  there  is  a  mammal— i/f>mo  sapiens 
Lin. — -common  to  both  continents,  though  the  American  variety  differs 
so  remarkably  from  the  European  one,  that  if  an  American  insect  dif- 
fered as  much  from  a  European  one  it  would  undoubtedly  be  con- 
sidered as  a  distinct  species; — for  these  three  reasons,  arguing  a  priori., 
it  might  be  reasonably  inferred  that  out  of  the  vast  multitude  of  insects 
there  would  be  at  least  a  few  species  indigenous  on  both  sides  of  the  At- 
lantic. Yet,  owing  to  the  preponderant  influence  exerted  for  many  years 
back  over  American  naturalists  by  Prof.  Agassiz,  most  entomologists 
in  this  country  have  hitherto  either  tacitly  acquiesced  in  his  theories 
or  become  devoted  believers  in  them.  Hence  the  American  describers 
of  new  species  of  insects  have  generally  been  content  with  ascertaining, 
that  a  species  supposed  to  be  new  had  not  been  hitherto  described  as 
American,  and  have  troubled  their  heads  but  little  as  to  whether  the 
same  species  might  not  have  been  described  as  exotic.  Had  it  been  other- 
wise, many  more  species  would  probably  have  been  found  to  be  com- 
mon to  the  New  and  Old  Worlds  than  it  is  possible  now  to  point  out. 
Latterly,    however,  in   two  Orders* — Neuroptera  and    Diptera — the 

*  I  use  the  term  Orders  here  aud  throughout  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the 
term.  Agassiz  considers  Insects,  Crustaceans  and  Worms  as  the  three  Classes 
of  Annulata,  and  Insects  he  subdivides  into  three  Orders — Winged  Insects, 
Arachnida  (Spiders,  kc.)  and  Myriapoda  (Centipedes,  Ac).  What  are  usually 
called  Orders  by  Entomologists,  are  apparently  degraded  by  him  into  Subor- 
ders. Dr.  LeConte  calls  the  Orders  of  Agassiz  Subclasses,  and  uses  the  term 
Orders  in  its  ordinary  sense.  Prof.  Dana  uses  the  terms  Class  and  Order  in  the 
same  sense  as  Agassiz,  and  calls  Hymenoptera,  Diptera,  &c.  tribes,  introducing 
between  the  Order  and  the  Tribe  certain  divisions  which  he  denominates  subor- 
ders and  ordinules.  "  Nominum  hsec  continua  subversio,"  says  Latreille,  speak- 
ing of  the  continual  substitution  of  one  generic  name  for  another,  "scientiam 
occidit."     (Gen.  Cr.  et  Ins.  iv.  p.  19.) 


1864.]  209 

American  fauna  has  been  subjected  to  a  searching  comparison  with 
that  of  Europe  and  other  countries  by  two  distinguished  European 
naturalists,  Dr.  Hagen  and  Mr.  Loew.  In  the  former  order  it  results 
from  Dr.  Hagen's  investigations,  that  out  of  716  North  American  spe- 
cies no  less  than  16,  or  2.23  per  cent,  are  undoubtedly  common  to 
Europe  and  North  America,  to  say  nothing  of  several  species  of  doubt- 
ful identity,  and  of  14  North  American  species  which  occur  also  in 
Asia,  Africa  or  Polynesia.*  In  the  latter  Order,  Diptera,  it  results 
from  Mr.  Loew's  investigations  that,  out  of  2058f  North  American 
species  or  thereabouts,  the  extraordinary  number  of  91  species,  or  4.42 
per  cent,  are  ascertained  with  certainty  to  be  common  to  Europe  and 
North  America,  and  there  are  many  others  which,  although  they  differ 
slightly  in  the  two  countries,  are  believed  by  Loew  to  be  of  the  same 
descent.| 

But,  some  will  say,  all  these  species  may  have  been  introduced  into 
one  or  the  other  country,  and  not  be  indigenous  in  both.  Mr.  Loew 
investigates  this  question  in  the  case  of  Diptera  at  considerable  length, 
comparing  the  intermingling  of  different  faunas  on  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean,  where  commercial  intercourse  has  been  carried  on  for 
time  immemorial,  and  not  merely  for  a  few  centuries,  and  where  the 
voyages  are  comparatively  brief;  and  finally  decides  that  it  is  "  utterly 
improbable  that  all  the  species,  now  occurring  on  both  continents, 
should  have  been  gradually  carried  over  from  one  to  the  other."  In 
the  case  of  the  Pseudoneuropterous  Dragon-flies,  no  less  than  nine  spe- 
cies of  which  occur  both  in  the  New  and  in  the  Old  World,  it  is  alto- 
gether out  of  the  question,  in  view  of  the  well  known  difficulty  of 
breeding  these  insects  in  confinement,  that  they  could  have  been  intro- 
duced from  one  country  to  the  other  by  human  agency. 

A  strenuous  disciple  of  Prof.  Agassiz  observes  to  me,  that  '■  the  most 
that  can  be  said  of  those  species  which  are  asserted  to  be  common  to 

■•■•  Hagen's  Si/nopsis  N.  A.  Neur.  p.  332. 

f  Osten  Sacken's  Catalogue  of  described  N.  A.  Diptera,  contains  2058  species. 
Very  many  of  these  are  jjrofessedly  mere  synonyms ;  but  on  the  other  hand 
many  new  species  have  been  described  since  that  Catalogue  appeared  (A.  D. 
1858,)  and  several  undescribed  species  are  taken  into  the  account  by  Loew. 

X  Diptera  of  the  Amber-fauna,  by  Director  Loew ;  translated  in  Silliman'.'i 
Journal,  May,  186i,  by  Baron  Osten  Sackeu. 


210  [August 

both  continents  is,  that  no  distinctions  have  yet  been  discovered  on 
careful  study."  At  this  rate,  if  I  choose  to  assert  that  the  Insects  of 
Illinois  difter  specifically  throughout  from  those  of  the  other  States,  I 
may  successfully  defend  that  absurd  hypothesis  against  the  whole  world 
by  the  same  curious  method  of  argumentation.  Surely  the  large  per- 
centage of  forms  asserted  on  the  very  best  authority  to  be  identical, 
cuts  the  ground  away  from  under  such  reasoning  as  this.  Suppose, 
which  is  scarcely  a  supposable  case,  that  it  is  only  an  even  chance 
that  Loew  is  right,  in  deciding  that  the  Dipterous  North  American 
form  A,  is  identical  with  the  European  form  Ej ;  then  the  chance  of 
his  being  mistaken  in  this  particular  instance  will  be  J,  and  the  com- 
pound chance  of  his  being  mistaken  in  every  one  of  n  similar  cases,  as 
to  species  xi.^  and  Eo,  A3  and  E3, An  and  En,  will  be 

—  which  when  n  is  large  becomes  so  exceedingly  small  that  it  is 
2n,  o 

scarcely  worth  taking  into  account.  But  in  this  case  n  is  exceedingly 
large  and  consequently  —  almost  inconceivably  small,  so  that  the  chance 
of  Loew  being  mistaken  throughout  amounts  almost,  according  to  the 
Theory  of  Chances,  to  a  negative  certainty.*  Or  are  facts  and  figures 
to  o'o  for  nothing',  and  are  we  to  form  our  theories  first,  and  afterwards 
ignore  or  deny  all  fiicts  and  all  reasonings  that  run  counter  to  those 
theories  ? 

In  order  to  throw  further  light  upon  this  question,  I  have  prepared, 
from  the  very  limited  resources  at  my  disposal,  the  following  imperfect 
list  of  species  in  all  the  Orders,  which  are  asserted  by  authors  to  be 
found  both  in  North  America  and  in  the  Old  World.  I  have  followed 
Loew's  example  in  including  in  the  list  all  species  common  to  both 
countries,  even  those  which  I  believe  myself  to  have  been  introduced, 
because  to  attempt  to  draw  any  line  between  introduced  and  indige- 
nous species  would  be  begging  the  question  at  issue.     The  authority 

*  Assuming  the  chance  of  Loew's  being  mistaken  in  a  single  average  case  to 
be  as  large  as  it  may  seem  proper,  say  ^=^-  taking  f  pretty  large,  yet  when  n 
is  so  exceedingly  large  as  it  is  here,  the  chance  of  his  being  mistaken  through- 
out, or  C'^=-^)^,  will  always  be  a  very  small  quantity  indeed. 


18U.] 


211 


in  the  case  of  eaeli  species  is  printed  in  italics 

may  be  thus  tabulated  : — 

■Species  closely  allied  or 
Identical  Species.       of  doubtful  identity. 


The  general  results 


Total. 


Coleoptera 

Orthoptera , 

Pseudoneuroptera , 

Neuroptera  

Hymenoptera 

Lepidoptera 

Homoptera 

Heteroptera 

Diptera 


61 
1 

20 

11 
9 

63 

3 

7 

185 


Total...  304 


56 


360 


Species  of  Insects  common  to  North  America  and  the  Old  World. 

COLEOPTERA.— Identical  species. 
Carabidae.  Amara  vulgaris  (Eur.  and  Boreal  America)  Kirhy. — A.  communis 
(Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Dejean. — A.  familiaris  (Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Dejean. — A.  similata 
(Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Dejean. — Curtonotus  convexiusculus  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.)  Kirby. 
— Pterostichus  orinomum  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Kirby  and  Klug. — Bembidium  oiipo- 
situm  Say  and  B.  4-maculatum  (Eur.)  LeConte. — B.  tetracoluifl  Say  and  B.  rupes- 
tre  (Eur.)  LeConte. — Gyrinidae.  Gyrinus  a;neus  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.)  Kirby. — 
Hydropliilidae.  Philliydrus  marginellus  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Amer.)  Kirby. — Ph. 
melanocephalus  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.)  Kirby. — Hydrobius  fuscipes  (Eur.  and 
Bor.  Am.)  Kirby. — Cercyou  mundum  Melsh.  and  C.  centrimaculatum  (Eur.) 
LeConte  »\u\  Erichson. — C.  maculatum  Melsh.  and  C.  anale  (Eur.)  LeConte  and 
Erichson. — Silphidae.  Silpha  caudata  Say  and  S.  lapponica  (Eur.)  LeConte. — 
Staphylinidse.  Tachinus  trimaculatus  Say  and  Bolitobius  pygmseus  (Eur.) 
Erichson. — Tachyporus  faber  Say  and  T.  brunneus  (Eur.)  Erichs. — O.xytelus 
rugulosus  Say  and  0.  nitidulus  (Eur.)  Erichs. — Olisthserus  laticeps  Lee.  and 
0.  megacephalus  (Eur.)  LeConte. — Phalacridae.  Olibrus  bicolor  (Eur.  andU.  8.) 
LeConte. — Cucujidae.  Silvanus  dentatus  Say  and  Nausibius  dentatus  (Eur.)  Le 
Conte. — Mycetophagidae.  Typhoea  fumata  (Eur.  and  all  parts  of  the  world)  Le 
Conte. — Dermestidae.  Dermestes  lardarius  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Melsheimer,  <S:c.* — 
Attagenus  cylindricoruis  Say  and  A.  megatoma  (Eur.)  LeConte. — Byrrhidae. 
Byrrhus  alternatus  Say  and  Cytilus  varius  (Eur.)  LeConte.  Scarabaeidae. 
Onthophagus  rhinocerus  Melsh.  and  0.  xiphias  (Eur.)  Melsheimer. — Apho- 
dius  nodifrons  Rand,  and  A.  fimetarius  (Eur.)  LeConte. — A.  4-tuberculatus 
Fabr.  and  A.  granarius  (Eur.)  LeConte. — A.  pensvallensis  Melsh.  and  A.  errati- 

*  As  I  have  already  said,  [Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  II.  p.  184,)  I  find  this  species 
abundant  in  the  woods  of  Illinois  remote  from  houses,  and  incline  to  believe 
that  it  is  indigenous. 


^^'^  [August 

cus  (Eur.)  Melsh.—Cetonia.  vestita  Say  aud  C.  hirta  (Eur.)  Schaum  and  others.— 
Buprestidse.  Melanophila  longipes  Say  and  M.  appendieulata  (Eur.)  Kirh/ 
and  o)'/ic/-.s.— Ptinidse.  Rhizopertha  pusilla  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  ieCow^e.— Tenebri- 
onidae.  Tenebrio  reticulatus  Say  (Can.  Me.  aud  Lake  Sup.)  and  Upis  coram- 
boides  (Eur.)  LeConte.—T.  molitor  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Melsh.  Ac— Melandryidee. 
Xylita  huprestoides  Payk.  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.)  JTiVfty.— (Edemeridse.  (Ede- 
mera  apicalis  Say  and  Nacerdes  melanura  (Eur.)  icConfe.— Curculionidae.  Si- 
tophilus  granarius  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Harris.  Sitophilus  remotepunctatus  (  Eu- 
rope and  North  Amer.)  -ffarrw.— Carambycidae.  Callidium  antennatum  Newm. 
and  C.  violaceum  (Eur.)  ^ar;-ts.— Crioceridae.  Crioceris  asjxaragi  (Eur.  and  N. 
A.)  i^ii!c/t.— Galerucidae.  Galeruca  sagittari;e  Gyllenh.  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Kirbt/.— 
G  calmariensls  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Mel.sk.  Ac— Chrysomelidse  Eumolpus  coch- 
learius  Say  and  Adoxus  (bromius)  vitis  (Eur.)  A'u^.- Clirysomela  creruleipen- 
nis  Say  and  C.  polygoni  (Eur.)  LeConte.—C.  lapponica  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.) 
JfanwerAcm.— Phyllodectavitellinae  (Eur.  and  N.A.)  Kirbi/.—Fh.  rufipes  (Eur. 
and  N.  A.)  Kirby.—CoccineWidide.  Coccinella  mali  Say  and  Myzia  15-punctata 
(Eur.)  LeConte.—C.  tibialis  Say  and  Hippodamia  13-punctata  (Eur.)  LeConte.— 
C.  bioculata  Say  and  C.  bipunctata  (Eur.)  Mulsant.~ln  all  50  species. 

COLEOPTERA.— Species  closely  allied  or  of  doubtful  identity. 
Carabidse.  Elaphrus  rnscarius  Say  and  E.  riparius  (Eur.)  very  near.  Saij.— 
Notiophilus  semistriatus  Say  and  N.  aquaticus  (Eur.)  possibly  the  same.  i)e- 
Jeaw.— Diachila  subpolaris  Lee.  (Bor.  Am.)  aud  D.  arctica  (Eur.)  allied.  LeConte. 
— Dytiscidae.  Hydroporus  dubius  Melsh.  and  H.  dorsalis  (Eur.)  Melsh.— 
Staphylinidae.  Staphylinus  dimidiatus  Say  and  Philonthus  ventralis  (Eur.) 
probably  the  same.  Leconte.—Kc'ulotA  seriata  Lee  and  A.  crenata  (Eur.)  de- 
scriptions agree.  ieConi'e.— Nitidulidae.  Nitidula  undulata  Say  and  N.  varia 
(Eur.)  analogous.  (Saj/.— Dermestidae.  Dcrmestes  nubilus  Say  and  D.  murinus 
(Eur.)  very  near.  Say  and  icC'o^ite— Tenebrionidae.  Boros  unicolor  Say  and  B. 
elongatus  (Eur.)  very  near.  Say  and  ieC'onte.- Curculionidae.  Dryophthorus 
corticalis  Say  and  D.  lymexylon  (Eur.)  very  near.  *S^ay.— Coccinellidae.  Chilo- 
corus  bivulnerus  Muls.  (=stigma  Say)  and  G.  renipustulatus  (Eur.)  very  near. 
Kalm  and  Say. — In  all  11  species. 

ORTHOPTERA.— Identical  species. 
Blatta  orientalis*  (Asia,  Eur.,  Atlantic  seaboard  of  U.  S.)   Harris,  Scudder. 

PSEUDONEUROPTERA.— Identical  species. 
Termitina.     Termes  flavipes  Koll.  (Hot-houses  Germ,  and  N.  A.)     Hagm.— 


« I  found  a  single  9  of  what  is  probably  this  siiecies  under  bark  nearly  a 
mile  from  any  houses  near  the  little  inland  village  of  Jonesboro  in  South  Illi- 
nois. So  far  as  I  am  aware,  it  does  not  occur  anywhere  in  Illinois  in  houses. 
Perhaps  commerce  may  have  introduced  it  at  St.  Louis,  and  it  may  have 
spread  thence  into  South  Illinois.  In  North  Illinois  it  does  not  occur  at  all,  so 
far  as  I  know,  though  we  have  two  species  of  Blattidaj  there  belonging  to  Mr. 
Scudder's  new  genus  Platamodes,  and  another  which  apparently  must  form  a 
new  genus. 


18(U.]  213 

Agrionina.  Calojiteryx  splendens  Selys.  (Eur.,  N.Asia  and  Georgia?)  Hagen. — 
JEschnina.  Anax  Junius  Drury  (N.  A.  everywhere  and  Asia)  Hagen — ^schna 
juuci'ii  Lin.  (Russ.  Am.,  Eur.  and  Asia)  Hagen.- — M.  grandis  Lin.  (New  Jersey, 
Eur.,  Asia)  Hagen. — Libellulina.  Pantala  fiavescens  Fabr.  (N.  and  S.  Am., 
Asia,  Oceanica,  Africa.  Eur.  ?)  Hagen. — Tramea  chinensis  DeG.  (Carolina,  Vir- 
ginia and  Asia)  Hagen. — Libellula  4-maeulata  Lin.  (Can.,  Wise,  Mass.,  lUin., 
Eur.,  Asia)  Hagen. — Mesothemis  corrupta  Hag.  (Tex.,  Illin.  and  Asia)  Hagen. 
— Diplax  seotica  Don.  (North  Rod  Riv.  N.  A.,  Eur.,  Asia)  Hagen. — In  all  10 
sjjeoii'S. 

PSEUDONEUKOPTEEA.— Species  closely  allied  or  of  doubtful  identity. 
Psocina.  Psoous  salicis  Fitch  =geologus  Walsh  (N.  Y.,  111.)  and  Ps.  jjedi- 
cularius  (Eur.)  Hagen. — Ephemerina.  Cloe  bioculata  (N.  Y.,  Hudson's  Bay  Terr, 
and  Eur.)  Walker  &  Hagen — CI.  diminuta  Walk.  (Florida)  and  CI.  lactea  (Eur.) 
allied.  Hagen. — Agrionina.  Lestes  forcipata  Hag.  Synops.  =  hamata  Monogr. 
Agr.  (Wise,  D.  C.  and  Illin.)  and  L.  nympha  (Eur.)  hardly  different.  Hagen. — 
Agriou  annexuni  Hag.  and  A.  cyathigerum  (Eur.)  allied.  Hagen. — .ffischnina. 
Ophiogomphus  colubrinus  Selys  (H.  B.  T.)  and  0.  serpentinus  (Eur.)  very  much 
alike,  ^agew.— Cordulegasfcer  Sayi  Selys  (Georgia)  and  C.  annulatus  (Eur.) 
similar.  Hagen. — ^schna  sitchensis  Hag.  (Russ.  Am.)  and  M.  borealis  (N. 
Eur.  and  Siberia)  very  much  alike.  Hagen. — Libellulina.  Libellula  julia 
Uhler  (Wise,  Wash.  T.)  and  L.  fulva  (Eur.)  analogous  species.  Hagen. — Diplax 
(rubicundula  Say  =)  assimilata  Uhl.  (U.  S.)  and  D.  flaveola  (Eur.)  very  much 
alike.  Hagen.- — In  all  10  species. 

NEUROPTERA.— Identical  species. 

Sialina.  Rhaphidia  media  Burm.  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Hagen. — ^Hemerobina. 
Chrysoija  flava  Scop.  (Penna.,  Eur.,  Asia.)  Hagen. — Phryganeina.  Limnophi- 
ius  rhombicus  Lin.  (H.  B.  T.,  Greenland,  Eur.,  Asia.)  Hagen. — L.  interroga- 
tionis  Zett.  (Greenland,  Lapland,  Eur.)  Hagen.— h.  subpunctulatus  Zett.  (Bor. 
Am.  and  Eur.)  Hagen. — L.  trimaculatus  Zett.  (Bor.  Am.  and  Eur.)  Hagen. — 
L.  griseus  Lin.  (Greenland,  Eur.,  Asia.)  Hagen. — Leptocerus  niger  Lin.  (D.  C. 
and  Eur.)  Hagen. — Setodes  ochracea  Curt.  (Georgia  and  Eur.)  Hagen. — In  all 
9  species. 

NETJEOPTERA.— Species  closely  allied  or  of  doubtful  identity. 

Phryganeina.  Phryganea  commixta  Walk.  (Georgia)  and  P.  minor  (Eur.) 
allied.  Hagen. — Colpotaulius  perpusillus  Walk.  (H.  B.  T.)  and  C.  incisus  (Eur.) 
very  closely  allied.  Hagen. — In  all  2  species. 

HYMENOPTERA.— Identical  species. 
Tenthredinidse.  Cimbex  10-maculata  Leach  (Canada  and  Eur.)  D' Urban. — 
TJroceridae.  Sirex  bizonatus  Steph.  (Can.  and  Eur.)  Kirhy. — S.  juvencus  Lin. 
(Bor.  Am.  and  Eur.)  Kirhy. — Vespidae.  Vespa  vulgaris  Lin.  (N.  A.  and  Eur.) 
Saussure  and  Norton  MS. — Apidae.  Apis  mellifica  Linn.  (N.  A.  and  Eur.)  St. 
Fargeau,  &c. — In  all  5  species. 

HYMENOPTERA.— Species  closely  allied  or  of  doubtful  identity. 
Tenthredinidae.     Zareainflata  Nort.  and  Z.  fasciata  (Eur.)  Norton. — Nematus 


214  [September 

monochroma  Nort.  and  N.  luteus  (Eur.)  Norton. — N.  proximatus  Norton  and  K". 
proximus  (Eur.)  Norton. — N.  luteotergum  Nort.  and  X.  dimidiatus  (Eur.)  Nor- 
ton.— -In  all  4  species.  i 

LEPIDOPTERA.— Identical  species. 
Papilionidse.  Papilio  zolioaou  Luc.  (Calif.)  and  P.  Machaon  (H.B.Terr,  and 
Eur.)  Menctries. — Pieridae.  Colias  Edusa  (Four  quarters  of  the  globe.)  Boisd.-^ — 
C.  Chrysotheme  (N.  A.  and  Eur.)  Boisd.-f — C.  Hyale  (Califor.,  Eur..  Africa) 
Boisd.f — -Pieris  Callidice  Godt.  (Rocky  Ms.  and  Eur.)  Douhledny. — P.  Leucodice 
Eversm.  (Siber.  and  Cal.)  Boisduval. — Anthocaris  ausonia  Hiibn.  (Calif,  and  Eur.) 
Hubn. — Rhodocera  rhamni  Lin.  (Calif,  Eur.)  Boisduvnl. — Nymphalidae.  Argyn- 
nis  Aglaia  Liu.  (Calif.,  Rocky  Ms.,  Eur.)  Godart  and  Edwards. — Graj)ta  Faunus 
Edwards  (N.  Y.  and  Penna.)  and  G.  C-alburn  (Eur.)  Boisd.  &  Lee — Vanessa 
Antiopa  Lin.  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Harris,  &c. — Pyraraeis  Atalanta  Lin.  (U.S.  and 
Eur.)  Harris,  &c. — P.  cardui  Lin.  (4  quarters  of  the  globe)  Morris.  Ac. — Saty- 
ridae.  Chionobas  balder  Boisd.  and  Lee.  (North  Cape,  Greenland,  Labr.)  Boisd. 
— Ch.  bootes  Bdv.  and  Lee.  (North  Cape,  iireiuLaud,  Labr.)  Boisd. — Ch.  oeno 
Bdv.  (Lapland,  Siberia,  Labr.)  Boi.sd. — -LycBnidae.  Lycseua  americana  Harr. 
and  L.  phlosas  (Eur.)  Boisd. — Hesperidae.  Ilesperia  silvanus  Bdv.  (Calif,  and 
Eur.)  Boisd. — -H.  comma  Lin.  (Calif,  and  Eur.)  Boisd. — Sphingidae.  Trochi- 
lium  tipuliforme  Lin.  (Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Harris  and  Fitch. — Deilephila  chamse- 
nerii  Harr.  (U.  8.)  and  D.  galii  (Eur.)  Walker. — Arctiadae.  Orgyia  antiqua 
(Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Harris. — Noctuadae.  Leucania  straminea  Treitsch.  (N.  Y.  and 
Eur.)  Gucn.  and  Cat.  Brit.  Museum. — L.  pallens  Lin.  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Morris 
MS. — L.  unipuncta  Haw.  (array-worm  moth)  =extranea  Guen.  (Eur.  and  U. 
S.)  Gucn.  and  Stainton's  Entom.  Annual. — Scoliopteryx  libatrix  Lin.  (Eur. 
and  U.  S.)  Gucn.  and  Cat.  B.  M.) — Nteuia  typica  Doubled.  (Eur.  and  U.  S.) 
Cat.  B.  Jf.— Plusia  festucse  Albin.  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Guen.  C.  B.  M.—FL  Mya 
Hiibn.  (Eur.,  Can.)  Cruen.  C.  B.  M. — Euplexia  lucipara  Lin.  (N.  Y.,  Eur.)  Guen. 
C.  B.  J/.— Eurois  herbida  Den.  and  Schieff.  (N.  A.,  Eur.)  Gwcn.  C.  B.  M.—'E. 
occulta  Guen.  (Can.  and  Eur.)  Guen.  C.  B.  M. — Hadena  W-latinum  Guen.  (N. 
A.,  Eur.)  Guen.  C.  B.  M.—K.  pisi  Lin.  (N.  A.,  Eur.)  Gucn.  C.  B.  M.—B..  recti- 
linea  Esper.  (N.  A.,  Eur.)  Guen.  G.  B.  M.—YL.  amputatrix  Fitch  and  H.  arnica 
(Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Fitch  and  Stephens. — Graphiphora  C-nigrum  auct.  (U.  S.  and 
Eur.)  Guen.  C.  B.  M.—G.  triangulum  Gue'n.  (N.  Y.  and  Eur.)  Guen.  C.  B.  M.— 
G.  Dahlii  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Gucn.  C.  B.  M.—G.  augur  Fabr.  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Guen. 
C.  B.  M. — G.  baja  Gmel.  (N.  Y.  and  Eur.)  Guen.  C.  B.  M. — Orthosia  instabilis 
Schitferrmyller  (New  York  and  Europe)  i^tteA.— Cucullia  chamomillse  Fab. 
(N.  Y.  and   Eur.)    Guen.  C.  B.  M. — Agrotis  suflusa    Den.  and  Sch.    (U.  States, 

*  Messrs.  Edwards  and  Scudder  consider  that  the  species  which  has  been 
taken  for  Edusa  in  the  United  States  is  C.  Eirytherae  Boisd.  =C.  Amphidusa 
Boisd.  (Calif,  and  Western  States.) 

f  Mr.  Scudder  considers  that  the  sjjecies  mistaken  for  Hyale  in  California  is 
the  pale  9  "'  Eurytlierae,  and  also,  if  I  understand  him  aright,  that  the  spe- 
cies mistaken  for  Chrysotheme  is  the  common  Philodice. 


1864.]  215 

Eur.,  Asia)  Gucn.  C.  B.  M.—k.  ravida  Den.  and  Sch.  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Gucn. — 
A.  subgothica  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Fitch. — Chersotis  plecta  Lin.  (N.  Y.  and  Eur.) 
Grote. — Dipterygia  pinastri  Lin.  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Grote. — Heliot.his  umbrosa 
Grote  and  H.  armigera  Lin.  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Grote. — Pyralidae.  Aglossa  cupre- 
alis  Hiibn.  (U.  S.  and  Eur.)  Gucn.  C.  B.  M. — Microlepidoptera.  Carpoeapsa  po- 
metella  (U.S.  and  Eur.)  Fitch,  &c. — Tinea  lanariella  Clemens  and  T.  biselliella 
(Eur.)  Stainton. — T.  nubilipennella  Clem,  and  T.  fuscipunctella  (Eur.)  Stainton. 
— Plutella  vigilaciella  Clem,  and  P.  porrectella  (Eur.)  Stainton. — PL  limibipen- 
nella  Clem,  and  PI.  crueiferarum  (cosmopolitan)  Stainton. — -ISrepticula  rubifoli- 
ella  Clem,  and  N.  angulifasciella  (Eur.)  Clemens. — Gelechia  cerealella  Oliv.  (U. 
S.  and  Eur.)  Harris  and  Clemens. — In  all  57  species. 

LEPIDOPTERA.— Species  closely  allied  or  of  doubtful  identity. 

Noctuadae.  Catocala  "Walshii  Edwards  (South  Illin.)  and  C.  elocata  (Eur.) 
Edwards. — Plusia  alticola  Walker  (=ignea  Grote)  and  P.  divergens  (Eur.) 
Grote. — Microlepidoptera.  Loxotsenia  rosaceana  Harr.  and  L.  rosana  (Eur.) 
doubtful  if  different.  Fitch. — Tinea  biflavimaculella  Clem,  and  T.  spilotella 
(Eur.)  Stainton. — Argyresthia  oreasella  Clem,  and  A.  andereggiella  (Eur.)  Stain- 
ton.—  Bedell ia  staintoniella  Clem,  and  B.  somnulentella  (Eur.)  Stainton. — In 
all  6  species. 

HOMOPTERA.— Identical  species. 

Aphidae.  Aphis  mali  (N.  A.  and  Eur.)  Fitch. — Coccidse.  Aspidiotus  conchi- 
formis  (N.  A.  and  Eur.)  Fitch. — In  all  2  species. 

HOMOPTERA.— Species  closely  allied  or  or  doubtful  identity. 
Cercopidae.     Ledra  aurita  (Illin.  and  Eur.)    Wal'ih  MS. 

HETEROPTERA.— Identical  species. 

Coreidae.  Xylocoris  domesticus  Hahn  (N.  A.  and  Eur.)  Fitch. — Lygaeidae. 
Lygteus  geminatus  Say  and  Cymus  resedse  (Eur.)  Uliler. — Cimicidae.  Cimex 
lectularius  (N.  A.  and  Eur.)  Fitch. — Hydrometridae.  Gerris  paludum  (Eur.  and 
N.  A.)  Uhler  MS.— Gerris  lacustris  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Uhler  MS.— Dr.  Fitch  states 
generally  of  this  Order  that  very  many  American  species  are  certainly  identi- 
cal with  those  of  Europe.   (N.  Y.  Rep.  I.  p.  295.) — In  all  5  siaecies. 

HETEROPTERA.— Species  closely  allied  or  of  doubtful  identity. 

Lygaeidae.  Lygseus  eurinus  Say  and  Alydus  calcaratus  (Eur.)  Uhler, — Ne- 
pidae.  Ranatra  fusca  Beauv.  (Illin.)  and  R.  linearis  (Eur.)  Walsh  MS. — In  all  2 
species. 

DIPTERA. — Species  common  to  N.  A.  and  Europe,  named  with  certainty 
and  from  personal  investigation  by  Loew.* 
Anopheles  maculijjennis  Meig. — A.  quadrimaculatus    Say;=pictus   Loew. — 
A.  nigrijjes    Stasg. — Tanypus  choreus     Meig. — Ceratopogon    lineatus    Meig. — 


*  The  first  three  lists  of  Diptera  are  copied  verbatim  from  those  appended  by 
Loew  himself  to  the  translation  of  his  Paper  on  the  "  Dijjtera^f  the  Amber- 
fauna"  by  Baron  Osten  Sacken,  {Sill.  Journ.  May,  1864,  pp.  317 — 319.)  Conse- 
quently, except  for  three  species  enclosed  in  brackets  at  the  end  of  the  first 
list,  Loew  is  here  the  authority  throughout. 


216  [Sept£mi;er 

Cecidoniyia  destructor  Say=ifunesta  Motch.=seealma  Lw. — Scatopse  atrata 
Say==recurva  Lw. — Scatopse  notata  Linn. — Aspistes  borealis  Lw. — Rh_vplius 
fenestralis  Scop.  —  R.  punctatus  Meig.  ^marginatus  Say. — Coenorayia  ferru- 
ginea  Fabr.^pallida  Say. — Sargus  viridis  Say=:frontalis  Lw..  provided  the 
specimeu,  communicated  to  me  as  European,  really  belonged  to  the  Old 
World.^Eristalis  seneus  Scop.^sincerus  Harris. — Imatisma  posticata  Fabr.= 
cimbiciformis  Fall. —  Syritta  pipiens  Linn. —  Xylota  pigra  Fabr.  =  h£emato- 
des  Fabr. — Platychirus  granditarsus  Forst. — Braehyopa  ferrugiuea  Fall. — Sce- 
nopinus  fenestralis  Linn.  =pallipes  Say. — Se.  Isevifrons  Meig. — Doliehopus 
brevipennis  Meig. — 'Dol.  plumipes  Scop. — Dol.  discifer  Staun. — Scellus  spini- 
manus  Zett. — Psilopus  pallens  Wied.=:albonotatu3  Lw. — (Estrus  bovis  Fabr. — 
Cephalomyia  ovis  Linn. — Gastrus  equi  Linn. — Melanophora  roralis  Linn.^ 
Pollenia  rudis  Fabr. — Musca  domestica  Linn. — Cyrtoneura  meditabunda  Fabi*. 
— C.  stabulans  Fall. — Mesenibrina  resplendens. — Stomoxys  calcitrans  Linn. — 
Anthomyia  diaphaua  Wied. — A.  stygia  Meig. — Aricia  morioides  Zett. — Ilyle- 
myia  angelicse  Scop.— Hydrotaea  dentipes — Hjdemyia  urbana  Meig. — Hi>ma- 
lomyia  canicularis  Linn.  —  H.  subpellucens  Zett. — H.  manicata — H.  sealaris 
Fabr.— Ilydrotsea  armipes  Fall.— Ophyra  leucostoma  "Wied. — Lispe  uliginosa 
Fall.— Scatophaga  squalida ^ S.  fureata  Say? — S.  stercorea  Linn. — Cordylura 
hircus. — Sapromyza  lupulina  Fabr. — Scyphella  fiava  Linn. — Lauxania  cylin- 
dricornis  Fabr. — L.  frontalis  Lw. — Psila  bicolor — Sciomyza  nana  Fall. — 3.  ob- 
tusa  Fall.— S.  albocostata  Fall.— Dryomyza  anilis  Fall. — Blepharoptera  iners 
— Ortalis  vibrans  Linn. — 0.  eana  Lw.— Piophila  casei  Linn. — P.  nigriceps 
Meig. — P.  petasionis  R.  Desv. — Heteroneura  albimana — Borborus  equinus  FalL 
—  Drosophila  ampelophila  Lw. — D.  transversa. — D.  graminum. — Stegana  nigra 
Meig.^S.  hypoleuca  Meig. — Dichseta  caudata  Fall. — D.  brevicauda  Lw. — Sca- 
tella  quadrata  Fall.— Sc.  Stenhammari  Zett.— Ochthera  mantis  DeG. — Ilythea 
spilota  Hal.— Melophagus  ovinus  Linn.— Olfersia  ardeee  Macq. — Hippobosca 
equina  Linn. 

Besides  a  great  many  other  species,  the  occurrence  of  which  on  both  conti- 
nents is  recorded  with  less  certainty,  the  following  European  species  are  found 
in  Greenland,  according  to  Stseger's  trustworthy  statements: — Diamesa  Waltlii 
Meig.— Ghironomus  byssinus  Meig.— C.  aterrimus  Meig. — C.  picipes  Meig. — 
Triehocera  maculipennis  Meig. — Sciara  flavipes  Meig. — Galliphora  erythro- 
cephala  Meig. — Phytomyza  obscurella  Fall. 

[Rhipidia  maculata  Meig.  and  Symplecta  punctipennis  Meig.  may  be  also 
added  with  certainty.— 0.  Sacken.  Also,  according  to  Osten  Sacken  apud  Say's 
Works  I.  p.  24:3,  Limnobia  annulata  Linn.=argu3  Say  =  imperialis  Lw.— 
B.  D.  TF.]— In  all  94  species. 

DIPTERA.— Species  believed  to  be  of  the  same  descent  but  distinguishable 
from  European  species  by  a  slight,  but  constant,  difference  of  coloring. 

Subula  pallipjs  Lw.  (N.  A.)  and  S.  marginata  Meig.  (Eur.)— Chrysotoxum 
sp.  indescr.  and  C.  bicinctum  Linn. — Tetanocera  pictipes  Lw.  and  T.  umbra- 
rum  Linn.— T.  saratogensis  Fitch  and  T.  pratorura  Fall.— Hemerodromia  va- 
lida  Lw.  and  H.  Frigelii  Zett.  and  a  large  number  of  others.— In  all  5  species. 


18G4.] 


217 


DIPTERA.. — Species  believed  to  be  of  the  same  descent  but  distinguishable, 
ill  addition  to  the  above,  b_y  verj'  insignificant  plastic  discrepancies. 

Bombylius  fraterculus  Wied.  and  B.  major  Linn.  (Eur.) — Chrysotoxura  sp. 
indescr.  and  C.  fasciolatum  DeG. — Helophilus  sp.  indescr.  and  H.  frutetorum 
Fabr. — Lucilia  sp.  indescr.  and  L.  csesarion  Meig. — Cyrtoneura  so.  indescr.  and 
C.  assirailis  Fall  — Gymnosoma  par  Walk,  and  G.  rotundata  Linn. — Cordylura 
sp.  indescr.  and  C.  pudioa  Meig. — AUophyla  Inevis  Lw.  and  A.  nigricornis 
Meig. — Trypeta  fratria  Lw.  and  T.  heraclei  Linn. — Ortalis  rufipes  Lw.  and  0. 
marmorea  Fabr. — Drosophila  sp.  indescr.  and  D.  fuuebris — Epliydra  atrovirens 
Lw.  and  E.  micans  Hal.  and  many  other  species. — In  all  12  species. 

DIPTERA. — Identical  species,  on  various  authorities.* 
Tipulariae.  Culex  caspius  Pallas  (South  Russ.  and  Bor.  Am.)  Curtis. — Ceci- 
domyia  tritici  (Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Harris,  itc. — Limnophila  faseiata  Schummel 
(Eur.  and  N.  A.)  OstenSacken. — Limnobia  rivosa  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  O.Fabr. 
— Trichocera  regelationis  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  0.  Fabr. — Simulium  rejitans 
Lin.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  O.Fabr. — Tabanidse.  Chrysops  sepulchralis  Zett.  (Eur. 
and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker. — Asilidae.  Dasypogon  teutonus  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Flor.) 
Macqtiart. — Laphria  flavescens  Macq.  (Eur.  and  Carolina.)  Macquart. — Bomby- 
liarii.  Anthrax  nycthomera  Hoffm.  (Eur.  and  Georg.)  Macquart. — Bombylius 
major  Lin.  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Walker. -\ — Empidae.  Empis  borealis  Lin.  (Eur. 
and  Greenl.)  0.  Fabr. — Hemerodromia  precatoria  Meig.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.) 
Walker. — Drapetis  nigra  Meig.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker. — Syrphici.  Chryso- 
toxum  fasciolatum  DeG.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker.X — Syrphus  gracilis  Meig. 
(Eur.  and  N.  Y.)  Walker.— ii.  granditarsus  Forst.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.T.)  Walker.— 
S.  guttatus  Meig.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker. — S.  hieroglyphicus  Meig.  (Eur. 
and  Nov.  Sc.)  Walker.—^,  maculosus  Meig.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker.— 'S,. 
menthastri  Lin.  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Walker. — S.  ribesii  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.) 
Walker. — S.  scalaris  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Walker. — S.  seriptus  Lin.  (Eur.  and 
Nov.  Sc.)  Walker.— '&.  topiarius  Meig.  (Eur.  and  N.  A.)  Walker  and  Stceger. — S. 
umbellatarum  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  N.  Sc.)  Walker. — -Sericomyia  lappona  Lin.  (Eur. 
and  Greenl.)  0.  Fabr. — Helophilus  gr<Bnlandicus  0.  Fabr.  (Lapl.  and  Greenl.) 
0.  Fabr.  and  Stceger. — Volueella  obesa  Fabr.  (S.  A.,  N.  A.,  Asia,  Africa.)  Mac- 
quart.  &c. — V. plumata  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  Newfoundland.)  Macquart. — (Estracidae. 
(Estrus  taraudi  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.)  ^eawy. — Gastrus  hseinorrhoidalis  Lin. 
(Eur.  and  New  Eng.)  Sarris. — G.  nasalis  Lin.  (Eur.  and  N.  Y.)  Fitch. — G.  peco- 
rum  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  Jamaica.)  Walker. — Muscidae.  Gymnosoma  rotundata 
Lin.  (Eur.  and  Mass.)  Harris. ^^ — Tachina  distincta  R.  D.  (Eur.  and  Philad.) 
Boh.  Desv. — Gonia  auriceps  Meig.  (Eur.,  Georg.  and  Afr.)  Walker. — Sarcophaga 
earnaria  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Mass.)  Harris. — S.  mortuarum  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.) 

*  A  great  many  species  included  in  Loew's  first  list  had  been  previously  re- 
cognized as  identical  by  other  authors,  and  are  omitted  here.        ** 
t  Probably  B.  fraterculus  Wied.  in  Loew's  third  list. 
I  Probably  the  sp.  indescr.  in  Loew's  third  list. 
^  Probably  G.  jjar  Walk,  in  Loew's  third  list. 


218  [September 

O.Fahr. — Musca  cadaverina  Lin.  (Eur.  and  N.  Y.)  Fitch. — M.  esesar  Lin.  (Eur. 
and  N.  Y.)  Fitch  and  Walker. — M.  eorvina  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  Nov.  Sc.)  Walker. — 
M.  lepida  R.  D.  (France  and  Philad.)  Roh.  Desv. — M.  regina  Meig.  (Eur.  and 
N.  A.)  Harris. — M.  vespillo  Fab.  (Eur.  and  Nov.  Sc.)  Walker. — M.  vomitoria 
Lin.  (Eur  and  Mass.)  Harris. — Anthomyia  campestris  R.  D.  (Eur.  and  N.  A.) 
Rob.  Desv. — A.  ciliata  Meig.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  Stceger. — A.  irritans  Meig. 
(Eur.  and  Greenl.)  Stceger. — A.  ruficeps  Meig.  (Eur.  and  GreenL)  Stceger. — 
A.  saltatrix  R.  D.  (Eur.  and  N.  Am.)  Rob.  Desv. — A.  striolata  Meig.  (Eur.  and 
Greenl.)  Stceger. — Cordylura  hsemorrhoidalis  Meig.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  Stceger. 
— C.  pubera  Lin.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker. — Scatophaga  fucorum  Meig.  (Eur. 
and  Bor.  Am.)  Curtis. — Sc.  litorea  Meig.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  Stceger. — Sc.  scyba- 
laria  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  0.  Fabr. — Ortalis  cerasi  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Mass.) 
Han-is. — Sepsis  cylindrica  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  Mass.)  Harris. — Lau.xania  Elisse 
Weid.  (Eur.  and  U.  S.)  Walker.— Jjonchxii  tarsata  Fall.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.) 
Walker. — Calobata  albimana  Meig.  (Asia  and  U.  S.)  Macquart  and  Walker.^' — 
Tetanocera  elata  Lin.  (Eur.  and  Bor.  Am.)  Walker. — Heteromyza  buccata  Fall. 
(Eur.  &  N.  Sc.)  TFaZ/;er.— Notiphila  nitidula  Fall.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker.— 
Ephydra  stagnalis  Meig.  (Eur.  and  Greenl.)  Stceger. — Drosophila  cellaris  Lin. 
(Eur.  and  N.  So.)  Walker. — D.  funebris  Meig.  (Eur.  and  N".  A.)  Macquart.-\ — 
Phora  aterrima  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker. — Ph.  fuscipes  Macq.  (Eur. 
and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker.— ¥\\.  rufipes  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  H.  B.  T.)  Walker.— In  all 
71  species. 

DIPTERA. — Species  quoted  as  allied  or  of  doubtful  identity  in  Osten  Sacken's 

Paper  on  Limnobina. 
Limnobia  (dicranomyia)  morio  Fabr.  (Eur.  and  N.  Y.) — Limnobia  tristigma 
0.  S.  (111.)  and  L.  tripunctata  Meig.  (Eur.) — AmalojDis  inconstans  0.  S.  (U.  S.) 
and  Limnobia  littoralis  (Eur.) — Several  N.  A.  sp.  of  Trichocera  are  also  refer- 
red to  (p.  242)  as  apparently  identical  with  European  species. — In  all  3  species. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that  no  less  than  36  authors — viz., 
placing  them  in  alphabetical  order,  Beauvois,  Boisduval,  Clemens, 
Curtis,  Dejean,  Rob.  Desvoidy,  Doubleday,  D'Urban,  Pidwards,  Erich- 
son,  Otto  Fabricius,  Fitch,  Grodart,  Grote,  Gruenee,  Hagen,  Harris, 
Htibner,  Kirby,  Klug,  LeConte,  Loew,  Macquart,  Mannerheim,  Mel- 
sheimer,  Menetries,  Morris,  Mulsant,  Norton,  Osten  Sacken,  Saussure, 
Schaum,  Staeger,  Staintou,  Uhler  and  Walker — have  testified  to  the 
existence  in  the  Old  and  New  Worlds  of  identical  forms  which  cannot 
be  supposed  to  have  been  introduced.  Whether  we  decide  by  the 
number  of  the  names,  or  by  the  great  scientific  weight  of  very  many  of 
them,  the  balance  of  authority  is  certainly  against  Prof.  Agassiz. 


*  Can  this  be  Heteroneura  albimana  (no  author)  of  Loew's  first  list.? 
f  Probably  the  sp.  inclescr.  in  Loew's  third  list. 


1864.]  219 

In  some  few  of  the  above  cases  it  is  demonstrable  that  distinc- 
tions, such  as  are  generally  considered  to  be  of  specific  value,  ex- 
ist between  the  forms  found  in  the  New  and  in  the  Old  World.  There 
can  also  be  little  doubt  that  some  of  the  above  species  have  been 
introduced  into  North  America,  but  how  many  and  which  and  where 
and  when,  it  is  generally  impossible  to  say.  In  regard  to  the  three 
butterflies  asserted  by  Agassiz  to  have  been  introduced,  it  seems  diffi- 
cult to  understand  how  Vanessa  Atalanta,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on 
the  nettle,  or  V.  cardui,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the  thistle,  could 
have  been  imported  by  human  agency  into  North  America.  Do  men 
import  nettles  and  thistles  ?  Even  supposing  that  by  some  strange 
chance  the  eggs  of  these  butterflies  reached  North  America  in  a  livino; 
state,  by  what  unaccountable  concatenation  of  events  did  it  happen, 
that  they  were  glued  to  a  growing  and  living  nettle  or  to  a  growing 
and  living  thistle  ?  For  every  breeder  of  Lepidoptera  knows,  that  it 
is  necessary  for  the  young  larvae  to  have  at  hand,  immediately  that 
they  are  hatched,  a  supply  of  their  appropriate  food,  and  that  their 
senses  do  not  enable  them  to  discover  that  food,  even  if  it  lies  only  a 
few  inches  removed  from  them.  Besides,  in  the  case  of  cardtii,  it  is 
necessary  to  account  not  only  for  its  introduction  by  human  agency 
into  North  America,  but  for  its  dispersion  by  the  same  agency  nearly 
over  the  whole  globe.  As  to  Antiopa^  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on 
poplar-leaves,  it  may  possibly  have  been  introduced  in  the  egg  state 
along  with  young  poplars ;  but  there  is  a  remarkable  fact,  not  gene- 
rally known,  which  makes  against  such  a  hypothesis.  The  chief  foreign 
commerce  of  the  United  States  even  at  the  present  day,  and  more  espe- 
cially so  in  former  times,  is  and  was  wich  Kngland.  If  imported  at 
all,  therefore,  Antiopa  was  in  all  probability  imported  from  England. 
Now  British  specimens  of  this  butterfly  belong  to  a  distinct  variety, 
with  the  border  of  the  wings  always  white  and  not  cream-colored  ;  and 
specimens  found  iu  North  America  and  on  the  Continent  of  Europe 
belong  to  another  variety,  with  the  border  of  the  wings  always  cream- 
colored  and  not  white.  Whence  it  follows  that,  if  imported  at  all, 
Antlnjm  in  all  probability  must  have  been  imported,  not  from  Eng- 
land, but  from  the  Continent  of  Europe,  with  which  in  colonial  times 
this  country  held  no  commercial  intercourse  at  all,  and  in  later  times 
comparatively  but  little. 


220  [September 

If  it  had  so  happened  that  the  variety  of  Antiopa  with  a  white  bor- 
der to  its  wings  was  peculiar  to  North  America,  instead  of  being  pecu- 
liar to  England,  how  eagerly  the  fact  would  have  been  seized  on  by 
Prof.  Agassiz  and  his  school,  as  a  proof  that  the  supposed  American 
variety  was  a  distinct  species !  Truly  says  Loew,  that  forms  which,  if 
they  had  been  found  in  Europe,  would  certainly  have  been  considered 
as  only  slight  varieties  of  other  well-known  European  species,  as  their 
only  deviation  consists  in  a  slight  difference  of  coloring,  when  found  in 
America  are  immediately  pronounced  to  be  distinct  species.  {Amher- 
diptera,  p.  318.) 

To  investigate  the  probability  or  possibility  of  each  particular  insect, 
claimed  to  have  been  introduced  into  North  America,  having  been  in 
reality  so  introduced,  would,  however,  be  an  endless  task.  It  is  suffi- 
cient to  remark  that  if  one  single  species,  of  the  304  asserted  by  various 
authors  to  be  common  to  the  New  and  Old  Worlds,  is  indigenous  in 
each  of  these  two  habitats,  then,  as  a  necessary  consequence,  the  asser- 
tion of  Prof.  Agassiz,  that  our  insect  Fauna  "differs  specifically  through- 
out" from  that  of  Europe,  falls  to  the  ground. 

It  may  be  asked  why  Agassiz  should  have  asserted  so  confidently 
that  all  the  insects  of  the  temperate  zone  of  North  America  differ  spe- 
cifically from  those  of  Europe.  The  answer  is,  that  he  believes  in  the 
theory  of  many  contemporaneous  local  creations,  or  to  use  his  own  lan- 
guage, "  that  animals  must  have  originated  where  they  live,  and  have 
remained  almost  precisely  within  the  same  limits  ever  since  they  were 
created,  except  in  a  few  cases,  where,  under  the  influence  of  man,  those 
limits  have  been  extended  over  large  areas."  (^Lake  Siqierior,  p.  248.) 
Let  us  see  where  such  a  theory  will  lead  us  in  the  case  of  the  geogra- 
phical distribution  of  Coleoptera  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

"  The  whole  region  of  the  United  States,"  says  Dr.  LeConte,  "  is 
divided  by  meridional  or  nearly  meridional  Unes  into  three,  or  perhaps 
four,  great  zoological  districts,  distinguished  each  by  numerous  peculiar 
genera  and  species,  which,  with  few  exceptions,  do  not  extend  into  the 
contio-uous  districts.  The  Eastern  one  of  these  extends  from  the  At- 
lantic  Ocean  to  the  arid  prairies  on  the  west  of  Iowa,  Missouri  and 
.  Arkansas.  *  *  The  Central  District  extends  from  the  western  limit  of 
the  Eastern  District  perhaps  to  the  mass  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Call- 


1864.]  221 

fornia;  *  *  but  it  is  very  probable  that  this  region  does  in  reality 
constitute  two  districts  bounded  by  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  West- 
ern District  is  the  maritime  slope  of  the  continent  to  the  Pacific,  and 
thus  includes  California,  Oregon  and  Washington  territories. 

*  *  :ii  ^  ^  ^ 

"  The  method  of  distribution  of  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Districts,  as  already  observed  by  me  in  various  memoirs,  is  entirely 
different.  In  the  Atlantic  District  a  large  number  of  species  are  dis- 
tributed over  a  large  extent  of  country ;  many  species  are  of  rare  oc- 
currence, and  in  passing  over  a  distance  of  several  hundred  miles,  but 
a  small  variation  will  be  found  in  the  species  obtained.  In  the  Pacific 
District,  a  small  number  of  species  are  confined  to  a  small  region  of 
country  ;  most  species  occur  in  considerable  numbers,  and  in  travelling 
even  one  hundred  miles,  it  is  found  that  the  most  abundant  species 
are  replaced  hy  others,  in  many  instances  very  similar  to  them.  *  *  In 
the  Central  District,  consisting  as  it  does  to  a  very  large  extent  of 
deserts,  the  distribution  seems  to  be  of  a  moderate  number  of  species 
over  a  large  extent  of  country,  with  a  considerable  admixture  of  local 
species."     (LeC.  Col.  Ks.  and  East.  N.  3Iex.,  Oct.  1859,  pp.  iii — v.) 

Assuming  the  correctness  of  these  data  and  of  the  theory  of  Agassiz, 
it  follows  that  there  must  have  been  at  least  three  separate  and  distinct 
coleopterous  creations  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  Nay, 
further.  As  on  the  Pacific  slope,  according  to  LeConte,  every  hun- 
dred miles  that  you  travel  you  come  upon  a  new  coleopterous  fauna, 
there  must  have  been  about  twenty  or  thirty  separate  and  distinct  cole- 
opterous creations  there.  For  it  is  absurd  to  suppose  that  the  Coleop- 
tera,  peculiar  to  each  local  district  of  100  miles  square,  were  formerly 
common  to  the  whole  territory  and  have  all  taken  their  origin  from  one 
common  centre  of  creation.  It  would  be  as  rational  to  believe,  what 
Agassiz  scouts  as  absurd,  that  all  the  fiiunas  of  the  whole  world  were 
created  simultaneously,  with  all  their  present  specific  and  generic  dis- 
tinctions, in  one  common  centre  of  creation,  and  thence  spread  them- 
selves in  locally  distinct  groups  over  the  whole  face  of  the  globe,  leav- 
ing no  trace  behind  of  the  path  travelled  over  by  them  in  arriving  at 
their  present  habitats. 

When  we  take  into  account  that  the  same  reasoning  which  applies 
to  North  America  applies  also  to  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  that 


222  [September 

almost  every  little  oceanic  island  has  its  peculiar  species  of  insects,  if 
we  accept  Prof.  Agassiz's  theory  we  shall  be  compelled  to  believe,  that 
there  must  have  been  many  hundred  or  even  thousand  distinct  Crea- 
tions within  the  present  geological  era.  It  may  possibly  have  been  so : 
but  views  like  these  certainly  do  not  harmonize  with  such  demonstrable 
entomological  facts,  as  the  existence  of  identical  indigenous  species  in 
faunas  separated  by  a  wide  expanse  of  ocean,  and  they  seem  scarcely 
consistent  with  the  grandeur  and  simplicity  of  Nature. 

If,  rejecting  the  Creative  theory,  we  assume  the  Derivative  Origin  of 
Species,  how  simple  and  intelligible  become  the  great  fticts  of  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  species !  How  easily  we  can  explain  the  ex- 
istence of  what  are  known  as  representative  or  analogous  species,  and 
the  occasional  existence  of  identical  specie'^,  with  all  the  intermediate 
grades  between  the  two  categories,  in  distinct  entomological  provinces 
separated  by  insurmountable  physical  barriers,  such  as  are  North  Ame- 
rica and  Europe  !  What  Loew  remarks  of  Diptera  is,  so  fiir  as  my 
personal  knowledge  of  the  entomological  faunae  of  England  and  Illinois 
extends,  equally  true  of  the  other  Orders  of  Insects.  "  The  European 
and  the  xVmerican  dipterous  faunas,"  says  he,  "always  appear  to  me 
like  two  branches  of  the  same  stock,  each  having  had  a  development 
of  its  own,  very  similar  however  to  the  development  of  the  other.  But 
if  there  really  was  such  a  common  stock  for  both,  it  is  to  be  sought 
among  the  Diptera  of  a  former  geological  period,  and  if  the  European 
and  the  North  American  dipterous  faunae  are  to  be  considered  as 
branches  of  this  stock,  the  necessary  inference  would  be  that  at  a  for- 
mer period  Europe  and  America  had  a  continental  connection.  Are 
the  Amber-diptera  preserved  fragments  of  this  common  stock  ?  Did  a 
continental  connection  between  Europe  and  America  really  exist  at  the 
time  when  they  lived  ?  Did  the  submersion  of  an  Atlantis  tear  asunder 
the  branches  of  this  stock  ?"      (Amber-d ipfera ,  p.  324.) 

In  another  passage  Loew  remarks,  in  regard  to  the  resemblance  be- 
tween European  and  especially  North  American  Diptera  and  those  of 
the  Amber  Fauna,  that  ''  the  relationship  between  certain  species  is  so 
strikingly  close,  that  it  naturally  suggests  the  idea  of  a  genetic  connec- 
tion, and  maintains  it  against  all  possible  theoretical  objections  The 
impression  that  the  living  species,  connected  by  such  a  close  link  of 
relationship  to  some  Amber  Diptera,  are  not  new  additions  to  the  num- 


1864.]  223 

ber  of  old  species,  but  are,  so  to  say,  the  transformed  old  species,  is  in 
my  opinion  irresistible  to  any  unprejudiced  observer."    (^Ibid.  p.  315.) 


II.  As  Prof.  Agassiz  has  gone  out  of  his  way,  in  his  recent  "  Meth- 
ods of  Study,"  to  offer  what  he  seems  to  consider  as  a  refutation  of 
Darwin's  views  on  the  Derivative  Origin  of  Species,  I  may  be  allowed 
here  a  few  words,  in  order  to  demonstrate  that  he  has  totally  misappi'e- 
hended  and  misstated  the  Darwinian  Theory,  and  appears  never  even  to 
have  given  himself  the  trouble  to  read  Darwin's  book  through.  It  is 
evident,  indeed,  from  his  language,  that  he  has  approached  that  book 
with  the  same  feelings  as  many  men  approach  a  toad  or  a  spider,  viz. 
as  something  scarcely  worthy  his  notice  and  disgustful  to  every  rightly 
constituted  mind.  "  If,"  he  says,  (p.  303,)  "  such  views  are  ever  to 
deserve  serious  consideration,"  &c.  "  They  are  repugnant,"  he  adds, 
(p.  317,)  "  to  our  better  nature."  This  may  be  a  very  good  reason  for 
not  reading  a  book,  but  it  is  a  very  poor  reason  for  attempting  to  refute 
it  without  first  reading  it  carefully  through  at  least  once.  The  conser- 
vative President  of  the  Linn?ean  Society  in  England  has  recently  ex- 
pressed the  opinion,  in  his  Annual  Address,  "  that  the  tide  of  opinion 
among  philosophic  naturalists  is  setting  strongly  in  favor  of  Mr.  Dar- 
win's Theory."  Some  of  the  first  naturalists  of  the  day,  for  instance, 
Hooker,  Herbert,  Huxley,  Owen,  Lyell,  Bates,  Wallace,  Isidore 
St.  Hilaire,  Naudin  and  as  we  have  just  seen  Loew,  advocate  the 
same  or  very  similar  opinions.  The  "  Origin  of  Species"  is  a  strong 
book,  well  weighed  and  carefully  thought  out,  written  by  a  strong 
man  familiar  with  all  the  discoveries  of  modern  science  and  himself 
the  honored  author  of  many  new  scientific  discoveries.  It  is  utterly 
impossible,  even  for  a  naturalist  of  such  distinguished  attainments 
as  Prof.  Agassiz,  to  upset  this  new  theory,  like  a  child's  house  built 
out  of  cards,  by  the  mere  weight  of  his  personal  authority.  Least  of 
all  will  it  answer  to  set  up  a  man  of  straw,  call  it  the  Darwinian  theory, 
and  amuse  himself  with  pulling  it  to  pieces. 

It  is  certainly  true  that  in  the  "Methods  of  Study"  Mr.  Darwin's 
name  is  not  especially  mentioned,  in  connection  with  the  Theory  which 
it  is  attempted  to  refute.  But  as  "  the  variability  of  species  under  do- 
mestication "  is  repeatedly  and  prominently  alluded  to  in  that  book,  as 
having  been  "urged  with  great  persistency  in  recent  discussions  upon 


224  [September 

this  subject"  (p.  141,  &c.),  and  Mr.  Darwin  was  the  first  and  only  natu- 
ralist that  made  the  phenomena  of  variability  under  domestication 
the  leading  feature  in  the  question,  and  as  moreover  it  is  well  under- 
stood among  the  disciples  of  Prof.  Agassiz,  that  his  blows  are  aimed  at 
the  '•  Origin  of  Species,"  it  is  impossible  not  to  draw  the  inference  that  it 
is  to  that  book  that  he  more  especially  refers.  The  mere  fact  of  his  quot- 
ing in  his  Preface,  totidem  verbis,  in  connection  with  the  theory  which 
he  proposes  to  refute,  a  remarkable  phrase  first  used  by  Darwin  in  the 
"  Origin  of  Species" — ■"  the  Imperfection  of  the  Geological  Record" 
— would,  alone,  be  not  only  moral,  but  almost  legal  proof,  that  it  is 
against  the  "  Origin  of  Species"  that  his  arguments  are  chiefly  di- 
rected. In  one  word,  if  he  does  not  refer  to  that  book,  to  what  book 
can  he  refer  ? 

In  order  to  substantiate  the  grave  charge  made  just  now  against 
Prof.  Agassiz,  viz.  that  he  has  fundamentally  misstated  the  views  of 
his  opponent,  it  will  be  necessary  to  state  briefly  what  the  Darwinian 
Theory  really  is.     Its  leading  principles  may  be  thus  condensed  : — 

Isf.  Most  species,  both  of  animals  and  plants,  vary  more  or  less, 
whether  they  are  in  a  state  of  domestication  or  in  a  state  of  natui'e. 

2nd.  In  the  case  of  domesticated  species,  man  often  seizes  hold  of 
any  given  variation  that  is  useful  or  pleasing,  not  to  the  animal  or 
plant,  but  to  himself;  and  by  selecting  those  individuals  that  possess 
that  given  variation  in  ever  so  small  a  degree,  and  breeding  exclusively 
from  them,  gradually,  on  the  well-known  principle  that  '•  like  produces 
like,"  or  what  naturalists  call  the  Law  of  Inheritance,  exaggerates  the 
variation  till  it  assumes  very  large  proportions.  Thus  from  the  wild 
rock-pigeon  have  been  gradually  produced  the  difl"erent  breeds  of  fancy 
pigeons^tumblers,  carriers,  fantails,  &c. — some  of  which,  as  Darwin 
truly  observes,  difi'er  so  widely  from  the  others,  that  if  discovered  in  a 
wild  state  they  would  be  considered  by  ornithologists  as  not  only  spe- 
cifically but  generically  distinct. — This  process  may  be  called  A.rtificial 
Selection. 

3rd.  In  the  case  of  wild  species,  Nature  seizes  hold  of  any  given 
variation  that  is  useful,  not  to  man,  but  to  the  animal  or  plant  itself. 
And  as  from  the  natural  rate  of  increase  in  every  known  species,  very 
many  moi"e  individuals  come  into  the  jvorld  than  can  possibly  survive 
to  maturity,  those  individuals  that  are  possessed  of  this  useful  varia- 


1864.]  225 

tion  gain  an  advantage  over  their  fellows  in  the  Struggle  for  Existence, 
and  are  thus  enabled  to  jostle  them  on  one  side  and  take  their  places. 
By  a  repetition  of  this  process  in  successive  generations  the  given 
variation  is  gradually,  by  the  workings  of  the  Law  of  Inheritance  exag- 
gerated and  swelled  into  large  proportions,  until  after  an  indefinitely 
long  ])eriod  what  we  call  a  new  species  is  formed. — This  process  Mr. 
Dai'win  calls  Natural  Selection. 

So  far  is  Mr.  Darwin  from  adopting  the  old  theory,  that  new  species 
of  animals  and  plants  arise  merely  and  entirely  or  even  chiefly  from 
what  naturalists  call  the  Conditions  of  Life,  i.  e.  different  food,  differ- 
ent climate,  &c.,  that  he  expressly  on  eight  distinct  occasions  repudi- 
ates that  theory.     Hear  him  : — 

Naturalists  continually  refer  to  external  conditions,  such  as  climate,  food,  &c., 
as  the  only  possible  cause  of  variation.  In  one  very  limited  sense,  as  we  shall 
hereafter  see,  this  may  be  true:  but  it  is  preposterous  to  attribute  to  mere  exter- 
nal conditions  the  structure,  for  instance,  of  the  woodpecker,  with  its  feet,  tail, 
beak  and  tongue  so  admirably  adapted  to  catch  insects  under  the  bark  of  trees. 
{Origin  of  Species,  p.  11,  Amer.  ed.) 

Some  little  effect  may  perhaps  be  attributed  to  the' direct  action  of  the  external 
conditions  of  life,  and  some  little  to  habit;  but  he  would  be  a  bold  man  wlio 
would  account  by  such  agencies  for  the  differences  of  a  dray  and  race-horse,  a 
grayhound  and  bloodhound,  a  carrier  and  tumbler  pigeon.     (Ibid.  p.  33.) 

In  looking  at  many  small  jjoints  of  difference  between  species,  which,  as  far 
as  our  ignorance  permits  us  to  judge,  seem  to  be  quite  unimportant,  we  must 
not  forget  that  climate,  food,  <&c.  probably  produce  some  slight  and  direct  effect. 
{Ibid.  p.  SI.) 

How  much  direct  effect  difference  of  climate,  food,  Ac.  produces  on  any  being 
is  extremely  doubtful.  My  impression  is,  tliat  the  effect  is  extremely  small  in 
the  ease  of  animals,  but  perhajjs  rather  more  in  that  of  plants.  {Ibid.  p. 
121.) 

We  should  remember  that  climate,  food,  &c.  probably  have  some  little  direct 
influence  on  the  organization.     {Ibid.  p.  175.) 

I  fully  admit  that  many  structures  are  of  no  direct  use  to  their  possessors. 
Physical  conditions  have  probably  had  some  little  effect  on  structure,  quite  inde- 
pendently of  any  good  thus  gained.     [Ibid.  p.  178.) 

The  dissimilarity  of  the  inhabitants  of  different  regions  may  be  attributed  to 
modification  through  Natural  Selection,  and  in  a  quite  subordinate  degree  to  the 
direct  influence  oi  differ enji,  physical  conditions.     {Ibid.  p.  305.) 

The  complex  and  little  known  laws  governing  variation  are  the  same,  as  far 
as  we  can  see,  with  the  laws  which  have  governed  the  iiroduction  of  so-called 
specific  forms.  In  both  cases  physical  conditions  seem  to  have  produced  but 
little  direct  effect.     {Ibid.  iH).) 


226  [September 

It  has  thus  been  shown  briefly  what  Darwin's  Theory  really  is.     It 

has  also  been  shown,  by  numerous  quotations  from  his  book,  what  he 

expressly  states  that  it  is  not.    It  shall  now  be  shown  from  Prof.  Agas- 

siz's  book,  that  it  is  assumed  by  that  writer  to  be  the  very  thing  which 

Darwin  had  repeatedly  stated  it  not  to  be. 

It  surely  does  not  follow  that  because  the  Chinese  can,  under  abnormal  condi- 
tions, produce  a  variety  of  fantastic  shapes  in  the  Golden  Carp,  therefore  ivater 
or  the  physical  conditions  established  in  the  water  can  create  a  Fish,  any  more 
than  it  follows  that  because  they  can  dwarf  a  tree,  or  alter  its  aspect,  by  stunt- 
ing its  growth  in  one  direction  and  forcing  it  in  another,  therefore  the  earth,  or 
the  physical  conditions  connected  with  their  growth,  can  create  a  Pine,  an  Oak,  a 
Birch  or  a  Maple.  I  confess  that  in  all  the  arguments  derived  from  the  phe- 
nomena of  domestication,  to  prove  that  animals  owe  their  origin  and  diversity 
to  the  natural  action  of  the  conditions  under  which  they  live,  the  conclusion  does 
not  seem  to  me  to  follow  logically  from  the  premises.     {Meth.  St.,  p.  145.) 

It  may  be  added  here,  that  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  this  book 
not  one  solitary  word  is  said  about  Natural  Selection,  the  Struggle  for 
Existence,  or  any  of  the  other  great  leading  features  of  the  "  Origin 
of  Species,"  in  any  shape,  manner  or  form.  The  whole  argument  is 
ignored  as  completely  as  if  it  had  never  been  promulgated ;  and,  as 
we  have  already  seen,  an  old,  exploded  doctrine  which  Darwin  ex- 
pressly disavows  on  eight  separate  occasions,  is  set  up  as  a  target  for 
the  dialectic  arrows  of  Prof.  Agassiz.  Five  entire  pages  (pp.  141-5) 
are  expended  in  proving  triumphantly  what  nobody  denies,  and  what 
follows  as  a  necessary  consequence  from  Mr.  Darwin's  views,  viz.  that 
the  characters  that  distinguish  wild  species  are  different  from  those 
which  distinguish  domesticated  breeds.  Surely,  if  they  were  not  dif- 
ferent, it  would  be  a  fatal  objection  to  Mr.  Darwin's  theory.  The  for- 
mer characters,  according  to  that  theory,  arise  from  variations  useful 
to  the  animal  or  plant  itself;  the  latter  from  variations  useful  or  pleas- 
ing, not  to  the  animal  or  plant  itself,  but  to  man.  We  should  natu- 
rally therefore,  arguing  a  prion',  expect  them  to  be  different  as  a  gene- 
ral rule.  Who,  that  is  not  bewildered  by  a  preconceived  theory,  would 
expect  to  find  in  a  wild  pear  the  luscious,  melting,  sweet  pulp,  which 
man  has  gradually  produced  by  Artificial  Selection  in  the  cultivated 
fruit?  Or  to  find  in  a  wolf  the  disposition  to  point  game,  instead  of 
rushing  greedily  upon  it,  which  man  by  artificial  training,  by  Artificial 
Selection,  and  by  the  Law  of  Inheritance,  has  gradually  produced  in 


18G4.]  -  227 

the  Pointer-dog  ?  Or  to  find  a  species  of  wild  sheep  with  a  tail  so  large 
and  fat,  that  it  has  to  be  supported  by  a  little  wagon,  as  in  certain 
exotic  breeds  of  tame  sheep  ? 

That  it  may  not  be  said  that  I  rely  upon  a  single  isolated  passage,  to 

substantiate  the  grave  charge  brought  against  Prof.  Agassiz,   I  will 

quote  a  second  passage  to  the  same  effect. 

The  influence  of  man  upon  animals  is,  in  other  words,  the  action  of  mind 
upon  them ;  and  yet  the  ordinary  mode  of  arguing  upon  this  subjeet  is,  that 
because  the  intelligence  of  man  has  been  able  to  produce  certain  varieties  in 
domesticated  animals,  therefore  physical  causes  have  produced  all  the  diversity 
existing  among  wild  ones.  Surely  the  sounder  logic  would  be  to  infer,  that, 
because  our  finite  intelligence  may  cause  the  original  pattern  to  vary  by  some 
slight  shades  of  difference,  therefore  a  superior  intelligence  must  have  estab- 
lished all  the  boundless  diversity  of  which  our  boasted  varieties  are  but  the 
faintest  echo.     [Meth.  St.,  p.  142.) 

To  my  mind,  the  sound  logical  inference  from  the  above  premises 
would  be,  that  "  a  superior  intelligence  must  have  caused  the  original 
pattern  to  vary  hy  very  great  differences,  of  which  our  boasted  varie- 
ties are  but  the  faintest  echo,"  which  is  precisely  the  Darwinian  doc- 
trine. But  the  passage  is  quoted,  not  for  the  sake  of  criticising  its 
logic,  but  to  prove  how  utterly  the  views  of  Mr.  Darwin,  or  what  must  be 
supposed  to  be  those  of  Mr.  Darwin,  are  misapprehended  and  misstated. 

In  opposition  to  the  principles  of  the  Darwinian  theory,  as  expounded 
above.  Prof.  Agassiz  says,  that  "  there  is  not  a  fact  known  to  science  tend- 
ing to  show  that  any  being,  in  the  natural  process  of  reproduction  and 
multiplication,  has  ever  diverged  from  the  course  natural  to  its  kind  " 
(p.  281);  and  that  the  naturalist  "never  sees  any  animal  diverge  in 
the  slightest  degree  from  its  own  structural  character"  (p.  318).  Now 
Hagen  has  shown  satisfactorily  that  the  European  Onychogoniphus  for- 
cipatus  and  Cordulegaster  annulatus  diverge  most  remarkably  in  their 
structural  characters,  in  certain  localities,  from  the  normal  type,  and 
that  all  the  intermediate  grades  occur  in  other  localities.  (J/on.  Gomph. 
pp.  28 — 40,  and  Plate  2  ;  pp.  333 — 7,  and  Plate  17.)  Loew  has  shown 
the  same  thing  of  the  European  Gyinnopternus  Sahlbergii  and  Empis 
maculata  {Amber- Dipt.  p.  323);  and  similar  cases  are  familiar  to  every 
well-informed  entomologist.  Prof.  Agassiz  may  perhaps  argue  in  such 
instances  as  these  that  it  is  natural  to  them  to  diverge  thus,  and  that 
in  diverging  thus  "  they  do  not  diverge  from   the  course  natural  to 


*^28  [September 

them."  But  by  this  mode  of  arguing  in  a  circle  we  may  prove  that 
no  conceivable  amount  of  divergence,  that  does  really  occur  in  a  given 
species,  is  a  divergence  from  nature. 

From  what  Agassiz  says,  as  to  the  "  close  adherence  to  the  distinct, 
well-defined  and  iuviiriable  limits  of  the  species",  in  wild  species  as 
contra-distinguished  fi'om  domesticated  ones,  {Math.  Stiuly^  p.  145,) 
any  one  not  familiar  with  Natural  History  would  infer,  that  wild  spe- 
cies, in   the  same  geographical  locality,  scarcely  vary  at  all  from  the 
normal  type.      Every  field-entomologist  knows  that,  in  many  species  of 
insects,  this  is  not  so.     To  illustrate  from  one  single  Order,  Coleoptera : 
— Arrh-'iioiles  sepfentrioiiis  Hbst.  and  (htogeiius  ru/m  Fabr.,  vary  ex- 
ceedin<i:ly  in  size,  so  that  some  individuals  are  full  twice  as  lono-  as 
others,  and  in  the  male  of  the  former  of  these  two  species  the  suout  is 
sometimes  full  as  broad  as  long,  and  sometimes  on  the  other  hand 
full  twice  as  long  as  broad,  whence  some  foreign  entomologists  have 
been   led   to  consider  the  varieties   as  distinct  species.     But  as   nu- 
merous intermediate  grades  occur  in  all  these  cases  in  company  with 
each  other,  it  is  evident  that  the  diflPering  forms  are  mere  varieties. 
Again,  as  regards  the  variable  length  of  what  are  commonly  called 
horns  in  insects,  I  have  %  specimens  of  Phanaeus  carni/ex  Lin.  with 
the  horn  that  proceeds  from  the  vertex  three  times  as  long  as  in  other 
specimens,  with  all  the  intermediate  grades;  and  the  length  of  the  tho- 
racic horns  in  %   PheUidius  (Jjuletophagus)  cornufus  Fabr.  and  of  the 
mandibles  in  %  Lucanus  efaphus  Lin.  is  almost  equally  variable.     Fi- 
nally, to  give  a  few  examples  of  colorational  variation,  in  Haltlca  strio- 
lata  Fabr    many  individuals  occur  with  the  pale  elytral  vitta  resolved 
into  two  roundish  pale  spots,  so  that  Fabricius  described  them  as  a  dis- 
tinct species  under  the  name  of  hipushdata.    In  Haltlca  aUernata  Illig. 
some  specimens  have  the  normal  5  black  vittae  on  the  elytra,  and  some 
have  perfectly  immaculate  elytra,  with  all  the  intermediate  grades.     In 
Cerotoma  camincd  Fabr.  some  specimens  have  the  two   normal   dis- 
coidal  black  spots  of  each  elytrum  confluent  so  as  to  form  a  black  vitta, 
and  I  have  a  single  specimen  with  the  elytra  entirely  immaculate  ex- 
cept the  triangular  black  spot  on  the  seutel,  and  a  similar  one  with 
faint  traces  only  of  the  normal  markings ;  and  analogous  variations 
occur  in  (Edlonychis  quercata  Fab.,  (E.  Q-macidata  Hlig.  and  Blepha- 
rida  rhois  Forst.      In   Melasoma   (Una')    interrupta  Fabr.    some  spe- 


1864.]  229 

cimens  have  the  elytra  almost  entirely  yellow  with  only  4  small  black 
dots,  some  with  16  more  or  less  large  black  spots  which  are  more  or 
less  confluent,  and  some  entirely  black  with  the  exception  of  a  narrow 
marginal  line.  In  Mtjzia  \b-punctata  Oliv.,  in  the  mature  living  insect, 
the  elytra  vary  from  pale  yellowish  through  different  shades  of  brick- 
red  to  so  dark  a  reddish  brown  that  the  black  spots  are  with  difficulty 
discernible.  iVnd,  as  I  can  state  from  a  long  series  of  specimens  for- 
merly in  my  collection  in  England,  the  European  Donacia  Proteus 
varies  in  color  from  indigo  blue  through  purple  and  violet  to  bright 
ruby  red,  and  so  on  to  metallic  yellow,  metallic  yellowish  brown,  red- 
dish brown  and  brown.  There  is  no  domesticated  animal  that  exhibits 
anything  like  so  great  a  range  of  variation  in  its  coloration.  The  simple 
fact  that  naturalists  are  puzzled  every  day  to  decide  in  the  case  of  wild 
species,  whether  differing  forms  are  varieties  or  species,  proves  that  in 
a  state  of  nature  extensive  variations  do  occur.  To  say  that  such  va- 
riations are  included  in  "the  invariable  limits  of  the  species"  is  little 
else  but  an  abuse  of  language. 

It  is  very  true  that  we  cannot  say  whether  any  of  these  wonderful 
variations  have  arisen  within  a  comparatively  recent  period.  But  this 
is  simply  because  Natural  History,  as  a  science,  dates  only  from  the 
days  of  LinntBus.  Of  all  the  insects  referred  to  by  ancient  writers, 
scarcely  a  single  species  can  be  identified  with  certainty  from  their 
loose  and  unsatisfactory  notices,  as  we  may  learn  from  the  interminable 
modern  disputes  as  to  the  true  significance  of  the  ancient  CossuSy  Can- 
tharis,  Cicindela,  (Estrus,  Buprestis,  &c.  Even  Linnseus  and  his  im- 
mediate followers  published  no  descriptions  of  species,  in  the  modern 
sense  of  the  term,  but  only  meagre  and  imperfect  diagnoses,  whence  it 
continually  results  that  it  is  impossible  to  decide  from  the  diagnoses 
themselves,  to  which  of  half  a  dozen  distinct  species  their  specific 
names  are  properly  applicable.  Twenty  generations  hence  our  descen- 
dants may  begin  to  generalize  on  the  permanence  of  specific  types  in 
insects.  To  attempt  to  do  so  now,  is  to  build  castles  in  the  air.  If 
we  had  full  descriptions  of  any  species  dating  from  the  days  of 
Aristotle  and  Theophrastus,  we  might  then  form  some  estimate  of  the 
variability  of  those  species  within  the  last  2000  years.  At  present  it 
is  only  possible  for  us  to  accumulate  materials,  upon  which  many  cen- 
turies hence  our  remote  posterity  may  begin  to  speculate.     That  in- 


230  [September 

sects  never  vary  materially  in  time,  no  man  can  prove ;  but  that  they 
do  sometimes  vary  most  astonishingly  in  space,  and  run  into  what  are 
known  as  geographical  i-aces,  there  is  the  fullest  and  most  reliable  evi- 
dence. To  give  another  example,  in  addition  to  those  already  quoted  : — 
Calosomn  luxatum  Say,  G.  striatulum  Lee.  and  G.  Zimmermanni  Lee. 
were  formerly  considered  by  Dr.  LeConte  and  others  as  perfectly  dis- 
tinct species.  But  Mr.  Ulke  tells  me  that  "  on  showing  a  large  series 
comprising  all  the  intermediate  grades — viz.  from  Kansas  luxatum 
from  Nebraska  Idaho  and  Utah  striatuhim,  and  from  Oregon  aa<l  Cali- 
fornia Zimmermanni — to  Dr.  LeConte,  he  was  then  convinced  of  their 
identity,"  and  they  are  accordingly  in  his  recent  List  of  N.  A.  Coleop- 
tera  classified  as  mere  geographical  races. 

It  is  singular  that  in  attempting  to  prove  the  immutability  of  species, 
from  the  historic  evidence  of  ''  the  animals  preserved  by  the  ancient 
Egyptians  within  their  tombs  or  carved  upon  the  walls  of  their  monu- 
ments," besides  ''  the  Apis,  the  Ibis,  the  Crocodiles  and  the  sacred 
Beetles,"  Aga.ssiz  quotes  the  Negro  as  "the  same  woolly-haired,  thick- 
lipped,  flat-nosed,  dark-skinned  being  in  the  days  of  the  Ramases  that  he 
is  now."  {MetJi.  St.  p.  150.)  Hence  one  of  two  consequences  necessa- 
rily follows,  either  that,  in  the  opinion  of  Prof.  Agassiz,  the  negro  is  a 
distinct  species  of  the  genus  Homo,  or  else,  if  he  is  merely  a  variety, 
that  varieties  are,  in  this  one  case  at  all  events,  as  immutable  as  spe- 
cies, which  destroys  the  whole  force  of  the  argument.  It  further  fol- 
lows, in  the  latter  case,  that  there  do  exist  such  things  as  geographical 
divergences  not  only  in  coloration  but  in  structural  characters.  As 
to  the  Sacred  Beetles  of  the  Egyptians,  I  am  not  aware  that  any  speci- 
mens have  ever  been  discovered  preserved  in  mummies  or  sarcophagi, 
and  the  rude  sculptures  of  them  by  ancient  Egyptian  artists  which 
may  be  seen  in  the  British  Museum  are  so  uncharacteristic,  that  not 
only  is  it  utterly  impossible  to  identify  the  species,  but  they  might  just 
as  well  pass  for  Geotrupes  or  even  for  JVitidula  or  Philhydrus  as  for  Gan- 
thon.  Prof.  Agassiz  must  surely  know,  that  it  is  sometimes  impossible 
to  identify  insects  specifically,  even  from  the  very  best  modern  colored 
drawings,  unassisted  by  descriptions.  Is  it  likely  then  that  they  can 
be  identified  from  sculptures  of  the  rudest  and  most  primitive  cha- 
racter ? 

Instead  of  recoscnizina;  the  demonstrable  fact,  that  in  a  state  of  nature 


1864.]  231 

many  species  vary  both  in  coloration  and  structural  characters,  not 
only  in  different  geographical  localities,  but  oven  in  the  same  locality, 
Agassiz  seems  to  suppose  that  variation  and  divergence  from  the 
normal  type  are  peculiar  to  domesticated  species,  "  Nature,"  he  says, 
"  holds  inviolable  the  stamp  that  God  has  set  upon  his  creatures ; 
and  if  man  is  able  to  influence  their  ormmization  in  some  slight 
degree,  it  is  because  the  Creator  has  given  to  his  [man's  ?]  relations 
with  the  animals  he  [the  Creator  ?]  has  intended  for  his  [man's  ?] 
companions  the  same  plasticity  which  he  [the  Creator  ?]  has  allowed 
to  every  other  side  of  his  [man's?]  life."  (Mrth.  St.  p.  147.)  So  far 
as  the  meaning  of  this  most  obscure  and  mystical  sentence  can  be 
guessed  at,  it  is  asserted  that  the  Creator  conferred  the  quality  of  vari- 
ability upon  such  animals  as  he  intended  to  be  domesticated  by  man, 
but  not  upon  those  which  he  intended  to  run  wild ;  and  since  the  ass, 
the  guinea-fowl,  the  honey-bee*  and  the  silk-worm  vary  scarcely  at  all 
in  a  state  of  domestication,  and  certainly  vary  not  one-huudreth  part  as 
much  as  many  species  which  are  not  domesticated,  it  follows,  according 
to  what  seems  to  be  the  doctrine  of  Prof.  Agassiz,  that  the  Creator  never 
intended  these  animals  to  be  domesticated,  and  consequently  that  any 
man  that  keeps  them  in  a  state  of  domestication  violates  the  laws  of  God  ! 

Herbert  Spencer  has  remarked  of  Hugh  Miller,  that  he  '•  fell  short 
of  that  highest  faith,  which  knows  that  all  truths  must  harmonize, 
and  which  is  therefore  content  trustfully  to  follow  the  evidence  whith- 
ersoever it  leads."  {Illustr.  Universal  Progress.)  The  more  closely  we 
examine  the  i-ecorded  opinions  of  Prof.  Agassiz,  the  more  inclined  shall 
we  become  to  believe,  that  there  is  the  same  radical  defect  in  the  con- 
stitution of  his  mind. 


*  The  Italian  bee  (Apis  ligustica  Spin.)  is  not  a  variety  but  a  distinct  species, 
and  has  been  of  late  years  extensively  propagated  in  this  country  by  introduc- 
ing fertilized  queens  into  hives  of  the  ordinary  sjjecies.  Hence  one  interesting 
fact  has  already  been  arrived  at,  viz.  that  in  the  space  of  about  3  or  -t  months 
the  whole  working  population  of  the  hive  possessing  an  Italian  queen  comes  to 
consist  of  the  Italian  species,  whence  it  results  that  working  bees  live  in  the 
imago  state  only  about  3  months.  Virgil  describes  the  queen-bee  as  marked 
with  bright,  golden  spots,  (maculis  auro  squalentibus  ardens,  Georg.  iv.  91), 
so  that  it  would  seem  that  the  Italian  bee  was  the  only  species  known  to  him. 
From  not  attending  to  the  jieculiar  characters  of  this  species,  Kirby  and  Spence 
have  denied  the  accuracy  of  Virgil's  description.     {Introd.   Letter  19,  p.  377.) 


2S2  •  [September 

IIL  "  There  are  many  Insects,"  says  Agasslz,  "  that  pass  through 
their  metamorphoses  within  the  egg,  appearing  as  complete  Insects  at 
the  moment  of  their  birth ;  but  the  series  of  changes  is  nevertheless 
analogous  to  that  of  the  Butterfly,  whose  existence  as  Worm,  Chrysalis 
and  Winged  Insect  is  so  well  known  to  all.  Take  the  Grrasshopper  for 
instance  :  with  the  exception  of  the  wings  it  is  born  in  the  mature 
form ;  but  within  the  egg  it  has  had  its  Worm-like  stage,  as  much  as 
the  Butterfly  that  We  knew  a  few  months  ago  as  a  Caterpillar."  (Meth- 
ods of  Stiidi/,  p.  237.) 

For  a  long  time  I  have  noticed  in  the  winter  and  spring,  under  the 
scales  of  a  gall  like  a  pine-cone  growing  on  a  species  of  willow,  (Sah'.r 
cordata  Muhl.,  as  kindly  determined  for  me  by  Mr.  M.  S.  Bebb  of 
Washington,)  and  called  sf rob ilo ides  by  Baron  Osten  Sacken.  great 
numbers  of  singular,  yellowish,  cylindrical,  exarticulate,  semitranspa- 
rent  bodies,  .16 — .17  inch  long,  about  seven  times  as  long  as  wide, 
rounded  at  each  end,  and  a  little  tapered  towards  what  afterwards  proved 
to  be  the  anterior  end.  Sometimes  in  a  single  gall  there  were  over  a 
dozen  of  them,  and  I  supposed  them  at  first  to  be  the  pupal  cocoons  of 
some  inquilinous  Cecidomi/ia.  When  opened  early  in  the  spring,  they 
contained  nothing  but  an  apparently  homogeneous,  subviscid,  yellowish 
fluid,  but  about  the  beginning  of  May  I  noticed  that  egg-yellow  matter 
had  accumulated  in  their  anterior  half,  and  about  the  middle  of  May 
two  large  black  eyes  became  visible  in  many  specimens  through  the 
semitransparent  external  integument,  about  I  of  the  way  from  the  an- 
terior end.  On  May  26  there  hatched  out  from  two  of  these  bodies, 
which  I  had  insulated  in  a  vial  along  with  several  score  of  others,  little 
Orthoptera  belonging  to  the  genus  Orchelimum,  destitute  of  any  ves- 
tiges of  wings,  but  otherwise  formed,  as  is  usual,  very  much  like  the 
perfect  insect.  When  first  hatched,  they  were  all  pale  green  except  the 
eyes,  but  they  afterwards  rapidly  acquired  blackish  markings.  I  had 
long  ago  noticed  that  the  imago  of  a  species  of  Orcheh'mum,  perhaps 
ylahcrrimum  Burm.,  haunted  another  species  of  willow  which  grows 
-in  an  entirely  diff"erent  locality — Salix  nljra  Marshall  according  to 
Mr.  Bebb — but  which  bears  no  galls  at  all  resembling  strohUoides 
O.  S.  On  carefully  extracting  the  insect  from  an  egg  which  showed 
the  black  eyes  rather  conspicuously,  I  discovered  that  its  body  was  so 
much  elongated,  as  it  lay  stretched  out  at  full  length  in  the  egg,  as  to 


l.'='(>4.]  .  233 

be  about  six  times  as  long  as  wide,  the.  insect  occupying  the  entire  egg 
except  the  anterior  one-seventh  part  which  was  empty,  and  always 
making  its  exit  by  bursting  or  gnawing  a  slit  through  the  shell  of  the 
egg  just  behind  the  empty  part. 

No  doubt,  before  the  legs  of  the  little  orchelimuin  were  well  devel- 
oped, a  lively  imagination  might  have  detected  a  strong  resemblance 
between  the  embryo  insect,  as  it  lay  in  the  egg,  and  the  worm-like  larva 
of  many  Lepidoptera.  But  are  we  thence  to  conclude  that  this  worm- 
like stao-e  in  the  esg  is  homologous  to  the  worm-like  larva  state  of 
Lepidoptera  and  other  Orders  of  in.sects  ?  Several  focts  seem  to  forbid 
such  an  inference. 

\st.  The  egg  of  the  Catydid  (Plati/pliyUum  concavmn  Harr.)  of  which 
egg  I  possess  specimens  and  which  is  described  by  Harris,  (InJ-  Ins.  p. 
158,)  is  only  about  h  longer  than  wide,  and  consequently  the  young 
Catydid  can  scarcely  be  elongate  and  worm-like  in  any  stage  in  the 
egg,  unless  it  is  curled  up  head  and  tail  together.  But  the  egg  of  a 
species  of  (Edipoda  which  I  once  hatched  out,  (probably  (E.  Carolina 
Lin  ,)  was  about  three  times  as  long  as  wide,  cylindrical  and  rounded 
at  each  end,  and  Harris  describes  the  eggs  of  such  GrylUdx  Leach 
(=Locu)>tarise  Latr. )  as  oviposit  in  the  earth,  as  being  '^  elongated 
and  nearly  of  an  ellipsoidal  form."  {Iii/.  Ins.  p.  156.)  Consequently, 
as  I  know  that  the  embryo  Onhelimum  is  not  curled  up  in  the  egg, 
and  there  is  a  regular  gradation  in  the  shape  of  the  egg  from  Orcheli- 
mum  to  Platyplii/llum,  it  is  not  probable  that  any  Orthoptera  Saltatoria 
can  ever  be  curled  up  in  the  egg,  as  is  the  case  with  many  Lepidoptera, 
the  eggs  of  which  are  generally  more  or  less  spherical ;  whence  we  may 
conclude  that  the  embryo  Catydid  is  probably  only  about  one-half  longer 
than  wide  and  is  therefore  not  at  all  "  worm-like." 

'Ind.  Many  lepidopterous  larvas  are  anything  but  worm-like.  The 
larva  of  Limacodes  scapha  Harr.  and  generally  all  Liraacodian  larvae, 
and  the  larva  of  Papilio  Podalirius  (Europe)  which  is  said  to  be  "  snail- 
like," may  be  quoted  as  examples.  Are  we  to  conclude,  therefore, 
that  these  larvae  pass  their  worm-like  stage  in  the  egg,  like  Grass- 
hoppers, and  are  born  as  mature  insects,  with  the  exception  of  the 
wings  ?    And  if  not,  why  not  ? 

'ird.  No  insect  moults  its  external  integument,  after  assuming  the 
pupa  state,  until  its  final  change  into  the  imago,  and  no  imago  moults 


234  '*'  •  [September 

at  all.  If  then  the  young  Grrasshopper,  when  it  leaves  the  egg,  is  a 
pupa,  it  will  only  moult  once  before  it  becomes  an  imago  ;  and  if,  as 
Agassiz  seems  to  assert,  it  is  an  imago  when  it  leaves  the  egg,  it  will 
not  moult  at  all.  Now  what  are  the  facts  ?  Westwood,  the  most  in- 
variably accurate  of  all  modern  entomologists,  says  that  Orthoptera  ordi- 
narily moult  six  times,  viz.  four  times  in  the  larva  state,  once  when 
they  pass  into  the  pupa  state,  and  once  when  they  pass  into  the  imago 
state  (Intr.  I.  p.  411);  and  this  is  pretty  generally  the  rule  with  all 
insects.  Indeed,  if  they  do  not  moult  after  hatching  out  from  the 
egg,  how  are  they  to  grow  ?  An  insect  has  a  horny  skeleton  on  the 
outside  to  which  its  mu.scles  are  attached,  just  as  a  Crustacean  has  a 
calcareous  skeleton  on  the  outside  to  which  its  muscles  are  attached  ; 
and  neither  skeleton  is  susceptible  of  gradual  enlargement,  like  the 
internal  skeleton  in  Vertebrata,  which  is  the  reason  of  the  well-known 
fact  that  the  Imago  in  insects  cannot  grow.  Hence,  instead  of  shed- 
ding their  flesh  and  sitting  in  their  hones,  as  Sidney  Smith  proposed  to 
do  in  hot  weather,  both  are  compelled  from  time  to  time  to  shed  their 
bones  and  sit  in  their  flesh,  until  Nature  provides  them  with  a  new 
skeleton,  which  in  its  turn  will  be  thrown  ofl'  so  soon  as  they  have  out- 
grown it. 

4^/i.  If  the  young  Gras.shopper,  at  the  moment  of  its  exclusion  from 
the  egg,  was  in  the  imago  state,  its  reproductive  system  would  be  already 
fully  developed  and  active.  Every  field-entomologist  knows  that  it  is 
not  so,  and  that  even  with  those  species  which  in  the  imago  have  wings 
scarcely  longer,  though  considerably  broader,  than  in  the  pupa,  the 
pupa  is  never  found  in  copulation. 

On  the  whole,  considering  the  enormous  variation  in  the  shape  of  those 
larvae,  which  even  Prof.  Agassiz  will  allow  to  be  true  larva3  and  not 
mere  wingless  imagos,  running  through  all  the  intermediate  grades 
from  the  short,  squat,  almost  spherical  larva  of  Copris  Carolina  (  Pror. 
Ent.  Sac.  Philad.,  Vol.  I,  Plate  I,  fig.  1.)  to  the  very  elongated,  worm- 
like larva  of  most  E later  id  ee  ;  and  considering  also  how  loo.se  and  in- 
definite are  such  phrases  as  "  worm-like,"  it  seems  rather  unphilosophi- 
cal  to  base  a  scientific  theory  upon  so  shifting  a  foundation. 


IV.  As  we  have  seen   that  Prof.  iVgassiz  traces  a  vague  analogy 
between  the  larva  state  of  insects  and  the  true  Worms,  so  he  traces 


18G4.]  •  -  285 

'another  vague  analogy  between  the  pupa  or  what  he  calls  the  Chrysalis 
state  of  insects  and  the  Crustacea.  {Methods  of  Study,  pp.  237,  312.) 
But  in  Crustacea  the  head  is  soldered  to  the  thorax  without  any  suture, 
while  in  the  pupa  of  Lepidoptera,  Hymenoptera,  Coleoptera,  Diptera 
and  the  true  Neuroptera,  which  even  Agassiz  does  not  assert  to  pass  the 
larval  and  pupal  states  in  the  egg,  the  head  is  connected  with  the  tho- 
rax by  a  very  distinct  connate  suture,  and  in  many  Coleoptera,  espe- 
cially Tetramera,  and  most  Hymenoptera  and  Neuroptera  there  is,  in 
addition,  a  very  distinct  constriction  or  neck  at  this  suture,  thus  oflFer- 
ing  not  even  the  faintest  resemblance  to  the  Crustacean  Cephalothorax. 
I  say  nothing  of  the  other  Orders  or  Suborders,  where  there  exists  a 
perfectly  free  suture  between  the  head  and  the  thorax  of  the  pupa, 
because  these  are  probably  the  very  groups  which  Agassiz  believes  to 
pass  the  larval  and  pupal  states  in  the  egg.  In  another  passage  an 
analogy  is  traced  between,  on  the  one  hand,  the  larva  state  of  insects 
and  the  elongated,  worm-like  Centipedes,  (Myriapoda,)  and,  on  the 
other  hand  between  the  pupa  state  of  insects  and  the  spiders  (Arach- 
nida)  with  their  head  and  thorax  confluent  as  in  the  Crustaceans. 
{Ibid.  pp.  75-6  and  compare  p.  312.)  To  this  last  analogy  there  is 
precisely  the  same  fatal  objection  as  to  the  first.* 

*  There  is  a  remarkable  genus  of  ant-like  spiders — whether  described  or  not 
I  do  not  know,  though  it  is  not  mentioned  either  by  Latreille  or  Say — with  a 
very  strong  medial  constriction  in  the  thorax  so  as  to  apjjear  to  have  a  distinct 
head.  This  seeming  head  is  subquadrangular,  and  bears  a  small  eye  at  each 
of  the  four  angles  and  on  the  depressed  frontal  surface  two  enormously  large 
ones,  each  nearly  ^  as  wide  as  the  head,  making  six  in  all.  But  there  is  no 
connate  suture  or  free  articulation  whatever  at  the  constriction,  as  I  ascer- 
tained from  the  recent  specimen,  and  the  front  pair  of  legs  arise  from  this 
seeming  head  and  not  from  the  other  part  of  the  thorax.  The  posterior  pair  of 
legs  are  much  longer  than  the  others,  the  other  .3  pair  alike  in  every  respect. 
The  paljii  are  about  i  as  long  as  the  front  legs,  3-jointed,  each  successive  joint 
slightly  shorter  than  the  preceding.  The  other  parts  of  the  mouth  are  small 
and  indistinct.  If  undescribed,  this  genus  may  be  called  Mj/rmecarachna,  from 
the  great  resemblance  to  the  worker  ant.  In  the  Scorpion ide  genus  Chelifer, 
also,  of  which  I  possess  Ch.  ohlongus  Say,  the  thora.x  is  divided  by  two  trans- 
verse slightly  indented  lines  into  3  portions,  the  anterior  one  of  which  bears 
the  eyes  and  the  brachiform  palpi  and  the  otlier  two  portions  the  4  pairs  of 
legs. 


236  [September 

V.  In  the  course  of  this  last  speculation,  one  of  the  proofs  offered  is, 
that  "•  the  earliest  condition  of  an  animal  cannot  be  its  hiohest  condi- 
tion — it  does  not  pass  from  a  more  perfect  to  a  less  perfect  state  of 
existence."  {Ibid.  p.  75.)  This  is  generally,  but  not  universally,  true. 
Westwood  has  well  observed  that  "  the  case  of  the  bark-lice  (coccidae) 
clearly  proves  that  annulose  animals  may  exist,  which  become  more 
and  more  imperfect  as  they  approach  the  imago  state;"  and  that  in 
that  state  the  females  "  lose  all  trace  of  articulations  in  the  body  as 
well  as  of  articulated  limbs,  becoming  in  fact  inert  and  fixed  masses  of 
animal  matter,  motionless  and  apparently  senseless."  (Litr.  II.  p.  444.) 
Again,  in  some  genera  of  the  Crustacean  Cirripedes,  (barnacles,  &c.) 
according  to  Darwin,  '■  the  larvae  become  developed  either  into  herma- 
phrodites having  the  ordinary  structure,  or  into  what  are  called  com- 
plemental  males ;  and  in  the  latter  the  development  has  assuredly 
been  retrograde ;  for  the  male  is  a  mere  sack,  which  lives  for  a  short 
time,  and  is  destitute  of  mouth,  stomach  or  other  organ  of  importance, 
excepting  for  reproduction."  {Origin  of  Species,  p.  384.)  Prof.  Dana, 
who  denies  the  theory  of  Agassiz  that  Lepidoptera  are  the  highest 
insects,  which  is  based  upon  the  above  assertion,  and  who  maintains 
that  Hymenoptera  are  the  highest,  quotes  the  adult,  attached,  plant- 
like condition  of  the  defunctionate  Barnacle  or  Anatifa,  and  of  other 
species  which  become  attached  in  the  adult  state,  as  another  example 
of  general  decline  in  grade  in  the  adult  state.  (SiUiman's  Journal, 
May,  1864,  p.  19,  note.)  So  far  as  regards  the  question  of  the  rela- 
tive superiority  of  the  different  Orders  of  Insects,  it  cannot.  I  think, 
be  decided  from  the  consideration  of  any  one  character,  whether  the 
nature  of  the  metamorphosis  upon  which  Agassiz  chiefly  relies,  or  the 
functions  of  the  wings  upon  which  Dana  chiefly  relies ;  but  upon  a 
general  review  of  all  the  characters  of  each  Order.  The  first  method 
is  artificial,  the  second  natural. 


VI.  Prof.  J.  D.  Dana  has  recently  published  an  entirely  new  Classi- 
fication of  Insects,  based,  as  he  says,  upon  his  new  principle  of  Cepha- 
lization.  {Si/limans  Journal,  Vol.  37,  pp.  10 — 33.)  The  following- 
Table  represents  in  a  condensed  form  the  leading  features  of  this  very 
ingenious,  but  somewhat  vague  and  indefinite  arrangement. 


1864.]  237 

PTEROPROSTHENICS.— Front  wings  not  elytriform. 

I.  APIPENS.— Wings  like  those  of  a  bee. 

1.  Hymenopters.     Perterrestrial.     Permaturative.* 

2.  Dipters.     Mostly  perterrestrial.     Permaturative. 

3.  Aphanipters.     (Fleas.)     Perterrestrial.     Permaturative. 

II.  AMPLIPENS.— Wings  large. 

1.  Lepidopters.     Perterrestrial.     Permaturative. 

•3.  Homopters.     Perterrestrial.     Prematurative. 

3.  Trichopters.     (Phryganeids.)     Semiaquatic.     Permaturative. 

III.  ATTENUATES.  (Neuropters.)— Body,  legs  and  wings  slender. 

1.  Apipenniforms.  Perterrestrial.  Permaturative  or  prematurative. 

a.  Termitideans.     Hymenopteroid. 

b.  Panorpideans.     Dipteroid. 

c.  Group  unknoion.     Aphanipteroid. 

2.  Amplipenniforms.     Perterrestrial  or  semiaquatic.     Permatura- 

tive or  prematurative. 
a.  Planipcnnians.   Lepidopteroid.  (Myrmeleontids,  Hemerobiids, 

Nymphids,f  Mantispids  and  Semblids.) 
\  h.  Psocideans.     Homopteroid. 

c.  Perlideans.     Trichopteroid. 

3.  Perattenuates  or  Typical  Neuropters.     Semiaquatic.     Prematu- 

rative. 

a.  Lihellulideans. 

b.  Ephemerideans. 

PTEROMETASTHENICS.— Front  wings  elytriform. 

1.  Coleopters.     Mostly  terrestrial.     Permaturative. 

2.  Hemipters.     (Heteropters  and  Pediculids.)     Mostly  terrestrial. 

Prematurative. 

3.  Orthopters.     Terrestrial.     Prematurative. 

a.  Cursors.     Coleopteroid.     (Forflculids  and  Blattids.) 

b.  Ambulators.   Hemipteroid.  (Mantids,  Phasmids  and  Nirmids.) 

c.  Saltators  or  typical  Orthoptera. 

THYSANURES  or  APTERS.-Wingless. 

1.  Lepismians. 

2.  Podiirians. 

2.  Unknown  degradational  group. 

*  By  "  perterrestrial"  as  opposed  to  semiaquatic,"  Prof.  Dana  means  that  the 
larva  is  not  aquatic  with  aquatic  respiration,  and  by  "permaturative"  as  op- 
posed to  "prematurative"  that  the  imago  is  altogether  unlike  the  larva,  or  as 
it  is  commonly  phrased,  that  the  metamorphosis  is  complete. 

1 1  am  unable  to  conjecture  what  Neuropterous  group  is  here  referred  to  by 
the  term  "Nymphids."  No  such  family  or  genus  is  mentioned  either  by  La- 
treille,  Westwood,  Hagen  or  any  other  writer  known  to  me.     It  cannot  be  the 


238  [September 

"  The  number  of  subdivisions  in  the  groups,  both  the  lower  and  the 
higher,"  says  Prof.  Dana,  "  is  three^  as  in  most  of  the  Classes  and  Or- 
ders that  came  under  consideration  in  Article  1st."  (p.  27.)  Yes,  but 
this  symmetry  is  only  obtained  by  making  Aphaniptera  (the  fleas)  of 
equal  systematic  value  with  Hymenoptera  and  Diptera,  and  Trichop- 
tera  of  equal  value  with  Lepidoptera  and  Homoptera;  by  splitting  up 
what  remains  of  Neuroptera,  after  removing  Trichoptera,  into  three 
groups  of  equal  value  with  Hymenoptera,  Diptera,  &c. ;  by  placing 
Homoptera  in  the  first  Primary  Division,  and  the  closely  allied  Hemip- 
tera  (heteroptera)  in  the  second  Primary  Division ;  by  uniting  Forfi- 
culidse  and  Blattidae  together  as  Cursors,  and  Mantidfe  and  Phasmidae 
together  as  Ambulators ;  and  finally  by  assuming  the  existence  of  an 
unknown  aphanipteroid  group  in  the  Apipenniform  Attenuates,  of  an 
unknown  degradational  group  in  Aptera,  and  as  it  should  seem,  though 
Prof.  Dana  does  not  expressly  say  so,  of  a  third  unknown  group,  to 
complete  the  mystical  number  three,  in  the  Perattenuate  Attenuates. 

I  protest,  in  the  name  of  science,  against  this  arithmetical  monoma- 
nia, which  is  perpetually  seeking  to  fetter  the  limbs  of  Nature  in  mathe- 
matical formulae.  The  world  has  had  about  enough  of  ternary,  quinary 
and  septenary  systems ;  but  from  the  fatal  facility  with  which  they  arc 
generated,  it  does  not  seem  likely  that  the  breed  of  them  will  very 
soon  run  out.  Nothing  is  easier  than  by  subdividing  some  natural 
groups  and  uniting  others,  and  by  giving  prominence  to  certain  charac- 
ters and  keeping  others  in  the  back  ground,  to  form  an  artificial  system 
of  classification  based  upon  any  assignable  arithmetical  number  from 
two  up  to  ten.  And  when  such  systems  are  formed,  what  are  they 
worth  ?     Absolutely  nothing. 

It  is  perhaps  hypercritical  to  quarrel  with  a  mere  name,  but  we  can 
scarcely  fail  to  observe  that  this  new  system  of  Prof.  Dana's  is  not,  as 
it  professes  to  be,  based  upon  his  principle  of  Cephalization.  As  ori- 
ginally expounded  by  him  in  Crustacea,  Cephalization  consists  in  "the 
transfer  of  the  anterior  members  of  the  thorax  to  the  cephalic  series," 

subfamily  Corydalides  West.,  because  the  "Nymphids"  are  classed  as  "perter- 
restrial."  (p.  22.)  The  only  other  Neuropterous  group  left  unnamed  by  Prof. 
Dana  is  Rhaphidiidce  Westw.,  which  Hagen  unite*  with  Sialitia=^Semblids  Dana, 
and  Embidina  Hagen,  which  had  previously  been  referred  to  Termitina.  Nym- 
phidia  is  a  genus  of  Butterflies. 


1864.]  •  239 

{Sill.  Jour)i.,  Vol.  35,  p.  66,)  or  in  other  words  in  lega  being  converted 
into  head-organs.  And  in  Crustacea  this  character  really  appears  to 
be  of  high  systematic  value.  It  by  no  means  follows,  however,  as  every 
Naturalist  is  well  aware,  that  because  a  character  is  of  high  systematic 
value  in  one  group,  it  will  be  of  equally  high  value,  or  of  any  value  at 
all,  in  another  group.  The  neuration  of  the  wings  is  of  high  systema- 
tic value  in  most  Orders  of  insects,  but  in  Coleoptera  it  is  utterly  worth- 
less, or  at  all  events,  according  to  LeConte,  "  no  results  of  importance 
for  classification  have  yet  been  obtained  by  the  study  of  the  venation 
of  these  organs."  (^Intr.  Col.  p.  xviii.)  Again,  in  Odonata  the  neura- 
tion is  very  constant  in  the  same  species  and  differs  very  much  in  dif- 
ferent genera ;  whereas  in  the  closely  allied  Perlina  the  neuration  is 
very  inconstant  in  the  same  species,  insomuch  that  the  number  of  sub- 
terminal  cross-veins  varies  from  2  to  12  in  different  specimens  of  the 
same  species  (Acroneuria  ahnormis  Newm.),  and  in  the  right  and  left 
wing  of  the  same  specimen  there  is  sometimes  a  difference  of  4  subter- 
minal  cross-veins,  {Acr.  ahnormis  Newm.  and  Perla  varians  Walsh) ; 
while  on  the  other  hand  the  neuration  of  this  family  differs  compara- 
tively but  little  in  the  different  genera.  Hence  it  results  that  in  Odo- 
nata the  neuration  is  of  the  highest  systematic  value,  and  in  Perlina 
of  much  lower  value. 

If  we  apply  the  principle  of  Cephalization  in  its  original  signification 
to  Insects,  we  shall  find  that  there  are  certain  families  and  irenera,  e.  sr. 
in  Orthoptera  Mantidae,  in  Neuroptera  Mandspa,  in  Heteroptera  3Ii/o- 
docha,  Phymata.,  Macrocephalus.,  Syrtis,  Reduviidse  and  Ne.pidse^  and  in 
Diptera  Hemerodromia.,  which  have  what  are  commonly  known  as  rapto- 
rial front  legs ;  in  other  words  the  front  legs  are  used,  not  as  legs  but  as 
arms  to  catch  their  prey  with.  In  other  species,  e.  g.  the  dipterous 
Galohata  antennsepes  Say,  which  takes  its  name  from  that  peculiarity, 
and  in  many  Nemocerous  Diptera,  the  front  legs  are  not  used  at  all  for 
locomotive  purposes,  but  are  elevated  in  the  air  and  vibrated  after  the 
fashion  of  antennae.  Here  therefore  it  is  strictly  true  that  "  the  ante- 
rior members  of  the  thorax  are  transferred  to  the  cephalic  series;"  and 
if,  as  Prof.  Dana  maintains,  the  cephalization  of  the  anterior  pair  of 
limbs  in  Man,  or  in  other  words  the  conversion  of  his  front  limbs  into 
arms,  "places  Man  apart  from  the  whole  series  of  Mammals"  {Sill. 
Journ.^  Vol.  35,  p.  68),  then  by  parity  of  reasoning,  if  the  principle  of 


240  [September 

Cephalization  is  universally  applicable,  all  the  above-mentioned  fiiTnilies 
and  genera  of  Insects  ought  to  be  placed  in  a  group  by  themselves. 

Instead  of  doing  this,  however.  Prof.  Dana  has  based  his  new  Clas- 
sification primarily,  not  upon  the  functions  of  the  front  legs,  of  which 
he  takes  no  notice  whatever,  but  upon  the  functions  of  the  wings, 
according  to  the  greater  or  less  degree  in  which  the  front  wings  are 
thickened,  so  as  to  perform  the  function,  not  of  wings,  but  of  elytra 
or  wing-cases.  It  is  difficult  to  see  how,  even  in  Ooleoptera  where  the 
front  wings  are  completely  useless  for  flying  and  merely  serve  to  pro- 
tect the  hind  wings  in  repose,  those  organs  are  any  more  "  cephalized" 
or  converted  into  head-organs  than  in  his  Pteroprosthenics.  At  all 
events,  if  Ooleoptera  are  inferior  to  Diptera,  because  their  flying  organs 
are  placed  further  back  from  the  head,  Diptera  must  be  superior  to 
Hymenoptera,  because  the  Dipterous  wing  is  placed  one  half-segment 
nearer  to  the  head  than  the  central  point  common  to  the  front  and 
hind  wing  in  Hymenoptera ;  whereas,  according  to  this  new  system, 
Hymenoptera  are  superior  to  Diptera. 

The  minor  divisions  of  this  system  are  based  either  upon  loose,  in- 
definite, unexplained  resemblances,  such  as  that  of  the  wings  of  the 
Apipens  to  the  wings  of  a  bee,  the  Aphanipterous  Apipens  having  only 
the  merest  rudiments  of  wings,  or  upon  vague  statements  of  the  com- 
parative largeness  of  the  wings  or  the  comparative  slimness  of  the  body 
and  its  appendages,  (Amplipens  and  Attenuates,)  which  although  gen- 
erally are  by  no  means  universally  true — witness  the  narrow,  lanceolate, 
almost  thread-like  wings  of  many  Microlepidopterous  Amplipens,  and 
the  short,  robust  bodies  of  the  Psocidian  Attenuates — or  finally  upon 
fanciful  analogies,  which  are  occasionally  founded  upon  the  erroneous 
statements  of  preceding  authors,  as  will  be  hereafter  shown  in  the  case 
of  Perlina.  In  none  of  these  minor  divisions  is  there  any  attempt 
whatever  made  to  trace  any  connection  with  the  head,  and  therefore, 
so  far  as  they  are  concerned,  the  name  of  Cephalization  is  certainly  a 
misnomer. 

But  allowing  that  the  more  or  less  partial  conversion  of  the  front 
wings  into  elytra  amounts  to  a  decephalization,  and  allowing  still  fur- 
ther that  the  character  of  cephalization  is  of  high  systematic  value  in 
Insecta,  surely  instead  of  classing  Hemiptera  (heteroptera)  as  inferior 
to  Ooleoptera,  and  Orthoptera  as  inferior  to  Hemiptera,  we  ought  to 


1864.]  241 

adopt  the  exactly  opposite  arrangement.  For  Coleoptera  have  the  front 
wings  entirely  elytriforni,  Heniiptera  (heteroptera)  only  about  one-half 
elytriform,  and  Orthoptera  scarcely  or  but  slightly  elytriform.  These 
groups  therefore,  according  to  Dana's  own  principles,  ought  to  stand 
1  Orthoptera,  2  Hemiptera,  3  Coleoptera,  instead  of  1  Coleoptera,  2 
Hemiptera,  3  Orthoptera.  But  this  would  necessitate  the  abandonment 
of  the  idea,  that  the  Cursorial  Orthopters  are  coleopteroid  and  the 
Ambulatorial  Orthopters  hemipteroid,  or  else  destroy  the  symmetry  of 
the  analogies  that  run  through  the  whole  system.  Consequently,  for 
the  sake  of  symmetry,  the  very  principle  upon  which  the  whole  system 
professes  to  be  founded,  has  been  violated. 

Although  Prof.  Dana  takes  no  notice  whatever  of  the  above-men- 
tioned very  remarkable  "  Cephalization"  of  the  front  legs  in  certain 
families  and  genera  of  insects,  he  observes  that  "  as  there  are  ptero- 
prosthenic  and  ^J^'rometasthenic  insects,  so  there  are  por^oprosthenic, 
or  those  in  which  the  anterior  legs  are  stronger  than  the  posterior,  and 
porfometasthenic,  or  those  in  which  the  posterior  are  the  main  organs 
of  locomotion.  Fleas  and  grasshoppers,"  he  continues,  "  as  they  use 
their  hind  legs  for  leaping,  are  examples  of  the  latter  ;  and  this  sthenic 
difference  in  the  feet,  though  of  less  weight  as  a  mark  of  grade  than 
that  in  the  wings,  is  of  real  value  among  inferior  subdivisions,"  (p.  14.) 
He  subsequently  remarks  that  the  fact  of  the  Grasshoppers,  &c.  (Orthop- 
tera Saltatoria)  "  being  strongly  podometasthenic  is  a  mark  of  low  in- 
feriority," (p.  25.) 

It  is  observable  that  in  the  single  Order  Coleoptera,  the  genus  Lac- 
cophilus  in  the  family  Dytiscidae,  the  genus  Scirtes  in  the  family  Das- 
cyllidae,  the  genus  Orchesia  in  the  family  Melandryidae,  the  genus 
Orchestes  in  the  family  Curculionidae,  the  whole  subfamily  Halticidae, 
and  the  genus  Blepharida  in  the  family  Chrysomelidae,  are  all  "  podo- 
metasthenic" and  have  thickened  and  saltatorial  hind  legs.  If  this 
peculiarity  is  really,  as  Dana  asserts,  "  a  mark  of  low  inferiority,"  it  is 
singular  that  it  should  occur  in  Coleoptera  in  so  apparently  capricious 
a  manner.  Even  when  it  runs  through  a  whole  subfamily,  as  in  Halti- 
cidae, it  would  be  difficult  to  give  any  other  reason  than  the  absence  of 
saltatory  power,  why  Gralerucidae,  which  do  not  jump,  are  superior  to 
the  very  closely  allied  Halticidae,  which  jump  vigorously. 


242  [September 

VII.  As  might  be  naturally  expected  from  the  fact  that  Entomology 
is  not  Prof.  Dana's  speciality,  there  are  a  few  slightly  erroneous  state- 
ments scattered  here  and  there  throughout  his  Paper,  some  of  which  I 
shall  now  proceed  to  notice. 

1.  The  wings  of  Apipens  are  said  to  be  "  free  from  scales  and  other 
defunctionating  appendages  or  impediments,"  and  to  be  '•  rapid  in  mo- 
tion," (p.  15.)  But  the  wings  of  the  Dipterous  Cecidomt/ia^  for  ex- 
ample, are  covered  with  short,  appressed  hairs  and  ciliated  with  long 
hairs,  and  the  Xemocerous  genera  Erioptcra  (woolly-wings)  and  La- 
siopfera  (shaggy-wings)  take  their  names  from  similar  peculiarities ; 
and  Loew  well  remarks  that  "  most  nemocerous  diptera  are  poor  fliers." 
(^Amher-dipfera,  p.  308.) 

2.  "  Hymenoptera,"  we  are  told,  "  are  the  most  uniform  in  shape  or 
size  of  Apipens.  *  *  Among  them  there  are  no  imitations  of  the  forms 
in  other  tribes,  while  they  are  extensively  copied  after — a  characteristic 
peculiar  to  a  type  of  the  very  highest  grade,"  (p.  15.)  Surely  Apha- 
niptera  (the  fleas)  are  far  more  uniform  in  shape  and  size  than  Hyme- 
noptera, which  run  from  two  inches  long  to  an  almost  microscopic 
minuteness.  Again,  if  names  prove  anything  in  this  rather  indefinite 
and  imaginative  matter  of  imitative  forms,  there  is  among  the  bees  a 
Xylocopa  tahaniformis  Smith,  among  the  ants  a  Cri/ptocerus  araneolus 
Sm.,  among  the  fo.ssorial  wasps  a  Matllla  arachnoides  Sm.  and  M.  ara- 
neoides  Sm.,  and  among  the  Ichneumons  an  Amitus  aleurodinus  Hald. 

3.  A.  passage  from  a  Paper  by  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  is  quoted  with 
approbation,  (p.  16,  note,)  in  which  that  writer,  referring  to  Laphria* 

*Say  remarks  of  the  genus  Laphria  that  "the  larvse  live  probably  in  the 
earth,"  and  Westwood  says  generally  of  Asilidoe  that  "  the  larvae  reside  under 
ground  and  feed  on  the  roots  of  plants."  (Say  I.  p.  11,  and  Westw.  Int7:  II.  p. 
549.)  I  have  bred  many  specimens  of  Laphria  fulvicauda  Say,  from  pupae 
which  occurred  sparingly  under  the  bark  of  black  oaks  which  had  been  felled 
a  year  or  more.  This  species  therefore  cannot  feed  in  the  larva  state  on  living 
vegetable  matter,  and  probably  feeds  on  subcortical  larvae.  As  a  general  rule, 
I  believe  that  species  that  are  insectivorous  in  the  imago  state,  which  it  is  well 
known  that  the  AsllidcE  Are.,  are  insectivorous  in  the  larva  state  also;  though 
there  are  whole  groups,  e.  g.  Ichneumonidoe,  that  are  insectivorous  in  the  larva 
state  but  feed  in  the  imago  state  on  honey  and  pollen.  Some  day  or  other, 
when  tne  practical  importance  of  Economic  Entomology  shall  be  more  gene- 
rally recognized,  this  matter  of  insectivorous  larvte  will  be  more  carefully 
looked  into. 


18G4.]  243 

as  an  imitative  or  "  synthetic"  type  of  Bomhus,  observes  that  "  Laphria 
closely  apes  the  humble-bee  in  its  form,  coloration,  size  and  flight,  even 
to  the  buzz  which  is,  if  anything,  still  louder.  *  *  The  plump  bee- 
like form  and  the  dense  yellow  and  black  hirsuties,  which  cause  them 
to  be  mistaken  for  humble-bees  by  persons  unacquainted  with  their 
structural  diiferenees,  are  just  those  features  that  are  exceptional  in 
the  Diptera  and  are  normal  in  the  Hymenoptera."  But,  Isf,  a 
"plump,  bee-like  form"  is  by  no  means  universal  in  all  Laphria,  as 
may  be  seen  at  once  from  the  figures  in  the  sixth  Plate  in  Say's  Works. 
2nd.  The  colors  yellow  and  black  are  by  no  means  universal  in  all 
Bomhus.  Several  European  species,  e.  g.  B.  lapidarius  Fabr.,  are  ru- 
fous and  black,  and  a  dozen  N.  A.  species  described  in  Mr.  Cresson's 
Paper  are  partly  reddish,  '^rd.  The  colors  yellow  and  black  are  by  no 
means  universal  in  all  Laphria.  In  some,  e.  g.  L.fidvicauda  Say  and  L. 
saniosa  Say,  the  colors  are  fulvous  and  black  or  sanguineous  and.black, 
and  some  are  all  black  with  short  cinereous  hairs,  as  L.  dorsata  Say 
and  L.  macrocera  Say.  4<A.  "  Hirsuties"  is  by  means  universal  in  all 
Laphria.  L.  dorsata  Say,  as  may  be  readily  seen  from  Say's  figure, 
is  nearly  smooth.  Mr.  Packard  seems  to  have  had  in  his  mind  only 
two  or  three  species  of  Laphria — thoracica  Fabr.,  Jiavicollis  Say  and 
tergissa  Say,  the  last  of  which  certainly  "buzzes"  very  much  like  a 
Bomhus — when  he  established  his  sweeping  generalizations,  bth.  In- 
stead of  "  hirsuties"  being  the  rule  in  Hymenoptera  it  is  the  exception, 
neither  would  it  be  a  very  easy  matter  to  prove  that  there  are  more 
hairy  species  in  Hymenoptera  than  in  Diptera,  especially  if  we  take  into 
account  the  extensive  bristly  family  of  Tachinadse.  The  great  bulk  of 
Hymenoptera,  whether  we  consider  the  number  of  genera  or  of  species, 
belong  to  the  Parasitic  families,  Ichueumonidse,  Chalcididse,  Proetotru- 
pidae,  &c.,  and  I  do  not  know  a  single  species  of  them  that  is  at  all 
hairy.  The  only  hairy  Tenthredinidous  genus  that  I  am  acquainted 
with  is  Trichiosoma.  Uroceridse  and  Ci/nipidse  are  none  of  them  hairy, 
nor,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  are  any  of  the  Fossorial  Wasps  or  the  Ants 
or  the  true  Wasps  hirsute,  except  a  few  Scoliidse  and  MutiUidse,  which 
are  slightly  so.  Even  among  the  bees,  which  Mr.  Packard  seems  to 
have  had  exclusively  in  view,  there  are,  as  is  well  known,  whole  groups 
which  have  no  "hirsuties"  whatever.  Neither  is  it  the  case,  if  we 
look  through  all  the  families,  that  "plumpness"  is  any  more  charac- 


244  [September 

teristic  of  Hymenoptera  than  of  Diptera.  I  know  no  Dipteron  that 
comes  anywhere  near  the  very  elongate  and  attenuate  form  of  the 
Hymenopterous  Pelecinus  polycerator  $  Drury. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  here  as  doubting  or  denying  the  fact, 
of  there  being  often  a  very  striking  resemblance  between  insects  be- 
longrinor  to  different  Orders  and  different  families  of  the  same  Order, 
but  only  the  assumption  that  is  made,  that  of  two  similar  forms,  A  and 
B,  it  is  B  that  imitates  A,  not  A  that  imitates  B,  and  the  inference 
drawn  therefrom,  that  the  group  to  which  A  belongs  is  superior  to  that 
to  which  B  belongs.  Because  an  ^Ejeria  is  named  hombiformis,  it  is 
concluded  that  it  is  JSgeria  that  imitates  Bombus,  not  Bombus  that 
imitates  ^geria;  but  when  a  Dipterous  genus  is  named  Bittacomorpha 
from  the  Neuropterous  genus  Blttacus,  the  corresponding  conclusion 
that  the  Dipteron  imitates  the  Neuropteron  is  passed  over  in  silence. 
The  Dipterous  Toxophora  segeriifonnis  Westw.,  as  its  name  denotes, 
imitates  an  ^gen'a ;  but  according  to  Dana's  theory,  it  must  be  the 
^ge.ria  that  imitates  the  Toxophora^  not  the  Toxophora  that  imitates 
the  jEgeria.  All  that  we  can  safely  say  in  this  matter  is  what  Latreille 
said  long  ag-o,  viz.  that  "  Nature  seems  to  work  after  a  certain  limited 
number  of  patterns,  which  she  reproduces  with  modifications  in  widely 
distinct  classes  and  orders;"  (quoted  Westw.  Intr.  I.  p.  326,  note);  in 
other  words,  to  drop  all  metaphorical  language,  that  there  appears  to 
be  a  genetic  connection  between  widely  removed  species  of  the  same 
subkingdom.  That  this  iteration  of  peculiar  types  is  sometimes  con- 
fined to  single  species,  is  proved  by  the  fact  of  the  long,  uniquely- 
shaped  tail  in  the  hind  wings  of  a  North  American  moth,  Attacus  Inna 
Linn.,  being  exactly  reproduced  in  the  hind  wing  of  a  North  American 
butterfly,  Hesperia  (^gonilaba)  proteus  Godart,  the  other  Attacus  hav- 
ing no  vestiges  of  any  tail  and  the  other  Goniloba  having  only  a  short 
rudimental  one.  The  great  truth,  which  was  foreshadowed  years  ago  by 
the  illustrious  French  entomologist,  is  also  deducible  from  a  fact  which 
Prof  Dana  has  well  insisted  on,  viz.  that  in  the  several  Classes  and 
Orders  of  Annulata  there  exist  definite  limits  of  size,  within  which 
each  is  confined,  and  which  differ  materially  in  the  different  Classes 
and  in  the  different  Orders.  Still  more  obvious  is  this  law  in  the  case 
of  the  inferior  subdivisions,  such  as  families,  subfamilies  and  genera ; 
and  the  lower  down  in  the  series  we  go,  or  in  other  words  the  closer  the 


1864.]  245 

genetic  connection  becomes,  the  narrower  become  the  limits  within 
which  each  group  is  confined.  The  coleopterous  genus  Lucanus,  for 
instance,  varies  in  length  from  about  2  to  1  inch,  while  the  coleopte- 
rous genus  Trichopteryx  never  exceeds  tj',,  inch  in  length.  Unless  we 
are  satisfied  with  Uncle  Toby's  philosophy,  that  it  has  pleased  God  to 
make  them  so,  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  any  possible  reason,  why,  if 
every  species  was  independently  created,  there  should  not  exist  Lucanus 
as  small  as  Trklinptcryx^  and  Trlchopterijx  as  large  as  Lucatms. 

There  is  another  assumption  often  made  by  writers  in  regard  to  this 
matter  of  imitative  forms,  which  I  think  is  equally  unsupported  by 
facts.  Several  parasitic  insects  have  a  strong  general  resemblance  to 
the  insects  upon  which  they  are  parasitic,  though  in  a  Natural  Clas- 
sification they  are  widely  distinct,  e.  g.  certain  species  of  Volucella 
and  Bonihuii.  Hence  it  is  inferred  that  the  parasite  is  mistaken  by 
the  insect  upon  which  it  preys  for  an  individual  of  its  own  species. 
(Kirby  &  Sp.  Intr.^  Letter  21,  p.  407.)  But  to  assume  this  is  to  as- 
sume, not  only  that  insects  are  far  more  stupid  than  from  long  obser- 
vation I  believe  them  to  be,  but  also  that  the  senses  of  Annulata  are 
homologous  to  the  senses  of  Vertebrata,  whereas  such  facts  as  Bees 
flying  home  in  a  straight  line  through  the  densest  forests  and  male 
moths  flying  down  chimneys  to  reach  their  females,  prove  that  some  of 
their  senses  at  all  events  must  be  constructed  on  a  different  type. 
There  is  no  proof  whatever  that  substances  which  seem  to  us  exactly 
of  the  same  color  appear  to  insects  of  the  same  color.  The  yellow  hairs 
of  one  insect  may  to  them  seem  red  and  the  yellow  hairs  of  another 
blue,  just  as  certain  human  eyes  are  what  is  called  "  color-blind,"  and 
by  candle-light  to  most  of  us  blue  appears  to  be  green.  The  Volucella 
certainly  looks  like  a  Bomhus  in  our  eyes,  but  it  by  no  means  follows 
that  it  looks  like  a  Bomhus  in  the  many-fticetted  organs,  which  we  call 
eyes,  of  the  Bomhus  itself.  Just  so,  the  stars  in  the  firmament  appear, 
it  is  said,  in  our  eyes  like  the  luminous  dots  in  the  Ovarian  egg,  but  it 
by  no  means  follows,  as  Agassiz  suggests,  that  in  the  eyes  of  an  Omni- 
present Creator,  which  are  not  subject  as  ours  are  to  the  laws  of  per- 
spective, the  stars  in  the  firmament  have  such  an  appearance,  and 
therefore  that  "  the  thoughts  which  have  been  embodied  in  the  uni- 
verse are  recalled  within  the  little  egg."  {Methods  of  Study,  p.  288.) 
Of  the  whole  number  of  parasitic  insects  certainly  not  one  in  a  hundred 


246  [September 

resembles  in  our  eyes  the  insect  it  preys  on,  and  the  fact  of  the  hun- 
dredth parasite  being  alike  may  well  be  attributed  to  chance,  or  to 
speak  with  more  precision  to  the  genetic  connection  between  all  Annu- 
lata.  If  '■  imitative"  forms  only  occurred  in  parasitical  families  in 
such  species  as  prey  upon  the  species  which  they  imitate,  there  would 
be  more  plausibility  in  the  common  hypothesis  ;  but  it  is  not  so.  Co- 
iiops  sayittaria  Say,  as  Harris  has  remarked,  {Inj.  Jan.  p.  611,) 
"  might  almost  be  mistaken  for  a  Eumenea,''  and  in  the  shape  of  its 
abdomen  Goaopa  also  recalls  the  fossorial  genus  Tri/poxi/loti  and  the  % 
of  the  Evaniide  genus  Pdecinus.  But  instead  of  Gonop.t  being  para- 
sitic upon  Eumcnes  or  Trjjpoxi/lo)i^  or  Peleciniis,  all  known  Conops  are 
parasitic  upon  the  very  dissimilar  family  of  bees  and  especially  humble- 
bees,  with  the  exception  of  two  species,  which  are  parasitic  upon 
fossorial  wasps,  but  not  upon  Trijpnxylon  or  Eumenex,  but  upon 
Pompilm  and  Odijnerus^  to  which  they  bear  but  small  resemblance. 
(West.  hitr.  II.  p.  560-1.  Saunders  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lonion,  n.  s. 
Vol.  4.  PI.  28.  St.  Farg.  Hjjmen.  I.  p.  45i3.)  Again,  it  was  long 
ago  remarked  that  the  Dipterous  genus  Sij^tropxis  strongly  resem- 
bles the  Hymenopterous  genus  Ammophila.,  and  so  it  certainly  does. 
(West.  Jntr.  II.  p.  543.)  But  Si/stropua  mace)-  Lw.,  or  as  I  wrongly 
named  it  Conops  analis?  Fabr.,  instead  of  being  parasitic  on  Am- 
mophila,  as  the  common  theory  would  lead  us  to  suppose,  is  para- 
sitic, as  I  have  shown,  on  an  insect  that  is  altogether  unlike  a  Systro- 
pus,  and  does  not  even  belong  to  the  Order  Hymeuoptera  but  to  the 
Lepidopterous  Heteroeera.  (See  my  Paper  Proc.  B.  S.  iV.  //I,  Feb. 
1864,  p.  300.) 

When  I  here  speak  of  parasitic  insects,  I  distinctly  exclude  those 
which  are  sometimes  called  parasites,  but  more  correctly  Inquilines  or 
Gruest-flies,  such  as  the  inquilinous  Cynipidre,  certain  inquilinous  Ceci- 
domyia  of  which  I  shall  have  moi'e  to  say  on  a  future  occasion,  the 
Apide  genus  Coelioxys  and  the  Bombide  genus  Apathus.  (See  my 
Paper  on  Cynipidie,  Proc.  Ent.  Sue.  Pkilad.  II.  p.  478.)  Here  re- 
semblance of  form  and  color  is  accompanied  by  a  close  systematic  affin- 
ity, which  is  scarcely  ever  the  case  with  the  true  Parasites.  Hence  I 
conceive  it  to  be  perfectly  po.Hsible  that  the  Bomhus  may  mistake  the 
Apathus  for  an  individual  of  its  own  species,  but  that  it  can  so  mistake 


1864.]  247 

the  Dipterous  Yolncella.  I  do  not  believe.*  It  i.s  a  remarkable  fact  that 
the  Coleopterous  Rhiplphorun  pnrarloxmi  (Europe)  which  is  parasitic 
in  the  nests  of  Vfspa  vulgaris,  and  the  Lepidopterous  Gallcria  rrrr- 
ana  which  inhabits  the  nests  of  another  social  insect,  the  common 
honey-bee,  are  as  unlike  the  insects  among  which  they  live  as  it  is 
possible  to  conceive. 

4.  The  food  of  Diptera  and  of  Ooleoptera  is  said  to  be  "  vegetable, 
articulate-animal  or  vertebrate-animal,"  (pp.  17,  24.)    In  the  case  of  a 


*As  illustrative  of  the  possibility  of  Bombus  mistaking  Apathus  for  its  own 
species.  I  may  quote  here  a  remarkable  fact,  which  I  witnessed  the  very  day 
(Sej)t.  20)  that  I  received  the  proof  sheets  of  the  above. — Noticing  what  I  sup- 
posed to  be  a  9  Apathus  elatus  Fabr.  surmounted  by  a  %  on  the  flower  of  a  this- 
tle, but  not  in  actual  copulation,  and  having  long  sought  for  the  9  "^f  that  spe- 
cies in  vain,  thougli  the  %  %  occur  here  by  hundred,  I  wrapt  them  both  up  in 
my  handkerchief  and  took  them  straight  home.      On  turning  them  loose  into 
a  glass  vessel,  the  %  in  the  course  of  a  few  minutes  again  surmounted  the  9  • 
but  all  his  amorous  caresses  could  not  induce  her  to  withdraw  the  tip  of  her 
anus  from  under  her  abdomen.     In  about  five  or  ten  minutes,  he  desisted  and 
released  his  hold:  when  on  killing  them  I  was  astonished,  and  disappointed 
withal,  to  find  tliat  the  supposed  9  Apathus  elatus  was  nothing  but  a,*^  Bombus 
fervidus  Fab.,,  so  fresli   and  bright  that   it  evidently  belonged  to  the  newly- 
hatehed  autumnal   brood.     I  could  scarcely  believe  my  own  eyes  when  I  saw 
the  pollen-basket,  the  tooth   on  the  first  tarsal  joint  of  the  hind    leg,  the  anus 
directed  })ackwards   in  death,  and  the  broad,  obcuneiform,  striated  mandibles 
of  the  9-  and  the  convex  hind  tibife.  covered  with  short,  dense,  stubbly   bris- 
tles, and  devoid  of  any  polislied  s])ot  or  long  lateral  fringe,  in  the*^  .   Althougli 
the  caresses  of  the  incestuous  lover  were  firmly  rej)elled,  yet  tliere  was  evidently 
no  anger  or  hostility  on  the  part  of  the  lady;  for  she  made  no  attempt  eitlier  to 
bite  or  to  sting  him.  though  she  had  abundant  opportunity  to  do  either.     It  is 
remarkable  that,  so  far  as  known  at  present,  this  species  of  Apathus  does  not 
occur  in  tlie  nests  o{  B.  fervidus.  which  it  so  closely  resembles,  but  in  the  nests 
of  a  very  dissimilar  species,  B.  pensylvanicus  DeGeer.  (Cresson  Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.  II.  p.  164.) — I  may  add  here,  that  as  I  have  recently  captured  K  '^  "^  df 
Apathus  citrinus  Smith  in  company  with  A  ^  ^  oi  A.  laboriosus  Fabr.,  and  us 
the  9  of  tlie  former  and  the  '^  of  the  latter  species  appear  to  be  unknown,  I  in- 
cline tv  believe  tliem  to  be  the  sexes  of  one  and  the  same  species.     In  that  case 
the  %  having  the  dorsal  base  of  his  abdomen  yellow,  and  the  9  black,  finds  a 
]iartial  parallel  in  %,  9  B.  pensylvanicus.     In    the   genus  Apathus.  as  in  nniny 
others,  [Proc.  Enf.  Soc.  Phil.   II.   p.  223.)  the  %  %  seem  to  preponderate  great- 
ly over  the  9  9=  *o  that  it  is  very  improbable,  that  I  sliould    find  as  many 
as  four  9  9^'f -^-  laboriosus  and  not  a  single  %  in  comj)any  with  them,  whicli 
must  have  Ijeen  the  case  if  lnhoriosus  and  citrinus  are  distinct  species. 


248  [SeptexMber 

larva  belonging  to  the  Dipterous  genus  Tabanus,  I  have  shown  that 
the  food  is  molluscous-animal,  for  it  feeds  upon  aquatic  snails.  (^Proc. 
B.  S.  K  H.,  Feb.  1864,  p.  302.)  In  the  case  of  the  European  glow- 
worms (Coleoptera)  it  is  also  molluscous-animal,  for  they  feed  upon 
land-snails.  (Westw.  Litr.  I.  p.  250.)  Again,  it  is  said  of  Hymenop- 
tera  that  "  their  food  is  either  vegetable  or  articulate-animal,  not  verte- 
brate-animal ;  the  animal  food  being  thus  the  same  in  kind  with  the 
material  to  be  made  of  it,  just  as  among  Mammals  the  highest  of 
carnivorous  species  live  on  the  flesh  of  Mammals,  and  only  the  lower 
on  fish  and  insects"  (p.  16).  But  it  is  well  known  that  in  Europe  the 
common  wasp,  Vespa  vulgaris  Lin.,  habitually  carries  off  butchers' 
meat,  (Westw.  Iiitr.  II.  p.  216,)  and  consequently  the  food  of  this 
genus,  which  is  generally  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  highest  Hymenop- 
tera,  is  partly  vertebrate-animal. 

5.  There  is  a  little  confusion  in  the  text  as  to  the  "  prematurative" 
or  ''  permaturative"  character  of  the  Homopters  and  the  Trichopters. 
The  Table  (p.  15)  correctly  gives  the  first  as  "  prematurative"  and  the 
second  as  "  permaturative";  but  afterwards  (p.  18)  it  is  said  of  the 
Amplipens  that  "  those  of  the  highest  division  are  permaturative  and 
the  rest  are  prematurative",  whence  it  results  that  the  Trichopters  are 
prematurative,  which  they  certainly  are  not.  Again,  it  is  said  of  the 
Attenuates  (p.  20)  that  "  the  mouth,  unlike  that  of  the  Lepidopters 
and  Homopters,  but  like  that  of  most  of  their  larves,  is  not  suctorial 
but  mandibulate,"  whence  it  results  that  the  Homopters  are  in  the 
larva  state  mandibulate  ( ! )  and  consequently  must  be  prematurative, 
as  the  imago  is  correctly  said  to  be  haustellate. 

6.  The  Perlideans  are  said  to  be  like  the  Phryganeans  in  "  living 
in  a  sheath"  in  the  larva  state  (p.  22).  This  erroneous  statement 
originated  with  Reaumur,  and  was  copied  by  a  host  of  closet-natural- 
ists, but  finally  explained  and  corrected  by  Westwood.  (^Litr.  II.  pp. 
22-3.)  I  can  add  my  testimony  to  Westwood's,  having  seen  thousands 
of  the  larvae  of  many  different  species  of  Perlina,  crawling  about  naked 
on  the  under  surface  of  submerged  stones. 

7.  The  Saltators  are  said  to  show  that  they  are  the  typical  Orthop- 
ters  "by  the  absence  of  any  close  likeness  to  other  groups,"  (p.  25.) 
But  Westwood  mentions  several  species  belonging  to  the  Cricket  family, 
"  which  singularly  represent  coleopterous  insects."  {Litr.  I.  p.  450.) 


18lU.] 


249 


8.  In  this  system,  as  we  have  seen,  the  Lepidopters  are  classified  as 
"  perterrestrial"  and  the  Hemipters  (Heteroptera)  as  "  mostly  terres- 
trial." But  the  larvae  of  some  Lepidoptera  are  aquatic  with  aquatic 
respiration,  (see  Westw.  Intr.  II.  p.  400  and  Harris  Inj.  Ins.  p.  476); 
and  those  Heteroptera  which  inhabit  the  water  (Nepidae  and  Notonec- 
tidte)  breathe  through  spiracles  in  all  their  states  and  never  through 
branchia).  They  are  not  therefore  semiaquatic  or  aquatic,  in  the  sense 
o-iven  to  these  terms  by  Prof.  Dana.  Consequently  the  Lepidopters 
should  have  been  classified  as  "  perterrestrial  or  semiaquatic,"  and  the 
Hemipters  as  "perterrestrial." 

9.  The  Trichopterous  larvse  (Phryganeina)  are  said  to  "spin  silk-like 
fibres  from  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen,  or  the  lip,  or  both"  (p.  30). 
So  far  as  regards  their  ever  spinning  from  the  extremity  of  the  abdo- 
men, I  doubt  this  statement  very  much.  It  is  contrary  to  analogy  that 
larvre  belonging  to  the  same  family  of  insects  should  spin,  sometimes 
from  the  mouth  like  other  larvae,  and  sometimes  from  the  anus  like 
spiders.  Westwood  says  that  "  they  spin  from  the  mouth  in  the  same 
manner  as  caterpillars."  {Intr.  II.  p.  62.)  I  know  from  personal  ob- 
servation that  the  larvae  of  the  Ichneumonide  genus  Bracht/gaster 
spin  from  the  mouth,  having  seen  a  group  of  them  actually  engaged  in 
spinning  their  singular  symmetrical  masses  of  cocoons.  The  only  true 
insect  known  to  spin  from  the  anus,  so  far  as  I  recollect,  is  not  a  larva 
but  a  Coleopterous  imago — the  European  Ilijdrophihts  j^iceus,  which 
strongly  resembles  our  R.  triangularis  Say,  but  is  several  sizes  larger. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  the  American  species  has  the 
same  remarkable  habit.     (See  Westw.  Intr.  I.  p.  124.) 

Rock  Island,  Illinois,  July  21,  1864. 


250  [September 

Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  LIMACODES. 

BY    TRYON    REAKIRT. 

1.  Limacodes  Lorquini,  nov.  sp. 

Male.  Expanse  If  inches.  Fore  wings.  An  irregular  reddish- 
brown  basal  patch  ;  a  broad  curved  brownish  border  on  the  outer  mar- 
gin, marked  with  a  dark  brown  line  interiorly,  following  which,  a  row 
of  indistinct  lunules,  lighter  in  color  than  the  rest  of  the  space.  The 
iiervules  traversing  this  marginal  band  are  faintly  lined  with  brown ; 
a  large  pea-green  spot  occupies  the  whole  remaining  surface  of  the 
wing.  Cilife,  brownish,  except  on  the  median  portion  of  the  inner 
border,  where  they  become  green.  Hind  wings,  light  fawn-color,  im- 
maculate ;  cilijie  very  long,  lighter  than  the  wing.  Below,  the  fore 
wings,  are  reddish-brown  on  the  costa  and  outer  margin ;  a  faint  green 
tinge  towards  the  inner  margin.  Hind  wings,  as  above,  and  thickly 
powdered  with  brownish  atoms.  Antennae,  pale  ferruginous ;  thorax, 
green ;  abdomen,  yellowish.  Below,  the  face,  thorax  and  legs  are 
reddish-brown. 

Female.  Expanse  1 1  inches.  It  is  chiefly  colored  the  same  as  the 
male,  but  the  disposition  of  its  markings  vary.  The  basal  patch  is 
larger  and  darker;  the  terminal  border  is  very  wide,  occupying  fully 
two-fifths  of  the  surface,  edged  inwardly  with  a  very  heavy  brown  line, 
extending  from  a  point  on  the  costa,  one-third  its  length,  to  a  little 
more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  inner  margin ;  this  line,  though 
curved  centrally,  being  perpendicular  through  its  extremities  to  the 
inner  margin ;  the  nervules  are  very  distinctly  outlined  in  brown,  but 
all  are  suddenly  excised  before  reaching  the  margin.  Ciliiie,  dark 
brown.  Hind  wings,  resembling  the  male.  Below,  as  in  the  male, 
but  is  reddish  on  the  costa  only,  of  the  primaries,  and  is  destitute  of 
any  atoms  on  the  hind  wings.  Antennas,  reddish-brown;  face  and 
thorax  green ;  abdomen  and  legs,  brown,  the  former,  with  a  few  scat- 
tering greenish  hairs  on  the  upper  surface. 

Philippine  Islands. — Mr.  E.  F.  Lonjuin.  I  take  pleasure  in  dedi- 
cating this  fine  species  to  the  esteemed  gentleman  from  whom  T  re- 
ceived it,  and  who  has  also  furnished  me  with  an  exceedingly  valuable 
suite  of  Philippine  Island  Lepidoptera. 


1864.]  251 

L.  Lorquini  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  a  local  species,  to  be  de- 
scribed hereafter,  though  it  is  a  much  larger  and  more  fully  developed 
insect;  it  must  be  regarded  as  the  eastern  representative  of  our  species. 

2.  Limacodes  viridus,  nov.  sp. 

Male  ?  Expanse  .94  inch.  Fore  wings.  A  dark  brown  spot,  at  the 
base  extends  inwardly  to  the  submedian  nervure,  follows  it  for  one- 
fourth  its  length,  then  crosses,  parallel  with  the  outer  margin  to  the 
costa.  which  is  also  brown.  A.  broad  light  brown  marginal  band,  tra- 
versed by  darker  nervures,  the  inner  boundary  of  which  is  a  rich 
brown-velvety  line,  darkest  towards  the  inner  angle,  and  also  parallel 
with  the  margin.  The  rest  of  the  area  is  pea-green.  Hind  wings, 
fawn  color,  shading  into  a  dark  brown  along  the  margin.  Below, 
greenish-yellow  on  the  fore,  and  pale  fawn  on  the  hind  wings.  An- 
tennfe,  brown ;  thorax,  green ;  face,  abdomen  and  legs,  brown. 

Female.  Expanse  1.06  inches.  Fore  wings.  A  dark  brown  semi- 
elliptical  broad  patch  on  the  costa,  curving  inwardly  a  little  beyond  the 
median  nervure;  the  remainder  of  the  surface  excepting  a  brown  mar- 
ginal border,  is  pea-green.  This  border  widens  towards  the  inner  angle, 
the  nervures  being  distinctly  lined  with  dark  brown,  and  has  a  dark 
spot,  near  its  middle,  extending  along  the  margin.  Hind  wings,  fown 
colored.     Under  surface  and  body  resembling  the  male. 

The  Larva,  I  can  describe  approximately  only,  having  neglected  to 
fully  observe  its  or  nation.  It  was  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  ; 
general  color  brown.  Its  body  rises  very  abruptly  and  broad  from  the 
head,  which  is  rounded,  thence  tapering  gradually,  until  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  tail,  where  it  as  suddenly  descends,  terminating  in  a 
sharp  point.  There  are  three  distinct  dorsal  ridges,  each  being  fur- 
nished with  clusters  and  spinules. 

It  feeds  on  the  chestnut,  and  may  be  found  during  September.  Coc- 
coon,  about  half  an  inch  long  is  spun  on  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  oval,  shin- 
ing, brownish-black;  the  imago  appears  in  3Iay. 

Philadelphia. — Much  resembles  the  preceding  species. 

3.  Limacodes  minuta,  nov.  sp. 

Male  and  female,  are  alike  in  color,  the  last  being  the  largest.  3Iale 
expanse  5  lines,  female  5j  lines.  Fore  wings,  lustrous,  brownish-yel- 
low ;    hind  wings,  .blackish-brown.     Below,  testaceous,  with  a  black 


252  [September 

shade,  and  roseate  along  the  costa  of  primaries.  Antenna?,  thorax, 
abdomen  and  legs  ochreous-yellow. 

Egg.     Length  i  hne,  pale  green,  a  black  ring  near  one  end,  oblong. 

Larva.  Length  2  to  2^  lines;  basal  outline  elliptical;  a  flattened 
ridge  widened  in  the  centre,  extends  from  head  to  tail,  curving  over 
vertical  elevations  at  the  sides,  which  gradually  diminish  before  and 
behind,  and  terminate  at  both  ends  in  a  rounded  margin. 

Around  the  base,  a  row  of  small,  densely  spined  papulae,  two  of 
which,  on  the  head,  are  the  most  prominent,  and  colored  yellow.  The 
body  is  smooth,  but  the  ridge  is  thrown  into  thick  fleshy  folds ;  it  is 
thickest  in  the  middle,  whence  it  diminishes  anteriorly  and  posteriorly. 

Green ;  two  bright  red  lines,  of  equal  length,  cross  each  other  at 
right  angles,  on  the  central  portion  of  the  upper  ridge. 

Pupation.  They  spin  their  coccoon  in  October  on  one  of  the  small 
veins  of  a  leaf;  it  is  one  line  long,  oval,  dark  brown,  and  shining'. 

Food  Plants,  the  oak  and  chestnut  on  which  they  may  be  found  dur- 
ing August  and  September.     The  imago  appears  about  June. 

I  collected  the  larva  of  this  most  diminutive  species  of  the  genus, 
two  years  ago,  and  by  singular  good  fortune,  carried  them  successfully 
through  all  their  transformations.  It  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  the 
European  asellus,  to  which  it  is  also  closely  related. 

Philadelphia. 


18G4.]  253 


Descriptions  of  new  North  American  COLEOPTEEA. 
BY  JAS.  H.  B.  BLAND. 

Othnius  pasciatus,  n.  sp. 

Body  piceous,  shining ;  elytra  fulvous,  with  brownish  markings. 

Hah.  Virginia.         (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 

Head  shining,  deeply  punctured,  clothed  with  golden  pubescence  ; 
clypeus,  and  in  front  of  the  eyes,  rufous ;  between  the  eyes,  piceous- 
brown  ;  eyes  black ;  palpi  fulvous  ;  antennte,  3rd  joint  equal  in  length 
to  the  4th,  5th  and  6th  combined.  Thorax  piceous,  shining,  deeply 
punctured  ;  lateral  margins  nearly  straight ;  anterior  and  basal  margins 
slightly  rufous.  Scutellum  dark  brown.  Elytra  closely  punctured, 
clothed  with  yellowish  pubescence;  humeri  prominent;  a  brownish 
spot  between  the  humerus  and  scutellum ;  a  dark  brown  band  on  the 
lateral  margins,  diverging  to  the  suture  on  the  centre,  forming  an  un- 
even transverse  band ;  posterior  fourth  dark  brown,  with  a  small  ful- 
vous dot  confluent  with  the  suture ;  tip  fulvous ;  beneath  piceous, 
coarsely  punctured,  venti-al  segments  reddish-brown.  Legs  fulvous. 
Length  If — 2}  lines. 

From  E   T.  Cresson. 

Pristoscelis  atrus,  n.  sp. 
Black,  coarsely  punctured,  clothed  with  ashy  pubescence. 
Ilah.  California.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 

Black  ;  head  opaque,  closely  and  finely  punctured,  depressed  between 
the  antennas,  clothed  with  ash-colored  pubescence  and  sparse  black 
hair ;  mandibles  rufous  at  the  base,  black  at  tip ;  palpi  black ;  sur- 
rounding the  mouth,  reddish-brown  ;  antennae  black,  4th  and  following 
joints  clothed  with  ashy  pubescence.  Thorax  transverse,  convex,  closely 
punctured,  shining;  lateral  margins  slightly  rounded,  angles  obtuse. 
Elytra  depressed  at  base  between  the  humerus  and  scutellum ;  coarsely 
punctured ;  shining,  irregularly  clothed  with  ash-colored  pubescence ; 
humeri  prominent,  glabrous,  sides  almost  straight,  rounded  suddenly 


254  [September 

to  tip  ;  epipleurag  slightly  reflexed  ;  beneath  thickly  clothed  with  ash- 
colored  pubescence,  finely  punctured.     Legs:  femora  and  tibiae  black: 
tarsi  dark  rufous.     Length  2^  lines. 
From  Mr.  H.  Ulke. 

PaiSTOSCELIS   FULVO-TARSIS,    n.  sp. 

Piceous-bronze  ;  shining,  coarsely  punctured,  clothed  with  grayish 
pubescence ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  fulvous. 

Hab.  California.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 

Head  black,  shining,  finely  punctured ;  clothed  with  grayish  pubes- 
cence ;  antennse  and  mouth  piceous.  Thorax  slightly  wider  than  long, 
coarsely  punctured,  angles  obtuse;  lateral  margins  much  rounded. 
Scutellum  rounded  at  the  tip.  Elytra  rugosely  punctured,  dorsal  sur- 
face slightly  flattened  ;  densely  pubescent;  sides  parallel,  rounded  sud- 
denly to  the  tip  ;  beneath  black,  well  clothed  with  pubescence;  minutely 
punctured.  Legs  :  femora  piceous ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  fulvous.  Length 
ly  line. 

From  Mr.  H.  Ulke. 

Pristosoelis  nigricornis,  n.  sp. 

Black,  somewhat  shining,  punctured,  clothed  with  short  grayish 
pubescence ;  legs  piceous. 

Hab.  Kansas.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 

Head  closely  punctured,  depressed  at  the  side  of  each  antenna,  form- 
ing a  central  ridge  or  tubercle,  becoming  obsolete  before  reaching  the 
vertex  which  is  much  flattened  and  uneven ;  antennae  black ;  mouth 
piceous.  Thorax  closely  punctured,  slightly  wider  than  Ioiilz",  a  trifle 
narrower  in  front ;  lateral  margins  much  rounded,  posterior  angles 
obtuse.  Elytra  coarsely  punctured ;  humeri  prominent,  well  clothed 
with  a  short  gray  pubescence ;  slightly  wider  behind  the  middle,  tip 
obtusely  rounded ;  beneath,  minutely  punctured,  moderately  clothed 
with  gray  pubescence.     Legs  piceous.     Length  yL  of  an  inch. 

Pedilus  cyanipennis,  u.  sp. 
Body  black ;    antennae  dark  yellow ;  elytra  dark  blue ;   tarsi  light 
yellow. 


1864.]  255 

Hah.   Virginia.         (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 

Head  black,  shining,  clothed  with  erect  light-colored  hair ;  antennae 
pale  fulvous  at  the  base,  becoming  darker  towards  the  tip  ;  palpi  pale 
yellow  ;  mandibles  piceous.  Thorax  black,  shining,  clothed  with  erect 
hair.  Elytra  dark  blue,  neatly  and  closely  punctured  ;  humeri  promi- 
nent, covered  with  light  brown  hair;  beneath  black,  shining,  glabrous 
in  the  centre  of  the  head  back  of  the  gular  suture,  punctured  back  of 
the  eyes ;  prothorax  in  the  centre  sparsely  punctured,  transversely 
rugose  towards  the  lateral  margins;  remaining  portions  of  under-surface 
minutely  and  closely  punctured.  Legs  punctured,  clothed  with  grayish 
pubescence ;  femora  piceous ;  trochanters,  tibijB  and  tarsi,  yellowish. 
Length  3  J  lines. 

Leptura  atro-vittata,  n.  sp. 
Body  testaceous ;  clothed  with  golden  pubescence ;  antennae  annu- 
lated ;  elytra  with  three  broad  black  vittae. 

Hah.  New  Jersey.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 

Head  closely  punctured,  well  clothed  with  golden  pubescence,  deeply 
impressed  in  the  centre  ;  central  line  very  distinct,  dividing  one-fourth 
from  the  frontal  margin,  thence  running  obliquely  to  the  base  of  the 
mandibles  ;  anterior  margin  slightly  elevated;  labrum,  the  anterior  half 
of  the  clypeus,  tips  of  the  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  piceous ;  collar 
black ;  basal  joint  of  the  antennje  obscurely  annulated,  2nd  and  8rd 
joints  black,  the  following  joints  more  or  less  annulated  with  fulvous. 
Thorax  very  closely  punctui'ed,  clothed  with  golden  pubescence,  regu- 
larly narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  apes ;  anterior  margin  elevated, 
posterior  angles  divergent;  central  line  distinct;  on  each  side  of  the 
middle  a  large,  round,  black  spot ;  surface  suddenly  depressed  near 
the  base,  forming  a  transverse  sinuate  line  ;  base  bi-emarginate  ;  sides 
furnished  with  an  obtuse  tubercle.  Scutellum  black,  triangular.  Elytra 
very  closely  punctured ;  each  elytron  with  two  broad  black  vittae,  one 
confluent  with  the  suture,  extending  along  the  suture  from  the  base  to 
slightly  over  one-half  the  length  of  the  elytra ;  the  outer  vittfe  extends 
from  the  tip  to  very  near  the  base  ;  the  vittae  are  covered  with  a  black- 
ish pubescence ;  epipleurae  testaceous,  except  near  the  tip,  which  is 
widely  separated  and  obliquely  truncate,  the  outer  point  of  the  tip  pro- 


256  [Septembeb 

longated  into  an  acute  spine;  beneath  testaceous,  minutely  punctured, 
clothed  with  golden  pubescence  ;  head,  back  of  the  gular  suture  deeply 
excavated ;  margin  of  the  episterna  of  the  metathorax,  and  posterior 
eoxal  plates,  piceous ;  tips  of  the  femora  and  tibiae  black ;  tibiae  armed 
with  two  long  acute  spurs;  tarsi  black.  Length  8f  lines. 
From  J.  H.  B.  Bland. 

Epilachna  maculiventris,  n.  sp. 
Fulvous ;  subopaque,  each  elytron  marked  with  eight  black  spots. 
Hah.  Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.    (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.) 

Body  fulvous,  subopaque,  clothed  with  yellowish  pubescence ;  head 
closely  punctured,  eyes  black,  mandibles  black ;  antennae  light  yellow, 
terminal  joints  brownish.  Thorax  densely  punctured,  about  twice 
as  wide  as  long,  densely  punctured,  lateral  margins  slightly  rounded, 
somewhat  narrowed  in  front ;  lateral  margins  dark  brown.  Scutellum 
black.  Elytra  densely  punctured,  each  elytron  marked  with  eight  black 
spots  in  the  following  order  :  three  near  the  base,  the  central  one  slightly 
nearer  the  tip,  three  on  the  centre  forming  a  transverse  row,  two  on 
posterior  fourth,  the  lateral  spot  nearest  the  tip ;  the  spot  on  the  hume- 
rus is  elevated  and  somewhat  shining  ;  epipleurae  brownish ;  beneath, 
roughly  punctured ;  prothorax  fulvous ;  mesothorax,  metathorax  and 
the  1th  to  4th  of  the  abdominal  segments  piceous ;  a  fulvous  lateral 
spot  on  the  1st,  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  abdominal  segments ;  two  apical  seg- 
ments and  legs  fulvous.     Length  82  lines. 

Two  specimens  examined,  in  one  of  which  the  thorax  is  slightly 
darker  on  the  disk  above. 

From  Mr.  Chas.  Wilt. 


1864.]  257 


Descriptions  of  North  American   HYMENOPTERA.  in  the  Collection  of   the 
Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

BY    E.    T.    CRESSON. 

{Continued  from  page  196.) 

ICHNEUMONID^E. 

Genus  MESOLEPTUS.  Grav. 
Section  1. — Scutellura  and  abdomen  black,  margins  of  the  segments 

sometimes  pale Sp.    1 —  7 

"       2. — Scutellum  black,  abdomen  red  or  red  and  black Sp.    8 — 25 

"       3. — Scutellum  pale  or  red,  abdomen  red,  or  red  and  black,  or 

yellowish Sp.  2(i — SO 

Section  1. 

1.  Mesoleptus  major,  n.  sp. 

Opaque-black;  legs  dull  rufous;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  small,  subtriangular 
and  petiolated. 

Male. — Opaque-black,  clothed  with  a  thin,  very  fine,  short,  whitish 
pubescence,  especially  obvious  on  the  face ;  mandibles  entirely  black  ; 
palpi  pale;  antennce  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body, 
entirely  black ;  tegulse  also  black  ;  metathorax  finely  scabrous,  somewhat 
longitudinally  sulcate  behind  and  with  a  transverse,  rather  ill-defined  ca- 
rina at  base.  Wings  hyaline,  slightly  iridescent,  nervures  and  stigma 
black,  the  former  pale  at  base;  areolet  minute,  subtriangular,  petiolated. 
Legs  dull  rufous,  all  the  coxae  and  trochanters  black.  Abdomen  elon- 
gate, slender,  subfusiform;  the  first  segment  slender  at  base,  swollen 
and  convex  at  tip,  shining;  apical  segments  broad  and  subcompressed. 
Length  4^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  62  lines. 

Ilah. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

This  species  makes  an  oval  cocoon,  4  lines  long  and  2  broad,  of  a 
dirty  white  color  with  a  broad  black  transverse  band  near  each  end. 

2.  Mesoleptus  annulipes,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  spot  on  mandibles,  palpi,  tegulse,  -4  anterior  coxae,  all  the  trochanters 
and  annulus  on  posterior  tibiee,  whitish ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute,  ob- 
lique, petiolated. 

Female. — Black,  clothed  with  a  thin,  fine  whitish  pubescence,  more 
obvious  on  the  face ;  spot  on  each  mandible  and  the  palpi,  whitish ; 
antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  entirely  black ;  tegulae  whitish ; 
metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  large 


258  [September 

and  subrliomboidal.  Wings  hyaline,  beautifully  iridescent ;  nervures 
and  stigma  black,  the  former  pale  at  base ;  areolet  minute,  oblique  and 
petiolated.  Legs  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxae  and  all  the  tro- 
chanters whitish ;  posterior  coxoe  and  tarsi  black,  the  latter  whitish  at 
base,  the  posterior  tibiae  white  with  broad  black  band  at  tip  and  another 
near  the  base.  Abdomen  elongate,  slender  at  base,  broad  and  com- 
pressed at  tip,  the  first  segment  slender  at  base,  swollen  and  convex  at 
tip;  apex  of  abdomen  truncate,  the  ovipositor  subexserted.  Length 
3 J  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5 J  lines. 

//afe.— Canada  West.     Mr.  B.  Billings,  Jr. 

Resembles  M?  validus,  but  is  at  once  distinguished  from  that  spe- 
cies by  the  minute,  petiolated  areolet  of  the  wings,  by  the  more  com- 
pressed abdomen,  the  shorter  ovipositor  and  the  difi'erent  coloration  of 

the  legs. 

This  species  makes  an  elongate-ovate  cocoon,  4  lines  long  by  l\ 
wide,  of  a  pure  white  color,  with  a  rather  broad  black  band  near  each  end. 

3.  Mesoleptusi  validus,  n.  sp. 

Black:  wings  hyaline,  areolet  triangular;  legs  pale  rufous,  the  posterior 
tibia;  and  tarsi  annulated  with  black  and  white ;  basal  segment  of  alidoinen 
much  dilated  at  tip. 

jT'emal,'. — Black,  rather  shining,  robust,  slightly  pubescent;  head 
and  antennc^  entirely  black,  the  latter  nearly  as  long  as  the  body ; 
teo-ulifi  pale  testaceous;  metathorax  sulcate  behind  and  transversely 
aciculate,  the  elevated  lines  distinct,  the  central  area  not  defined.  Wings 
hyaline,  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  the  former  pale  at  base ;  areolet 
rather  large,  subtriangular,  subpetiolated.  Legs  pale  rufous,  the  four 
anterior  tibife  and  tarsi  in  front,  yellowish-white ;  posterior  cox?e  and 
their  trochanters  above,  black,  their  tibiae  whitish  with  a  broad  black 
annulus  at  tip  and  a  narrow  one  near  the  base,  their  tarsi  black  with 
the  base  of  the  first  three  joints  whitish.  Abdomen  robust,  subfusi- 
form  entirely  black ;  first  segment  slender  at  base  and  much  dilated  at 
tip;  apical  segments  broad  and  subcompressed ;  ovipositor  exserted 
nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  piceous.  Length  4  Unes ;  ex- 
panse of  wings  6  lines. 

jj/a^e.— Resembles  the  female,  except  that  the  antennae  are  longer 
and  the  abdomen  subcylindric. 

Hab. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  C.  A.  Blake. 


1864.]  259 

This  may  not  belong  to  Mesoleptus  on  account  of  its  long  ovipositor 
and  robust  basal  segment  of  the  abdomen,  otherwise  it  has  the  charac- 
ters of  that  genus. 

4.  Mesoleptus  tibiator,  n.  sp. 

Black;  most  of  mandibles,  palpi,  tegulse  and  trochanters,  yellowish-white: 
legs  pale  yellowish-red,  the  2)osterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  black,  the  former  with  a 
broad  whitish  band;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute,  subtriangular,  jjetiolated. 
Male. —  Black,  opaque,  thinly  clothed  with  whitish  pubescence, 
more  obvious  on  the  face ;  most  of  the  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  yellow- 
ish-white ;  antennae  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  black  ;  teguhu 
yellowi.sh-white ;  metatliorax  with  the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the 
central  area  moderate,  subrotundate.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent;  ner- 
vures  and  stigma  fuscous;  areolet  minute,  subtriangular,  slightly  oblique 
and  petiolated.  Legs  pale  yellowish-red,  the  trochanters  pale  yellow- 
ish-white, the  posterior  coxae  entirely  black  or  dull  rufous  more  or  less 
tinged  with  blackish,  their  tibiae  black,  with  a  broad  whitish  band  on 
the  middle,  their  tarsi  also  black  with  their  extreme  base  whitish.  Ab- 
domen black,  slender  at  base,  rather  broad  and  compressed  at  tip ;  first 
segment  gradually  dilated  at  the  apex,  sometimes  the  apical  margin 
of  the  2nd  segment  is  obscurely  pale ;  ventral  segments  stained  with 
yellowish.     Length  2i — 3  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  4 — 4i  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey  (Cresson)  ;  Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis). 

Much  smaller  than  M.  annulipes  to  which  it  is  closely  allied. 

5.  Mesoleptus  dubitatus,   n.  sp. 

Black;  most  of  mandibles,  palpi  and  tegulse,  yellowish-white;  legs  in  most 
part  and  the  apical  margins  of  abdominal  segments,  dull  rufous;  wings  hya- 
line, areolet  subtriangular,  petiolated. 

Female. — Dull  black,  clothed  with  a  thin  pale  glittering  pubescence, 
which  is  more  obvious  on  the  face  and  pleura;  most  of  mandibles  and 
the  palpi,  yellowish-white  ;  antenna  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body, 
entirely  black ;  tegulte  pale  yellowish ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  rather  large  and  subquadrate.  Wings 
hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base;  areolet 
small,  subtriangular,  petiolated.  Legs  dull  rufous,  the  trochanters  yel- 
lowish, the  tibiae  and  tarsi  more  or  less  obfuscated;  the  posterior  coxae, 
their  trochanters  above,  and  the  base  of  their  femora  within,  black. 
Abdomen  rather  short  and  stout,  slender  at  base  and  becoming  gradu- 


260  [September 

ally  broader  aud  subcompressed  towards  the  tip;  black,  somewhat  shin- 
ing, the  apical  margins  of  all  the  segments  indistinctly  dull  rufous ; 
ventral  segments  stained  with  yellowish ;  ovipositor  exserted  about  one 
line.     Length  2^ — 3  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  4 — i^  lines. 
Ilab. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Resembles  31.  tihiator  in  size  and  form,  but  the  hind  tibias  are  rufous 
and  the  abdominal  segments  are  obscurely  tipped  with  rufous. 

6.  Mesoleptus  obliteratus.  n.  sja. 

Black :  mouth,  teguke,  four  anterior  coxpe  aud  troclianters  and  the  venter, 
yellowish:  legs  pale  fulvous;  wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  wanting. 

Female. — Black,  slightly  pubescent ;  most  of  mandibles  and  palpi 
yellowish;  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  basal  joint  be- 
neath and  the  tegulae  yellowish  ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  ob- 
solete. Wings  hyaline,  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  pale 
at  base  ;  areolet  wanting.  Legs  pale  fulvous,  the  four  anterior  coxae  and 
all  the  trochanters,  yellowish ;  the  posterior  coxae,  tips  of  their  tibiae 
and  most  of  their  tarsi,  black  or  blackish.  Abdomen  subfusiform,  black, 
rather  slender  at  base,  broad  and  subcompressed  at  tip ;  first  segment 
rather  broadly  dilated  at  tip,  slender  at  base ;  ventral  segments  yellow- 
ish ;  ovipositor  exserted  about  one  line.  Length  2^  lines ;  expanse  of 
wings  4  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

7.  Mesoleptus  compressus.  n.  sp. 

Black;  moutli  and  tegula3  yellowish;  legs  mostlj'  yellowish-red;  wings  hya- 
line, iridescent;  areolet  small,  oblique,  sub23etiolated;  abdomen  much  com- 
pressed. 

Male. — Black,  slightly  pubescent;  most  of  the  mandibles  and  the 
palpi,  yellowish ;  antennte  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  en- 
tirely black ;  tegulae  yellowish ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines 
rather  indistinct,  the  central  area  small  and  subquadrate.  Wings  hya- 
line, beautifully  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  pale  ferruginous,  the 
former  pale  yellowish  at  base;  areolet  small,  very  oblique  and  subpetio- 
lated.  Legs  pale  yellowish-red,  the  anterior  pair  in  front,  the  trochan- 
ters, and  the  base  of  the  posterior  tarsi,  pale  yellowish ;  posterior  coxae 
and  trochanters  above  more  or  less  blackish,  their  tarsi  obfuscated. 
Abdomen  slender  at  base,  very  broad  and  much  compressed  at  tip ; 
entirely  black,  except  a  very  obscure  rufous  stain  on  each  side  of  the 


1864.]  261 

third  segment;  basal  segment  slightly  dilated  at  tip;  beneath,  black. 
Length  2i  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 
Hdh. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Section  2. 

8.  Mesoleptus  obscurus.  n.  sp. 

Black :  mouth  and  tegulse  yellowish :  wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute,  petio- 
lated  ;  legs  rufous,  the  trochanters  yellowish  ;  abdomen  with  the  tip  and  sides 
of  the  3rd  and  4th  segments  obscure  rufous. 

Female. — Black,  slightly  pubescent,  most  of  mandibles  and  the 
palpi,  pale  yellowish  ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black, 
the  basal  joint  beneath  dull  yellowish ;  tegulaj  pale  yellowish  ;  meta- 
thorax  with  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  distinct,  the  central  area  i-ather 
large  and  subquadrate.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  nervures  fuscous, 
pale  testaceous  at  base,  costji  and  stigma  pale  testaceous,  areolet  minute, 
petiolated.  Legs  rufous,  coxae  black,  the  two  anterior  pairs  rufous  be- 
neath, their  trochanters  yellowish,  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  slightly 
obfuscated.  Abdomen  elongate,  slender  at  base,  rather  broad  and  sub- 
compressed  at  tip ;  first  segment  slightly  dilated  towards  the  tip  where 
it  narrows  again  to  the  base  of  the  2nd  segment ;  apical  margins  and 
sides  of  3rd  and  4th  segments  obscurely  rufous;  ventral  segments  yel- 
lowish ;  ovipositor  exserted  about  one  line.  Length  3A  lines ;  expanse 
of  wings  5^  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

9.  Mesoleptus  argentifrons,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face  densely  clothed  with  silvery  pubescence :  mandibles,  palpi.  4 
anterior  coxfe  and  trochanters,  pale  yellowish ;  legs  and  a  band  on  the  2nd  and 
following  abdominal  segments  rufous :  wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute,  subtri- 
angular,  petiolated. 

Male. — Black,  clothed  with  a  thin  silvery  pubescence,  very  dense  on 
the  face ;  mandibles  and  palpi  pale  yellowish ;  antennje  as  long  as  the 
body,  black,  the  basal  joint  piceous ;  tegulse  yellow;  the  elevated  lines 
of  the  metathorax  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central  area  rather  large, 
subtriangular.  Wings  hyaline,  nervures  and  stigma  black,  areolet 
mipute,  subtriangular,  petiolated.  Legs  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior 
pair  tinged  with  yellowish  ;  the  four  anterior  coxfe  and  trochanters 
beneath,  yellowish ;  posterior  coxae,  their  trochanters  at  base  and  all 
the  tarsi  more  or  less  blackish,  the  posterior  tibife  sometimes  tinged 
with  yellow.     Abdomen  long,  slender,  subcyHndric,  rufous;   the  first, 


262  [September 

the  second  except  its  apical  margin,  and  a  large  spot  on  the  disk  of  all 
the  following  segments,  black,  sometimes  the  apical  segments  are  obfus- 
cated and  the  black  spots  indistinctly  defined ;  apex  not  compressed ; 
beneath  pale  rufous.  Length  2^ — 3  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  3^ — 4 
lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

10.  Mesoleptus  conjunctus,  n.  sp. 

Black :  mouth,  tegulse  and  venter,  pale  yellowish  ;  legs  pale  fulvous,  poste- 
rior tibise  with  a  faint  whitish  annulus ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  triangular, 
petiolated  ;  apex  of  the  2nd  and  3rd,  and  sides  of  the  two  following  abdominal 
segments,  rufous. 

%  9  • — Black  ;  most  of  mandibles  and  the  palpi,  yellowish  ;  antennae 
two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body  in  the  $  ,  and  as  long  as  the  body  in 
the  %  ,  entirely  black  ;  tegulae  yellowish  ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated 
lines  not  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  subquadrate.  Wings 
hyaline,  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  pale  fuscous,  paler  at  base ; 
areolet  triangular,  petiolated.  Legs  pale  fulvous,  the  four  anterior 
coxae  black,  their  tibiae  blackish,  with  a  broad  obscure,  whitish  annulus 
in  the  middle,  their  tarsi  obfuscated.  Abdomen  subfusiform,  black, 
slender  at  base,  broad  and  compressed  at  tip ;  basal  segment  slightly 
dilated  at  tip;  apical  margins  of  the  2nd  and  3rd,  and  the  sides  of  the 
two  following  segments,  rufous ;  ventral  segments  yellowish,  spotted 
with  black  towards  the  apex ;  ovipositor  of  the  9  exserted  about  one 
line.     Length  2^  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Allied  to  M.  arc/enti/rons,  but  easily  distinguished  by  the  much  larger 
areolet  of  the  wings,  and  the  different  coloration  of  the  legs  and  abdomen. 

11.  Mesoleptus  Ozylus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  si^ot  on  mandibles,  palpi,  tegulse  and  base  of  four  anterior  legs,  yel- 
low; wings  hyaline,  areolet  small,  triangular,  petiolated;  legs  and  middle  of 
the  abdomen,  rufous. 

Female. — Black;  face  and  thorax  with  a  slight  silvery  pubescence; 
a  spot  on  each  mandible  and  the  palpi,  pale  yellowish ;  antennae  three- 
fourths  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  the  base  beneath  piceous.  Tho- 
rax black,  the  tegulae  pale  yellowish,  the  elevated  lines  on  the  metatho- 
rax well  defined,  the  central  area  elongate,  moderate,  five  or  six-sided. 
Wings  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  pale  fuscous,  stigma  and  costa 
pale  testaceous ;  areolet  small,  triangular,  petiolated.     Legs  pale  rufous, 


1864.] 


263 


the  four  anterior  trochanters  beneath  yellowish,  the  posterior  tarsi  ob- 
fuscated, pale  at  base.  Abdomen  black,  the  apical  half  of  the  2nd,  the 
3rd  except  its  base  and  the  4th  segment  entirely,  rufous,  sometimes  the 
base  of  the  5th  segment  is  also  rufous ;  apex  rather  broad  and  com- 
pressed ;  beneath,  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellowish  ;  ovipositor  exser- 
ted  about  half  a  line.     Length  21-3  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  4-41  lines. 

Male. — Resembles  the  female,  except  that  the  antennae  are  longer, 
with  its  basal  joint  sometimes  entirely  dull  rufous,  and  the  apex  of  the 
abdomen  subcylindric,  scarcely  compressed.     Length  3  lines. 

Hah. — Delaware  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson)  ;  Illinois  (Dr.  Samuel  Lewis). 

This  seems  to  be  the  most  common  species. 

12.  Mesoleptus  affinis,  n.  sp. 

Black;  si^ot  on  mandibles,  palpi,  tegulae  and  base  of  four  anterior  legs,  yel- 
low; wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute  oblique,  petiolated;  legs  and  the  apical 
two-thirds  of  abdomen,  rufous. 

Male. — Black,  the  head  and  thorax  with  a  slight  silvery  pubescence ; 
a  spot  on  each  mandible,  and  the  palpi,  pale  yellowish  ;  antennae  as  long 
as  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  dull  rufous.  Thorax  black,  the  teg- 
ulse  pale  yellowish,  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  indistinct,  the 
central  area  very  elongate,  not  well  defined.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent; 
nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  minvite,  oblique,  peliolated.  Legs 
pale  rufous,  the  anterior  coxte  and  all  the  trochanters,  yellowish,  the 
posterior  tarsi  obfuscated,  pale  at  base.  Abdomen  obscure  rufous,  the 
first  segment  except  extreme  tip,  basal  half  of  the  second,  and  extreme 
base  of  the  third,  black;  middle  of  the  apical  segments  obfuscated; 
apex  broad,  compressed,  appendages  blackish.  Length  2|  lines;  ex- 
panse of  wings  4i  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Very  closely  allied  to  M.  Oxylus.,  but  differs  by  the  minute  oblique 
areolet  of  the  wings,  by  the  anterior  coxse  and  all  the  trochanters  being 
yellow,  and  by  the  apical  segments  of  the  abdomen  being  broadly  com- 
pressed and  entirely  rufous. 

13.  Mesoleptus  flavirictus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face  silvery  :  m  andibles,  palpi,  basal  joint  of  antennae  beneath,  tegulse 
and  the  legs  at  base,  yellow ;  rest  of  legs  and  the  abdomen  except  base  and 
apex,  rufous ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  small,  oblique. 

Female. — Black,  thinly  clothed  with  silvery  pubescence,  more  obvi- 


264  [September 

ous  on  the  face ;  mandibles  except  tips,  and  the  palpi,  pale  yellow ; 
antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  blackish  at  base,  dull  rufous 
towards  the  tip,  basal  joint  beneath  yellow;  tegulfe  pale  yellowish  ; 
elevated  lines  on  metathorax  not  well  defined,  the  central  area  rather 
large,  elongate.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  pale 
fuscous,  the  former  yellowish  at  base;  areolet  small,  subtriangular, 
oblique,  petiolated.  Legs  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxae,  all  the 
trochanters,  extreme  base  of  the  tibiae  and  most  of  the  tarsi,  yellowish  ; 
posterior  tibife  and  tarsi  obfuscated  at  tips.  Abdomen  elongate,  sub- 
compressed,  broad  at  tip,  rufous ;  the  first,  most  of  the  2nd,  extreme 
base  of  the  3rd  and  the  two  or  three  apical  segments,  black ;  beneath 
tinged  with  yellowish  ;  ovipositor  subexserted.  Length  3^  lines ;  ex- 
panse of  wings  5  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Closely  allied  to  M.  Oxylus  and  M.  affinis,  but  is  larger  and  easily 
distinguished  by  the  basal  joint  of  the  antennae  being  yellow  be- 
neath. 

14.  Mesoleptus  subrubidus.  n.  sp. 

Bliiek  ;  spot  on  inaixiililes,  palpi,  tegulfe  and  trochanters,  pale  yellowish; 
wings  hyaline,  areolet  triangular,  petiolated;  legs  and  abdomen  except  base, 
rufous. 

Male. — Black,  clothed  with  a  thin,  pale,  glittering  pubescence  ;  spot 
on  each  mandible  and  the  palpi,  pale  yellowish;  antennae  porrect,  as 
long  as  the  body,  entirely  black ;  tegulae  pale  yellowish ;  metathorax 
with  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  distinct,  the  central  area  large,  sub- 
quadrate.  Wings  very  faintly  tinged  with  fuscous,  iridescent ;  nervures 
and  stigma  fuscous,  the  former  yellowish  at  base ;  areolet  small,  trian- 
gular, petiolated.  Legs  rufous;  the  four  anterior  coxae  and  all  the 
trochanters  beneath,  pale  yellowish  :  posterior  coxae,  except  tips,  black. 
Abdomen  long,  slender  at  base  and  gradually  thickened  towards  the 
tip  which  is  subcylindric,  shining,  rufous,  the  first,  second  except  tip 
and  the  extreme  base  of  the  third  segments,  black ;  apex  sometimes 
.slightly  obfuscated.     Length  Bh  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

Hub. — New  Jersey  (Cresson)  ;  Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis). 
Resembles  M.  Oxylus  in  coloring,  but  is  much  larger,  more  elongate 
and  slenderer. 


1864.]  265 

15.  Mesoleptus?  dimidiatus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  mouth  and  tegulse  yellowish;  legs  and  middle  of  abdomen  pale  ru- 
fous;  venter  yellowish;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute,  oblique,  petiolated ; 
ovipositor  long. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  slightly  pubescent ;  most  of  mandibles  and 
the  palpi,  yellowish  ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black, 
the  basal  joint  beneath  dull  yellow  ;  tegulae  pale-yellowish  ;  meta thorax 
slightly  sulcate  behind  ajid  somewhat  transversely  aciculate,  the  elevated 
lines  well  deffned,  the  central  area  rather  large,  pentangular,  the  lower 
portion  open.  Wings  hyaline,  slightly  iridescent,  nervures  and  stigma 
blackish,  pale  at  base;  areolet  minute,  oblique  and  petiolated.  Legs 
pale  rufous,  the  tarsi  paler,  obfuscated  at  tip,  the  posterior  coxae  black. 
Abdomen  robust,  subfusiform,  slender  at  base,  broad  and  subcompressed 
at  the  apex ;  first  segment  dilated  at  tip,  the  peduncle  slender ;  apex 
of  the  1st,  the  whole  of  the  2nd  and  the  base  of  the  ord  segments,  pale 
rufous ;  remaining  segments  black  ;  ventral  segments  yellowish  ;  ovipo- 
sitor as  long  as  the  abdomen,  rufo-piceous.  Length  3^  lines;  expanse 
of  wings  5^  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

This  may  not  belong  to  Mesohptus  on  account  of  its  long  ovipositor ; 
otherwise  it  has  the  characters  of  that  genus. 

16.  Mesoleptus  decoloratus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  face,  legs  and  middle  of  abdomen  obscure  yellowish-red  ;  wings  hya- 
line, areolet  triangular  ;  abdomen  clavate. 

Male. — Black,  slightly  pubescent;  face  beneath  the  antennas,  clypeus 
and  mouth,  obscure  testaceous ;  antennae  very  slender,  longer  than  the 
body,  rufo-fuscous,  pale  at  base ;  tegulae  and  a  minute  spot  before  the 
wings,  pale  yellowish  ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  dis- 
tinct, the  central  area  elongate.  Wings  ample,  hyaline,  iridescent ;  ner- 
vures and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  yellowish  at  base ;  areolet  triangular. 
Legs  pale  rufous,  the  tarsi  paler.  Abdomen  slightly  petiolated,  clavate, 
dull  yellowish-red,  the  basal  segment,  except  tip,  and  the  two  or  three 
apical  segments  black,  the  second  segment  sometimes  obfuscated  on  its 
basal  half.     Length  3f  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Resembles  M?  dimidiatus  much  in  coloration,  but  the  antennae  and 
wings  are  half  again  as  long,  and  the  abdomen  diiferently  shaped. 


266  [September 

17.  Mesoleptus  distlnctus,  n.  sp. 

Black:  spot  on  mandibles,  palpi,  inner  side  of  antennse  at  base  and  tegulfe, 
yellow;  wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  triangular,  petiolated;  legs  and  most 
of  abdomen,  pale  rufous. 

Female. — Black  ;  spot  on  mandibles  and  the  palpi,  pale  yellowish  ; 
eyes  large,  prominent,  approximate  beneath  the  antennse ;  antennae  por- 
rect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  the  3rd  to  6th  or  8th  joints  yel- 
lowish on  the  inside.  Thorax  thinly  clothed  with  a  short,  fine,  pale, 
glittering  pubescence  ;  tegulte  pale  yellowish  ;  metathorax  with  the  ele- 
vated lines  well  defined.  Wings  very  faintly  tinged  with  fuscous,  beau- 
tifully iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous ;  areolet  small,  triangu- 
lar, petiolated.  Legs  pale  rufous,  all  the  trochanters  beneath  pale  yel- 
lowish, the  posterior  tibise  slightly  obfuscated,  the  posterior  coxfe  mostly 
black.  Abdomen  rather  slender,  broad  and  subcompressed  at  tip,  ru- 
fous, the  first,  second  except  tip  and  the  base  of  the  third  segments, 
black,  the  fifth  and  sixth  segments  sometimes  obfuscated ;  ovipositor 
exserted  about  one  line.     Length  3  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  4i  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Easily  distinguished  from  all  other  species  known  to  me,  by  the  basal 
joints  of  the  antennae  being  yellowish  on  the  inside. 

18.  Mesoleptus  porrectus.  n.  sp. 

Black ;  most  of  mandibles,  palpi  and  tegulse,  yellowish  :  legs  and  abdomen, 
pale  rufous  ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute,  oblique,  petiolated  ;  ovipositor 
nearly  as  long  as  the  abdomen. 

Female. — Black  ;  most  of  the  mandibles  and  the  palpi,  yellowish ; 
antennae  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  body,  black  above,  somewhat 
piceous  beneath  ;  tegulae  yellowish ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines 
tolerably  distinct,  the  central  area  narrow  and  very  elongate.  Wings 
hyaline,  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the  former  yellowish 
at  base ;  areolet  minute,  oblique,  petiolated.  Legs,  including  the  coxae, 
entirely  yellowish-rufous.  Abdomen  slender  at  base,  very  broad  and 
much  compressed  at  tip,  which  is  abruptly  truncate,  the  ovipositor,  which 
is  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  abdomen,  is  porrect;  extreme  base 
of  the  first  segment  and  the  middle  of  the  three  apical  segments,  black- 
ish, the  remainder  yellowish-rufous.  Length  3  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
4i  lines. 

i/ai.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 


1864.]  267 

19.  Mesoleptus  subtenuis,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  most  of  mandibles,  palpi,  basal  joint  of  antennte  beneath,  tegulpe, 
legs,  and  middle  of  abdomen,  yellow  or  reddish-yellow ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet 
minute,  oblique,  petiolated. 

Male. — Slender,  black  ;  most  of  the  mandibles  and  the  palpi,  yellow- 
ish ;  antennae  as  long  or  a  little  longer  than  the  body,  black,  the  basal 
Joint  beneath  with  a  yellow  spot ;  tegulae  yellowish ;  the  elevated  lines 
on  the  metathorax  rather  indistinct.  Wings  very  faintly  tinged  with 
fuscous,  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the  former  yellowish 
at  base;  areolet  minute,  oblique,  petiolated.  Legs,  including  the  coxas, 
entirely  reddish-yellow ;  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  sometimes  slightly 
obfuscated.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather  slender,  rather  broad  and  sub- 
compressed  at  tip,  black  ;  apex  of  the  first,  whole  of  the  second  and  the 
basal  half  of  the  third  and  fourth  segments,  reddish-yellow.  Length 
2f  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 
Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

20.  Mesoleptus  nigripes,  n.  sp. 

Blaek  :  sput  ou  mandibles  yellowish  ;  wings  subhyaline,  areolet  small,  trian- 
gular, petiolated  ;  aj^ical  half  of  the  fourth  and  all  the  following  segments  dull 
rufous. 

Female. — Black,  rather  short,  clothed  with  a  thin  whitish  pubescence; 
each  mandible  with  an  obscure  yellowish  spot ;  antennae  rather  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  entirely  black ;  metathorax  with  the 
elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  pentang-ular,  moderate.  Wings 
slightly  stained  with  fuliginous ;  nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet 
small,  triangular,  petiolated.  Legs  black,  the  anterior  pair  rufo-piceous 
in  front.  Abdomen  rather  stout,  the  first  segment  and  basal  half  of  the 
second,  black,  the  remainder  rufous  ;  apex  broadly  compressed ;  beneath 
stained  with  yellowish  ;  ovipositor  rufous,  exserted  about  one  line. 
Length  3j  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5-j  lines. 

Hab. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

21.  Mesoleptus  hostilis,  n.  sp. 

Black;  mandibles  mostly  yellowish ;  most  of  abdomen  and  legs  obscure  ru- 
fous; wings  hyaline,  areolet  minute,  subtriangular,  petiolated. 

3Iale. — Black,  rather  slender,  clothed  with  a  thin  whitish  pubescence; 
each  mandible  with  a  large  yellowish  spot ;  antennas  as  long  as  the  body, 
entirely  black ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  indistinct,  the  cen- 
tral area  moderate,  elongate.    Wings  hyaline,  with  a  faint  tinge  of  fuli- 


268  [September 

ginoiis,  iridescent ;  nervures  aud  stigma  black ;  areolet  subtriaiiiiular, 
minute,  petiolated.  Legs  rufo-piceous,  the  anterior  pair  paler;  coxae, 
trochanters  and  most  of  the  four  posterior  femora,  black  ;  posterior  tarsi 
blackish.  Abdomen  long,  slender,  subcylindric,  shining,  dull  rufous, 
except  the  basal  segment ;  apex  not  compressed ;  sometimes  the  two 
apical  segments  are  obfuscated.  Length  3 2  lines;  expanse  of  wings 
5  lines. 

Hab. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

This  may  be  the  male  of  M.  nigripes. 

22.  Mesoleptus  vicinus.  n.  sp. 

Black ;  mandibles,  paljji  and  tegulse,  pale  yellowish :  legs  and  abdomen  ex- 
cept base,  rufous;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  triangular,  petiolated. 

Female. — Black,  thinly  clothed  with  a  pale  glittering  pubescence ; 
most  of  mandibles  and  the  palpi,  yellowish ;  antennae  three-fourths  the 
length  of  the  body,  black  ;  tegulae  yellowish  ;  metathorax  with  the  ele- 
vated lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  subquadrate.  Wings  almost 
hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  testaceous,  the  former  much 
paler  at  base;  areolet  small,  subtriangular,  petiolated.  Legs  rufous, 
the  trochanters  yellowish,  the  posterior  coxae  piceous.  Abdomen  elon- 
gate, slender  at  base,  gradually  thickened  and  subcompressed  towards 
the  apex ;  rufous,  the  first  and  second  segments  except  their  tips,  black  ; 
beneath,  slightly  tinged  with  yellowish  ;  ovipositor  rufous,  exserted 
about  one  line.     Length  So  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

Hab. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Resembles  M.  hostilis,  but  is  more  robust,  and  the  legs  are  almost 
entirely  rufous. 

2.3.  Mesoleptus  vultus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  face,  palpi,  basal  joint  of  antennae  beneath,  tegulse  and  four  anterior 
coxae  and  trochanters,  pale  yellowish  :  legs  and  apex  of  the  four  basal  segments 
of  the  abdomen,  pale  rufous  ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  5-angular. 

Male. — Black,  shining ;  face,  clypeus,  mandibles  and  palpi,  pale  yel- 
lowish ;  antennae  porrect,  about  as  long  as  the  body,  piceous,  the  basal 
joint  beneath,  pale  yellowish,  the  apical  joints  beneath  tinged  with  ru- 
fous. Thorax  polished ;  tegulae  and  a  spot  before  the  fore-wings,  pale 
yellowish ;  the  elevated  lines  on  the  metathorax  tolerably  well  defined, 
the  central  area  moderate,  subrotundate.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent ; 
nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the  former  pale  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular. 


18G4.]  269 

Legs  yellowish-rufous,  the  four  anterior  eosre  and  trochanters  pale  yel- 
lowish, the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  obfuscated.  Abdomen  long  and 
slender,  black,  shining  at  tip ;  apical  margins  of  the  1st,  2nd  and  4th 
segments  and  the  apical  half  of  the  3rd  segment,  pale  rufous,  that  on 
the  4th  segment  obscure.  Length  3  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 
Hah. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

24.  Mesoleptus  flavifrons.  n.  sp. 

Black :  face,  mouth,  spot  on  each  side  of  mesothorax,  tegulre  and  four  ante- 
rior coxse,  yellow;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  base,  honey-yellow;  wings  large, 
hyaline,  areolet  subtriangular,  oblique ;  subpetiolated  ;  abdomen  clavate. 

Male. — Head  black,  shining;  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  clypeus, 
mandibles  and  palpi,  yellow ;  antennae  very  slender,  longer  than  the 
body,  brown-black,  paler  towards  the  tips,  the  two  basal  joints  beneath 
yellowish.  Thorax  black,  shining;  a  spot  on  each  side  of  the  meso- 
thorax anteriorly,  tegulge,  and  small  spot  before  and  another  beneath 
the  fore-wings,  yellow ;  scutellum  convex,  black  ;  metathorax  black, 
shining,  almost  smooth,  without  elevated  lines,  except  a  few  longitudinal 
rugae  on  the  disk.  Wings  long  and  ample,  hyaline,  beautifully  iride- 
scent ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  testaceous  at  base,  stigma  black,  with  an 
obscure  pale  spot  at  base ;  areolet  subtriangular,  slightly  oblique  and 
subpetiolated,  the  2nd  recurrent  nervure  somewhat  angular  in  the  mid- 
dle. Legs  honey-yellow,  the  four  anterior  coxa3  and  all  the  trochanters, 
pale  yellowish;  tips  of  the  posterior  tibife  black.  Abdomen  clavate, 
slender  at  base ;  1st  segment  sublinear,  slender,  slightly  dilated  at  tip, 
with  a  rather  prominent  tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  middle ;  the  seg- 
ments gradually  dilated  from  the  2nd  segment  to  the  tip  ;  basal  segment 
black,  its  tip  and  all  the  remaining  segments  honey -yellow ;  beneath 
paler.     Length  3 J  lines;  expanse  of  wings  62  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     E,  T.  Cresson. 

25.  Mesoleptus  bicolor,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  mouth,  antennae,  legs  and  abdomen  dull  honey-yellow ;  wings  hya- 
line, areolet  oblique,  subpetiolated;  abdomen  slightly  petiolated,  subclavate. 

Male. — Head  black,  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  and  most  of  man- 
dibles rufo-testaceous ;  palpi  whitish  ;  antennae  very  slender,  longer 
than  the  body,  dull  honey-yellow.  Thorax  black  ;  tegulas  whitish  ;  scu- 
tellum and  metathorax  black,  the  elevated  lines  of  the  latter  subobso-. 
lete.     Wings  ample,  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  testa- 


270  [September 

ceous  at  base  ;  stigma  rather  large,  fuscous,  pale  at  base  and  tip  ;  areolet 
small,  oblique  and  subpetinlated.  Legs  slender,  yellowish ;  the  poste- 
rior pair  honey-yellow  ;  the  anterior  and  middle  coxjb  yellowish-white ; 
tips  of  tarsi  blackish.  Abdomen  slightly  petiolated,  subclavate,  dull 
honey-yellow,  apex  obfuscated  ;  basal  segment  gradually  dilated  towards 
the  tip,  the  sides  somewhat  carinated.  without  tubercles.  Length  4 
lines ;  expanse  of  wings  7  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  C.  A.  Blake. 

Same  form  as  M.  longicornia^  but  differs  by  the  head  and  thorax  be- 
ing black. 

Section  3. 

26.  Mesoleptus  longicornis.  n.  sp. 

Dull  yellowish-red :  head  and  pleura  beneath,  black  ;  face  and  tarsi  yellow- 
ish ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  triangular,  oblique,  subj^etiolated ;  abdomen  sub- 
petiolated. 

Malr. — Head  transverse,  black  ;  the  face  beneath  the  antennae,  cly- 
peus,  mandibles  and  palpi,  yellow ;  antennae  slender,  longer  than  the 
body,  orange-yellow,  slightly  involute  at  tips  which  are  blackish.  Tho- 
rax dull  rufous,  the  dorsal  lines  tolerably  well  impressed ;  pleura  be- 
neath and  slightly  on  the  sides,  black  ;  tegulae  yellowish,  scutellum  and 
metathorax  dull  yellowish-rufous,  the  extreme  sides  of  the  latter  with 
a  large  black  spot.  Wings  large,  hyaline,  somewhat  iridescent ;  ner- 
vures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  testaceous;  areolet  small,  obliquely 
triangular,  subpetiolated.  Legs  pale  honey-yellow,  the  posterior  femora 
obfuscated,  their  tibiae  at  tip  blackish ;  all  the  tarsi  yellowish-white,  the 
claws  blackish.  Abdomen  elongate,  subclavate,  subpetiolated,  entirely 
honey-yellow,  slightly  dusky  at  the  apex ;  basal  segment  sublinear. 
slightly  and  gradually  dilated  towards  the  tip,  without  lateral  tubercles  ; 
ventral  segments  stained  with  yellowish.  Length  5  lines ;  expanse  of 
wings  11  lines. 

/frr/;.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

27.  Mesoleptus  concolor,  u.  sp. 

Dull  houey-yellow ;  wiug.s  hyaline,  areolet  subtriangular ;  abdomen  elavate. 
Female. — Entirely  dull  honey -yellow,  slightly  tinged  with  brownish, 
shining,  clothed  with  a  thin  pale,  subsericeous  pubescence ;  antenna3 
very  slender,  rather  longer  than  the  body  ;  tegulae  pale  yellowish  ;  meta- 
thorax polished,  the  elevated  lines  distinct,  the  central  area  elongate, 
with  a  large,  quadrate  area  on  each  side.    Wings  ample,  hyaline,  glossy, 


1864.]  271 

iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  pale  at  base ;  areolet  subtri- 
angular,  very  slightly  peliolated.  Legs  color  of  the  body,  tolerably 
slender.  Abdomen,  slender  at  base  and  gradually  dilated  towards  the 
apex,  polished ;  basal  segment  dilated  at  tip,  the  sides  carinated  with- 
out tubercles,  and  the  disk  slightly  canaliculate ;  apical  segments  thick- 
ened and  sometimes  subcompressed.  Length  Si — 4  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  6 — 7  lines. 

Hah. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

28.  Mesoleptus  unicolor,  n.  sp. 

Yellowisjh-testaceous ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  subtriangular,  oblique;  abdo- 
men slightly  petiolated,  clavate. 

Entirely  dull  yellowish-testaceous  or  pale  honey-yellow,  the  face,  teg- 
ulfe,  pleura  and  tarsi  much  paler;  antennse  very  slender  and  longer 
than  the  body ;  mesothorax  more  or  less  obfuscated  on  the  disk ;  meta- 
thorax  with  the  elevated  lines  not  well  defined,  the  central  area  narrow 
and  very  elongate.  Wings  ample,  hyaline,  glossy  and  beautifully  iride- 
scent ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  large,  fuscous,  pale  at  base ; 
areolet  subtriangular,  rather  oblique,  and  slightly  petiolated,  the  outer 
nervure  rounded,  the  2nd  recurrent  nervure  straight.  Legs  rather 
slender,  color  of  the  body,  the  tarsi  paler  and  blackish  at  tip.  Abdomen 
clavate,  slightly  petiolated,  slender  at  base  and  thickened  towards  the 
apex,  polished;  basal  segment  gradually  dilated  towards  the  tip,  the 
sides  carinated  and  without  tubercles ;  apical  segments  rather  broad, 
subcompressed,  and  somewhat  obfuscated.  Length  3  lines ;  expanse  of 
wings  6  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania;  Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Smaller  than  M.  concolor  and  somewhat  paler  in  color,  otherwise 
they  are  much  alike. 

29.  Mesoleptus  discolor,  n.  sp. 

Pale  testaceous ;  the  vertex,  antennae,  mesothorax,  scutellum,  metathorax, 
sides  of  pleura,  and  basal  segment  of  abdomen,  blackish  ;  wings  hyaline,  areo- 
let subtriangular,  oblique. 

Male. — Pale  testaceous,  shining;  a  large  spot  encircling  the  ocelli, 
and  the  occiput,  blackish;  autenufe  very  slender,  longer  than  the  body, 
blackish,  pale  testaceous  at  base.  Thorax  :  mesothorax  blackish,  with 
two  subobsolete,  pale,  longitudinal  lines  ou  the  disk ;  tegulfe  and  pleura 
pale  testaceous,  the  latter  with  a  large  blackish  patch  on  each  side;  scu- 


272  [Septemkeii 

tellum  dull  testaceous ;  metathorax  blackish  on  the  disk,  and  pale  on 
the  sides.  AVings  ample,  hyaline,  glossy  and  iridescent;  nervures  fus- 
cous, pale  at  base  ;  stigma  large,  blackish,  pale  at  base  ;  areolet  subtrian- 
gular,  oblique,  subpetiolated,  2nd  recurrent  nervure  slightly  bent.  Legs 
slender,  color  of  the  body,  the  coxae  paler.  Abdomen  slightly  petiolated, 
clavate,  polished,  pale  testaceous,  the  first  segment  blackish,  gradually 
dilated  towards  the  apex,  without  lateral  tubercles  ;  apical  segments 
faintly  obfuscated.     Length  8  lines;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 

i/f/6.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

This  may  possibly  be  a  variety  of  M.  uaicolor,  which  it  resembles 
much  in  size  and  form,  but  the  coloration  is  quite  different. 

30.  Mesoleptus  antennatus,  n.  sp. 

Pale  ferruginous ;  head  and  antennae  black,  the  latter  with  a  broad  white 
annulus ;  palpi,  four  anterior  coxse  and  all  the  tarsi,  pale :  wings  hyaline,  are- 
olet triangular,  scarcely  petiolated. 

Male. — Pale  ferruginous,  shining  ;  head  black,  pubescent,  mouth 
rufo-piceous,  palpi  pale;  antennfe  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  the  basal 
joint  beneath  pale  ferruginous,  beyond  the  middle  a  broad  white  annu- 
lus. Thorax  :  mesothorax  varied  with  fuscous,  the  pleura  tinged  with 
yellowish ;  lines  of  the  metathorax  rather  indistinct,  the  central  area 
very  elongate.  Wings  hyaline,  beautifully  iridescent ;  nervures  and 
stigma  dark  fuscous,  the  former  testaceous  at  base ;  areolet  triangular, 
scarcely  petiolated.  Legs  pale  ferruginous,  the  four  anterior  coxne  and 
legs  in  front  and  the  posterior  tarsi  except  tips,  pale ;  posterior  tibi;i3 
obfuscated.  Abdomen  long,  slender,  polished,  the  extreme  base  and 
apex  more  or  less  obfuscated.  Length  3 2  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5 
lines. 

^«&.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Readily  distinguished  by  the  broad  whitish  annulus  on  the  antennae 
and  the  general  coloration. 

Genus  TEYPHON,  Grav. 

Sect.  1. — Scutellum  and  abdomen  black Sp.  1 —  3 

"      2. — Scutellum  pale ;  abdomen  black,  the  margins  of  the  seg- 
ments pale Sp.  4 —  5 

"      3. — Scutellum  pale;  abdomen  yellow  and  black Sp.  (S 

"     4. — Scutellum  black;  abdomen  red,  or  red  and  blnnk.  or  t)laek 

and  yellow Sji.  7 — 16 


1864.]  273 

Section  1. 

1.  Tryphon  pedalis,  n.  sp. 

Black,  shining;  legs  pale  fulvous,  posterior  tibipe  and  tarsi  black,  annulated 
with  white ;  wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  small,  oblique,  subpetiolated  ; 
abdomen  sessile. 

3fale. — Black,  shining,  slightly  pubescent;  most  of  the  mandibles 
and  the  palpi,  whitish  ;  antennas  as  long  as  the  body,  piceous,  the  basal 
joint  black.  Thorax  polished,  the  dorsal  lines  well  impressed,  deeply 
so  in  front;  teguhie  whitish;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  toler- 
ably well  defined,  the  central  area  modei-ate,  subquadrate.  Wings  hya- 
line, iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  pale  at  base ;  areolet 
small,  oblique,  subpetiolated.  Legs  pale  fulvous,  the  posterior  tibire 
black,  with  a  broad  white  annulus  in  the  middle  ;  their  tarsi  also  black, 
annulated  with  white.  Abdomen  black,  shining,  sessile  ;  basal  segment 
with  two  sharply  defined  longitudinal  carina?  on  the  disk ;  apical  seg- 
ment somewhat  pointed.     Length  2f  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

ITaJ>. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

2.  Tryphon  earinatus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face  and  legs  yellow  or  yellowish-red;  wings  obscure  hyaline,  areolet 
wanting;  legs  short  and  thick,  abdomen  sessile,  subclavate,  basal  segments 
carinated. 

Male. — Black,  rather  shining,  thickly  clothed  with  pale  pubescence ; 
face,  except  a  short  elongate  blackish  mark  just  beneath  the  antennae, 
clypeus,  except  a  blackish  spot  on  each  lateral  margin,  tips  of  the  man- 
dibles and  the  palpi,  yellowish ;  antennae  about  as  long  as  the  body, 
black ;  tegulae  obscurely  yellowish ;  scutellum  flat,  rather  large,  its  sides 
carinated ;  met:ithorax  with  the  elevated  lines  longitudinal  and  sharply 
defined,  the  central  area  narrow  and  extending  the  whole  length  of  the 
metathorax.  Wings  obscure  hyaline,  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma 
black,  the  former  pale  at  base  ;  areolet  wanting.  Legs  short  and  thick 
as  in  Exodms ;  pale  rufous,  the  two  anterior  pairs  more  or  less  tinged 
with  yellowish,  the  posterior  coxae  mostly  black,  and  their  tarsi  brown- 
ish. Abdomen  sessile,  subclavate ;  basal  segment  with  four  sharply 
defined  longitudinal  carinae;  the  second  segment  longitudinally  rugose, 
with  a  well  defined  carina  down  its  middle;  the  three  following  seg- 
ments rather  densely  and  deeply  punctured  and  clothed  with  pale,  ap- 
pressed  pubescence,  the  punctures  on  the  apical  segments  fine  and  indis- 
tinct.    Length  3  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4^  lines. 


274  *  [September 

Uah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

This  little  species  has  much  the  general  appearance  of  an  Exochus, 
but  the  face  is  flat  and  not  protuberant.  The  metathorax  and  base  of 
the  abdomen  are  acutely  carinated  and  the  legs  are  short  and  thick. 

S.  Tryphoni  limatus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished;  mouth  yellowish;  antennse  brownish;  legs  fulvous,  hind 
tibiee  white,  their  tips  and  the  tarsi  black;  wings  hyaline,  areolet oblique,  peti- 
olated ;  abdomen  subpetiolated. 

Male. — Black,  highly  polished  ;  face  rather  densely  punctured,  some- 
what protuberant  just  beneath  the  antennae ;  clypeus  very  transverse, 
much  depressed  at  base,  and  almost  entirely  yellowish,  as  well  as  the 
mandibles  and  palpi ;  anteuuje  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  brownish, 
the  extreme  base  black ;  tegulne  whitish ;  metathorax  convex,  smooth 
and  polished,  without  elevated  lines.  Wings  ample,  hyaline  and  iri- 
descent; nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  whitish  at  base;  areolet  oblique, 
subtriangular,  petiolated.  Legs  slender,  rather  long,  fulvous,  the  four 
anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  paler ;  tips  of  the  posterior  femora,  and  tibiae, 
and  their  tarsi  except  base,  black ;  rest  of  the  posterior  tibiae  and  base 
of  their  tarsi,  white.  Abdomen  elongate,  subpetiolated,  slightly  com- 
pressed at  tip ;  first  segment  contracted  near  the  base  and  gradually 
dilated  to  the  tip ;  second  segment  at  base  with  a  well  impressed  fovea 
on  each  side.  Length  4  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  8  lines. 
Ifab.—TfehwAYe.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Section  2. 
4.  Tryphoni  submarginatus,  n.  sp. 

Black:  most  of  the  face,  mouth,  sides  of  mesothorax,  scutellum  and  apical 
margins  of  abdominal  segments,  white;  pleura  and  legs  in  part  pale  rufous, 
posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  black,  the  former  with  a  broad  white  annulus  :  wings 
hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  wanting:  abdomen  subsessile. 

^}Ja/t'. — Black;  two  ill-defined  lines  on  the  face  beneath  the  antennae 
spreading  on  each  side  of  the  clypeus  and  continued  beneath  the  eyes, 
the  clypeus,  mandibles  except  tips  and  the  palpi,  whitish;  antennae 
slender,  rather  longer  than  the  body,  rufo-piceous,  the  basal  joint  be- 
neath pale.  Thorax :  mesothorax  and  pectus  black ;  tegulae,  a  broad 
sutural  line  before  the  wings,  extending  to  the  dorsal  lines  where  it  is 
suddenly  truncate,  dilated  and  pointed  before  and  behind,  a  line  beneath 
the  fore-wing-s  and  a  subobsolete  spot  beneath  the  hind-wings,  whitish ; 
pleura,  except  a  space  beneath  the  fore-wings,  rufous ;  scutellum  rather 


1804.]  275 

convex,  whitish,  the  space  on  each  side  bhick ;  postscutellum  black  with 
a  transverse  whitish  spot  on  the  middle ;  metathorax  rufous,  stained 
with  blackish  on  the  disk,  the  elevated  lines  obsolete,  the  central  ai-ea 
small,  elongate  and  ill-defined.  Wings  long  and  ample,  hyaline,  iride- 
scent; nervures  and  stigma  black,  pale  at  base;  areolet  wanting,  the 
2nd  recurrent  nervure  somewhat  angular  in  the  middle.  Legs  slender, 
posterior  pair  long ;  pale  rufous ;  the  four  anterior  coxaa,  the  trochan- 
ters and  most  of  the  tarsi,  whitish;  posterior  tibia)  whitish,  its  tip  and 
extreme  base,  black,  their  tarsi  entirely  black.  Abdomen  subsessile, 
elongate-subovate,  black,  shining  towards  the  tip  ;  basal  segment  grooved 
down  the  middle ;  apical  margins  of  all  the  segments  narrowly  whitish, 
rather  indistinct  on  the  first  three  segments ;  ventral  segments  white. 
Length  Si  lines;  expanse  of  wings  7  lines. 
Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

5.  Tryphon  pleuralis,  n.  sp. 

Black;  mouth  and  tegulse,  yelIowish-whit5;  pleura,  scutellum  and  legs,  ru- 
fous :  wings  hyaline,  areolet  small,  oblique,  subpetiolated  ;  abdomen  with  the 
apical  margins  of  the  dorsal  segments  pale:  abdomen  subpetiolated. 

Fem((ff. — Black,  subopaque,  clothed  with  a  very  short,  whitish  pile ; 
clypeus,  mandibles,  a  spot  on  the  cheeks  beneath,  and  the  palpi,  whitish; 
antennae  slender,  rather  longer  than  the  body,  piceous,  tinged  with  yel- 
lowish towards  the  base  beneath ;  mesothorax  and  pectus  black,  pleura 
and  scutellum  dull  rufous,  as  well  as  a  spot  behind  the  scutellum ; 
tegulfe  pale  yellowi.sh-white ;  metathorax  entirely  black,  the  elevated 
lines  obsolete,  the  central  area  elongate,  moderate.  Wings  hyaline, 
beautifully  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  pale  at  base;  are- 
let  small,  obliquely  subtriangular  and  subpetiolated;  the  transverse 
cubital  nervure  within  the  submarginal  cell  very  much  arcuated  towards 
the  costa,  the  2nd  recurrent  nervure  straight,  or  slightly  oblique.  Legs 
slender,  pale  rufous;  the  four  anterior  coxte,  trochanters  and  tarsi, 
whitish ;  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  and  the  tips  of  the  other  tarsi 
blackish,  extreme  base  of  the  posterior  tibiaj  whitish.  Abdomen  sub- 
petiolated or  slightly  sub.sessile ;  black,  shining  towards  the  apex ;  ex- 
treme apical  margins  of  the  segments  whitish,  obsolete  or  subobsolete 
on  the  three  basal  segments,  and  distinct  on  the  apical  ones,  the  lateral 
margins  of  which  are  rather  broadly  marked  with  white ;  first  segment 
longer  than  the  second,  much  narrowed  toward  the  base,  and  again 


276  [September 

sliffhtly  dilated  before  reaching  the  base,  the  hiteral  tubercles  not  promi- 
nent, situated  a  little  before  the  middle,  disk  faintly  canaliculate ;  be- 
neath stained  with  whitish ;  ovipositor  subexserted.  Length  3  lines ; 
expanse  of  wings  0  lines. 

H^^lj^ — Xew  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Section  3. 

(i.  Tryplion'?  trifasciutus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished  ;  tea;ul£e,  scutellum,  postscutellum,  part  of  metathorax.  legs 
and  three  bands  on  abdomen,  yellow:  wings  subhyaline,  areolet  wanting :  legs 
short  and  thick;  abdomen  subpetiolated,  clavate. 

Male. — Black,  polished,  clothed  with  a  rather  thin  pale  pubescence ; 
head  entirely  black,  eyes  prominent,  face  narrow,  palpi  pale ;  antennae 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body  brownish  above,  yellowish  beneath,  the  basal 
joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  :  the  pleura  protuberant  beneath  the 
wino-s,  with  a  deep  cavity  before  and  behind  to  receive  the  anterior  and 
intermediate  femora  in  repose;  scutellum  and  postscutellum  yellow; 
metathorax  small,  shining,  pubescent,  black  with  a  large  transverse 
yelloAvish  spot  across  its  middle,  sometimes  obsolete,  immediately  be- 
hind the  postscutellum  a  well  impressed  point,  and  at  the  insertion  of 
the  abdomen  several  short  elevated  ridges.  Wings  subhyaline,  faintly 
stained  with  fuscous ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the  former  pale  at 
base ;  areolet  wanting,  the  2nd  recurrent  nervure  very  much  angular 
near  its  base.  Legs  short  and  thick  as  in  Exochus  ;  yellow,  the  poste- 
rior cox£e  beneath  and  the  apical  half  of  their  femora,  black ;  sometimes 
the  four  anterior  femora  exteriorly,  the  tips  of  the  posterior  tibire  and 
tips  of  all  the  tarsi,  are  blackish.  Abdomen  subpetiolated  or  slightly 
subsessile,  clavate,  polished,  bjack,  the  apical  half  of  the  three  basal 
seo-ments  yellow ;  basal  segment  somewhat  canaliculate  or  cariuated  on 
the  disk  towards  the  base.  Length  5  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  7?  lines. 
}j^ah. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  Chas.  A.  Blake. 

Section  4. 

7.  Tryphon  americanus,  n.  sp. 

Black:  face,  palpi  and  four  anterior  legs,  yellow;  abdomen,  except  basal  seg- 
ment, rufous  ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  triangular. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  fVtce  beneath  the  antenna},  clypeus.  man- 
dibles except  tips,  and  the  palpi,  yellow  ;  immediately  beneath  the  an- 
tennse  a  lono-itudiual,  abbreviated,  blackish  line  and  on  each  lateral  mar- 


J77 


1864.]  '277 

gin  of  the  ciypeus  a  blackish,  well  impressed  puncture ;  antennae  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  porrect,  blackish,  the  base  and  apex  yel- 
lowish, the  basal  joint  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  black,  shining;  tegulae 
pale  yellowish ;  metuthorax  shining,  with  four  sharply  defined  longitu- 
dinal carinas,  the  two  middle  ones  approximate.  Wings  hyaline ;  ner- 
vuresand  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base;  areolet  small,  triangular,  slightly 
petiolated,  the  second  recurrent  nervure  angular  in  the  middle.  Legs : 
the  two  anterior  pairs,  the  posterior  coxae  and  trochanters,  and  the  basal 
half  of  their  tibiae,  and  most  of  their  tarsi  beneath,  yelfbw ;  the  poste- 
rior femora  rufous,  their  extreme  tips,  the  apical  half  of  their  tibias  and 
most  of  their  tarsi  above,  black.  Abdomen  elongate,  subsessile,  rufous; 
basal  segment  except  its  apex,  black,  flattened,  with  two  elevated  lines, 
very  slightly  dilated  at  the  apex  ;  apical  segment  faintly  tinged  with 
yellowish.     Length  5  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  8  lines. 

^«6.— Delaware  (Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson) ;  Canada  West  (Mr.  B.  Bil- 
lings, Jr.) 

8.  Tryphon  aflSnis,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  mouth,  legs  and  abdomen,  rufous ;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  subtrian- 
gular,  petiolated  ;  abdomen  subsessile,  subclavate. 

Female. — Head  black  ;  ciypeus,  mandibles  and  palpi,  dull  yelloAvish; 
antennte  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  blackish,  yellowish  at  base 
and  at  tips.  Thorax  shining,  black ;  tegulae  pale  yellow ;  scutellum 
and  metathorax  black,  the  latter  polished,  with  four  very  sharply  de- 
fined longitudinal  carinae  as  in  the  preceding  species.  Wings  obscure 
hyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuliginous  at  tips ;  nervures  and  stigma 
blackish,  whitish  at  base;  areolet  minute,  subtriangular,  slightly  oblique, 
petiolated;  2nd  recurrent  nervure  angular  in  the  middle.  Legs  pale 
rufous,  the  two  anterior  pairs  and  the  posterior  trochanters  tinged  with 
yellowish ;  posterior  femora  at  tips,  their  tibiae,  except  a  broad,  pale, 
ill-defined  annulus  near  the  base,  and  most  of  their  tarsi,  blackish. 
Abdomen  subsessile,  subclavate,  shining,  rufous,  the  first  segment  ex- 
cept tip,  black,  with  two  approximate,  well-defined  longitudinal  carinas 
on  the  middle  towards  the  base ;  apical  segments  very  slightly  com- 
pressed.    Length  4  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 

Hab. — Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Closely  allied  to  T.  americanus,  but  is  smaller,  with  the  face  entirely 
black. 


278  [September 

9.  Tryphon  seminiger,  n.  sp. 

Black  :  face  silvery  ;  mouth  yellowish ;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  base,  ru- 
fous ;  wings  subhyaline,  areolet  oblique,  petiolated ;  abdomen  subsessile,  sub- 
clavate. 

Female. — Black,  thinly  clothed  with  very  short  whitish  pubescence, 
more  obvious  and  silvery  on  the  face  ;  clypeus,  mandibles  and  palpi 
dull  yellowish  ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  black  above, 
brownish  beneath  ;  tegulfe  dull  yellowish ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated 
lines  irregular,  tolerably  well  defined.  Wings  faintly  tinged  with  fuli- 
ginous ;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  pale  at  base ;  areolet  minute, 
oblique,  petiolated ;  2nd  recurrent  nervure  angular  in  the  middle. 
Legs  obscure  rufous,  the  four  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  tinged  with 
yellowish;  coxae  black;  the  posterior  femora  and  tibiae  at  tips  and 
their  tarsi,  obfuscated.  Abdomen  subsessile,  clavate,  rufous ;  basal 
segment  black,  except  the  extreme  tip,  with  two  approximate  carinas 
on  the  middle  towards  the  base.  Length  3? — 4  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
6 — 6J  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Closely  resembles  the  two  preceding  species  in  form  and  color,  but 
is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  sculpture  of  the  metathorax,  which  in 
this  species  is  irregular  and  not  sharply  defined,  while  in  the  other  two 
there  are  four  very  sharply  defined  and  regular  longitudinal  carinae. 

10.  Tryphon  semirufus,  n.  sp. 

Black:  tegulfe  yellow;  legs  and  abdomen  rufous;  wings  hyaline,  areolet 
wanting  ;  abdomen  subsessile,  subovate. 

Female. — Black  ;  clypeus  polished,  with  large  deep  punctures  ;  spot 
on  mandibles  at  base  and  the  palpi,  yellowish ;  antennae  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  body,  brown-black,  the  basal  joint  beneath  rufous;  tegulae 
pale  yellowish ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  irregular  and  ill- 
defined,  the  centi'al  area  small  and  elongate,  subobsolete.  Wings  hya- 
line, iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  pale  at  base;  areolet 
wanting;  2nd  recurrent  nervure  straight.  Legs,  with  the  coxae,  ru- 
fous ;  apical  half  of  the  posterior  femora  blackish,  their  tarsi  obfuscated. 
Abdomen  rather  short,  subovate,  subsessile,  somewhat  flattened  above, 
the  apex  slightly  compressed  and  tinged  with  blackish.  Length  3 
lines ;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 


1864.]  279 

1 1 .  Tryphon  analis.  n.  sp. 

Black  :  face  yellow :  legs  and  abdomen,  except  apex,  rufous ;  wings  hyaline, 
areolet  triangular,  petiolated;  abdomen  sessile,  flattened. 

Male. — Head  black ;  face  beneath  antenuee,  clypeus,  mandibles  and 
palpi,  yellowish ;  lateral  margins  of  the  clypeus  and  extreme  tips  itf 
mandibles,  black ;  face  somewhat  elevated  with  a  deep,  subtriangiilar 
incisure  towards  the  base  of  the  antennae ;  antennse  three-fourths  as 
l(»nu-  as  the  body,  brown  above,  the  two  basal  joints  black,  beneath  red- 
dish-brown, the  basal  joints  paler.  Thorax  smooth  and  polished  ;  tegulte 
yellow ;  metathorax  shining,  the  elevated  lines  irregular  and  tolerably 
well  defined,  the  central  ai-ea  moderate  and  subquadrate.  Wings  hya- 
line, iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base  ;  areolet 
small,  triangular,  petiolated;  2nd  recurrent  nervure  angular  in  the 
middle.  Legs,  with  the  coxje,  pale  rufous,  the  trochanters  yellowish, 
the  tips  of  the  posterior  femora,  tibise  and  tarsi  somewhat  obfuscated. 
Abdomen  sessile  and  flattened  as  in  Bassus,  the  dorsal  surface  of  the 
three  basal  segments  being  somewhat  uneven,  the  first  segment  with 
two  carinae  near  its  base ;  the  four  basal  segments  pale  rufous,  the 
apical  margin  of  the  foiarth  and  the  remaining  segments  black,  polished. 
Length  3]  lines;  expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

This  species  has  much  the  form  of  those  of  the  genus  Bassus. 

12.  Tryphon  festivus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  mouth,  antennse  and  four  anterior  legs,  yellowish ;  posterior  legs  and 
abdomen  except  base,  rufous  :  wings  long,  hyaline,  areolet  oblique,  petiolated  ; 
abdomen  subsessile,  subclavate. 

3Iale. — Black,  shining,  clothed  with  a  short,  thin,  whitish  pubes- 
cence, which  is  most  obvious  and  silvery  on  the  fece ;  clypeus,  man- 
dibles and  palpi,  yellowish ;  antennae  as  long  as  the  body,  brownish 
above,  yellowish  beneath,  the  basal  joint  yellow  beneath  ;  tegulae  pale 
yellow;  metathorax  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  obsolete.  Wings 
long,  hyaline,  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  pale  at  base ; 
areolet  small.  obli({ue  and  petiolated ;  2nd  recurrent  nervure  with  a 
rudimental  nervure  on  its  exterior  middle.  Legs :  the  two  anterior 
pairs  yellowish,  slightly  tinged  with  rufous ;  the  posterior  pair  dull  ru- 
fous, somewhat  obfuscated;  their  coxas  black,  with  the  tips  beneath 
and  the  trochanters,  yellowish.  Abdomen  subsessile,  or  slightly  sub- 
petiolated,  subclavate;  basal  segment  carinated  on  its  disk,  with  slight 


280  [September 

indications  of  a  tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  basal  third,  its  color  is 
black,  except  the  tip  which  is  rufous  as  well  as  all  the  remaining  seg- 
ments.    Length  o}  lines;  expanse  of  wings  6?  lines. 
H<ih. — Illinois.      Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

13.  Tryphon  tibialis,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  mouth,  base  of  antenn  c  beneath,  tegulfe  and  most  of  legs,  yellowish  ; 
middle  of  abdomen  pale  rufous,  wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  minute,  ob- 
lique, petiolated ;  hind  tibiffi  and  tarsi  annulated  with  black  and  white;  abdo- 
men subpetiolated,  clavate. 

Mah. — Black,  polished,  slightly  pubescent;  face  clothed  with  silvery 
pubescence,  the  clypeus,  mandibles  except  tips,  and  the  palpi,  yellowish  ; 
antennaj  rather  longer  than  the  body,  rather  slender,  brown-black,  the 
two  basal  joints  beneath  yellow.  Thorax  polished,  tegul:\;  yellowish  ; 
metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  not  well  defined,  the  central  area 
moderate,  quadrate.  Wing-s  hyaline,  beautifully  iridescent ;  nervures 
and  stigma  dark  fuscous,  pale  at  base ;  areolet  minute,  oblique  and 
petiolated ;  2nd  recurrent  nervure  slightly  bent  inwards  near  the  base. 
Legs  pale  fulvous,  the  four  anterior  coxae,  their  tibia)  and  tarsi  and  all 
the  trochanters,  pale  yellowish  ;  posterior  tibije  black  with  a  broad  whit- 
ish annulus  on  the  middle,  their  tarsi  black,  the  joints  whitish  at  base. 
Abdomen  subpetiolated,  subclavate,  polished,  black,  the  apical  third  of 
the  first,  the  second  and  third  segments  pale  yellowish-rufous,  on  each 
side  of  the  third  segment  a  rounded  blackish  stain ;  basal  segment 
slightly  carinated  on  the  disk,  with  a  small,  ill-defined  tubercle  on  each 
side  about  the  middle.     Length  2 J  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4]  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.      Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

14.  Tryphon  rufocinctus,  n.  sp. 

Black:  most  of  legs  and  the  2nd  and  3rd  segments  of  abdomen,  dull  rufous  ; 
wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  wanting ;  abdomen  nearly  sessile. 

Female. — Black,  subopaque ;  head  and  antenna)  entirely  black,  the 
latter  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body  ;  tegula)  pale  yellowish  ;  meta- 
thorax with  the  elevated  lines  subobsolete,  the  central  area  small  and 
elongate.  Wings  hyaline,  beautifully  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma 
black,  pale  at  base ;  areolet  wanting.  Legs  dull  rufous  or  brownish, 
all  the  coxae  and  the  posterior  femora  black.  Abdomen  almost  sessile, 
black,  the  2nd  and  3rd  segments  rufous ;  apical  segments  shining. 
Length  2]  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 
Ilah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 


1864.]  2S1 

15.  Tryphon  minimus,  n.  sp. 

Black  :  middle  of  face,  clypeus,  mouth,  tegulee,  broad  sutural  line  before  the 
wings,  spot  on  each  side  of  pleura  behind  and  the  coxse  and  trochanters,  yel- 
low; legs  and  3rd  abdominal  segment,  fulvous:  wings  hyaline,  areolet  want- 
ing ;  abdomen  subsessile. 

Fcniah'. — Black,  polislied ;  a  large  quadrate  spot  on  the  middle  of 
the  face,  clypeus,  large  spot  on  the  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  yellow  ; 
eyes  prominent;  antennj^  as  long  as  the  body,  brown-black,  the  basal 
joint  beneath  tipped  with  yellowish.  Thorax  :  tegulag,  a  broad  sutural 
line  before  the  wings,  extending  to  the  dorsal  lines  where  it  is  suddenly 
truncate,  dilated  and  pointed  before  and  behind,  an  irregular  line  be- 
neath the  fore-wings,  a  spot  beneath  the  hind-wings  and  an  elongate 
spot  on  each  side  of  the  pleura  behind  just  before  the  middle  coxae,  all 
yellowish  ;  metathorax  punctured,  without  elevated  lines.  Wings  hya- 
line, iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base;  areolet 
wanting ;  2nd  recurrent  nervure  straight.  Legs  fulvous  ;  the  posterior 
tibias  at  tips  and  their  tarsi  obfuscated;  all  the  coxae  and  trochanters 
bright  yellow.  Abdomen  subsessile  or  very  nearly  sessile,  with  a  stout 
tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  first  segment  near  the  base ;  middle  of  the 
two  basal  segments  somewhat  concave ;  the  apical  margin  of  the  2nd 
and  the  whole  of  the  ord  segments  above,  fulvous ;  apical  segments 
polished.     Length  \%  lines;  expanse  of  wings  3 J  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

16.  Tryphon  capitatus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished;  head,  pectus,  pleura,  legs  and  3rd  abdominal  segment,  pale 
fulvous;  wings  hyaline,  stigma  large,  areolet  wanting;  abdomen  subsessile. 

Male. — Head  rather  large;  subquadrate,  entirely  pale  fulvous,  shin- 
ing, face  paler ;  eyes  small,  round  and  black ;  antennae  as  long  as  the 
body,  brown-black,  the  basal  joint  yellowish.  Thorax  polished  ;  meso- 
thorax  black  ;  tegulae,  collar,  pectus  and  pleura  pale  fulvous ;  scutellum 
and  metathorax  black,  the  extreme  sides  of  the  latter  pale  fulvous. 
Wings  ample,  hyaline,  beautifully  iridescent;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at 
base,  stigma  large,  black  ;  areolet  wanting.  Legs,  with  the  coxae,  pale 
fulvous,  the  tips  of  the  posterior  tibiae,  brownish.  Abdomen  subsessile 
or  slightly  subpetiolated,  subclavate,  polished,  black,  the  3rd  segment 
pale  fulvous ;  basal  segment  with  a  prominent  tubercle  on  each  side  of 
the  middle.  Length  2  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 


2S2  [Septemher 

Genus  CTENISCUS.  Holiday. 

1.  Cteniscus  mediatus.  n.  sp. 

Black :  face,  orbits,  tegulse,  a  sutural  line  before  the  wings,  coxfe  and  tro- 
chanters yellowish  ;  rest  of  legs  pale  rufous  ;  wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet 
oblique,  petiolated :  abdomen  subsessile,  with  a  yellowish  spot  at  tip  of  each 
segment. 

Male. — Black,  polished;  face,  frontal  orbits,  cheeks  beneath,  cly- 
peus,  mandibles  and  palpi,  pale  yellow  ;  antenna;  as  long  as  the  body, 
black  above,  brown  beneath,  the  basal  joint  beneath  yellowish.  Thorax : 
tegulae,  a  broad  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings, 
and  an  oblique  line  on  each  side  of  the  pectus,  pale  yellow ;  scutellum 
rather  convex,  black,  its  tip  yellowLsh ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated 
lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central  area  elongate.  Wings  hyaline, 
beautifully  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base  ;  areo- 
let small,  oblique  and  petiolated.  Legs  pale  rufous,  all  the  cox;\}  and 
trochanters  pale  yellow,  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  obfuscated.  Ab- 
domen subsessile,  polished,  somewhat  flattened,  black,  all  the  segments 
with  an  apical  yellow  spot  on  the  disk  above,  the  spots  becoming  more 
transverse  towards  the  apex ;  the  incisure  between  the  3rd  and  4th 
segments  tinged  with  fulvous  ;  basal  segment  subopaque,  slightly  canal- 
iculate ;  base  of  2nd  segment  somewhat  depressed  and  uneven.  Length 
22  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

2.  Cteniscus  dorsalis,  n.  sp. 

Yellowish-brown;  face,  orbits,  tegulse,  a  line  before  the  wings,  four  anterior 
coxfe  and  trochanters,  and  a  spot  on  the  disk  of  each  abdominal  segment,  yel- 
low; wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  oblique  ;  abdomen  sessile, 

Male. — Yellowish-brown,  polished ;  the  face  beneath  the  antennae, 
frontal  orbits,  lower  half  of  the  cheeks,  clypeus,  mandibles  and  palpi, 
pale  yellow ;  antennae  about  as  long  as  the  body,  rufo-piceous,  the  basal 
joint  beneath  tinged  with  yellowish.  Thorax  :  tegul^,  a  broad  sutural 
line  before,  and  a  short  one  beneath  the  fore-wings,  pale  yellow ;  scu- 
tellum somewhat  produced,  with  a  large  pale  spot;  metathorax  convex, 
polished,  the  elevated  lines  subobsolete.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent ; 
nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base ;  areolet  oblique,  the  2nd  re- 
current nervure  rounded  outwardly,  and  received  by  the  areolet  at  its 
tip.  Legs  color  of  the  body,  the  four  anterior  ,,coxae  and  trochanters 
pale  yellowish.     Abdomen  sessile,  robust,  only  slightly  narrowed  at  base. 


18G4.]  .  288 

yellowish-brown  or  obscurely  honey-yellow,  each  segment  having  on  its 
disk  at  tip  a  transverse  yellowish  spot,  very  small  on  the  first  segment 
and  becoming  larger  towards  the  apex ;  first  segment  slightly  broader 
at  tip  than  at  base,  the  lateral  margins  somewhat  carinated  and  the 
tubercles  scarcely  defined ;  the  second  segment  has  on  each  side  an 
oblique  well-impressed  line,  diverging  from  the  basal  middle  to  the  late- 
ral margin.  Length  2-1 — 3  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5 — 6  lines. 
Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

.'!.  Cteniscus  orbitalis,  n.  sp. 

Fulvous;  head  large,  white,  vertex  and  occiput  black;  scutellum  whitish; 
wings  hyaline,  areolet  oblique,  petiolated ;  abdomen  subsessile,  subclavate. 

MaLe. — Head  large,  nearly  quadrate,  black,  the  face,  frontal  orbits, 
cheeks,  clypeus,  mandibles  except  tips,  and  the  palpi  pure  white ;  an- 
tenna) nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  basal  half  blackish,  apical  half  yel- 
lowish, basal  joint  robust  and  piceous  beneath.  Thorax  fulvous,  pol- 
ished, posterior  margin  of  the  mesothorax  in  front  of  scutellum,  black- 
ish ;  tegulai,  a  sutural  line  before  the  wings  and  another  down  each 
side  of  the  pectus,  whitish ;  scutellum  and  postscutellum  whitish,  the 
spaces  on  each  side  blackish ;  metathorax  entirely  fulvous,  the  elevated 
lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate  and  elongate.  Wings  hya- 
line, iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base ;  areolet 
small,  oblique  and  petiolated.  Legs  fulvous,  the  four  anterior  coxae 
and  trochanters  whitish.  Abdomen  subsessile,  subclavate,  polished, 
entirely  fulvous,  slightly  dusky  towards  the  tip.  Length  3  lines ;  ex- 
panse of  wings  6  lines. 

Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cressou. 

Readly  distinguished  by  the  large  black  and  white  head,  the  rest  of 
the  body  being  fulvous. 

4.  Cteniscus  flavicoxae,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face,  orbits,  tegulse  and  coxse,  yellow ;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  base, 
fulvous;  wings  hyaline  ;  areolet  oblique,  petiolated;  abdomen  subsessile. 

Female. — Head  rather  large,  black,  polished;  face,  except  a  dark 
stain  on  its  middle,  frontal  orbits,  narrowed  on  each  side  of  antennae, 
cheeks  beneath,  clypeus,  mandibles  and  palpi,  pale  yellow ;  antennae  as 
long  as  the  body,  blackish,  the  apical  third  yellowish,  the  two  basal 
joints  beneath  yellow.     Thorax  black,  polished;  the  tegulfe,  a  short 


284  [September 

sutural  line  before,  and  a  minute  line  beneath  the  fore-wings,  yellow ; 
scutellum  black,  its  tip  yellowish ;  metathorax  black,  shining,  the  ele- 
vated lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  subrotundate.  Wings 
hyaline,  iridescent ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  large,  black 
with  a  pale  spot  at  base;  areolet  minute,  oblique  and  petiolated.  Legs 
fulvous,  all  the  coxae  and  trochanters  pale  yellow,  the  posterior  tibife 
brownish.  Abdomen  subsessile,  rather  short,  broad  and  subdepressed, 
polished;  basal  segment  black,  remaining  segments  fulvous,  except  the 
sides  of  the  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  segments  which  are  blackish.  Length 
2-2  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

Hub. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

5.  Cteniscus  clavatus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  face,  tegulae,  tip  of  scutellum,  most  of  legs  and  the  abdomen  except 
base,  yellowish ;  wings  subhyaline,  iridescent,  areolet  triangular,  petiolated : 
abdomen  clavate. 

Male. — Shining,  slightly  pubescent ;  head  black,  face  beneath  the 
antennas,  clypeus,  mandibles  and  palpi,  yellow ;  antennte  longer  than 
the  body,  black,  honey-yellow  towards  the  base,  especially  beneath. 
Thorax  black;  tegulae  pale  yellow;  scutellum  convex,  black,  with  a 
yellowish  spot  at  tip  and  another  on  postscutellum ;  metathorax  with 
the  elevated  lines  well  defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  (juadrate. 
Wings  slightly  stained  with  fuscous,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma 
testaceous,  pale  at  base ;  areolet  small,  triangular,  petiolated.  Legs  pale 
fulvous,  coxEe  black,  the  two  anterior  pairs  beneath,  all  the  trochanters 
and  the  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi,  yellowish;  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi 
blackish,  the  former  with  a  broad  pale  annulus  on  the  middle.  Abdo- 
men elongate,  clavate,  slender  at  base,  polished  ;  basal  segment  sublinear, 
cariuated  above  and  with  a  prominent  tubercle  on  each  side  at  base ; 
2nd  segment  depressed  at  base  with  a  slight  carina  on  the  middle ;  re- 
maining segments  convex  and  gradually  dilated,  the  tip  obtusely  pointed ; 
the  1st  and  base  of  the  2nd  seiiiuents  blackish,  remaining  segments 
honey-yellow,  with  the  apical  margins  of  the  3rd,  4th  and  5th  segments 
yellow,  margined  in  front  with  black.  Length  Zl  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  5 1  lines. 

/:/a6.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 


1864.]  285 

Genus  EXOCHUS.  Grav. 

Section  1. — Areolet  small. 

1.  Exochus  apicalis.  n.  sp. 

Black,  shining:  face,  orbits  and  tegulse,  yellowish;  legs  and  apex  of  abdomen 
rufous. 

Male. — Black,  shining,  thinly  clothed  with  a  very  short,  appressed, 
pale  pubescence;  face,  mouth  and  orbits,  yellowish,  tinged  with  pale 
rufous  ;  antennte  about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  riifo-piceous.  Tho- 
rax flattened  above,  shining ;  tegulse  yellowish  ;  metathorax  abruptly 
truncate  behind,  its  posterior  face  concjive,  on  the  disk  above  two  not 
well-defined,  approximate,  longitudinal  carinas  forming  a  narrow,  elongate 
central  area.  Wings  hyaline;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  the  former 
pale  at  base ;  areolet  minute,  oblique  and  petiolated.  Legs  rufous,  the 
coxae  black.  Abdomen  sessile,  shining,  cylindrical,  very  slightly  nar- 
rowed at  base;  the  two  apical  segments  rufous.  Length  Si' lines;  ex- 
panse of  wings  5  lines. 

ffab. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

2.  Exochus  fulvipes,  n.  sp. 

Bl^ick,  polished:  legs  pale  fulvous;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  oblique,  petio- 
lated. 

Male. — Black,  smooth  and  polished,  slightly  pubescent;  palpi  pale- 
yellowish  ;  antenna?  brown-black  above,  rufo-piceous  beneath,  tinged 
with  yellow  towards  the  base ;  tegulai  pale  yellowish.  Wings  hyaline. 
slightly  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  pale  at  base;  areolet 
minute,  oblique,  and  petiolated.  Legs  entirely  pale  fulvous.  Abdomen 
subcylindric,  slightly  narrowed  at  base,  the  second  and  following  seg- 
ments equilateral.     Length  2t — 3  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4 — 5  lines. 

Female. — Resembles   the  male,   but  the  abdomen   is   shorter   and 
broader ;  the  ovipositor  is  yellowish  and  slightly  exserted. 
Hah. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

.3.  Exochus  pygmaeus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished;  legs  pale  fulvous;  wings  hyaline,  areolet  triangular,  not 
petiolated. 

Male. — DilFers  from  E.  fulvipes  only  in  the  much  smaller  size,  and 
in  the  areolet  of  the  superior  wings  being  triangular,  much  larger  and 
not  at  all  petiolated.     Length  2  lines;  expanse  of  wings  3j  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 


286  •  [September 

Section  2. — Areolet  wanting. 

4.  Exochus  laevis,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polislied,  legs  reddish-brown;  wings  hyaline. 

%  9  . — Black,  smooth  and  polished,  thinly  clothed  with  a  short,  ap- 
pressed,  pale  pubescence;  palpi  piceous;  antennae  blackish,  three-fourths 
the  length  of  the  body,  thickened  at  base ;  tegulae  pale  testaceous ; 
metathorax  polished,  truncate  behind,  the  elevated  lines  distinct,  the 
central  area  elongate.  Wings  hyaline;  nervures  and  stigma  black. 
Abdomen  highly  polished,  slightly  narrowed  at  base,  the  first  segment 
canaliculate,  the  remaining  segments  equilateral  and  subcylindric ;  ovi- 
positor of  the  female  rufous,  scarcely  exserted.  Length  31  lines;  ex- 
panse of  wings  5  lines. 

Hah. — California  $    (Dr.  Horn)  ;  Illinois  %    (Dr.  Lewis). 

I  see  none  but  sexual  differences  between  the  specimen  from  Cali- 
fornia and  those  from  Illinois. 

5.  Exochus  pleuralis,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face,  orbits,  tegulfe,  pectus,  pleura,  most  of  the  legs  and  a  triangular 
spot  on  each  side  of  the  2nd,  3rd  and  4t]i  abdominal  segments,  yellowish  ; 
wings  hyaline. 

Male. — Black,  polished,  slightly  pubescent ;  the  face,  mouth,  and 
the  frontal  orbits  very  broad  above  and  beneath  the  eyes,  yellow ;  an- 
tennge  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  body,  brown-black  above,  rufo- 
piceous  beneath.  Thorax :  mesothorax  black;  tegulae, pectus  and  pleura, 
yellowish,  the  latter  slightly  stained  with  pale  rufous;  scutellum  black, 
pale  at  tip;  metathorax  black  above,  its  extreme  sides  reddish-yellow, 
polished,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central  area  large 
and  quadrate.  Wings  hyaline,  the  nervures  and  stigma  blackish,  the 
former  pale  at  base.  Legs  pale  yellowish,  tlie  posterior  femora  pale 
rufous,  and  the  extreme  tips  of  their  tibiae  and  tarsi  blackish.  Abdo- 
men black,  polished,  subcylindric,  slightly  narrowed  at  base ;  the  first 
segment  with  two  longitudinal  carinas  on  the  disk  and  one  on  each  late- 
ral margin ;  on  each  side  of  the  2ud,  3rd  and  4th  segments  at  tip  a 
rather  large,  triangular,  pale  testaceous  spot;  beneath,  stained  with 
yellowish.     Length  2^  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

6.  Exochus  dorsalis,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face,  orbits,  line  before  the  wings,  pleura  and  most  of  legs,  yellowish: 
mesothorax  rufous  ;  wings  hyaline. 

Male. — Head  black,  the  face,  frontal  orbits  broad  above  and  beneath 


1864.]  287 

the  eyes,  and  the  mouth,  pale  yellowish ;  autennre  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  body,  black  above,  tinged  with  piceous  beneath.  Thorax  :  meso- 
thorax  flat,  feebly  punctured,  polished,  dull  rufous,  blackish  in  front; 
pectus  stained  with  blackish  ;  the  tegulae  and  a  sutural  line  before  the 
wings,  pale  yellowish-white ;  pleura  pale  fulvous ;  scutellum  flat,  pol- 
ished, dull  rufous  margined  with  whitish;  postscutellum  black  with  a 
transverse  white  spot  on  its  middle  just  beneath  the  scutellum ;  meta- 
thorax  smooth  and  polished,  black,  its  extreme  sides  pale  fulvous,  the 
elevated  lines  indistinct,  the  central  area  large,  elongate-subquadrate. 
Wings  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  black.  Legs  pale  ful- 
vous, the  anterior  coxae  beneath,  all  the  femora  at  tips,  and  most  of  the 
tibife  and  tarsi,  white;  posterior  tibiae  black  at  base  and  apex,  as  well 
as  the  apex  of  all  the  tarsi.  Abdomen  cylindrical,  scarcely  narrowed 
at  base,  black,  highly  polished,  its  extreme  apex  with  a  somewhat  ob- 
scure whitish  spot.  Length  22-  lines;  expanse  of  wings  -i  lines. 
Hab. — Xew  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

7.  Exochus  pallipes.  u.  sp. 
Black ;  face,  scutellum,  pleura  and  legs,  pale  yellowish  ;  wings  hyaline. 

Male. — Black,  somewhat  shining,  thinly  clothed  with  a  fine,  short, 
whitish  pubescence ;  face  and  frontal  orbits  broad  above  and  beneath 
the  eyes,  pale  yellowish ;  autennfe  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body, 
blackish  above,  rufo-piceous  beneath.  Thorax :  mesothorax  black ; 
tegulae,  pectus  and  pleura,  pale  yellowish,  the  latter  slightly  stained 
with  pale  rufous ;  scutellum  dull  rufous,  its  tip  pale  yellowish,  postscu- 
tellum with  a  yellowish  transverse  spot  on  its  middle  ;  metathorax 
black,  its  extreme  sides  yellowish-red,  the  elevated  lines  not  well  de- 
fined, the  central  area  large,  elongate,  irregular.  Wings  hyaline  ;  ner- 
vures and  stigma  black.  Legs  pale  yellowish-white,  the  posterior  femora 
slightly  stained  with  pale  fulvous;  apex  of  their  tibij^  and  tips  of  the 
tarsi,  blackish.  Abdomen  black,  shining,  slightly  narrowed  at  base ; 
beneath,  stained  with  pale  yellowish.  Length  22-  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  4  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Genus  TROGXTS,  Grav. 
Trogus  flavipennis,  n.  sp. 

Black:  head,  autenuse,  legs,  scutellum  and  base  of  abdoi-nen,  yellowish-fer- 
ruginous; rest  of  abdomen  yellow;  wings  yellow,  apical  margins  fuliginous. 
Head  yellowish-ferruginous,  tlie  frontal  orbits  tinged  with  yellowish  ; 


288  [September 

on  each  side  of  the  clypeus  a  black  spot ;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  body,  porrect,  pale  rufous,  blackish  toward  the  tips.  Thorax 
black,  densely  and  finely  punctured ;  middle  of  mesothorax  faintly  sul- 
cate  and  havini>;  on  each  side  of  this  an  abbreviated  dull  rufous  stripe 
connecting  with  the  sutural  line  which  is  also  broadly  dull  rufous  ; 
tegulae  yellowish ;  a  line  beneath  the  front  wings  rufous ;  scutelluni 
very  much  elevated,  in  the  shape  of  a  stout,  subobtuse  tubercle,  bright 
rufous,  yellowish  behind  and  black  laterally ;  postscutellum  with  a  yel- 
low spot ;  metathorax  scabrous,  black,  clothed  with  short  black  pubes- 
cence; the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined.  Wings  yellowish,  apical 
margins  fuliginous,  with  a  violaceous  reflection  ;  nervures  fuscous,  their 
base,  as  well  as  the  stigma  and  costa,  yellowish-ferruginous ;  areolet 
oblique,  slightly  petiolated.  Legs  yellowish-ferruginous;  the  coxas  and 
the  posterior  femora  except  extreme  base  and  apex,  black.  Abdomen 
flattened  above,  with  a  slight  carina  down  the  middle ;  basal  segment 
sharply  bicariuated,  yellowish-ferruginous,  the  petiole  black  ;  the  second 
segment  also  yellowish-ferruginous ;  remaining  segments  yellow,  paler 
towards  the  apex;  the  3rd,  4th  and  5th  segments  above  with  a  subob- 
solete  ferruginous  dot  on  each  side.  Length  9  lines ;  expanse  of  wings 
17  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Genus  HOPLISMENUS,  Grav. 
Hoplismenus  thoracicus,  n.  sjj. 

Pale  rufous;  head,  mesothorax,  most  of  hind  legs  and  apex  of  abdomen, 
black;  a  broad  anuulus  on  anteanfe  and  a  spot  on  tip  of  abdomen,  white; 
wings  hyaline. 

Male. — Head  entirely  black,  palpi  pale ;  antennae  very  slender,  rather 
longer  than  the  body,  black,  the  3rd  to  5th  joints  pale  rufous,  the  8th 
to  13th  joints  white,  spotted  beneath  with  blackish.  Thorax  pale  ru- 
fous, very  finely  and  closely  punctured ;  mesothorax  and  pectus,  black  ; 
scutellum  gibbous,  acutely  carinated  on  each  side,  pale  rufous,  as  well 
as  the  postscutellum ;  metathorax  finely  rugose,  the  elevated  lines  sharply 
defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  transversely  subquadrate,  the  poste- 
rior face  obliquely  depressed,  the  lateral  tubercles  not  very  prominent, 
obtuse;  tegulse  piceous.  Wings  byaline,  faintly  iridescent;  nervures 
and  stigma  fuscous,  pale  at  base ;  areolet  small,  subtriangular.  Legs 
slender ;  with  their  coxae,  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  trochanters, 


18G4.]  ^  289 

femora  aud  tibiae  more  or  less  dusky ;  posterior  femora,  except  base, 
their  tibite,  except  a  pale  anuulus  near  the  base,  and  most  of  their  tarsi, 
blackish.  Abdomen  scarcely  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  subovate, 
depressed,  rufous,  apical  half  of  the  3rd,  and  the  remaining  segments, 
black,  the  extreme  apex  with  a  transverse  white  spot;  basal  segment 
strongly  arcuated,  slightly  dilated  towards  the  tip,  bicarinated  above, 
and  uneven  at  tip ;  2nd  segment  somewhat  rugose.  Length  4  lines ; 
expanse  of  wings  61  lines. 

Sab. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  Tryon  E-eakirt. 

Closely  allied  to  H.  dimidlatm  (Europe),  but  the  antennfe  are  longer 
aud  the  mesothorax  is  entirely  black. 

Genus  CRYPTUS,  Fabr. 

Section  1. — Scutellum  and  abdomen  black Sp.  1 —  fi 

"       2. — Scutellum  pale  :  abdomen    black Sp.  7 —  8 

"       3. — Scutellum  witli  pale  markings  ;  abdomen  red  or  red  and 

black Sp.  9—1(1 

"       4. — Scutellum  black;  abdomen  red  or  red  and   black Sp.  11 — 24 

"       5. — Thorax,  scutellum  and  abdomen  yellowish-red Sp.  2,5 

Section  1. 

1.  Cryptus  robustus.  n.  sp. 

Black,  shining,  abdomen  very  robust;  wings  fuliginous,  with  a  bluish  gloss; 
legs  rufous,  jiosterior  femora  undulate,  constricted  at  tip ;  metathorax  with  a 
transverse  central  area. 

Female. — Very  robust,  deep  black,  shining  ;  face  broad,  minutely 
punctured,  with  a  subobsolete,  obtuse,  rounded  tubercle  beneath  the 
antenna?,  the  front  just  behind  the  antenuoe  deeply  excavated,  the  sur- 
face somewhat  wrinkled  ;  the  orbits  behind  very  narrowly  and  subobso- 
letely  yellowish ;  clypeus  polished,  its  lateral  and  apical  margins  much 
depressed,  leaving  the  middle  prominent ;  mandibles  also  polished,  with 
a  few  punctures  ;  palpi  blackish,  fulvous  at  base ;  antenna?  nearly  as 
long  as  the  body,  setaceous,  slightly  involute,  black,  the  3rd  joint  rather 
longer  than  the  4th  and  5th  together,  the  basal  joint  robust,  tinged 
with  rufous  within.  Thorax  shining  above,  the  dorsal  lines  deep,  but 
not  reaching  the  posterior  margin ;  mesothorax  feebly  punctured,  the 
pleura  very  densely  punctured,  somewhat  aciculate,  a  spot  beneath  the 
posterior  wings  and  the  space  between  the  anterior  and  middle  coxae, 
polished  ;  scutellum  convex,  polished,  deeply  impressed  in  front ;  post- 
scutellum  also  polLshed;  metathorax  very  densely  punctured,  opaque, 


290  [September 

rather  truncate  behind,  the  lateral  tubercles  acute,  from  each  of  these 
tubercles  a  carina  proceeds  forward  and  forms  a  well-defined,  transverse, 
semicircular  central  area  on  the  disk.  Wings  ample,  fuliginous,  with  a 
bluish  gloss,  the  posterior  pair  clearer;  nervures  and  stigma  black; 
areolet  rather  large,  subquadrate  or  5-angular,  the  lower  nervure  broadly 
ano-ular,  the  cubital  nervure  with  a  rudimental  nerve  within  the  first 
submarginal  cell.  Legs  rufous,  polished,  the  coxae  and  trochanters 
black,  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  reddish-brown  ;  femora  rather  ro- 
bust, the  two  posterior  pair  undulate  beneath  and  somewhat  suddenly 
constricted  at  tip.  Abdomen  very  robust,  ovate,  shining  black,  fiiintly 
tinged  with  blue ;  basal  segment  much  arcuated,  short,  polished,  flat- 
tened above,  and  broad  at  tip,  which  is  sulcate  on  the  middle  and  on 
each  side ;  venter  polished  ;  ovipositor  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  abdo- 
men, black.  Length  G — 7  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  11 2 — 12  lines. 
Hah. — Rocky  Mount;^ans,  Colorado  Territory. 

2.  Cryptus  proximus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  wings  fuliginous,  with  a  bluish  gloss;  legs  rufous,  femora  simple: 
metathorax  with  a  large,  triangular  central  area. 

Female. — Differs  from  C.  rohustus,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  as 
follows : — More  elongate  and  much  less  robust ;  the  3rd  joint  of  the 
antennae  not  as  long  as  the  4th  and  5th  together,  the  two  latter  being 
each  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  3rd  joint;  the  mesothorax  more  opa(|ue 
and  densely  punctured ;  the  central  area  of  the  metathorax  is  large  and 
triangular ;  the  legs  rather  longer,  the  femora  slender,  simple,  not  at 
all  undulate  beneath  or  constricted  at  tips,  the  4th,  5th  and  6th  joints 
of  the  posterior  tarsi  are  yellowish ;  the  abdomen  more  elongate,  much 
less  robust,  and  the  ovipositor  as  long  as  the  body,  rufo-piceous,  with 
the  valves  black.     Length  7  lines;  expanse  of  wings  11  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

3.  Cryptus  luctuosus.  n.  sp. 

Black;  frontal  orbits  whitish;  femora  rufous;  wings  smoky,  hyaline  with  a 
bluish  gloss  ;  metathorax  without  a  central  area  ;  ovipositor  short. 

Female. — Black,  shining;  frontal  orbits  beneath  the  antennae  whit- 
ish ;  clypeus  polished,  a  slight  prominence  between  it  and  the  base  of 
the  antennae,  behind  the  latter  the  front  is  rather  deeply  excavated  and 
aciculate  ;  antennse  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  rather  slen- 
der, somewhat  involute,  black,  brownish-sericeous  towards  the  tip,  basal 


1864.]  291 

joint  robust  and  polls'hed.  the  3rd  and  4th  joints  about  equal  in  length, 
the  5th  a  little  shorter.  Thorax  above  polished,  minutely  punctured, 
the  dorsal  lines  very  deep  and  large,  beneath  the  wings  very  densely 
punctured,  a  polished  spot  beneath  the  posterior  wings,  as  well  as  the 
space  between  the  anterior  and  middle  coxoe  ;  scutellum  polished ;  meta- 
thorax  somewhat  rugose,  opaque,  truncate  behind,  the  carina  bordering 
the  truncation  sharply  defined,  the  lateral  tubercles  prominent  and 
subacute.  Wings  uniformly  tinged  with  fuliginous,  and  having  a  blu- 
ish gloss  ;  nervures  and  stigma  black  ;  areolet  5-angular,  the  lower  ner- 
vure  bro:idly  angular.  Legs  black,  polished,  all  the  femora,  and  the 
anterior  tibia)  and  tarsi,  rufous.  Abdomen  short  and  robust,  subovate, 
shining ;  the  basal  segment  flattened,  strongly  arcuated,  broad  at  tip, 
the  peduncle  short  and  polished ;  ovipositor  rather  longer  than  the 
first  segment,  rufous,  valves  black.  Length  5  lines  ;  expanse  of  wings 
81  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Shorter  and  stouter  than  C  proximus,  and  without  any  central  area 
on  the  metathorax. 

4.  Cryptus  nubilipennis.  n.  sp. 

Black:  antenn£e  with  a  wliite  annulus:  wings  with  a  fuliginous  band  across 
their  apical  third  ;  legs  mostly  rufous:  ovipositor  longer  than  the  body. 

Female. — Black ;  face  short  and  broad,  finely  punctured  ;  the  orbits 
behind  subobsoletely  rufous ;  the  front  not  depressed  behind  the  an- 
tennae; clypeus  small,  transverse,  polishod,  with  a  deep  puncture  on 
each  side;  mandibles  small,  polished,  which,  as  well  as  the  clypeus,  is 
tinged  with  piceous ;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body, 
subporrect,  rather  slender,  black,  the  8th  to  11th  joints  more  or  less 
white,  basal  joint  robust,  the  3rd  and  4th  joints  subequal,  the  5th  and 
6th  shorter,  subequal.  Thorax  densely  and  very  finely  punctured,  shin- 
ing, the  dorsal  lines  not  deep;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  densely  punc- 
tured ;  metathorax  finely  scabrous,  somewhat  rounded  behind,  the  ele- 
vated lines  indistinctly  defined,  and  forming  a  large,  nearly  obsolete, 
rhomboidal  central  area,  the  lateral  tubercles  small.  Wings  smoky- 
hyaline,  the  extreme  tips  and  a  broad  band  on  the  apical  third,  not 
quite  reaching  the  posterior  margin  of  the  wing,  fuliginous ;  nervures 
and  stigma  black  ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs  rather  slender,  rufous ;  the 
coxae  and  trochanters  black ;  the  four  anterior  femora  at  base,  apex  of 


292  [September 

the  posterior  tibi?e  and  all  the  tarsi,  brownish.  Abdomen  rather  short, 
robust,  subovate ;  basal  segment  strongly  arcuated,  rather  longer  than 
the  second,  flattened,  broad  at  tip  and  somewhat  bilineated;  ovipositor 
longer  than  the  abdomen,  rufous,  valves  black.  Length  42  lines;  ex- 
panse of  wings  8  lines. 

Huh. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Allied  to  C.  luctuosus  but  is  easily  distinguished  from  that  species  by 
the  band  on  the  wino;s. 


o 


5.  Cryptus  crassicornis.  n.  sp. 

Black:  antennpe  much  thickened,  opaque:  frontal  orbits  white;  legs  rufous, 
the  tarsi  yellowish  :  wings  subhyaline  :  abdomen  slender. 

Male. — Deep  black,  slightly  pubescent ;  face  rather  long,  eyes  promi- 
nent; the  orbits,  more  or  less  interrupted  on  each  side  near  the  vertex 
and  beneath  the  eyes,  sometimes  ending  in  a  spot  on  each  side  of  the 
clypeus,  narrowly  whitish ;  clypcus  small,  prominent,  polished ;  man- 
dibles projecting;  basal  joint  of  palpi  yellowish;  the  front  behind  the 
antennae  deeply  excavated  ;  antennai  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  opaque 
black,  much  thickened  at  base,  and  gradually  attenuated  towards  the 
tip,  which  is  very  slender,  basal  joint  robust,  subglobular,  clothed  with 
black  pubescence,  3rd  joint  about  Hh  longer  than  the  4th,  the  5th  and 
6th  joints  each  as  long  as  the  4th,  remaining  joints  gradually  diminish 
in  length,  the  incisures  indistinct.  Thorax  above  shining,  not  densely 
punctured,  the  doi'sal  lines  not  deeply  impressed,  on  the  pleura  the 
punctures  are  very  dense ;  beneath  the  posterior  wings  a  smooth,  pol- 
ished spot,  as  well  as  the  surface  between  the  anterior  and  middle  coxae; 
scutellum  subconvex,  shining,  rather  densely  punctured ;  metathorax 
opaque,  scabrous,  pubescent,  the  elevated  lines  and  lateral  tubercles 
not  well  defined,  in  some  specimens  there  is  a  fiiint  indication  of  a  sub- 
quadrate  central  area.  Wings  subhyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuligi- 
nous, and  having  a  slight  bluish  gloss ;  nervures  and  stigma  black ; 
areolet  5-angular  or  somewhat  4-angular,  the  cubifcil  nervvxre  with  a 
process  within  the  first  submarginal  cell.  Legs  long  and  I'ather  slender, 
rufous  ;  four  anterior  tibiae  in  front  and  the  tarsi  toward  the  tips  more 
or  less  tinged  with  yellowish,  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  sometimes 
brownish ;  all  the  coxae  and  the  trochanters,  black.  Abdomen  elon- 
gate, slender,  shining ;  the  basal  segment  as  long  as  the  2nd,  polished, 
the  apical  third  subquadrate,  not  much  dilated,  the  lateral  tubercles 


18G4.]  293 

prominent ;  the  remaining  segments  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  deep 
blue,  and  polished  towards  the  apex.  Length  62 — 7i  lines;  expanse 
of  wings  10 — 11 2  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

Readily  distinguished  by  the  incrassate  antennae. 

6.  Cryptus  velox,  n.  sp. 

Black;  antennae  with  a  narrow  white  annulus;  legs  rufous;  wings  hyaline, 
iridescent:  ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdomen. 

Female. — Black;  face  short  and  broad ;  clypeus  slightly  prominent, 
polished,  with  a  slight  puncture  on  its  disk ;  mandibles  piceous ;  front 
behind  the  antennae  slightly  excavated ;  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body,  slightly  involute  at  tip,  black,  the  9th  to  11th  joints  white,  basal 
joint  robust,  piceous  beneath,  the  3rd,  4th  and  5th  joints  long,  sub- 
equal,  the  6th  shorter,  about  as  long  as  the  7th  joint.  Thorax  polished, 
finely  punctured,  the  dorsal  lines  well  impressed ;  scutellum  slightly 
convex,  smooth  and  polished,  deeply  impressed  in  front ;  metathorax 
shining,  finely  punctured,  the  elevated  lines  not  distinct,  but  forming  a 
small,  subobsolete,  triangular  central  area.  Wings  ample,  hyaline, 
somewhat  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a  pale 
spot  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular  or  somewhat  4-angular,  the  lower  ner- 
vure  angular.  Legs  rather  slender,  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  tarsi 
at  tips,  the  apex  of  the  posterior  femora,  their  tibia3  and  tarsi,  blackish. 
Abdomen  elongate,  subovate  ;  basal  segment  not  longer  than  the  second, 
broad,  almost  subsessile,  flattened  above ;  apical  segments  polished ; 
ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  rufous,  valves  black.  Length  4 
lines;  expanse  of  wings  7 2  lines. 

Hah. — New  York.     Mr.  James  Angus. 

Section  2. 

7.  Cryptus  excelsus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  antennae  tricolored — fulvous,  yellow  and  black ;  face,  tegulse,  scutel- 
lum, posterior  face  of  metathorax,  and  most  of  the  legs,  yellow ;  basal  half  of 
posterior  femora,  fulvous ;  wings  subhyaline ;  basal  segment  of  abdomen  long 
and  linear. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  slightly  pubescent;  face,  except  on  each 
side  of  the  clypeus,  frontal  orbits  not  reaching  the  summit,  a  short  line 
behind  the  eyes,  the  clypeus  except  its  extreme  apical  margin,  the 
labrum  and  the  palpi,  yellow;  mandibles  projecting,   narrow,  acute, 


294  [September 

shining  black,  between  them  a  tuft  of  yellowish  pubescence ;  antenuse 
porrect.  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  somewhat  thickened,  basal 
joint  black,  yellow  beneath,  the  8  following  joints  fulvous,  paler  beneath, 
the  6  following  joints  yellow,  the  apical  ones  black  above,  fulvous  be- 
neath, the  2nd,  ord  and  4th  basal  joints  are  blackish  above,  the  ord 
joint  nearly  as  long  as  the  4th  and  5th  together.  Thorax  finely  punc- 
tured, the  dorsal  lines  deeply  impressed ;  collar  above,  a  line  or  two 
spots  in  front  of  the  mesothorax,  tegulae  and  a  spot  behind  the  posterior 
wings,  yellow;  scutellum  rather  convex,  polished,  yellow,  as  well  as  a 
line  on  the  postscutellum ;  metathorax  densely  punctured,  black,  with 
a  large  subtrefoil,  or  sometimes  an  angular,  yellow  mark  on  its  posterior 
face,  as  well  as  a  spot  on  each  side  of  it,  anteriorly  there  is  a  curved 
well-defined  carina  extending  from  side  to  side.  Wings  subhyaline, 
stained  with  fuscouss,  and  having  a  slight  violaceous  reflection  at  tips ; 
nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma  brown ;  areolet  large,  slightly 
oblique,  subquadrate  or  5-angular,  its  lower  nervure  angular.  Legs 
polished,  long  and  slender,  especially  the  posterior  pair ;  the  two  ante- 
rior pairs  except  their  cox^b  above,  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  posterior 
tibiae,  sometimes  a  spot  on  their  coxae  behind  at  base,  and  their  tarsi 
entirely,  yellow ;  the  apical  half  of  the  posterior  trochanters  and  the 
basal  half  of  their  femora,  bright  fulvous ;  remainder  black.  Abdomen 
elongate,  fusiform,  shining,  black ;  basal  segment  much  longer  than  the 
second,  linear,  not  at  all  dilated,  somewhat  flattened  above,  scarcely 
arcuated,  polished  and  having  on  each  side  beyond  the  middle  a  promi- 
nent tubercle,  the  apex  slightly  swollen  and  often  with  a  yellowish  spot 
on  each  side,  sometimes  the  lateral  margins  and  under  surface  of  this 
segment  including  the  petiole,  are  yellowish ;  ovipositor  nearly  as  long 
as  the  abdomen,  rufous  or  piceous,  valves  black.  Length  6 — 7  lines; 
expanse  of  wings  9 — 10 i  lines. 

Variety  9  . — The  flice  black,  the  frontal  orbits,  two  connected  spots 
beneath  the  antennae,  a  semicircular  spot  on  the  clypeus  and  the  labrum, 
yellow ;  base  of  the  scutellum  black ;  metathorax  entirely  black  except 
a  subarcuated  yellow  line  posteriorly ;  abdomen  entirely  black  except 
the  first  segment  beneat4i  which  is  tinged  with  rufous;  posterior  coxa? 
immaculate.     Length  4j  lines;  expanse  of  wings  7  lines. 

3IaU. — ReseAbles  the  female,  but  much  more  slender,  the  antenn^xj 


1864.]  295 

are  fuscous  above  with  a  broad  yellowish  annulus,  the  basal  half  of  the 
scutellum  is  black,  and  the  postscutelluin,  metathorax  aud  abdomen 
are  immaculate,  the  latter  very  slender.     Length  6  lines. 
Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.  ♦ 

8.  Cryptus  junceus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  spots  on  the  face,  most  of  antennse,  scutellum,  iiosterior  face  of  meta- 
thorax and  tlie  legs,  excejit  coxse  and  posterior  femora,  yellow  :  abdomen  very 
slender,  basal  segment  long  and  linear. 

FcmdJc. — Black,  shining;  frontal  orbits,  a  line  on  the  orbits  behind, 
two  spots  just  beneath  the  antennae,  most  of  the  clypeiis  and  labrum, 
and  the  palpi,  yellow;  antennae  porrect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  body, 
yellowish,  blackish  at  base  and  apex  especially  above,  basal  joint  black, 
yellow  beneath,  the  3rd  joint  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  4th  and 
5th  together,  the  incisures  indistinct.  Thorax  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured, the  dorsal  lines  well  impressed ;  collar  above,  two  spots  in  front 
of  mesothorax,  and  tegulae,  yellow;  scutellum  convex,  polished,  yellow, 
as  well  as  a  narrow  line  on  each  side  extending  to  the  base  of  the  pos- 
terior wings  and  a  spot  on  the  postscutellum ;  metathorax  as  in  the 
preceding  species,  except  that  the  large  yellow  mark  on  its  posterior 
fiice  is  subtriangular.  Wings  hyaline,  slightly  iridescent,  the  apical 
margins  slightly  fuliginous ;  nervures  fuscous,  pale  at  base,  stigma 
brown ;  areolet  large,  subquadrate,  its  lower  nervtire  angular.  Legs 
long  and  slender,  especially  the  posterior  pair,  polished,  yellow ;  the 
coxae,  except  a  spot  at  the  base  of  the  posterior  pair  behind,  the  poste- 
rior trochanters  and  their  femora,  black.  Abdomen  elongate,  very  slen- 
der, slightly  fusiform ;  basal  segment  polished,  half  again  as  long  as 
the  second  segment,  cylindric,  slightly  arcuated,  not  at  all  dilated  at 
tip,  the  lateral  tubercles  not  visible ;  ovipositor  about  half  the  length 
of  the  abdomen,  rufo-piceous,  valves  black.  Length  6  lines ;  expanse 
of  wings  9  2  lines. 

Hab. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  excelsus,  but  is  much  more  slender,  the  basal  seg- 
ment of  the  abdomen  longer,  more  cylindric,  not  depressed  above  and 
without  lateral  tubercles,  the  legs  and  antennae  are  diflPerently  colored 
and  the  wings  clearer. 


296  [September 

Section  3. 

9.  Cryptus  iridescens,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  spot  on  mandibles,  palpi,  tegulfe,  scutellum,  four  anterior  coxse  and 
trochanters,  yellowish-white;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  tip,  pale  rufous  ;  the 
three  apical :6egments  black,  the  7th  with  a  whitish  spot;  wings  hyaline,  beau-, 
tifully  iridescent. 

Male. — Black,  slightly  pubescent ;  spot  on  each  mandible,  and  the 
palpi,  yellowish-white ;  fiice  flat,  clypeus  shining ;  antennne  slender, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  the  basal  joint  beneath  ferruginous, 
the  joints  indistinct.  Thorax  shining;  dorsal  lines  of  the  mesothorax 
tolerably  well  impressed  ;  pleura  finely  striated ;  a  line  over  the  collar, 
tegulae,  a  small  spot  before  and  another  beneath  the  fore-wing,  a  large 
spot  on  scutellum  and  the  postscutellum,  yellowish-white ;  scutellum 
polished,  the  excavation  in  front  longitudinally  striated  ;  metathorax 
finely  reticulated,  near  the  base  a  transverse  carina  arcuated  on  the 
disk,  and  behind  the  middle  on  each  side  a  small,  semicircular,  trans- 
verse carina,  in  the  place  of  tubercles.  Wings  hyaline,  beautifully  iri- 
descent; nervures  and  stigma  pale  fuscous;  areolet  rather  large,  5- 
angular  or  subquadrate.  Legs  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxae  and 
trochanters  yellowish,  as  well  as  the  base  of  the  posterior  tibite  and  the 
2nd,  3rd  and  4th  joints  of  their  tarsi ;  base  of  the  posterior  trochanters, 
tips  of  their  femora,  rest  of  their  tibiae  and  tarsi,  blackish  or  dusky. 
Abdomen  elongiite,  subclavate,  pule  rufous,  shining;  basal  segment 
slightly  arcuated,  polished,  with  a  small  tubercle  on  each  side  of  the 
apical  third ;  the  three  apical  segments  black,  the  7th  segment  with  a 
rounded  white  spot  above ;  sometimes  the  base  of  the  2nd  and  apical 
margin  of  the  5th  segments  are  blackish.  Length  3^  lines;  expanse 
of  wings  5  J  lines. 

ifa6^— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

10.  Cryptus  soror,  n.  sp. 

Black;  most  of  clypeus  and  mandibles,  palpi,  tegulse,  spot  on  scutellum  and 
4  anterior  trochanters,  whitish  ;  wings  hyaline,  iridescent.  Legs  and  abdomen 
rufous;  basal  half  of  the  2nd,  base  of  the  3rd  and  5th,  and  the  apical  segments, 
except  a  small  obscure  whitish  spot  on  the  7th,  black. 

Mdlc. — Black,  slightly  pubescent,  sculptured  as  in  the  preceding- 
species  ;  most  of  the  clypeus  and  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  whitish ; 
antennae  as  long  as  the  body,  slender,  black,  basal  joint  beneath  rufous, 
the  joints  indistinctly  defined ;  tegultB,  a  minute  dot  beneath  the  fore- 
wing,  a  spot  on  scutellum  and  the  postscutellum,  whitish.    Wings  hya- 


1864.]  297 

line,  iridesceiat ;  nervures  and  stigma  pale  fuscous,  yellowish  at  base ; 
areolet  large,  subquadrate.  Legs  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  trochan- 
ters, pale  yellowish,  their  coxse  somewhat  tinged  with  yellowish ;  tips 
of  posterior  femora  black,  their  tibiae,  except  base  which  is  pale,  and 
their  tarsi,  dusky.  Abdomen  elongate,  slender,  subclavate,  pale  rufous, 
shining;  basal  segment  slightly  arcuated,  polished,  with  a  tubercle  on 
each  side  of  the  apical  third ;  basal  half  of  2nd,  basal  margins  of  the 
3rd  and  5th,  and  the  three  apical  segments,  except  an  obscure  whitish 
spot  on  the  7th  segment  above,  black.  Length  3  lines ;  expanse  of 
wings  5  lines. 

i/ai.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  iridescens,  but  the  antennae  are  longer,  the  areo- 
let of  the  wings  larger,  and  the  abdomen  and  legs  diiferently  colored. 

Section  4. 
11.  Cryptus  americanus.  n.  sp. 

Black;  abdomen  rufous;  wings  subhyaline;  opivositor  as  long  as  the  body. 

Female. — Black ;  apical  margin  of  the  clypeus  and  the  frontal  orbits, 
obsoletely  whitish;  face  minutely  punctured,  much  depressed  just  be- 
hind the  insertion  of  the  antenufe,  and  finely  and  transversely  aciculate ; 
between  the  clypeus  and  the  antennae  there  is  a  small  rounded  obtuse 
tubercle ;  palpi  pale  fuscous ;  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  body, 
very  slender,  curved  at  the  apex,  piceous,  the  basal  joint  robust,  black, 
the  3rd  and  4th  joints  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  3rd  longest,  the  5th 
joint  shorter  than  the  4th,  6th  about  half  the  length  of  the  5th.  Tho- 
rax very  densely  and  finely  punctured;  mesothorax  with  two  deeply 
impressed  longitudinal  lines,  approximate  posteriorly ;  scutellum  con- 
vex, smooth  and  polished ;  metathorax  rugose,  slightly  pubescent,  ab- 
ruptly truncate  behind,  the  lateral  angles  prominent,  acute  or  subacute. 
Wings  subhyaline,  more  or  less  tinged  with  fuscous;  nervures  and 
stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular  or  somewhat  triangular.  Legs  black, 
shining;  the  four  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  rufo-piceous,  the  posterior 
pair  piceous.  Abdomen  oblong-ovate,  bright  rufous,  shining ;  the  basal 
segment  arcuated,  broad  at  tip,  smooth  and  polished,  with  a  shallow 
longitudinal  groove  on  each  side;  ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdomen, 
rufo-piceous,  valves  black.  Length  3-6  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  5-10  lines. 

Hub. — Delaware  (Dr.  Wilson);   Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis). 

This  species  varies  much  in  size. 


298  [September 

1 2.  Cryptus  persimilis,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  legs  and  abdomen  rufous  :  wings  fuseo-hyaline  ;  ovipositor  nearly  as 
long  as  the  body. 

Female. — ^Black,  shining ;  frontal  orbits  pale;  face  minutely  punc- 
tured, much  depressed  just  behind  the  insertion  of  the  antenna) ;  be- 
tween the  clypeus  and  base  of  antenna)  a  rounded  obtuse  tubercle ; 
clypeus  rather  prominent,  convex,  rounded  and  somewhat  depressed  in 
front ;  palpi  piceous ;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body, 
very  slender,  slightly  curved  at  tip,  black,  the  3rd  to  (3th  joints  as  in 
ameficaiius.  Thorax  polished,  feebly  punctured  ;  the  mesothorax  with 
two  deeply  impressed  longitudinal  lines  approximating  posteriorly ; 
tegulcie  rufo-piceous ;  scutellum  polished ;  metathorax  densely  punc- 
tured, truncate  behind,  the  elevated  lines  indistinct.  Wings  fusco- 
hyaline,  with  a  brassy  gloss;  nervures  fuscous,  stigma  ferruginous: 
areolet  5-angular.  Legs  rufous,  the  coxae  and  trochanters  black ;  tips 
of  posterior  tibia3  and  their  tarsi  somewhat  obfuscated.  Abdomen 
oblong-ovate,  shining,  basal  segment  much  arcuated,  polished,  sides 
slightly  grooved,  broad  at  tip,  most  of  the  petiole  blackish ;  ovipositor 
nearly  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  rufous,  valves  black.  Length  4  lines; 
expanse  of  wings  7  lines. 

Rab.—BelAWiive.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  americanus,  but  is  at  once  distinguished  by  its 
red  legs  and  darker  wings. 

1".  Cryptus  limatus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  antenn.ie  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  whitish  anniilus  :  abdomen  ru- 
fous, polished  :  ovipositor  very  short. 

Female. — Black,  shining ;  face  densely  and  minutely  punctured, 
coarser  on  the  clypeus,  the  anterior  margin  of  which  is  rounded  and 
somewhat  reflexed  ;  mandibles  tinged  with  rufous,  pubescent;  cheeks 
and  occiput  polished ;  antenuce  as  long  as  the  body,  rather  slender, 
black,  brownish  beneath  especially  towards  the  apex,  the  10th  to  12th 
joints  above,  white,  the  3rd,  1th,  5th  and  6th  joints  subequal,  the  6th 
rather  the  shortest.  Thorax  very  densely  and  finely  punctured,  shin- 
ing, the  mesothorax  with  a  shallow  depressed  line  on  each  side ;  scu- 
tellum convex,  finely  punctured ;  metathorax  short,  truncate  behind, 
somewhat  longitudinally  rugose,  near  the  base  a  transverse  acute  carina 
extending  all  the  way  across,  behind  this  another  acute  carina  slightly 
oblique  and  interrupted  in  the  middle  and  terminating  on  each  side  in 


1864.]  299 

a  short  subacute  tubercle.  Wings  subliyaline,  more  or  less  tinged  with 
fuscous ;  nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  5-angular  or  somewhat 
4-angular,  the  anterior  and  lateral  nervures  equal,  the  posterior  nervure 
angular.  Legs  black,  the  anterior  tibiae  and  all  the  tarsi  more  or  less 
tinged  with  jiale  rufous.  iVbdomen  ovate,  robust,  bright  rufous,  highly 
polished;  basal  segment  somewhat  flattened,  the  apical  third  rather 
suddenly  quadrate,  the  lateral  angles  prominent,  extreme  base  of  the 
petiole  blackish ;  ovipositor  very  short,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  second 
segment.     Length  4^ — 5  lines;  expanse  of  wings  7 — 8  lines. 

Hah. — Delaware  and  Virginia.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Resembles  C.  americaims,  but  is  more  robust,  the  abdomen  is  highly 
polished,  the  areolet  of  the  wings  is  quadrate,  and  the  ovipositor  is 
scarcely  one-fourth  as  long  as  in  that  species. 

14.  Cryptus  similis.  n.  sp. 

Black  :  anteuufe  above  with  a  white  annulus  ;  abdomen  and  most  of  the  legs, 
rufous;  posterior  tarsi  with  a  broad  white  annulus;  wings  almost  hyaline. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  clothed  with  a  short  pale  pubescence,  more 
obvious  ill  certain  lights ;  face  densely  punctured,  the  clypeus  rounded 
in  front,  the  margin  somewhat  reflexed  and  polished ;  palpi  pale ;  an- 
tennje  as  long  as  the  body,  black,  sometimes  tinged  with  rufous  beneath, 
the  8th  to  12th  joints  Avhite  above,  the  ord  to  6th  joints  proportioned 
as  in  limatus,  but  longer  and  slenderer.  Thorax  shining,  densely  punc- 
tured; tegulaj  whitish  ;  metathorax  sculptured  as  in  limatm.  Wings 
almost  hyaline,  very  faintly  tinged  with  fuliginous;  nervures  and  stigma 
black ;  areolet  quadrangular,  as  in  limatm.  Legs  rufous,  the  four  an- 
terior pair  paler  in  front ;  the  coxjie,  trochanters,  tips  of  the  posterior 
femora,  and  their  tibiae  black ;  posterior  tarsi  black,  the  second,  third 
and  fourth  joints  white.  Abdomen  oblong-ovate,  rufous,  highly  pol- 
ished; basal  segment  much  arcuated,  elongate  and  slender,  not  much 
dilated  at  tip,  the  apical  third  subquadrate,  the  angles  not  prominent ; 
ovipositor  shorter  than  the  abdomen.  Length  4  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  7  lines. 

i/ai.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

Closely  resembles  G.  limatus,  but  is  smaller  and  distinguished  at  once 
by  the  color  of  the  legs,  which  is  mostly  rufous,  with  the  posterior 
tarsi  mostly  white ;  the  basal  segment  of  the  abdomen  is  more  linear 
and  not  so  abruptly  quidrate  at  the  tip. 


300  [September 

This  and  the  three  preceding  species  are  remarkably  similar  in  their 
general  appearance,  but  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  following 
characters : — 

C.  amer-icamts  has  the  antennfe  very  slender,  except  the  basal  joint, 
and  entirely  black,  the  6th  joint  about  4th  the  length  of  the  3rd ;  the 
face  just  beneath  the  antennae  has  a  small,  obtuse,  rounded  tubercle ; 
the  clypeus  is  small  and  rather  prominent ;  the  mesothorax  has  two 
deeply  impressed  lines ;  the  areolet  of  the  wings  is  5-angular  or  sub- 
triangular  ;  the  legs  are  almost  entirely  black  ;  the  abdomen  is  shining, 
but  not  polished,  and  the  ovipositor  is  about  as  long  as  the  abdomen. 

C  persimilis  has  all  the  characters  of  atnericanus,  except  that  the 
legs  are  mostly  rufous  instead  of  black. 

C.  limatus  is  more  robust;  has  the  antennae  much  stouter  and  annu- 
lated,  the  6th  joint  nearly  as  long  as  the  3rd;  the  face  broader,  shorter 
and  without  the  frontal  tubercle;  the  clypeus  is  twice  as  large  and  not 
prominent,  but  broadly  rounded  in  front ;  the  mesothorax  has  no  deeply 
impressed  lines  ;  the  areolet  of  the  wings  is  almost  quadrate ;  the  meta- 
thorax  has  two  transverse  carinse;  the  legs  are  almost  entirely  black, 
but  shorter ;  the  abdomen  is  ovate,  more  robust,  highly  polished,  the 
basal  segment  flattened  and  suddenly  quadrate  at  tip,  and  the  ovipositor 
is  very  short. 

C.  similis  has  all  the  characters  of  limatus,  except  that  it  is  smaller, 
less  robust,  the  antennae  rather  longer,  more  slender  and  the  joints 
longer,  the  legs  mostly  rufous,  the  posterior  tarsi  broadly  annulated 
with  white,  the  basal  segment  of  the  abdomen  more  linear  and  the  ovi- 
positor longer. 

15.  Cryptus  albitarsis,  n.  sp. 

Black,  densely  sculptured;  most  of  legs  and  abdomen  except  tip,  rufous; 
posterior  tarsi  white  ;  wings  subhyaline. 

Male. — Robust,  black,  densely  sculptured,  slightly  pubescent ;  head 
densely  punctured,  face  flat,  clypeus  shining,  palpi  fuscous;  antennae 
about  as  long  as  the  body,  rather  slender,  black,  2nd  joint  beneath  and 
extreme  base  of  the  3rd,  rufous,  the  joints  rather  indistinct,  the  3rd 
longest,  4th  shorter  and  subequal  with  the  two  or  three  following  joints. 
Thorax  finely  and  densely  rugose,  somewhat  shining ;  mesothorax 
densely  punctured,  the  dorsal  lines  not  well  impressed ;  scutellum  flat, 
punctured;  metathorax  more  coarsely  rugose,  somewhat  reticulated,  a 


1864.]  301 

well-defined  transverse  carina  at  base,  afld  another  one  a  little  behind 
the  middle,  slightly  arcuated  and  subobsolete  in  the  middle  and  more 
prominent  and  acute  on  each  side  where  the  tubercles  are  usually 
placed;  tegulas  black.  Wings  hyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuscous; 
nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  large,  subquadrate.  Legs  rufous, 
their  coxae  and  trochanters,  except  the  apical  half  of  the  posterior  pair, 
black ;  posterior  femora  at  tip  and  their  tibiae  dusky,  their  tarsi  white, 
the  extreme  base  and  apex  black.  Abdomen  oblong-subovate,  not  much 
longer  than  the  head  and  thorax,  rufous,  polished;  apical  two-thirds  of 
the  oth,  and  the  whole  of  the  followiug  segments,  black ;  on  the  apical 
third  of  the  3rd  and  4th  segments  a  transverse,  rather  indistinct,  black- 
ish line ;  basal  segment  protuberant  at  tip,  with  a  well-developed  tuber- 
cle on  each  side  of  the  apical  third;  2nd  segment  broad  and  flattened, 
the  basal  foveae  shallow.     Length  3i  lines;  expanse  of  wings  6  hues. 

^f^^,._Delaware.     Dr.  Thos   B.  Wilson. 

Easily  distinguished  by  its  robust  form,  short  abdomen,  dense  sculp- 
ture and  white  posterior  tarsi. 

16.  Cryptus  pumilus,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  smooth,  base  of  antennEe,  legs,  and  abdomen,  except  1st  segment,  ru- 
fous; wings  subhyaline  ;  basal  segment  of  abdomen  black,  striated. 

Female. — Black,  shining ;  mandibles  and  palpi  testaceous ;  antenna; 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  rather  stout,  blackish,  the  basal 
third  pale  rufous.  Thorax  smooth  and  polished ;  scutellum  flattened, 
smooth  and  polished,  with  a  transverse,  striated  excavation  in  front; 
metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  the  central  area 
large,  reniform  and  striated  obliquely,  the  posterior  declivity  rather 
abrupt  and  also  striated,  the  lateral  tubercles  prominent ;  tegulae  yel- 
lowish. Wings  hyaline,  the  anterior  pair  slightly  tinged  with  fuscous, 
iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  pale  at  base,  the  latter  rather  large ; 
areolet  small,  5-angular.  Legs,  with  their  coxae,  entirely  pale  rufous, 
the  posterior  tibiae  at  tips,  dusky.  Abdomen  ovate,  long  and  slender 
at  base,  somewhat  flattened,  polished,  rufous;  basal  segment  black,  long, 
slender,  gradually  dilated  towards  the  tip,  which  is  longitudinally  stri- 
ated above,  and  with  two  longitudinal  carinae  extending  nearly  the 
whole  length  of  the  segment,  the  lateral  tubercles  not  visible,  the  ex- 
treme lateral  margins  at  tip,  yellow ;  the  following  segments  together 


302  [September 

ovate,  apical  segment  slightly  tinged  with  yellowish ;  ovipositor  very 
short,  rufous.     Length  2\  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 
^a6.— Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

17.  Cryptus  subargenteus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  silvery--iericeous  ;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  1st  segment,  rufous  : 
wings  hyaline,  iridescent. 

Female. — Black,  clothed  with  a  very  fine  silvery-sericeous  pile,  most 
obvious  on  the  face ;  head  rather  large,  transverse ;  face  short  and 
broad;  eyes  prominent;  clypeus,  vertex,  occiput  and  cheeks,  polished; 
a  spot  on  each  mandible,  and  the  palpi,  whitish  ;  antennie  three-fourths 
the  length  of  the  body,  slender,  brown,  tinged  with  rufous  at  base  and 
beneath.  Thorax  polished ;  mesothorax  with  the  dorsal  lines  well  im- 
pressed ;  scutellum  flat,  polished ;  metathorax  pubescent,  with  the  ele- 
vated lines  sharply  defined,  the  central  area  large,  elongate-subquadrate  ; 
tegulae  pale  yellowish.  Wings  hyaline,  faintly  tinged  with  fuscous, 
iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous ;  areolet  sn'iall,  5-angular  or 
subquadrate.  Legs  slender,  pale  rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxge  and 
trochanters  whitish,  the  posterior  tibi<e  and  tarsi  slightly  dusky.  Ab- 
domen elongate,  slender,  strongly  arcuated,  shining;  the  1st  segment 
long,  linear,  black,  polished,  slightly  dilated  at  tip,  with  an  obtuse  tu- 
bercle on  each  side  of  the  middle ;  2nd  and  following  segments  together 
oblong-ovate,  subsericeous,  rufous,  faintly  tinged  with  dusky  at  tip ; 
ovipositor  about  as  long  as  the  basal  segment  of  the  abdomen,  rufous, 
valves  blackish.     Length  3  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

Ilab. — Pennsylvania.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Distinguished  at  once  from  the  other  species  by  the  silvery  face. 

18.  Cryptus  pusillus,  n.  sp. 

Black  ;  most  of  antennae,  legs  and  2nd  segment  of  abdomen,  rufous  ;  1st  seg- 
ment of  the  latter  striated  ;  wings  subhyaline. 

Female. — Black,  polished,  slightly  pubescent ;  mandibles  piceous, 
palpi  pale ;  antenna;  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  rather  short, 
pale  rufous,  fuscous  towards  the  tip.  Thorax  shining,  minutely  punc- 
tured ;  metathorax  with  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  the  central 
area  rather  large  and  triangular,  and  immediately  behind  it  the  pos- 
terior face  is  abruptly  and  deeply  excavated,  the  lateral  tubercles  promi- 
nent; tegnlae  pale  rufous.  Wings  subhyaline,  uniformly  tinged  with 
pale  rufous,  slightly  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous,  the  latter 


1864.]  308 

rather  large  ;  areolet  small,  5-anirular.  Legs,  with  their  coxte,  entirely 
pale  rufous.  Abdomen  ovate,  flattened,  polished,  black,  the  2nd  seg- 
ment entirely  and  the  anterior  margin  of  the  3rd  obscurely,  rufous,  as 
well  as  the  lateral  margins  of  the  1st  segment,  this  segment  is  dilated 
towards  the  tip  and  covered  above  with  fine  longitudinal  strite,  the 
lateral  tubercles  are  subobsolete ;  apical  segment  slightly  tinged  with 
yellowish;  ovipositor  nearly  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  piceous.  Length 
24liQes;  expanse  of  wings  4  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.      Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Allied  to  C.  pumilus,  but  only  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  is  rufous. 

19.  Cryptus  frater,  n.  sp. 

Black;  legs  and  the  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  abdominal  segments,  rufous;  wings 
subhyaline ;  ovipositor  short. 

Female. — Black,  finely  sculptured,  slightly  pubescent ;  face  flat, 
palpi  fuscous ;  antennje  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  slender,  piceous , 
tinged  with  ferruginous  towards  the  middle,  the  joints  distinct,  3rd 
joint  longest,  4th  slightly  shorter,  and  the  remaining  joints  gradually 
shorter.  Thorax  :  mesothorax  shining,  minutely  punctured,  the  dorsal 
lines  not  well  impressed,  under  a  strong  lens  distinctly  and  closely  punc- 
tured ;  pleura  and  pectus  minutely  striated,  subopaque ;  metathorax 
finely  rugose,  subopaque,  near  the  base  a  well-defined  transverse  carina 
slightly  arcuated  in  the  middle,  and  on  each  side  behind  a  short  carina 
where  the  tubercles  are  usually  placed.  Wings  subhyaline,  faintly  iri- 
descent ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous ;  areolet  moderate,  5-angular  or 
subquadrate.  Legs  rufous,  their  coxae  and  trochanters  black,  the  pos- 
terior tarsi  slightly  dusky.  Abdomen,  oblong-ovate,  very  slender  at 
base,  polished,  black,  the  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  segments  rufous;  basal  seg- 
ment slender,  arcuated,  its  tip  piceous,  and  on  each  side  of  the  apical 
third  a  stout  tubercle,  between  which  there  is  a  deep  fovea ;  ovipositor 
short,  not  as  long  as  the  1st  segment  of  the  abdomen,  piceous,  valves 
black.  Length  S\  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 
Hah. — Illinois.      Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

20.  Cryptus  subgracilis,  n.  sp. 

Rather  slender,  black;  antennae  piceous;  legs  fuscous,  the  two  anterior  pairs 
pale  ;  abdomen  rufous,  apex  black  ;  wings  fusco-hyaline. 

Female. — Black,  slightly  pubescent ;  head  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured, face  flat,  clypeus  shining ;  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  body, 


804  [September 

slender,  piceous,  basal  joint  black,  3rd  joint  longest,  4th  and  5th  sub- 
equal,  each  one-third  shorter  than  the  3rd,  the  joints  distinct.  Thorax  : 
mesothorax  shining,  closely  punctured,  the  dorsal  lines  obsolete  ;  pleura 
minutely  rugose  or  striated;  scutellum  rather  convex,  punctured;  me- 
tathorax  finely  rugose,  or  somewhat  reticulated,  a  well  defined,  trans- 
verse, arcuated  carina  at  base,  and  on  side  behind,  an  oblique,  slightly 
angular,  well  defined  carina ;  tegulae  black.  Wings  pale  fusco-hyaline, 
slightly  iridescent ;  uervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  large,  subquad- 
rate.  Legs  fuscous,  their  coxae  black,  the  four  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi 
tinged  in  front  with  obscure  yellowish.  Abdomen  very  slender  at  base, 
remaining  segments  together,  oblong-ovate,  polished,  rufous,  the  3  apical 
segments  black;  basal  segment  long,  arcuated,  without  lateral  tuber- 
cles; ovipositor  about  as  long  as  the  1st  segment  of  abdomen,  rufous, 
valves  black.     Length  2j  lines;  expanse  of  wings  4^  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.      Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

More  slender  than  C.  frater  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  but  suffi- 
ciently distinct. 

21.  Cryptus  extrematis,  u.  sp. 

Black ;  anteiiuse  with  a  broad  white  annulus ;  legs  and  three  basal  segments 
of  abdomen  rufous,  large  spot  on  the  6th  or  7th  segment  and  the  posterior  tarsi, 
white;  wings  clear;  ovipositor  nearly  as  long  as  the  abdomen. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  somewhat  robust ;  head  short  and  broad  ; 
antennae  as  long  as  the  body,  slender,  black,  the  7tli  to  12th  joints 
white,  the  3rd  and  4th  joints  long,  the  3rd  rather  the  longest,  5th  a 
little  shorter  than  the  4th,  and  the  fith  about  half  as  long  as  the  3rd. 
Thorax  finely  punctured,  the  dorsal  lines  rather  deep ;  scutellum  sub- 
convex,  polished  ;  metathorax  finely  scabrous,  opaque,  its  base  smoother 
and  shining,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  forming  a  large, 
more  or  less  distinct,  subrhomboidal  central  area,  lateral  tubercles  not 
well  defined.  Wings  faintly  tinged  with  fuscous;  uervures  and  stigma 
blackish,  pale  at  base;  areolet  large,  subquadrate.  Legs  pale  rufous, 
the  posterior  femora  and  tibife  at  tips,  and  the  base  and  apex  of  their 
tarsi,  blackish,  rest  of  their  tarsi  white.  Abdomen  rather  stout,  subo- 
vate,  polished,  rufous  or  yellowish-rufous;  basal  segment  strongly  ar- 
cuated, broad  at  tip;  the  4th  and  following  joints  black,  the  6th  or  7th 
or  both  more  or  less  white  above ;  ovipositor  about  as  long  as  the  body, 
rufous,  valves  black.  Length  4 — 5i  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  6 — 9^  lines. 


1864.]  305 

Male. — Resembles  the  female,  but  much  slenderer,  the  antennae  is 
more  or  less  yellowish  or  whitish  beneath,  the  four  anterior  coxae  are 
white,  as  well  as  the  posterior  tarsi  except  extreme  tips  ;  the  abdomen 
much  more  elongate  and  subcylindric,  the  basal  segment  mostly  all 
black,  linear,  with  a  projection  on  each  side  behind  the  middle,  the 
2nd,  3rd  and  most  of  the  4th  segments  are  rufous,  the  7th,  and  some- 
times the  6th,  segment  has  a  rounded  white  spot  above.  Length  4j 
lines ;  expanse  of  wings  7  lines. 

Hah. — Mass.  (Sanborn);  Penn.  (Auxer);  Delaware  (Dr.  Wilson). 

This  is  closely  allied  to  C.  nuncius  Say,  but  is  at  once  distinguished 
from  that  species  by  having  the  white  spot  or  spots  on  the  apex  of  the 
abdomen,  otherwise  they  are  very  similar. 

22.  Cryptus  ultimus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  the  legs  and  four  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  pale  rufous,  rest  of 
the  abdomen  black  except  a  large  white  spot  on  the  seventh  segment:  wings 
subhyaline;  ovipositor  nearly  as  long  as  the  abdomen. 

Fcmalr. — Black,  shining,  robust;  head  short  and  broad,  entirely 
black;  antenna?  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  brown- 
black,  black  at  base,  the  3rd  and  4th  joints  long  and  subequal,  5th 
shorter,  6th  shorter  than  the  5th.  Thorax  densely  and  finely  punc- 
tured, opa<(ue,  the  dorsal  lines  not  deep;  scutellum  polished;  meta- 
thorax  densely  punctured,  opaque,  the  elevated  lines  tolerably  well 
defined,  the  lateral  tubercles  small,  acute.  Wings  slightly  tinged  with 
fuscous;  uervures  and  stigma  pale  fuscous;  areolet  large,  subquadrate 
or  5-angular,  the  lower  nervure  broadly  angular,  the  outer  nervure 
rather  shorter  than  the  inner  nervure.  Legs  pale  rufous,  tips  of  the 
four  posterior  femora  and  of  their  tibit>3,  black.  Abdomen  robust,  ovate, 
pale  rufous,  shining;  basal  segment  arcuated,  broad  at  tip,  slender  at 
base,  polished;  the  5th  and  apical  segments  black,  polished,  the  seventh 
segment  above  with  a  large  white  spot  posteriorly,  the  fourth  segment 
above  is  somewhat  stained  with  blackish  posteriorly ;  ovipositor  nearly 
as  long  as  the  abdomen,  rufous,  valves  black.  Length  4  lines;  ex- 
panse of  wings  6  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

(Closely  allied  to  C.  extrematls^  but  readily  distinguished  by  its  much 
shorter  and  entirely  black  antennae  and  by  the  coloring  of  the  posterior 
legs. 


•506  [September 

2o.  Cryptus  incertus,  n.  sp. 

Black;  anteuuse  slightly  annulated  with  white;  legs  and  abdomen  bright 
rufous,  the  3  apical  segments  of  the  latter  black,  the  terminal  one  with  a  large 
white  spot  above;  wings  fusco-hyaline. 

Female. — Black,  finely  and  densely  punctured,  subopaque.  slightly 
pubescent;  face  flat;  clypeus  shining;  mandibles  rufous  in  the  middle; 
palpi  piceous ;  antennae  slender,  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body, 
piceous,  paler  beneath  towards  the  base  and  again  towards  the  tip,  about 
the  middle  above  a  small  whitish  annulus,  3rd  and  4th  joints  long  and 
subequal,  5th  joint  shorter,  the  6th  shorter  than  the  5th.  Thorax 
finely  rugose,  the  mesothorax  indistinctly  so,  the  dorsal  lines  not  well  im- 
pressed ;  meiathorax  more  coarsely  rugose,  or  reticulated,  near  the  base 
a  slight  transverse  carina,  and  about  the  middle  another  one  strongly 
arcuated  anteriorly  and  ending  on  each  side  in  a  prominent  flattened 
ridge  or  tubercle;  tegulae  rufous.  Wings  subhyaline,  uniformly  tinged 
with  pale  fuscous,  slightly  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous; 
areolet  large,  subquadrate.  Legs,  with  their  coxae,  bright  rufous;  tips 
of  the  posterior  femora  black,  tips  of  their  tibiae  and  of  all  the  tarsi 
dusky.  Abdomen  oblong-ovate,  strongly  arcuated  at  base,  smooth  and 
polished,  bright  rufous;  apical  margin  of  the  4th  segment,  and  the  re- 
maining segments  entirely,  except  a  large  white  spot  on  the  7th  seg- 
ment above,  black ;  ovipositor  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  abdo- 
men, rufo-piceous,  valves  black.  Length  3|  lines,  expanse  of  wings  6 
lines. 

Hah. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thomas  B.  Wilson. 

Closely  allied  to  C  idtimu'i^  but  the  antennae  are  longer,  with  a  slight 
white  annulus,  the  wings  darker,  and  the  abdomen  not  so  robust. 

24.  Cryptus  alacris,  n.  sp. 

Black:  annulus  on  antennae  and  spot  on  tip  of  abdomen,  white;  legs  and 
three  basal  segments  of  abdomen,  rufous  :  wings  hyaline;  ovipositor  as  long  as 
the  abdomen. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  slightly  pubescent;  mouth  piceous,  palpi 
pale ;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  rather  slender, 
black,  with  a  whitish  annulus  about  the  middle,  basal  joints  beneath 
sometimes  pale  rufous.  Thorax  minutely  punctured ;  mesothorax 
smooth  and  polished  ;  a  line  over  the  collar,  sometimes  subobsolete,  and 
tegulae,  whitish ;  metathorax  subopaque,  minutely  rugose,  the  elevated 
lines  longitudinal  and  subobsolete,  the  posterior  face  deeply  excavated, 


18G4.]  307 

and  sometimes  tinged  with  rufous,  lateral  tubercles  scarcely  visible. 
Wings  ample,  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  black;  areolet 
moderate,  5-angular.  Legs,  with  their  coxjb,  entirely  rufous,  moderate. 
Abdomen  oblong-ovate,  slender  at  base,  rather  broad  and  sometimes 
slightly  compressed  at  tip,  shining,  the  three  basal  segments  rufous, 
the  remainder  black,  with  a  white  spot  at  tip  above;  basal  segment  gra- 
dually dilated  towards  the  tip,  without  lateral  tubercles ;  ovipositor  as 
long  as  the  abdomen,  rufo-piceous.  Length  2|-  lines,  expanse  of  wings 
4 2  lines. 

Hdh. — Delaware  (Dr.  Wilson)  ;  Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis). 

Resembles  C.  incertus^  but  is  much  smaller,  the  antennas  shorter  and 
stouter,  the  wings  clear,  ovipositor  longer,  and  the  color  somewhat  dif- 
ferent. 

Section  5. 

25.  Cryptus  pallidus,  n.  sp. 

Pale  honey-yellow ;  head  black,  face  rufous :  antennse  black  with  a  white 
annulus;  collar,  tegulfe  and  spot  on  tip  of  abdomen,  white:  wings  hyaline. 

Female. — Pale  honey-yellow;  head  black,  most  of  face,  clypeus,  and 
mandibles,  rufous ;  palpi  pale ;  antenna?  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  abdomen,  rather  slender,  black,  with  a  broad  white  annulus  about 
the  middle,  the  three  or  four  basal  joints,  especially  beneath,  pale  rufous. 
Thorax  shining;  mesothorax  polished;  the  dorsal  lines  tolerably  well 
impressed ;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  polished ;  metathorax  minutely 
rugose,  subopaque,  the  elevated  lines  not  well  defined,  longitudinal,  the 
central  area  very  elongate,  broad  behind  and  narrowed  in  front,  the 
posterior  declivity  abrupt,  the  carina  bounding  it  above  sharply  defined, 
and  ending  on  each  side  in  a  short  subacute  tubercle.  Wings  hyaline, 
faintly  tinged  with  yellowish,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  pale  tes- 
taceous ;  areolet  5-angular,  moderate.  Legs  rather  slender,  color  of 
the  body ;  the  coxae  tinged  with  yellowish.  Abdomen  about  as  long- 
as  the  head  and  thorax,  oblong-ovate,  slender  at  base,  faintly  compressed 
at  tip ;  three  basal  segments  opaque,  apical  segments  polished,  with  an 
obscure  whitish  spot  at  extreme  tip  above ;  basal  segments  gradually 
dilated  towards  the  tip,  without  lateral  tubercles;  ovipositor  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  abdomen,  piceous.  Length  3|  lines;  expanse  of 
wings  ;")•]  lines. 

ILih. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thomas  B.  Wilson. 


308  [September 

PHYGADEUON,  Grav. 

1.  Phygadeuon  major,  n.  sp. 

Black ;  antennae  with  a  yellowish  annulus ;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  base, 
rufous,  apex  with  a  yellow  spot :  wings  subhyaline. 

Famale. — Black,  shining,  clothed  with  a  short,  fine,  yellowish  pube- 
scence, more  obvious  when  viewed  in  profile ;  face  densely  and  finely 
punctui'ed ;  clypeus  polished,  tinged  with  rufous,  with  a  deep  fovea  on 
each  lateral  suture,  mandibles  also  tinged  with  rufous;  palpi  testaceous; 
antennae  rather  short,  stout,  involute  at  tip,  black,  the  8th  to  12th 
joints  yellow,  the  three  basal  joints  tinged  with  rufous,  beyond  the  an- 
nulus beneath  the  joints  are  obscurely  ferruginous.  Thorax  shining, 
finely  and  closely  punctured,  the  mesothorax  flattened,  less  distinctly 
punctui'ed ;  scutellum  polished,  obscure  rufous,  as  well  as  a  transverse 
spot  behind  it ;  metathorax  rugose,  a  rather  large  subquadrate,  almost 
smooth,  shining  space  on  each  side  at  base,  the  elevated  lines  sharply 
defined,  the  central  area  moderate,  6-angular,  posterior  face  suddenly 
depressed  and  bounded  above  by  a  sharply  defined  carina,  arcuated  in 
the  middle  and  prominent  on  each  side ;  tegulas  rufous.  Wings  hya- 
line, slightly  tinged  with  yellowish;  nervures  and  stigma  ferruginous; 
areolet  o-angular.  Legs  stout,  rufous ;  posterior  coxae,  except  tips, 
black,  their  femora  and  tihias  at  tips  blackish.  Abdomen  stout,  about 
as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  ovate,  highly  polished,  rufous,  base  of 
the  1st  segment  black,  its  tip  broad,  the  petiole  short  and  stout,  on  the 
apical  third  two  short  well  defined  longitudinal  carinae,  and  the  lateral 
margins  also  acutely  carinated  ;  apical  segment  with  a  large  yellow 
spot;  ovipositor  short,  rufous.  Length  4|  lines;  expanse  of  wings  7 
lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.      Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

This  is  the  largest  species  of  this  genus  so  far  known  to  me. 

2.  Phygadeuon  annulatus.  n.  sp. 

Black :  annulus  on  antennse,  tegulse,  and  spot  on  apex  of  abdomen,  whitish  ; 
legs  and  abdomen,  except  three  apical  segments,  rufous:  wings  subhyaline. 

Female. — Black,  shining;  face  punctured,  the  vertex,  occiput  and 
cheeks  polished;  most  of  the  clypeus,  the  mandibles  and  palpi,  pale 
rufous;  antennae  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  rather  stout, 
fuscous,  tinged  with  rufous  at  base  and  again  towards  the  tip,  the  7th 
to  12th  joints  white,  not  so  broad  beneath.  Thorax  minutely  sculp- 
tured, shining;  mesothorax  polished,  somewhat  flattened,  apparently 


1864.]  300 

inipunctured,  the  dorsal  lines  tolerably  well  impressed ;  metathorax  iu- 
distinctly  sculptured,  the  elevated  lines  obsolete,  abruptly  truncate  be- 
hind ;  tegulaj  pale  yellowish.  Wings  subhyaline,  tinged  with  pale 
fuscous ;  nervures  and  stigma  pale  fuscous,  paler  at  base ;  areolet  5- 
angular.  Legs,  with  their  coxae,  rufous,  the  posterior  tibiae  dusky  at 
tips.  Abdomen  subovate,  somewhat  flattened,  about  as  long  as  the 
head  and  thorax,  rufous,  shining;  base  of  the  1st  and  the  three  apical 
segments,  except  a  pale  yellowish  spot  on  the  last  segment  above,  black ; 
apical  half  of  1st  segment  dilated  and  truncate,  the  petiole  stout;  ovi- 
positor rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  abdomen.  Length  3 
lines  ;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

Hab. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thomas  B.  Wilson. 

3.  Phygadeuon  cincticornis,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished;  annulus  on  antennae  and  spot  on  tip  of  abdomen,  yellowish; 
mouth,  legs  and  three  basal  segments  of  abdomen,  rufous:  wings  hyaline;  ovi- 
2)ositor  long. 

Female. — Black,  polished,  slightly  pubescent;  most  of  the  face,  cly- 
peus,  mandibles,  except  tips,  and  palpi,  dull  rufous;  antennae  about  as 
long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  stout,  black,  the  three  basal  joints  beneath 
rufous,  the  9th  to  12th  joints  pale  yellowish,  spotted  with  blackish  be- 
neath, basal  joint  very  robust.  Thorax  polished,  minutely  punctured; 
dorsal  lines  of  mesothorax  obsolete ;  scutellum  flattened,  punctured ; 
metathorax  minutely  sculptured,  the  sides  pubescent  and  shining,  the 
elevated  lines  tolerably  well  defined,  the  central  area  elongate,  narrow ; 
tegulas  piceous.  Wings  hyaline,  slightly  iridescent;  nervures  and 
stigma  black,  pale  at  base;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs,  with  their  coxae, 
entirely  rufous.  Abdomen  elongate,  polished,  dull  rufous,  the  4th  and 
following  segments  black,  the  apex  with  a  small  yellowish  spot;  basal 
segments  slightly  and  gradually  dilated  to  the  tip,  without  lateral  tu- 
bercles; ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  rufous.  Length  3}  lines; 
expanse  of  wings  6  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

t.  Phygadeuon  montanus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  polished;  antennae,  legs  and  abdomen,  dull  rufous;  wings  subhyaline; 
metathorax  deeply  excavated  behind. 

Female. — Black,  polished,  thinly  clothed  with  pale  pubescence;  head 
sub({uadrate ;  face,  beneath  the  antennae,  slightly  protuberant;  mouth 


310  [September 

piceous,  palpi  pale ;  antennae  short  and  stout,  involute,  rufous,  with  a 
white  sericeous  pile.  Thorax  polished,  without  distinct  punctures; 
mesothorax  flattened,  with  a  few  subobsolete  punctures  on  the  disk ; 
scutellum  flat,  with  two  deep,  subtransverse  excavations  in  front ;  me- 
tathorax  almost  smooth,  shining,  the  elevated  lines  distinct,  the  central 
area  large  and  semicircular,  and  immediately  behind  it  a  very  deep, 
abrupt,  arcuated  excavation,  the  carina  bounding  it  in  front  ends  each 
side  in  an  obtuse  flattened  tubercle;  tegulae  rufous.  Wings  subhyaline, 
slightly  iridescent,  the  anterior  pair  tinged  with  fuscous,  the  posterior 
pair  clearer  ;  nervures  fuscous,  paler  at  base,  stigma  black ;  areolet 
subquadrate,  moderate.  Legs  thickened,  rufous,  clothed  with  a  short 
whitish  pile ;  most  of  the  posterior  coxae  and  their  femora,  as  well  as 
the  middle  femora  slightly,  more  or  less  blackish.  Abdomen  about  as 
long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  flattened,  highly  polished,  subovate,  dark 
rufous,  sides  blackish ;  first  segment  robust,  arcuated,  broadly  dilated 
at  tip,  with  a  slight  tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  posterior  third,  petiole 
short  and  .stout;  apical  segments  slightly  incurved ;  ovipositor  short, 
rufous.  Length  3i  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 
Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

5.  Phygadeuon  vulgaris,  u.  sp. 

Black;  basal  twu-thirds  of  antennae,  legs  and  abdomen,  rufous  ;  wings  sub- 
hyaline  ;  metathorax  deeply  excavated  behind. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  slightly  pubescent;  head  sub((uadrate. 
mandibles  dull  rufous,  palpi  pale  yellowish  ;  antennae  short  and  stout, 
basal  two-thirds  pale  rufous,  often  paler  towards  the  middle,  apical  third 
piceous,  basal  joint  robust,  elongate.  Thorax  polished,  densely  and 
minutely  punctured;  mesothorax  somewhat  flattened;  scutellum  flat, 
polished,  sparsely  punctured,  with  two  deep,  slightly  transverse  exca- 
vations in  front;  metathorax  finely  rugose,  with  a  polished  space  on 
each  side  at  base  enclosed  by  elevated  lines,  which  are  tolerably  dis- 
tinct, the  central  area  rather  large,  transversely  and  irregularly  sub- 
([uadrate,  immediately  behind  it  a  very  deep,  abrupt,  arcuated  excava- 
tion, and  on  each  side  of  it  a  prominent,  flattened,  obtuse  tubercle ; 
tegulfe  rufous.  Wings  hyaline,  slightly  but  uniformly  tinged  with 
fuscous,  faintly  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous;  areolet  mode- 
rate. Legs,  with  their  coxje,  pale  rufous,  posterior  pair  darker  and 
often  more  or  less  dusky.     Abdomen  about  as  long  as  the  head  and 


1864.]  311 

thorax,  ovate,  flattened,  highly  polished,  bright  rufous,  the  extreuie 
base  sometimes  blackish  and  the  extreme  apex  sometimes  slightly  yel- 
lowish and  pubescent ;  basal  segment  squarely  dilated  at  tip,  forming  a 
slight  angle  on  each  side  about  the  middle,  petiole  short  and  stout ;  ovi- 
positor about  half  the  length  of  the  abdomen,  rufous.  Length  2  J — 3-] 
lines;  expanse  of  wings  4^ — 5J  lines. 

^«/;.— Penn.,  Del.  (Dr.  >yilson);  Illinois  (Dr.  Lewis).  Ten  9  spe- 
cimens. 

This  is  our  most  common  species;  it  varies  much  in  size,  and  the  ru- 
fous color  is  sometimes  very  pale,  the  antennje  are  always  black  at  tips 
and  in  some  specimens  there  is  a  more  or  less  pale  annulus,  the  rufous 
color  at  base  gi-adually  shading  into  pale  yellowish  towards  the  middle. 

t).  Phygadeuon  subfascus.  n.  sp. 

Black,  shining:  base  of  antennae,  legs  and  abdomen,  except  base,  dark  rii- 
I'ous;  wings  subhyaline  ;  metathorax  excavated  behind  ;  ovipositor  very  short. 

Female. — Black,  polished ;  head  transversely  subquadrate,  entirely 
black ;  palpi  pale ;  antennge  half  the  length  of  the  body,  stout,  rufous, 
gradually  shading  into  fuscous  towards  the  apex.  Thorax  minutely 
punctured;  mesothorax  somewhat  flattened,  polished  and  feebly  and 
sparsely  punctured ;  scutellum  triangular,  slightly  depressed,  with  a 
transverse,  rather  deep  excavation  in  front;  metathorax  finely  sculp- 
tured, a  large  shining  space  on  each  side  at  base,  the  elevated  lines  dis- 
tinct, the  central  area  moderate,  semicircular,  and  immediately  behind 
it  a  deep,  abrupt  excavation,  the  tubercle  on  each  side  scarcely  visible. 
Wings  hyaline,  fiintly  tinged  with  pale  fuscous ;  uervures  and  stigma 
pale  fuscous,  paler  at  base ;  areolet  5-angular.  Legs,  including  the 
coxae,  rufous,  the  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  dusky.  Abdomen  as  long- 
as  the  head  and  thorax,  ovate,  flattened,  polished,  dark  rufous  or  rufo- 
fuscoiis;  basal  segment  black,  gradually  dilated  towards  the  tip,  cari- 
nated  laterally  and  with  a  shallow  fovea  on  the  disk,  petiole  rather  short 
and  stout;  ovipositor  subexserted.  Length  3  J  lines;  expanse  of  wings 
5  J  lines. 

Hah. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

7.  Phygadeuon  mandibulaiis,  n.  sj). 

Black:  mandibles,  ba-se  of  antennae,  tegulae,  legs  and  abdomen,  rufous:  wings 
subhyaline:  mandibles  very  large  and  pubescent. 

Female. — Black,  shining,  slightly  pubescent,  more  dense  on  the  face; 


312  [September 

head  densely  punctured ;  clypeus  very  transverse,  fringed  with  pale 
pubescence,  and  tinged  with  dark  rufous  ;  mandibles  very  prominent, 
long  and  rather  slender,  deeply  bifid  at  tips,  which  are  black,  the  rest 
rufous  and  pubescent ;  palpi  pale  rufous ;  antennae  short  and  stout,  in- 
volute, rufous  at  base,  yellowish  in  the  middle,  and  fuscous  at  tip,  the 
apical  third  beneath  tinged  with  rufous.  Thorax  densely  and  finely 
punctured ;  mesothorax  and  scutellum  flattened,  the  latter  with  two 
deep,  slightly  transverse  excavations  in  front;  elevated  lines  of  the  me- 
tathorax  sharply  defined,  the  central  area  rather  large,  transverse  and 
irregular,  on  each  side  of  it  are  two  spaces,  the  basal  one  large,  some- 
what rounded,  smooth  and  shining,  the  posterior  one  smaller,  oblique, 
irregular  and  striated,  posterior  declivity  abrupt,  the  lateral  tubercles 
scarcely  visible ;  tegulae  rufous.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly  and  uni- 
formly tinged  with  fuscous ;  nervures  fuscous,  stigma  pale  fulvous ; 
areolet  5-angular.  Legs,  with  their  coxae,  rufous,  pubescent.  Abdo- 
men subovate,  polished,  dark  rufous ;  basal  segment  gradually  dilated 
towards  the  tip  which  is  broad  and  depressed,  without  lateral  tubercles; 
ovipositor  short,  rufous.     Length  3|  lines;  expanse  of  wings  5f  linos. 

Hab. — Illinois.      Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

Easily  distinguished  from  all  the  other  species  known  to  me  by  the 
very  prominent  mandibles. 

Genus  MESOSTENUS,  Grav. 

1.  Mesostenus  albopictus,  n.  sp. 

Black,  variegated  with  white  markings  ;  antennse  long,  with  a  broad  white 
annulus ;  legs  yellow,  posterior  pair  very  long,  mostly  black  ;  wings  hyaline  ; 
abdomen  banded  with  white  ;  metathorax  with  two  acute  spines  or  tubercles. 

Male. — Black,  shining,  slightly  pubescent;  face  beneath  the  anten- 
nae, orbits,  very  broad  behind,  clypeus,  labrum,  base  of  mandibles,  and 
the  palpi,  white;  antennae  longer  than  the  body,  porrect,  the  12th  to 
19th  joints  white.  Thorax  black,  shining,  densely  punctured,  the  dor- 
sal lines  deeply  impressed ;  a  line  on  the  collar  above  and  sides,  a  line 
or  spot  in  front  of  the  anterior  coxae,  a  round  spot  on  the  disk  of  meso- 
thorax, tegulae,  a  broad  sutural  line  before  and  a  spot  beneath  the  fore- 
wings,  a  large,  elongate,  irregular  mark  on  each  side  of  the  pleura,  as 
well  as  a  slightly  oblique  line  just  bene:ith  it  in  front  of  the  middle 
coxae,  and  a  large  transverse  mark  immediately  behind  the  posterior 
wings,  all  white ;  scutellum  subconvex,  shining,  punctured,   its   apex 


1864.]  318 

white  as  well  as  a  narrow  marginal  line  extending  to  the  base  of  the 
posterior  wings;  the  carina  on  each  side  in  front  of  the  scutellum  and 
a  spot  on  postscutellum,  also  white ;  metathorax  coarsely  and  conflu- 
ently  punctured,  clothed  with  pale  pubescence,  the  transverse  carina  in 
front  sharply  defined,  the  lateral  tubercles  strongly  developed  and  acute; 
a  broad,  elongate  mark  on  each  side  constricted  and  pointed  before,  two 
short,  approximate  lines  in  front  of  the  tubercles  sometimes  confluent 
with  them,  and  two  broad  lines  covering  the  tubercles  and  extending 
to  the  posterior  margin  where  they  become  confluent  with  the  lateral 
marks,  all  white.  Wings  hyaline,  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  fus- 
cous; nervures  and  stigma  black;  areolet  minute,  quadrate.  Legs 
long  and  slender,  especially  the  posterior  pair,  pale  yellowish ;  the  four 
anterior  coxi>?  and  trochanters  and  a  broad  line  on  the  posterior  coxa? 
behind,  white ;  rest  of  the  posterior  coxae,  their  trochanters  at  base, 
their  femora  entirely,  the  apical  fourth  of  their  tibiae,  and  extreme  tips 
of  all  the  tarsi,  black.  Abdomen  short,  slender,  fusiform,  about  as  long 
as  the  head  and  thorax,  black,  polished  ;  the  peduncle,  and  apical  mar- 
gins of  all  the  segments,  broadly  white.  Length  of  body  0  lines,  of 
antennae  7  lines,  of  posterior  legs  10  lines;  expanse  of  wings  llj  lines. 
Hah. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thos.  B.  "Wilson. 

This  is  a  very  conspicuous  species  and  readily  distinguished  by  its 
very  elongate  antennte  and  posterior  legs,  in  which  respect  it  resembles 
certain  species  of  the  genus  Arotes. 

2.  Mesostenus  albomaculatus.  n.  sp. 

Black;  autennte  with  a  broad  white  aiinulus  ;  orbits,  spot  ou  clypeus  and 
mandibles,  a  round  spot  on  the  disk  of  thorax  and  several  on  the  sides,  scutel- 
lum, two  large  oval  spots  on  metathorax,  and  apical  margins  of  the  abdominal 
segments,  white;  legs  pale  fulvous,  posterior  pair  varied  with  black  and  white; 
wings  hyaline;  ovipositor  short. 

Female. — Black,  slightly  pubescent ;  the  orbits  interrupted  behind 
and  very  broad  on  the  cheeks,  a  spot  on  the  clypeus,  middle  of  man- 
dibles and  the  palpi,  white;  antennae  rather  longer  than  the  body,  por- 
rect,  black,  the  9th  to  13th  joints  white,  spotted  beneath  with  black. 
Thorax  densely  punctured,  the  dorsal  lines  rather  deeply  impressed  in 
front,  obsolete  behind ;  a  round  spot  on  the  disk  of  the  mesothorax, 
tegulae,  an  elongate  spot  before  and  another  beneath  the  anterior  wings, 
a  large  spot  just  behind  the  posterior  wings,  another  on  each  side  of 


314  [September 

the  pleura  and  a  Hue  on  each  side  of  the  pectus,  white ;  scutelhim 
polished,  with  a  large  white  spot  covering  almost  its  entire  surfiice.  be- 
hiild  it  a  small  transverse  spot;  metathorax  finely  scabrous,  opaque^ 
the  anterior  carina  well  defined,  the  lateral  tubercles  prominent  but 
obtuse,  on  each  side  posteriorly  a  large  oval  white  spot  covering  the 
tubercles.  Wings  hyaline  ;  nervures  and  stigma  black ;  areolet  larger 
than  usual,  quadrate.  Legs  pale  fulvous,  the  anterior  and  middle  coxae, 
a  large  spot  on  the  posterior  coxae,  an  annulus  near  the  base  of  their 
tibiae  and  their  tarsi,  except  extreme  base  and  apex  which  are  black, 
white ;  rest  of  posterior  coxae  and  tibiae  and  the  extreme  tips  of  their 
femora  black.  Abdomen  robust,  ovate,  shining,  black,  densely  and 
finely  punctured ;  basal  segment  about  as  long  as  the  second,  stout,  the 
apex  broad,  convex  and  rather  deeply  punctured,  petiole  short  and  ro- 
bust, flattened  and  polished ;  apical  margins  of  all  the  segments  white, 
those  of  the  three  basal  segments  broad ;  apical  segments  polished  ; 
ovipositor  short,  scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  abdomen,  rufo-piceous, 
valves  black.     Length  5  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  9  lines. 

Hab. — Pennsylvania.     Mr.  George  Newman. 

More  robust  than  Al.  albojjictuSjVfith  the  posterior  legs  much  shorter. 
The  ornamentation  is,  however,  very  different. 

3.  Mesostenus  thoracicus.  n.  sp. 

Yellowish-rufous  ;  head,  antennae,  mesothorax  and  pectus,  black,  with  white 
lines;  antennse  with  abroad  white  annulus;  ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdo- 
men ;  posterior  tarsi  %  ,  white. 

Female. — Head  black;  orbits,  interrupted  behind  and  broad  on  the 
cheeks,  a  large  spot  on  the  face  just  beneath  the  antennae  sometimes 
confluent  on  each  side  with  the  orbits,  the  clypeus,  labrum,  s])0t  on 
mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  white;  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  body, 
black,  the  8th  to  13th  joints  white.  Thorax  :  mesothorax  and  pectus 
black,  densely  and  deeply  punctured,  the  dorsal  lines  deeply  impressed; 
the  collar  above,  tegulae,  a  broad  sutural  line  before  and  a  short  line 
beneath  the  wings,  and  an  oblique  line  on  each  side  of  the  pectus, 
white;  pleura  yellowish-rufous;  scutellum,  subcouvex,  shining,  black, 
its  lateral  margins  and  the  carina  on  each  side  which  connects  it  with 
the  mesothorax,  white,  having  the  appearance  of  a  V ;  postscutellum 
also  black,  with  a  white  spot  beneath  the  scutellum  ;  metathorax  densely 
punctured,  slightly  pubescent,  shining,  entirely  yellowish-rufous,  rather 


1864.]  315 

abruptly  truncate  behind,  the  elevated  lines  indistinct,  the  lateral  tu- 
bercles small  and  acute  or  subacute.  Wings  hyaline ;  nervures  and 
stigma  black,  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base ;  areolet  very  minute, 
quadrate.  Legs  yellowish-rufous,  the  four  anterior  coxae  whitish,  the 
posterior  tibiae  sometimes  obfuscated,  their  tarsi  yellowish.  Abdomen 
elongate,  subovate,  shining,  yellowish-rufous ;  basal  segment  polished, 
the  apical  third  quadrate  ;  sometimes  the  terminal  segment  is  tinged 
with  yellow ;  ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  rufo-piceous,  valves 
black.     Length  4 — 5-j  lines;  expanse  of  wings  (U — 8  lines. 

Male. — Resembles  the  female,  but  is  more  slender,  the  antennae  are 
rather  longer  than  the  body,  the  annulus  distinct  above,  but  indistinctly 
defined  beneath  and  yellowish ;  the  fice  is  entirely  white ;  the  space 
between  the  anterior  and  middle  coxfe  is  also  white;  the  extreme  base 
of  the  metathorax  is  blackish ;  the  four  anterior  coxfe  and  trochanters 
are  white,  as  well  as  the  posterior  tarsi,  except  extreme  base  and  apex 
which  are  black ;  the  extreme  tips  of  the  posterior  femora  and  most  of 
their  tibiae  also  black,  and  the  apical  segments  of  the  abdomen  are 
sometimes  obfuscated,  pi-obably  from  discoloration.  Length  4  lines ; 
expanse  of  wings  7  lines. 

Hah. — X.  Y.  (Grote)  ;  Penn.  (Cresson)  ;  Delaware  (Dr.  Wilson). 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  pale  rufous  color,  with  the 
head  and  mesothorax  black  variegated  with  white  lines. 

4.  Mesostenus  gracilis,  a.  sp. 

Pale  yellowish-rufous  ;  head,  antennse  and  mesothorax  black,  varied  with 
white:  wings  subhyaline,  iridescent;  metathorax  unarmed. 

Male. — Pale  yellowish-rufous,  slender,  shining;  head  black;  the  or- 
bits, interrupted  behind,  a  large  spot  on  the  face  confluent  with  the 
orbits,  clypeus,  most  of  mandibles,  and  the  palpi,  white;  antennae  long, 
porrect,  entirely  black.  Thorax  shining;  mesothorax  black,  the  dorsal 
lines  deeply  impressed ;  pectus  also  black ;  tegulse,  a  sutural  line  before 
and  a  short  line  beneath  the  wings,  and  a  line  on  the  collar  extending 
down  on  each  side  of  pectus,  white ;  anterior  part  of  the  pleura  stained 
with  blackish  and  having  an  obscure  whitish  spot  on  each  side  between 
the  anterior  and  middle  coxae ;  scutelluni  and  postscutellum  black,  po- 
lished, the  former  with  its  tip  and  lateral  margins  narrow  white,  ex- 
tending forward  upon  the  lateral  carinas,  in  the  shape  of  a  V ;  meta- 


316  [September 

thorax  yellowish-rufous,  its  base  blackish,  the  elevated  lines  not  well 
defined,  the  lateral  tubercles  wanting'.  Wings  subhyaline,  slightly 
stained  with  fuscous,  iridescent  ;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous ;  areolet 
minute,  quadrate.  Legs  slender,  yellowish-rufous,  the  four  anterior 
coxae  and  trochanters  white  beneath,  black  above,  as  well  as  the  poste- 
rior trochanters  above;  posterior  tibiaj  and  tarsi  more  or  less  obfuscated. 
Abdomen  elongate  and  slender,  subcylindric,  shining ;  basal  segment 
linear;  apical  segments  polished,  slightly  obfuscated.  Length  3}  lines; 
expanse  of  wings  5  lines. 

^a6.— Virginia.     Dr.  Thomas  B.  Wilson. 

Closely  allied  to  M.  thoracic  us,  but  is  much  smaller  and  slenderer, 
the  antennae  are  entirely  black  and  the  posterior  legs  are  differently 
colored. 

h.  Mesostenus?  fulvus,  u.  sp. 

Fulvous;  head  black,  the  face  and  orbits,  white:  antennae  black  with  a  white 
aunulus  :  wings  hyaline;  posterior  tarsi  white. 

Male. — Fulvous,  shining ;  head  black,  the  face,  orbits  very  broad  on 
the  cheeks,  clypeus,  mandibles  and  palpi,  white;  antennae  rather  longer 
than  the  body,  porrect,  black,  the  11th  to  13th  or  14th  joints  white, 
the  basal  joint  beneath  with  a  white  spot.  Thorax  opaque  above,  the 
dorsal  lines  very  deeply  impressed  and  black ;  tegulae,  a  sutural  line 
before  and  a  short  line  beneath  the  anterior  wings,  line  on  the  collar 
extending  down  its  sides,  a  line  on  the  pleura  in  front  and  a  spot  before 
the  middle  coxaj,  white ;  scutellum  slightly  convex,  fulvous,  the  lateral 
carinje  in  front  white,  the  space  on  each  side  blackish ;  postscutellum 
with  a  fulvous  transverse  spot;  metathorax  fulvous,  blackish  at  extreme 
base,  the  posterior  face  tinged  with  whitish,  the  elevated  lines  sharply 
defined,  the  lateral  tubercles  strongly  developed,  rather  obtuse  and 
white.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  blackish-fus- 
cous, the  latter  with  a  longitudinal,  fulvous  line  through  the  center; 
areolet  small,  quadrate,  the  outer  nervure  indistinct  or  wanting.  Legs 
fulvous,  the  four  anterior  pair  yellow  in  front,  the  posterior  pair  very 
long,  somewhat  tinged  with  brown ;  the  four  anterior  coxae  and  tro- 
chanters, and  the  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  joints  of  the  posterior  tarsi,  pure 
white.  Abdomen  rather  short;  a  little  longer  than  the  head  and  tho- 
rax, subovate,  shining,  reddish-fulvous;  basal  segment  about  as  long  as 
the  second,  apical  half  bi'oad.  convex,  petiole  short,  stout,  flattened ; 


1864.]  317 

apical  segments  sometimes  tinged  with  yellowish.     Length  <i — oi  lines; 
expanse  of  wings  6 — G-i  lines. 

Ildb. — Illinois.     Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

This  species  may  not  belong  to  this  geniis  on  account  of  the  areolet 
of  the  superior  wings  being  incomplete. 

Genus   RHYSSA,  Grav. 
1.  Rhyssa  Nortoni,  n.  sp. 

Black,  varied  with  ferruginous  and  spotted  with  yellow;  antennae  black;  legs 
mostly  yellow;  wings  subhyaline. 

Femalr. — Head  black  ;  the  cheeks  and  broad  frontal  orbits,  bright 
yellow,  the  latter  emarginate  on  each  side  of  the  insertion  of  the  anten- 
nae ;  mandibles  black,  shining ;  palpi  testaceous;  antennae  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  apical  joint  tinged  with  rufous. 
Thorax  sculptured  like  that  of  R.  lunator  Fjibr.,  black;  the  mesotho- 
rax  dull  rufous,  with  the  incisures  and  a  line  down  the  middle,  blackish  ; 
on  each  side  of  the  collar  a  large,  concave,  smooth,  polished  space,  mar- 
gined above  with  dull  rufous  and  posteriorly  with  black ;  an  oval  ele- 
vated spot  on  each  side  beneath  the  insertion  of  the  anterior  wings,  the 
scutellum  and  postscutellum,  bright  yellow ;  metathorax  smooth  and 
shining,  pale  ferruginous  above,  with  the  extreme  posterior  margin  and 
two  large  spots  on  each  side,  bright  yellow;  tegulae  pale.  Wings  hya- 
line, tinged  with  yellowish,  and  having  a  violet  reflection  in  certain 
lights;  stigma  dull  rufous,  nervures  black;  areolet  shaped  like  that  of 
lunator,  and  connects  at  its  apex  with  the  second  recurrent  nervure. 
Legs  bright  yellow,  varied  with  honey-yellow;  coxae  black,  the  anterior 
pair  brown-black  with  a  small  yellowish  spot  in  front;  middle  and  pos- 
terior femora  obfuscated,  their  tips  bright  yellow,  their  tibiae  honey- 
yellow  ;  tarsal  claws  blackish  at  tips.  Abdomen  brown  above,  the 
basal  segment  pale  ferruginous ;  on  each  side  of  the  2nd  and  following 
segments,  anteriorly,  a  rather  large  ferruginous  stain,  which  becomes 
confluent  on  the  disk  of  the  2nd  and  3rd  segments;  a  semicircular  spot 
on  the  apex  of  the  1st  and  2nd  segments,  a  large  rounded  spot  on  each 
side  of  the  three  following  segments,  and  a  transverse  spot  on  each  side 
of  the  two  apical  segments,  all  bright  yellow;  ventral  segments  yellow- 
ish-ferruginous, their  apical  margins  bright  yellow ;  ovipositor  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  body,  brown-black,  polished,  valves  brown-black. 


318  [September 

the  grooves  white,  more  distinctly  so  at  tip.     Length  13  Unes;  of  ovi- 
positor 25  lines;  expanse  of  wings  22  lines. 

Hah. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  dedicate  this  most  elegant  species  to  Mr.  Ed- 
ward Norton,  the  distinguished  American  hymenopterist. 

2.  Rhyssa  albomaculata.  u.  sp. 

Black  :  anteunje  with  a  broad  while  annulus  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  spotted 
with  white;  legs  pale  fulvous;  wings  hyaline. 

FcmaJc. — Black,  shining  ;  the  orbits  white  ;  antennae  three-fourths 
the  length  of  the  body,  black,  with  a  broad  white  annulus  near  the  tip. 
Thorax  gibbous,  the  mesothorax  transversely  rugose,  the  pleura  smooth 
and  polished;  a  broad  line  on  each  side  just  beneath  the  mesothorax, 
a  transverse  mark  on  each  side  of  the  collar,  the  tegul*,  a  spot  beneath 
the  wings,  and  an  elongate,  slightly  oblique  mark  above  and  a  little 
before  the  middle  coxae,  all  white;  scutellum  black,  its  apical  half  white, 
slightly  emarginate  before,  also  a  small  transverse  white  spot  behind ; 
metathorax  rather  smooth  at  base,  transversely  aciculate  at  apex,  on 
each  side  behind  a  large  white  spot,  and  just  beneath  a  smaller  white 
spot.  Wings  hyaline,  the  nervures  black,  pale  at  base,  stigma  also 
black,  with  a  pale  spot  at  base ;  areolet  minute,  petiolated.  Legs  pale 
fulvous,  the  four  anterior  coxae  with  a  lateral  white  spot,  the  middle 
ones  elongate;  posterior  coxae  with  a  white  spot  at  base  above;  tips  of 
the  posterior  tibiae  and  of  all  the  tarsi,  dusky.  Abdomen  black,  shin- 
ing ;  the  two  basal  segments  with  an"  angular  white  mark  on  each  side 
at  tip ;  the  four  following  segments  with  two  spots  on  each  side,  the 
extreme  lateral  ones  longitudinal  and  pointed  before ;  on  each  side  of 
the  7th  segment  a  broad,  oblique,  white  stripe ;  ovipositor  longer  than 
the  body,  piceous,  the  valves  black,  their  extreme  tips  within,  white. 
Length  II2  lines;  of  ovipositor  131  lines;  expanse  of  wings  17  lines, 

ILth. — New  Jersey.     E.  T.  Cresson. 

Very  similar  to  R.  persuasoria  Linn.,  formerly  known  only  as  a  Eu- 
ropean species,  but  of  which  I  have  a  9  and  2  %  specimens  from  the 
liocky  Mountains,  precisely  identical  with  European  specimens  with 
which  I  have  carefully  compared  them,  both  %  and  9  .  The  9  of  R. 
persuawria  differs  from  the  9  albomaculata,  above  described,  as  follows  : 
The  antennae  are  entirely  black,  the  spots  on  the  pleura  are  much  re- 


1864.]  319 

duced  ;  scutellum  with  a  large  subtriangular,  white  spot  at  tip ;  the 
upper  spot  on  each  side  of  the  metathorax  is  much  smaller  than  the 
lower  one;  the  wings  are  slightly  iridescent,  the  areolet  much  larger, 
more  oblique,  and  scarcely  petiolated;  the  legs  are  dark  fulvous,  the 
posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  blackish,  the  posterior  coxae  immaculate,  the 
anterior  trochanters  are  white  in  front;  the  abdomen  is  marked  the 
same,  except  that  the  spots  on  the  7th  segment  are  situated  as  on  the 
preceding  segments. 

3.  Rhyssa  nitida,  n.  sp. 

Black;  face  and  frontal  orbits  white;  legs  pale  fulvous,  varied  with  white 
and  dusky  :  wings  hyaline,  iridescent. 

Male. — Black,  polished ;  face  beneath  the  antennae,  the  frontal  or- 
bits not  quite  reaching  the  summit  of  the  eyes,  and  the  palpi,  white ; 
antenn?e  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body,  piceous,  paler  towards  the 
apex.  Thorax:  mesothorax  coarsely  and  transversely  rugose;  pleura 
and  metathorax  polished,  slightly  pubescent;  scutellum  transversely 
aciculate.  Wings  hyaline,  iridescent;  nervures  and  stigma  fuscous, 
the  former  pale  at  base  and  the  latter  with  a  pale  spot  at  base;  areolet 
minute,  oblique  and  petiolated.  Legs  pale  fulvous;  the  anterior  coxae 
and  trochanters  entirely,  the  anterior  femora  in  front,  their  base  and 
apex  behind,  their  tibiae  and  tarsi,  the  middle  trochanters,  tips  of  their 
femora,  their  tibiae  within,  and  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  posterior 
tibiae  within,  all  white;  the  middle  tarsi,  tips  of  the  posterior  femora, 
their  tibiae  at  tips  and  without,  and  their  tarsi,  dusky.  Abdomen  twice 
as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  slender,  polished,  immaculate  above ; 
beneath,  the  incisures  are  narrowly  whitish.  Length  7  lines;  expanse 
of  wings  9  lines. 

/ra6.— Viroinia.     Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 


320 


[September 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


MESOLEPTUS. 


Page. 


Page. 


affinis 263    hostilis 267 

aiinulipes 257  !  longicornis 270 

antennatus 272   major 257 

argentifrons 261  j  nigripes 267 

bicolor 269    obliteratus 260 

compressus 260   obscurus 261 

coneolor 270    Oxylus 262 

conjunctus 262    porrectus 266 

decoloratus 265  j  eubrubidus 264 

dimidiatus 265    subtenuis 267 


discolor 271 

distinctus 266 


tibiator 259 

unicolor 271 


dubitatus 259  I  validus 258 

flavifrons 269    vieinus 268 

llavirictus 263  '  vultus 268 


TRYPHON. 


affinis 277 

americanus 276 

analis 279 

capita  tus 281 

carinatus 273 

festivus 279 

liniatus 274 

minimus 281 


pedalis 273 

pleuralis 275 

rufocinctus 280 

seminiger 278 

semirufus 278 

subniarginatus 274 

tibialis 280 

trifasciatus 276 


CTENISCUS. 


clavatus 284  i  mediatus. 


.282 


dorsalis 282 

flavicoxse 283 


orbitalis 283 


EXOCHUS. 


apical  is 285 

dorsalis 286 

fulvipes 285 

laevis 286 


palliijes 287 

pleuralis 286 

pygmaeus 285 


1864.] 


321 


TROGUS. 


flavipennis. 


.287 


HOPLISMENUS. 
thoracicus 288 


CRYPTUS. 


alacris 306 

albitarsis 300 

americanus 297 

crassicornis 292 

oxcelsus 293 

extrematis 304 

frater 303 

incertus 306 

iridescens 296 

junceus 295 

1  i  matus 298 

1  uctuosu  s 290 

nubilipennis 291 


pallidus 307 

persirailis 298 

proximus 290 

pumilus 301 

pusillus 302 

robustus 289 

similis 299 

soror 296 

subargenteus 302 

subgracilis 303 

iiltiraus 305 

velox 293 


PHYGADEUON. 


annulatus 308 

cincticoniis 309 

major 308 

mandibular  is 311 


montanus 309 

subfuseus 311 

vulgaris 310 


MESOSTENUS. 


albomaculatus 313 

albopietus 312 

fulvus 316 


gracilis 315 

thoracicus 314 


albom^aeulata 318 

uitida 319 


RHYSSA. 

Nortoni. 


,31/ 


822  [September 


Descriptions  of  North  American  LEPIDOPTERA,  No.  4. 

BY    AUn.    R.    GROTE, 
Curator  of  Entomology,  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences. 

NOTODONTINA,  H-S. 

Genus  PARATHYRIS,  Hubner. 
Paratbyris  Angelica,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  4,  fig.  1.  9  •) 

Anterior  wings  truncate  at  the  apex,  excavate  along  external  mar- 
gin, pale  soft  steel-grey,  with  approximate  median  bands  and  two  vitre- 
ous spots  between  veins  4  and  6  (m.)  in  the  terminal  space.  Basal 
lines  obsolete,  the  spaces  evenly  greyish  slightly  sprinkled  with  minute 
brownish  dots ;  median  space  similarly  colored,  median  bands  very 
approximate,  diffuse,  dark  brownish,  the  transverse  anterior  nearly 
straight,  preceded  by  a  wavy,  sub-obsolete,  shade  line,  the  transverse 
posterior  arcuated  at  the  disc,  slightly  undulate;  discal  spot  minute. 
Subterminal  and  terminal  spaces  darker  shaded,  subterminal  band  dif- 
fuse, indistinct,  bordering  two  moderate  vitreous  spots  which  are  mar- 
gined externally  with  brownish,  situate  in  the  interspaces  between  veins 
4  and  G  (m.),  the  upper  one  the  larger,  quadrate  with  irregular  mar- 
gins, the  lower  triangular;  fringes  brown.  Posterior  wings  entirely 
pale  brown  with  two  darker  median  bands,  the  inner  diffuse,  broad. 
dark  brown,  corresponding  to  the  transverse  posterior  band  of  the  an- 
terior wings,  the  outer  narrow,  slightly  undulate,  margined  outwardly 
by  a  distinct  pale  shade ;  external  border  shaded  with  greyish  ;  fringes 
brown.  Under  surface  of  both  wings  greyish,  shaded  with  pale  brown- 
ish at  base,  with  a  brown  band  corresponding  to  the  transverse  poste- 
rior band  of  the  upper  surface  of  anterior,  and  inner  band  of  posterior, 
wings.  Thorax  and  tegulae  similarly  colored  with  anterior  wings,  with 
a  brownish  central  crest,  tegulae  with  a  brown  line ;  abdomen  pale 
brown,  resembling  the  posterior  wings  in  coloration,  greyish  under- 
neath, minutely  sprinkled  with  brown,  with  two  lateral  white  spots  on 
first  and  second  segments ;  head  and  palpi  of  a  very  pale  brown  shade ; 
antenna  short,  pectinate,  testaceous;  legs  clothed  with  greyish  hairs, 
sprinkled  with  brownish,  all  the  tibiae  furnished  with  lateral  tufts  of 
long  greyish  hair  tipped  with  brown.      9  Exp.  l.OS  inches. 

Hah.     Middle  States.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 


1864.]  323 

Congeneric  with  Parathyris  torrefacta^  A.  &  S..  and  the  second  de- 
sei'ibed  North  American  species  of  the  genus. 

A  single  9  specimen  in  good  preservation  kindly  collected  for  me  by 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Darrach,  at  Coldenham,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Genus  HETEROCAMPA,  Doubleday. 
Heterocampa  leptinoides,   nov.  sp.  (Plate  4,  fig.  2.  J.) 

Anterior  wings  dark  cinereous,  all  the  lines  obsolete,  a  basal  parallel 
black  line,  terminal  spaces  light  grey.  From  the  base  of  the  wing  a 
narrow  distinct  black  streak  runs  parallel  with  the  costa,  below  the 
median  vein  to  median  space,  which  latter  is  faintly  greyish  from  along 
the  costa  to  median  vein.  The  transverse  anterior  lines  are  hardly 
visible,  acutely  dentate ;  discal  spot  black,  moderate ;  veins  in  the  ter- 
minal half  of  the  wing  marked  with  black  interrupted  with  grey;  trans- 
verse posterior  lines  indistinct,  dentate.  Subterminal  space  showing  a 
brownish  shade,  blackish  outwai-dly  superiorly,  with  black  cuneiform 
marks  between  the  veins.  Terminal  space  showing  a  light  grey  shade, 
broadest  at  apex.  Posterior  wings  dark  cinereous,  immaculate.  Under 
surface  of  both  wings  blackish  cinereous,  except  in  the  terminal  spaces 
which  are  light  grey  on  both  pair.  Thorax,  legs  and  abdomen  cinere- 
ous, latter  paler;  tarsi  annulated.      9  Exp.  1.07  inches. 

Hah.     Middle  States.   (Coll.  Ent.  Soe.  Phil.) 

A  similarity  of  ornamentation  to  the  Cymatophorid  genus  Lrph'na 
induces  the  specific  name.  This  species  was  collected  for  me  by  a  kind 
friend  iu  the  same  locality  with  the  preceding. 

Genus  NOTODONTA.  Ochs. 
Notodonta  stragula,  Grote. 

A  9  specimen,  taken  in  Orange  (;Ounty,  N.  Y.,  now  in  the  extensive 
collection  of  Stephen  Calverley,  Esq.  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  does  not  differ 
from  the  %  ,  except  in  the  darker,  more  evenly  colored  secondaries. 

ARCTIOIDEA,  H-S. 

Genus  AECTIA,  Schk.  « 

Arctia  Saundersii,  Grote.  (Plate  4,  fig.  3.  %  .) 

Arctia  Saundersii,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  3,  p.  75.  %  . 

Arctia  virgincula,  Saunders,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.  p.  9. 

I  have  five  male  and  two  female  specimens  before  me,  kindly  sent 
me  by  Mr.  Wm.  Saunders.     The  9  merely  differs  from  the  %  by  the 


824  [September 

paler  antennae  and  narrower  bands  on  the  anterior  wings.  I  refer  the 
student  to  y\r.  Saunders'  paper  for  the  description  of  several  slight 
varieties  of  this  species.     Exp.  1.05  to  1.08  inches. 

ffab.     Canada  West.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

Until  Kirby  in  1837  described,  without  figuring,  his  CalUmorpha 
jparthenice,  no  second  species  nearly  allied  in  coloration  and  ornamen- 
tation to  Arctia  virgo  Linn,  had  been  suspected  by  authors.  Since 
Kirby  wrote,  this  species  has  been  sought  for  by  Entomologists  in  a 
form  of  A.  virgo,  in  which  the  series  of  spots  on  the  posterior  wings 
show  a  difference  of  size  or  position.  I  have  elsewhere  stated  that  I 
consider  A.  partlumice  of  authors  as  identical  with  A.  virgo  Linn.,  and 
since  rearing  imagos  of  both  sexes  from  larvae  kindly  sent  me  by  Mr. 
Wm.  Saunders  as  the  larvae  of  A.  parthenice,  I  see  no  reason  for  alter- 
ing my  opinion.  While  I  have  little  hesitation  in  referring  Arctia 
parthenice  of  Messrs.  Saunders  and  Packard  to  A.  virgo  Linn.,  I  am 
not  so  certain  that  Kirby's  C.  parthenice  should  be  similarly  referred. 
This  author's  description  of  the  anterior  wings  equally  applies  to  A. 
virgo  Linn,  with  A.  Sauiu/ersii  Grote,  and  it  is  on  the  anterior  wings 
more  especially  that  I  have  seized  upon  a  character  which  I  believe  is 
specific  and  will  readily  distinguish  the  latter  species,  viz  :  the  linearity 
of  the  stripes  on  the  veins.  Kirby's  description  of  the  posterior  wings, 
as  well  perhaps  as  the  given  expanse,  would  indicate  A.  Saundersii  as 
the  species  intended,  for  in  all  my  specimens  the  discal  spots  are  absent 
and  there  are  but  five  terminal  spots,  the  expanse  being  1 J  to  If  inches, 
Kirby  giving  the  latter  measurement,  while  the  discal  spots  are  always 
present  in  my  specimens  of  ^.  virgo  Linn.,  and  but  very  few  expand 
less  than  2  inches. 

While,  therefore,  there  is  a  probability  that  A.  Saundersii  was  the 
species  intended  by  Kirby,  the  unsatisfactory  diagnosis,  which  contains 
no  comparative  allusion  to  Linnaeus'  species,  renders  it  a  matter  of  un- 
certainty, and  I  prefer  to  refer  Kirby's  description  to  A.  virgo  L.,  and 
to  retain  the  name,  under  which  I  have  described  it,  for  the  second 
smaller  species.  I  find  that  it  is  a  sexual  distinction  of  the  males  of 
A.  virgo  L.  and  A.  Saundersii  Grote,  that  the  antennae  are  lighter 
colored  and  the  bands  on  the  anterior  wings  broader.  I  give  the  fol- 
lowing description  and  synonymy  of  A.  virgo  L.,  figuring  the  ordinary 
male  of  the  species  : — 


1864.]  325 

Arctia  virgo,  Liun.  (Plate  4,  fig.  4.  %  .) 

Arctia  virgo  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  .501.  Abb.  k  Smith,  Ins.  Ga.  p.  12.3.  t.  62.  Hiibn. 
Exot.  Sch.  ii,  Taf.  IS!).  Harr.  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.  Duncan.  Nat.  Libr.  xxxvi. 
PI.  19.  Harr.  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  211.  Walk.  C.  B.  M.  iii,  p.  608.  Clem.  Proc.  A. 
N.  S.  Phil.  1860,  p.  528.  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  A.  p.  338.  Saunders.  Syn.  Can. 
Arct.  p.  6.  Packard,  Syn.  U.  S.  Bombycidce,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  3.  p.  11.5. 

Arctia  parthenice,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  339.  Saunders,  Syn.  Can.  Arct. 
p.  5.     Packard,  Syn.  U.  S.  Bombycidaj,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  PhiL  Vol.  3,  p.  116,  1864. 

C'allimorpha  parthenice  Kirby,  Fauna  Am.-Bor.  IV.  p.  204  ?  var?  virgo,  Walk. 
C.  B.  M.  iii,  p.  608. 

Anterior  wings  deep  velvety  black,  all  the  veins  diffusely  striped 
with  flesh  color.  From  the  base  of  the  wing,  below  median  vein,  a 
broad  flesh-colored  band  runs  to  external  margin,  becoming  distinctly 
furcate  above  internal  angle,  and  upon  which,  in  the  terminal  half  of 
the  wing,  rests  a  series  of  identically  colored  bands  resembling  the  let- 
ter K  with  the  straight  stroke  turned  towards  the  base  of  the  wing  and 
bent,  and  the  upper  limb  attaining  the  external  margin  below  the  apex, 
reflexed  to  costa ;  a  straight  broad  stripe  crosses  the  disc  from  costa  to 
median  vein,  sometimes  apparent  in  the  interspace  below  the  latter. 
Posterior  wings  red  of  a  more  or  less  pinkish  shade,  with  a  terminal 
series  of  black  spots  margined  with  buff",  becoming  fused  at  costal  angle, 
the  one  above  anal  angle  of  uncertain  size  in  either  sex,  discal  and  sub- 
costal spots  usually  present,  besides  which  along  costal  margin  in  some 
specimens  of  either  sex  are  black  shade  streaks,  terminating  in  one  or 
two  accessory  spots.  Tegulse  and  thorax  black  margined  with  flesh 
color,  two  black  spots  on  prothorax  making  five  thoracic  black  macula- 
tions.  Head,  above  the  eyes,  flesh  color,  immaculate;  palpi,  under 
surface  of  thorax  and  legs,  smoky  black,  latter  touched  with  yellowish 
on  anterior  femora  and  tibiae  in  the  %  ,  posterior  tibiae  generally  streaked 
with  whitish  in  either  sex ;  under  surface  of  abdomen  black,  marked 
with  whitish  at  the  base  of  the  segments  in  the  %  .  Antennae  pecti- 
nate, smoky  brown  in  the  %  ,  darker,  simple  in  the  female.  Exp.  1.08 
to  2.05  inches.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

Ilab.  Both  Canadas,  and  occurring  throughout  the  Eastern,  West- 
ern and  Southern  States. 

The  coloration  of  the  stripes  on  anterior  wings  is  subject  to  variation 
from  pale  flesh  color  to  yellowish.  I  have  seen  very  large  specimens 
of  this  species  expanding  upwards  of  3  inches  and  in  which  the  spots 
on  the  posterior  wings  were  largely  developed,  but  I  cannot  separate 


826  [September 

them  specifically  aud  feel  confident  that,  notwithstanding  the  individual 
variation  in  the  number  and  size  of  the  black  spots  on  the  posterior 
wings,  there  is  but  one  species  to  be  considered.  The  larva,  like  most 
of  its  family  associates,  is  essentially  polyphagous  and  feeds  readily  on 
a  variety  of  herbs  as  Ghenopodmm  alburn^  Simploa/rpus  fcetidus,  etc. 
I  regard  it  as  subject  to  considerable  variation  of  coloration  and  per- 
haps of  ornamentation,  which  would  satisfactorily  account  for  discor- 
dant diagnoses. 

NOCTUINA,  H-S. 

Gen.    CATOCALA.    Ochs. 
Catocala  subnata,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  4,  fig.  5.  %.) 

S  .  Anterior  wings  greyish,  ftiintly  shaded  with  pale  greenish  ;  trans- 
verse posterior  line  acutely  dentate,  enclosing  the  subreniform  spot. 
Basal  half-line  distinct;  sub-basal  space  large;  transverse  anterior  line 
broadly  marked  at  costa,  oblique,  without  prominent  angles,  wavy,  dark 
brownish  with  an  anterior  whitish  shade  line  till  below  the  median 
vein,  thence  to  internal  margin  whitish;  sub-costal  tooth  sub-obsolete. 
Reniform  spot  moderate,  with  a  broad  anterior  whitish  costal  shade, 
brown  with  a  whitish  external  ringlet  and  darker  encircling  line;  sub- 
reniform large,  whitish,  excavated  posteriorly,  surrounded  by  the  trans- 
verse posterior  line,  coneolorous.  Transverse  posterior  line  dark  brown- 
ish, broadly  marked  at  last  inflexion  thence,  to  internal  margin,  whit- 
ish, the  two  prominent  teeth  large,  sub-equal,  very  acute,  all  the  den- 
tations acute  and  distinct.  Subterminal  space  pale  brownish,  subter- 
minal  line  whitish,  dentate,  diffuse;  terminal  series  of  spots  between 
the  veins  reduced.  Posterior  wings  dusky  yellow  ;  median  band  black, 
wide,  but  slightly  constricted  on  the  disc,  terminating  obtusely  much 
before  internal  margin.  Terminal  band  black,  constricted  just  before 
anal  angle  ;  fringes  pale  yellowish.  Under  surface  pale  yellowish,  with 
scattered  punctations  and  iridescent  in  terminal  spaces  ;  anterior  wings 
crossed  by  three,  posterior  wings  by  two  transverse  black  irregular 
bands.  Thorax  greyish  mixed  with  brownish,  with  prothoracic  brown 
lines ;  abdomen  luteous.      %  .  Exp.  3.06  inches. 

Hub.     Maryland.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

Closely  allied  to  C.  neogama  A.  &  S. ;  the  expanse  is  greater  and  the 
body  appears  proportionally  slenderer;  the  subreniform  spot  is  sur- 


CONTENTS. 


On  the  Pupa  of  the  Ephemerinous  genus  Baetisca  Walsh,  by 
Benj.  D.  Walsh,  M.  A.  .  .  -  .  . 

On  certain   Entomological   Speculations  of  the  New  England 
School  of  Naturalists,  by  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  M.  A.        - 

Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  Limacodes,  by  Try  on  Rea- 
kirt,  ....... 

Descriptions  of  new  North  American  Coleoptera,  by  Jas.  H.  B. 
Bland,  ...-.-. 

Descriptions  of  North  American  Hymenoptera,  in  the  Collection 
of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  by  E.  T.  Cresson, 

Descriptions  of  North  American  Lepidoptera,  No.  4,  by  Aug. 
R.  Grote,       ...-.-- 


PAGE 

200 
207 
250 
253 
257 
322 


CORRIGENDA. 

Page  208,  line  9,  for  "  Ephemerina"  read  "  Ephemerina  except  Bgetisca.' 
"     208,  line  3,  for  "  p.  239"  read  "  p".  239  »'is ." 
"     240,  line  TO,  for  "  more  cephalized"  read  *'  less  cephalized." 


,^S-SEE  NOTICE  OH  4TH  PAGE  OF  COVEB.-«^ 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


Entomological  Society 


OF 


<i 


PH IL  A-DELPHIA.. 


OCTOBER— DECEMBER, 


1864. 


PHILADELPHIA : 

I»ia.IITTEI3       BY     THE       SO  CIST  "sr. 


(^ig^:^:^^^(^'^>o'n^^-^^r^^^ 


1864.]  327 

rounded  by  the  t.  p.  line  and  excavated  posteriorly;  the  t.  p.  line  is 
acutely  dentate,  the  two  prominent  teeth  much  larger  and  very  acute,, 
the  dark  spots  in  the  terminal  interspaces  are  more  reduced ;  the  yel- 
low of  the  posterior  wings  is  paler  and  the  median  band  wider,  less  con- 
stricted on  the  disc  and  terminating  obtusely  before  internal  margin  ; 
the  general  coloration  of  anterior  wings  is  much  the  same  as  in  C.  ne- 
oqama.  From  C.  piatrix  Grote,  C.  palstofjama  Guenee,  and  G.  jjIui- 
Janga  Grote,  its  next  nearest  allies,  the  present  species  is  sufficiently 
distinct  as  to  render  detailed  comparisons  unnecessary. 


STATED   MEETING,   October  10. 

President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  Papers  were  presented  for  publication  : — 
'•  List  of  Diurnal   Ijcpidoptera  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  by  John  Kirkpatrick." 

•'  Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidae  of  the  United  States,  Part  2,  by  A.  S. 
Packard,  Jr.,  M.  D." 

"  On   Phytophagic  varieties  and   Phytoghagic  species,  by  Benj.  D. 
Walsh,  M.  A." 

"  On  the  insects,  Dipterous,  Coleopterous  and  Lepidopterous,  inhab- 
iting the  galls  of  certain  species  of  Willow,  by  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  M.  A." 
"  Description  of  the  female  of  Argynnis  Di;ina,  by  Wm.  H.  Edwards." 
"  Notes  on  the  Argynuides  of  California,  by  Wm.  H.  Edwards." 
"  Descriptions  of  two  new  genera  of  North  American  Ichneumonidac, 
by  E.  T.  Cresson." 

On  ballot,  Mr.  John  Kirkpatrick,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  Mr.  Julius 
3Ieyer,  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  were  elected  Corresponding  Mcmhim. 


STATED    .AIEETING,    November   14. 

President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  : — 
"Descriptions  of  North  American  Lepidoptera,  No.  5,  by  Aug.  K. 
Grote." 


328  [October 

r 

'•  Notes  upoa  Exotic  Lepidoptera,  chiefly  from  the  Philippine  Islands, 
with  descriptions  of  some  new  species,  by  Tryon  Reakirt." 
''  North  American  Micro-Lepidoptera,  by  B.  Clemens,  M.  D." 
"  Notes  on  some  Sphingidae.  with  descriptions  of  their  Larvae  and 
Pupte,  by  J.  A.  Lintner." 

••  Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  Cynips,  and  a  new  species  of 
Diastrophus,  by  H.  F.  Bassett." 

"  Notes  on  the  Synonymy  of  certain  species  of  North  American 
Lepidoptera,  by  Aug.  R.  Grote." 

'■  On  the  Hymenoptera  of  Cuba,  by  E.  T.  Cresson." 
''  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Cuban  Lepidoptera,  by  C.  A.  Blake." 
•'  Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Masaris,  by  E.  T.  Cresson." 
'•  Catalogue  of  Cuban  Coleoptera,  in  the  Collection  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  of  Philadelphia,  by  Jas.  H.  B.  Bland." 

••  Notes  on  Cuban  Sphingid^e.  in  the  Collection  of  the  Entomological 
Society  of  Philadelphia,  hj  Aug.  R.  Grote." 
And  were  referred  to  Committees. 

On  ballot.  ^Ir.  Rufus  Bucknel  of  Philad.  was  elected  a  Resident 
Member^  and  Prof.  J.  0.  Westwood  of  England,  Messrs.  Jas.  Angus 
of  West  Farms,  N.  Y.,  and  Charles  Sonne  of  Chicago,  111.,  were  elected 
(JorresponiUng  Membfrs. 


List  of  DIURNAL  LEPIDOPTERA  found  in  the  Vicinity  of  Cleveland.  Ohio. 

BY  JOHN  KTRKPATRTCK. 

Papillo  fu7-)ius,  Linn.     Common.     The  dark  variety  does  not  occur. 

Papilio  froilus,  Linn.      Common  latter  part  of  summer. 

Papilio  (isterias,  Fab.      Very  plentiful  some  seasons,  always  common. 

Papilio  phile nor,  Fab.      Common  latter  part  of  summer. 

Papilio  cresphontes.  Cram.  Rare;  four  specimens  only  are  known  to 
have  been  taken  here. 

Papilio  ajax,  Sm.  &  Abb.      Common  where  pawpaw  bushes  are. 

Papilio  marrrllas.  Cram.  ^lore  numerous  than  the  preceding  in 
same  localities. 


1804.]  y^i* 

Pi'eris  protodice,  Boisd.  Very  pluntiful,  especially  in  the  fiill,  and 
«'vidently  increasing. 

Co/ids  philodice,  Grodt.  Very  abundant.  Some  of  the  females  are 
very  pale,  almost  white.  This  fall  a  variety  is  common  that  differs  con- 
siderably from  the  usual  one.  Both  sexes  are  nearly  alike ;  the  feuiale 
being  the  larger  and  rather  paler  than  the  male;  both  are  suljihur- 
yellow  above;  the  black  border  rather  wider  in  the  female,  without 
yellow  spots,  but  is  powdered  with  minute  yellow  specks.  The  rosy 
fringe  in  both  sexes  is  wanting. 

Danais  archippus,  S.  &  A.  Throughout  the  summer  and  fall  this  is 
our  most  common  species,  owing  to  the  abundance  of  its  food-plant.  The 
larva  seems  to  feed  indiscriminately  on  all  our  species  of  Asclepias. 

Aryynnh  n/hele^  Godt.  Very  common  ;  but  until  recently  has  been 
confounded  with  Aphrodite.  Our  species  agrees  exactly  with  figure  in 
Boisduval  &  Leconte's  work. 

Anjj/nnis  Aphrodite,  Fab.  Found  occasionally,  but  less  seldom  than 
the  preceding  species. 

Argi/nnis  rohimhiiia,  Grodt.  Very  rare ;  but  one  specimen  known 
to  have  been  captured. 

Argijnnis  Ixdlona,  Godt.      Common  latter  part  of  summer. 

Terias  lisa,  Boisd.   Rare;  has  been  taken ;  L  d(i  not  possess  a  specimen. 

Melitfea  tharos,  Cram.     Very  common. 

Vanessa  J-Album,  Boisd.     Not  common. 

Vanessa  pror/ne,  Cram.     Occasitmally  found. 

Vanessa  antiopa,  Linn.  Very  common  all  the  season  ;  this  year 
rarer  than  usual. 

Vanessa  Mllberti,  Godt.      Seldom  seen. 

Grap)ta  interrogationis,  Fab.     One  of  our  most  common  species. 

Grapta  comma,  Harris.     Common. 

Pyrameis  atalanta,  ]jinn.  Usually  quite  common,  but  have  not  seen 
a  specimen  this  season. 

Pi/rameis  cardui,  Linn.     In  some  seasons  plentiful,  in  others  rare. 

Pi/ranicis  huntera,  Sm.  &  Abb.  More  aboundant,  and  occurs  more 
regularly  than  cardui. 

Xijmpludis  dissippns,  Godt.     Common  in  the  fidl. . 

Nymplialis  Ursula,  Fab.  Rather  rare,  although  occasionally  found 
in  a  few  localities. 


830  [October 

Neomjmjtha  nir^tkris.  Fab.  Never  numerous,  but  occasionally  found 
in  grain  fields. 

N^eoni/mjjlia  canthus,  Linn.      Rare. 

Arffus  pifrni7(ir(jw/us,  Boisd  &  Lee.      Common. 

Poh/ominiifna  comt/ufas,  Godt.      Not  uncommon. 

Polj/omm(if)is  thoc,  Boisd  &  Lee.     A  very  common  species. 

PoJi/ommatu>i  americdna,  Harris.  A  common  species  at  the  end  of 
August  and  during  September.  Often  confounded  with  the  female  of 
fhoe;  and  although  on  the  upper  side  there  is  considerable  resemblance, 
beneath  there  is  a  great  diiference.  Americaita  has  the  primaries 
beneath  of  a  bright  coppery-red  with  a  tawny  border  answering  to  the 
black  above,  with  ninf  black  spots  edged  with  tawny  opposite  the  right 
above,  except  the  ninth,  which  has  no  corresponding  one  on  the  upper 
side,  and  is  situated  close  to  the  shoulder ;  on  the  inner  part  of  the 
tawny  border  there  is  a  partial  black  band.  The  secondaries  are  tawny 
beneath  with  about  fifteen  black  dots,  and  a  serrated,  narrow  coppery 
band,  beginning  at  the  inner  angle  and  extending  two-thirds  across; 
fringe  tawny  with  no  black  spots  or  markings.  It  is  always  a  smaller 
species  than  thoe. 

Pi)lijommatus  cplxantlie,  Boisd.      Not  plentiful. 

Thecla /avonius,  Godt.      Rare. 

Thecla  humnli.  Harris.  More  common.  Specimens  of  both  the 
above  species  are  in  the  collection  of  Prof.  Kirtland  of  this  place,  and 
were  identified  by  the  late  Dr.  Harris. 

Hesperia  hiiron,  Edwards.     Common. 

Hespen'a  tineas.  Edwards.  I  have  a  single  9  specimen,  caught  in  the 
neighborhood  by  myself. 

Hesperia  hathyJlus,  S.  &  A.     Occurs  at  Rockport,  4  miles  from  here. 

Nisoniades  juvenaHs,  Sm.  &  Abb.     Common  in  some  localities. 

Nisoniades  eatidhis,  Godt.      Found  at  Rockport. 

Goniloha  titjjrus^  Fab.     Common  every  year. 

Pamphila  bvIeHfa,  Boisd.      Found  at  Rockport, 

Pamphila  Peekii,  Kirby.     Found  at  Rockport. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  additions  to  this  list  may  yet  be  made,  espe- 
cially in  Hesperia  and  the  other  smaller  butterflies.  Until  recently  it 
was  very  difiicult  for  ils  here  to  identify  a  specimen  of  the  more  obscure 
species,  when  caught. 


1864.]  331 


Synopsis  of  the  BOMBYCID^  of  the  United  States. 

BY    A.    S.    PACKARD,    JR..    M.    D. 

PART    II. 

Subfomily  DASYCHiRiE  Hiibner. 

Following  the  law  of  priority  the  usual  name  Liparidse  Boisd.  must 
be  dropped  for  Hubuer's  terra  Dfm/chirs&.  This  is  group  "  D  "  "  Larrae 
FascieulatfB "  of  Deuis  aud  Schiflfermiller  (W.  V.).  In  1816  it  was 
clearly  circumscribed  by  Hiibner  in  the  '•  Verzeichniss  bekannter 
Schmetterlinge"  forming  "  Strips  II  Hi/pogymnise,  Strips  III  Leiicomse 
and  Strips  IV  Dasi/cMrse"  of  his  second  "  Tribus."  As  thus  limited 
by  this  author  we  find  the  group  a  perfectly  natural  one,  no  genera  be- 
longing to  the  neighboring  groups  being  found  in  it.  We  have  selected 
the  name  of  the  last  strips  for  the  subfamily  name,  since  it  contains  the 
more  typical  genera. 

ORGYIA  Ochsenheimer. 
Orgyia  nora  Fitch. 

Orgyia  antiqua?  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 

Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  249.     (1862). 
Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  203.     (1841). 
Orgyia  nora  Fitch,  Eighth  Report  on  Noxious  Insects  of  N.  York,  p.  675.  (1864). 

On  comparing  the  males  of  this  species  with  two  specimens  of  0. 
antiqua  received  from  Professor  Zeller  of  Meseritz,  Prussia,  I  find 
that,  as  Dr.  Fitch  remarks,  our  species  is  slightly  darker  both  above 
and  on  the  under  side  of  the  body  than  its  European  representative. 
This  species  has  occurred  to  me  abundantly  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  where 
I  have  never  taken  0.  leucostigma,  but  simply  seen  it  on  the  wing,  Oct. 
5.  It  flies  in  the  hot  sunshine  early  in  September.  Mr.  Sanborn  has 
given  me  a  specimen  less  than  half  the  usual  size.  Norway,  Me.,  Smith 
(Mus.  Comp.  Zool.).  Medford,  Mass.  (Trouvelot).  Brookline  (Shurt- 
lefi-). 

Orgyia  leucostigma  Harris. 

Phalaena  leucostigma  Smith,  NIat.  Hist.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga,,  p.  157.     Tab.  79.     (1797). 
Orgyia  leucostigma  Harris,  Report  Ins.  Mass.  p.  262.     (1841). 

Walk  ,  List  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Ft.  IV.  p.  786.     (1855). 

Fitch,  Third  Report  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York,  pp.  338,  364.    (1856). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  249.     (1862). 


[October 


Medford,  Mass.  (Trouvelot).  Boston,  (Sanborn,  Shurtleff).  Nor- 
way, Me.,  (Smith,  M.  C.  Z.)-     Brunswick,  Me.     Flying  Oct.  5. 

Orgyia  deflnita,  n.  sp. 

Umber  brown.  Head,  thorax,  base  and  inner  margin  of  primaries 
more  testaceous.  A  faint  basal  dark  straight  transverse  line.  Beyond 
and  near  the  linear  lunate  discal  spot  which  is  surrounded  by  the  tes- 
taceous brown,  is  an  indistinct  nearly  straight  line.  An  outer  very  dis- 
tinct curved  line,  being  straight  from  the  costa  to  where  it  is  angulated 
on  the  5th  subcostal  nervule,  and  again  half  way  between  the  discal 
spot  and  internal  margin.  Beyond  this  line  on  the  costa  is  an  oblong 
(lark  well  defined  spot  succeeded  by  a  submarginal  row  of  dots,  ending 
ill  a  wuite  spot  near  the  internal  margin. 

Beneiith  lighter.  Lines  faintly  seen  beneath,  the  outer  one  extend- 
ing faintly  on  to  the  secondaries,  which  have  a  discal  dot. 

The  markings  are  much  more  distinct  in  this  species  than  in  0.  hu- 
cosfigma,  while  the  outer  line  is  angulated  nearer  the  middle. 

Length  of  body  9  •  -60;   exp.  wings,  1.20  inch. 

Boston,  (Sanborn). 

Orgyia  vetusta  Boisd. 

Orgyia  vetusta  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.  (Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  France),  p.  49.     (1852.) 
Walk.,  List  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  IV.  p.  786.     (1855). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  250.     (1862). 
California,  (Boisd.). 

PARORGYIA  nov.  gen. 

Body  stout.  Head  broad  and  square  in  front.  Antennae  and  palpi 
much  as  in  Orgyia.  The  thorax  is  provided  with  a  median  tuft  of  me- 
tallic scales.  The  fore  wings  of  the  male  are  shorter  than  the  body ; 
costa  a  little  bent  at  the  outer  third;  outer  margin  hardly  oblique,  con- 
vex, base  of  the  wing  broader  than  in  Orgyia.  In  9  the  wing  is  much 
more  pointed  at  the  apex,  and  the  outer  margin  is  much  more  oblique. 
The  secondaries  in  both  sexes  are  more  rounded  at  the  apex  than  in 
Orgyia.  Abdomen  tipped  with  a  spreading  tuft;  on  the  second  and 
third  rings  a  tuft  of  metallic  scales. 

This  genus  more  closely  resembles  Orgyia  than  the  European  Dasy- 
chira,  of  which  D.  jjudibunda  is  the  type.  Much  larger  than  Orgyia, 
the  palpi  are  shorter,  more  drooping,  the  antennae  are  provided  with 
shorter  pectinations,  and  the  primaries  have  the  costa  straighter  in  the 


1864.]  333 

micklle  and  towards  the  base,  while  it  is  more  convex  towards  the  apex, 
and  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing  is  less  oblique. 

The  females  are  colored  like  the  males,  but  the  wings  are  larger. 

Parorgyia  achatina  Hiibner. 

Phaltzna  achatina  Smith.  Nat.  Hist.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  15.3.     Tab.  77.     (1797). 
Dast/chira  achatitia  Hiibn.,  Samml.  E.xot.  Schra.  Bd.  1.  PI.  17S,  fig.  1—4.      (1806). 
Verz.     (1816). 

"Walk.  List.  Lep.  Ins.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  IV.  p.  865.     (1855). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  257.     (1862). 
%  .  Cinereous  fuscous  with  olive  green  scales.     Base  of  primaries 
fuscous,  ashen  along  the  costa.     An  inner  broadly  dentate  straight  dark 
transverse  line.     A  linear  discoidal  spot.     An  outer  waved  dark  line 
goes  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  bordered  externally  with  fuscous. 
Abdomen  and  wings  beneath  lighter  umber  brown.     Discal  spot  distinct 
on  both  wings,  with  a  common  rather  broad  line. 
9  much  larger,  and  all  the  markings  are  plainer. 
Length  of  body,  %   .60,  9  .80 ;  exp.  wings  %  1.20,  $  2.00  inches. 
"July  23— Aug.  10,  Cambridge"  (Harris).     (Harr.  Col.). 

Parorgyia  leucophaea. 

Fhaltena  leucophxa  Smith,  Nat.  Hist.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  155.     Tab.  78.     (1797). 

G-eorgia  (Abbot.) 

Parorgyia  basiflava,  n.  sp. 

%  .  Head  and  prothorax  lighter  than  the  rest  of  the  thorax.  Base 
of  the  primaries  within  the  basal  line  yellow.  Costa  above  this  yellow 
spot  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  which  is  cinereous,  without  any 
green  olive  scales.  Basal  line  straight  between  the  median  and  inter- 
nal nervure.  The  outer  line  approaches  the  inner  on  the  internal 
margrin.     A  larae  orbicular  discal  circle. 

Beneath  lighter,  with  an  obscure  common  broad  diffused  line  and  a 
discoidal  dot  on  each  wing,  much  larger  on  the  primaries. 

Length  of  body  .70;  exp.  wings  1.42  inch. 

"  Nonantum,"  (Harris).     (Coll.  Harr.). 

LAGOA  Harris. 
This  is  a  very  stout  bodied  genus,  with  small  and  short  wings.  The 
front  of  the  head  is  broadly  triangular;  the  antennae,  which  are  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  fore  wings,  are  deeply  pectinated  to  the  tip,  and 
the  %  pectinations  are  as  long  as  the  front  of  the  head  is  broad,  well 
sealed  and  their  tip.s  are  incurved,  while  the  9  pectinations  are  short 


334  [October 

but  distinct.  Palpi  concealed  in  the  long  wool  of  the  front,  slender, 
and  not  reaching  to  the  front.  The  thorax  is  thickly  pilose,  stout,  but 
no  broader  than  the  short  and  broad  abdomen. 

Primaries  a  little  shorter  than  the  body,  two-thirds  as  broad  as  long; 
costa  straight,  very  slightly  concave,  but  rounded  at  the  apex;  outer 
margin  oblique,  regularly  convex ;  internal  angle  rounded.  In  the  9 
the  wing  is  more  produced  towards  the  apex,  the  outer  margin  being 
longer.  Subcostal  nervure  goes  straight  to  the  apex,  throwing  off  the 
1st,  2nd  and  3rd  subcostal  nervules  at  nearly  equal  distances  upon  the 
costa.     Median  nervules  much  as  in  Orgyia. 

Secondaries  do  not  reach  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  ;  suborbicular,  be- 
ing regularly  rounded  from  the  costa  around  to  the  internal  margin, 
though  the  apex  is  slightly  produced.  Median  nervure  curved  where 
it  throws  off  its  nervules.  A  nervule  divides  the  discoidal  area.  Legs 
slender,  very  pilose,  with  distinct  pencils  of  hair  on  the  lobes  of  the 
tarsal  joints.  x\t  rest  the  wings  are  folded  at  right  angles  over  the 
abdomen. 

This  interesting  genus  approaches  very  closely  the  genus  Eudea  in 
the  next  subfamily,  and  connects  that  group  with  the  more  typical  ge- 
nera Orgyia  and  Euproctis.  Resembling  Euclea  in  that  the  4th  sub- 
costal is  continuous  with  its  nervure,  while  the  5th  is  far  removed  from 
it,  in  the  antennae,  the  head  characters  generally  and  its  light  color 
we  find  reasons  for  its  present  location.  When  we  observe  the  larva 
we  would  easily  mistake  it  for  a  hairy  Limacodes  larva,  for  like  them 
the  head  is  retracted,  the  body  is  short,  and  the  legs  are  so  rudimentary 
as  to  impart  a  gliding  motion  to  the  caterpillar  when  it  moves.  But 
since  it  is  not  apodous,  and  is  somewhat  elongated,  and  densely  pilose 
with  short  pencils  of  hairs ;  while  the  pupa  is  also  elongated  and  pro- 
tected in  an  oval  cocoon  composed  of  hairs  and  silk,  whereas  those  of 
the  next  subfamily  are  nearly  spherical,  we  are  led  to  consider  it  with 
Dr.  Harris  as  belonging  to  the  present  group. 

Lagoa  pyxidifera. 

Phalcena  pyxidifera  Smith,  Nat.  Hist.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  107.     Tab.  54.     (1797). 
"Georgia"  (Abbot.). 

Lagoa  opercularis. 

Phalcena  opercularis  Smith,  Nat.  Hist.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  105.     Tab.  53.     (1797). 
Not  Lagoa  opercularis  Harr.,  Walk. 


1864.]  335 

9  •  Tawny  yellow,  thorax  paler  behind.  Basal  two-thirds  of  costa 
dark,  below  deeper  tawny,  covered  with  wrinkled  white  hairs.  Tibias 
provided  externally  with  long  white  hairs,  while  the  denser  tarsal  hairs 
are  mostly  black.  Abdomen  with  rather  long  dense  evenly  cut  coarse 
hairs  forming  a  short  broad  anal  tuft. 

Length  of  body  .65;  exp.  wings  1.00  inch. 

Beaufort,  N.  C,  Dr.  Kneeland.     (Coll.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.). 

Lagoa  crispata  n.  sp. 

Lngoa  opercularis  Harris.  Report  Ins.  Mass.  p.  265.     (1841). 

Trichetra  opercularis  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  45.     (1857). 
Walk.  List.  Lep.  Ins.  Br.  Mus. 

Uniform  pale  straw  yellow.  Base  of  the  head,  base  of  the  fore  legs 
and  tarsi  blackish.  Very  woolly;  on  the  wings  the  long  woolly  scales 
are  arranged  into  transverse  waved  ridges,  which  become  longitudinal 
along  the  costa.  On  the  costa  and  above  the  median  nervure  the 
crinkled  hairs  are  blackish  mingled  with  paler  hairs.  Below  the 
middle  the  wing  is  discolored  with  brown. 

Length  of  body  %  ,.56,  9  ,  .65  ;  exp.  wings  S   1.15,  9  1.28  inch. 

Mass.,  June  25  to  July  10.     (Shurtleff). 

This  fine  species  differs  from  the  L.  opr.rcularis  of  the  Southern 
States  with  which  it  has  been  confounded,  not  only  in  its  smaller  size 
and  paler  colors,  but  the  costa  of  the  forewings  is  straighter,  the  apex 
is  much  more  pointed,  and  the  outer  margin  is  more  oblii^ue.  The 
secondaries  are  likewise  more  produced.  The  L.  opercularis  wants, 
moreover,  the  distinct  brown  discoloration  below  the  black  costal  border. 

Among  thirteen  specimens  reared  from  the  blackberry  bush  by  3Ir. 
Shurtlefl".  the  males  are  more  deeply  colored  than  the  other  sex.  The 
individuals  varied  but  slightly  in  having  the  brown  middle  portion  of 
the  wing  more  or  less  distinctly  separated  from  the  dark  costal  margin. 

The  larvfe  were  found  feeding  upon  Rubus  vil/osus  early  in  Septem- 
ber. The  following  description  is  taken  from  specimens  preserved  in 
alcohol,  and  is  deficient  in  the  colors  of  the  hairs.  Body  very  short 
and  thick,  soft  and  fleshy.  Head  very  retractile.  The  mouth-parts 
are  somewhat  produced ;  the  labrum  and  maxillae  are  long  and  large, 
and  the  lobes  of  the  labrum  are  larger  than  usual.  The  epimeral  ridge 
along  the  side  of  the  body  is  large  and  prominent,  and  on  the  protho- 
racic  ring  is  much  elongated,  while  the  upper  fissured  edge  of  the  ring  is 


336  [October 

elongated  and  envelops  the  retractile  head  like  a  hood.  On  the  side 
of  the  body  and  just  behind  e:ieh  spiracle  is  a  naked  pyriform  capitate 
tubercle.  On  each  side  of  the  body  are  three  rows  of  sphericle  tuber- 
cles from  which  arise  dense  bunches  of  soft  hairs,  meeting  over  the 
median  line  of  the  body  in  a  dorsal  ridge.  The  sides  are  also  thickly 
clothed  with  longer  silky  hairs,  those  below  being  stifFer  and  more  ver- 
ticillate.  This  arrangement  of  hairs  gives  a  convex  form  to  the  upper 
side,  while  beneath  the  body  is  flattened. 

There  are  seven  pairs  of  abdominal  or  felse  legs  which  are  short  and 
thick.  The  first  pair  of  thoracic  or  true  legs  are  much  shorter  than 
the  two  succeeding  pairs. 

The  cocoon  is  long  cylindrical,  its  texture  is  dense,  being  formed  of 
the  hairs  of  the  larva,  closely  woven  with  silk.  When  the  pupa,  which 
is  very  thin,  is  about  to  transform  it  escapes  from  the  cocoon,  as  the 
cast  skin  is  found  with  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  remaining  in  the  cocoon. 
In  this  respect  the  genus  closely  resembles  the  pupae  of  the  Cochlidi- 
anfe. 

Dr.  Fitch  remarks  that  "  Mr.  Westwood's  generic  name,  Tridietra, 
was  published  the  year  before  Dr.  Harris'  name,  Lagoa.''  p.  46.  1 
find  this  entry  in  Agassiz's  Nomenclator  Zoologicus,  "  Trichttra 
White  in  'xrey.  Journals  of  two  Expeditions  of  Discovery  in  Northwest 
and  Western  Australia.     II.  (477),  1841." 

Dr.  Clemens'  Phnda  laniirjinom^  described  from  imperfect  specimens, 
seems  to  be  closely  alHed  to  the  L.  crispafa,  but  additional  specimens 
from  that  locality  must  be  obtained  before  deciding  the  question  of  the 
identity  of  the  two  species. 

Subfamily  Cochlidi^  Hiibner. 
EUCLEA,  Hubner. 

Head  square  in  front,  scales  long,  dense.  The  clypeus  when  denuded 
is  broad,  narrowing  in  front.  Antennne  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
fore  wings,  pectinated  on  their  basal  half,  well  scaled;  in  9  entirely 
simple,  scaled  beneath.  Mandibles  prominent  seen  from  above.  Maxillae 
nearly  obsolete.  Labium  large,  rounded  anteriorly.  Palpi  large,  por- 
rect,  extending  a  little  beyond  the  front;  the  third  joint  is  conical  and 
concealed  by  the  hairs  on  the  tip  of  the  middle  joint. 

Thorax  thick  and  densely  pilose.     The  primaries  are  a  little  shorter 


1864.]  337 

than  the  body,  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Costa  rounded  towards  the 
apex  ;  outer  margin  rounded,  longer  than  the  inner  edge  of  the  wing. 
In  9  the  costa  is  more  rounded  at  the  apex.  Secondaries  suborbicular, 
reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Legs  large  and  stout,  densely 
pilose.  Abdomen  short,  but  little  longer  than  the  head  and  abdomen 
together,  the  tip  broadly  tufted. 

Euclea  Monitor,  n.  sp. 

Lhnacodes  cippus  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  30.3.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  fig.  207.     (1862). 
Euclea  cippus  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
Limacodes  cippus  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Ainer.  p.  126.     (1862). 

%  .  Cinnamon  brown.  Antennae  pale.  Costa  of  primaries  straight, 
apex  abruptly  rounded ;  outer  margin  above  nearly  straight,  below 
somewhat  oblique  and  rounded  at  the  internal  angle.  Upon  and  be- 
hind the  median  nervure  are  two  confluent  green  spots  margined  with 
a  row  of  white  and  brown  scales.  Between  them  is  a  large  sinus  filled 
in  with  rust  red.  These  two  spots  are  contiguous  to  three  subapical 
spots,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  triangular  and  largest,  beyond  it  is  a 
rather  narrow  rust  red  discoloration.  Discal  dot  very  distinct,  ovate, 
brown.  A  submarginal  obscure  violet  transverse  band  curves  from  the 
basal  spot  around  on  to  the  costa.  Fringe  darker  between  the  ends  of 
the  nervules,  interlineated  with  testaceous.  Secondaries  lighter,  fringe 
pale.     Beneath  much  paler. 

5  .  Wings  more  pointed  at  the  apex  than  in  %  .  Outer  margin 
oblique.  The  spots  are  confluent  forming  a  much  broader  fascia  than  %  . 

Length  of  body,  %  ,  .45.    9  ,  .42;   exp.  wings  %  .95,   9  I.IO  inch. 

"  Cambr.,  June  15,  Aug.  5"  (Harris).  Bo.ston  (Sanborn,  Shurtleff ). 

We  here  named  this  species  from  the  striking  resemblance  of  the 
larva  to  the  iron-clad  war  steamer  "  Monitor."  Its  form  is  very  regu- 
larly elliptical,  flattened  from  above,  and  the  conspicuous  brown  spot 
represents  very  exactly  the  form  and  position  of  the  ''  cheese  box"  or 
turret.  Add  to  this  its  armor  of  large  rough  spines,  and  its  fierce  brist- 
ling aspect  must  be  sufficiently  alarming  to  its  more  lightly  clad  ene- 
mies. I  have  seen  a  drawing  of  the  supposed  larva  of  this  species  in 
the  Cambridge  Museum. 

Cramer's  Cippus  probably  belongs  to  a  different  genus  from  Euclea 
by  its  more  elongated  primaries,  convex  costa  and  slenderer  body,  longer 


338  [October 

antennae  and  more  oblique  outer  edge  of  the  wing.     The  green  spots 
are  arranged  in  a  nearly  straight  line. 

From  the  figure  of  TAmacodes  delphi/in  in  Griffith's  Cuvier,  our  spe- 
cies likewise  differs.  I  have  been  unable  to  see  the  original  figure  of 
Gruerin. 

Euclea  querceti.  ' 

Limacodes  querceti  Herr.-Scheeffer,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  fig.  174.     (1854). 

Euclea  quercicola. 

Limacodes  quercicola  H.-Sch.  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  fig.  175.     (1854). 
Walk.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  V.     (1855). 
Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  12fi.     (1862). 

"  Penn.     Dr.  Melsheimer."     (Harr.  Coll.) 

Euclea  bifida,  u.  sp. 

%  .  Form  of  the  primaries  intermediate  between  E.  quercicola  and 
monitor,  costa  being  straight,  apex  rounded,  and  the  outer  margin 
oblique.  A  small  green  bifid  basal  patch  with  a  sinus  externally  ex- 
tends to  the  basal  third  of  the  4th  median  norvule,  and  is  lined  without 
with  white  and  brown  scales.  Beyond  a  blight  ferruginous  patch. 
Three  subapical  dots  situated  as  usual,  of  whii'h  the  upper  one  is  mi- 
nute, while  the  middle  one  is  triangular.  In  one  case  the  two  lower 
dots  are  united  and  continued  inwards  along  the  4th  subcostal  nervule. 
The  discal  brown  dot  is  linear.  Secondaries  ccncolorous  with  prima- 
ries, being  much  darker  and  longer  than  usual,  and  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Length  of  body,  %   .40;  exp.  wings  .90  incb. 

Brunswick,  Me.    August.     Taken  at  light. 

Euclea  ferruginea,  u.  sp. 

%  .  More  reddish  than  the  other  species.  Primaries  with  the  costa 
straight  and  the  outer  margin  more  oblique  than  usual.  Basal  green 
spot  small,  slightly  indented  externally.  Middle  subapical  spot  large ; 
lower  one  obsolete  with  a  few  scales  connecting  it  with  the  reddish  dis- 
cal spot  which  is  margined  above  with  brown.  Beyond  the  green  spots 
the  wing  is  suffused  with  rust  red,  of  a  lighter  hue  than  any  of  the 
other  species.     Outer  edge  darker,  like  the  costa. 

Beneath  both  wings  are  alike,  almost  testaceous.     Fringe  brown. 

Length  of  body  .45;  Exp.  wings  1.20  inch. 

St.  Catharines,  C.  W.  (Coll.  Scudder). 


1864.] 


839 


Euclea  paenulata. 

Empretia  pxnulata  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  159.  (May,  1860). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  1.31.     (18(32). 
New  York  (Edwards,  Calverley).     St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Sanborn). 

CALLOCHLORA  nov.  gen. 

Head  prominent,  the  front  very  broad,  square.  Antennae  shoi'ter  than 
in  Euclea,  pectinated  on  the  basal  half,  the  branches  a  little  longer  than 
in  Euclea.  The  palpi  are  porrect,  the  subacute  tips  passing  a  little  beyond 
the  front,  but  they  are  not  so  stout  or  so  long  as  in  Euclea.  Thorax 
stouter  than  usual,  globose,  while  the  abdomen  is  small,  tapering  rap- 
idly towards  the  tip,  which  is  not  much  tufted.  Primaries  broad,  costa 
swollen  near  the  base,  and  towards  the  apex,  being  more  excavated  in 
the  middle  than  Euclea,  while  the  apex  is  more  produced,  and  the 
outer  edge  is  longer  and  more  oblique,  more  regularly  rounded  and 
continuous  with  the  inner  edge  which  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  outer 
edae,  while  ia  Euclea  the  outer  edo;e  is  shorter  than  the  inner.  The 
subcostal  nervure  runs  nearer  the  costal  edge  than  usual,  going  straight 
to  the  origin  of  its  3rd  nervule.  The  origin  of  the  1st,  2nd  and  3rd 
s.  c.  nervules  are  equidistant.  Apical  interspace  shorter  and  broader 
than  in  the  preceding  genus.  Discal  nervules,  and  origin  of  last  sub- 
costal and  1st  median  are  all  placed  well  beyond  the  middle  of  the 
wing.  Last  s.  c.  nervule  arises  opposite  the  independant  or  1st  median 
where  in  Euclea  it  is  removed  much  farther  inwards.  The  2nd  median 
nervule  arises  farther  in  than  the  3rd,  and  the  end  of  the  nervure  con- 
necting them  is  very  oblique,  while  in  Euclea  it  is  straight  and  the  two 
nervules  arise  opposite  each  other. 

The  secondaries  reach  nearly  to  the  tip  as  in  Euclea,  but  are  nar- 
rower, and  the  outer  margin  is  shorter,  thus  making  the  interspaces 
narrower,  especially  the  apical  space ;  and  the  branches  of  the  median 
nervure  are  shorter. 

This  genus  is  quite  distinct  from  the  preceding,  and  the  single  spe- 
cies known  can  be  easily  recognized  by  its  grass-green  thorax  and  the 
broad  grass-green  band  that  separates  the  brown  margin  of  the  wing 
from  its  base.  The  wings  and  body  is  finer  scaled  than  in  Euclea  and 
the  veins  can  be  more  distinctly  seen  on  either  side. 

Callochlora  vernata,  n.  sp. 

%  .  Of  a  uniform  pale  cinnamon  brown.     A  broad,  short  vertical 


340  [October 

tuft  between  the  bases  of  the  antennae.  Thorax  above  grass  green. 
Middle  green  band  on  the  primaries  sti-aight  on  the  outer  edge  ;  within 
it  is  sHghtly  excavated,  and  follows  the  inner  edge  to  the  base  of  the 
wing.  The  secondaries  are  concolorous  with  the  body,  and  above  are 
a  little  paler  within  the  outer  edge. 

Length  of  body  %  ,  .45 ;  exp.  wings  %  ,  .94  inch. 

New"  York,  (Grote).     Phil,  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc). 

NOCHELIA  Clemens. 
Nochelia  tardigrada  Clem. 

Nochelia  tardigrada  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  'Smt.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  100.     (Muy.  ISGO). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  1.31.     (1862). 

EMPRETIA  Clemens. 
Empretia  stimulea  Clemens. 

Empretia  stimulea  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Se.  Phil.  p.  159.     (May,  18(50). 

Morris,  Synojisis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  130.     (1862). 
Conn.  (Harr.  Coll.)     New  York,  (arote.) 

Hiibner's   Streblota  nesea  (Samml.  Bd.  3.  pi.  32.)  very  closely  re- 
sembles our  species.     It  is  from  Brazil. 

PHOBETRUM  Hubner. 
Phobetrum  pithecium. 

Phalcena pithccitim  Smith,  Nat.  Hist.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  147.     Tab.  74.     (1797). 
Fhobetion  abbotana  Hubn.,  Verz.  p.  398.     (1816). 
Limacodes  pithecium  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  304.     (1841). 
Ecnomidea  pithecium  Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  vol.  xxxii.  p.  183.  fig.      (1852). 
Limacodes?  pithecium  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  127.     (1862). 
"Dublin,  N.  H.,"  (Harr.  Coll.)     Boston,  (Sanborn.)     Salem.   ( F. 
W.  Putnam.) 

Mr.  Putnam  has  succeeded  in  raising  this  moth  from  larv:\3  found 
feeding  on  the  plum. 

ADONETA  Clemens. 
Adoneta  voluta  Clemens. 

Adoneta  voluta  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  158.     (1860). 

Penn. 

LIMACODES  Latr. 

The  three  species  noticed  below  are  all  congeneric  with  the  Euro- 
pean species  L.  festudo,  for  a  specimen  of  which  I  am  indebted  to  Mr. 
A.  R.  Grrote.  I  have  also  received  this  and  Hetevoycnea  asellus  from 
Professor  Zeller,  of  Meseritz. 


1864.] 


841 


Limacodes  scapha  Ilarr. 

Limacodes  scapha  Harr.  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  .303.     (1841). 

Walsh,  Proc.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  IX.  j).  298.     (Feb.  1864). 

Light  cinnaniou  bvowii.  Palpi,  prothorax,  femora  and  tibiae  and 
secondaries  a  little  darker.  On  the  primaries  the  costo-median  region  is 
filled  in  with  a  large  dark  tan  colored  triangular  spot,  its  apex  sometimes 
rounded,  terminating  a  little  beyond  the  submedian  nervure.  It  is 
continued  along  the  costa  to  the  base  of  the  wing,  and  terminates 
sharply  upon  the  apex.  Externally  it  is  lined  with  silver.  A  discoi- 
dal  dark  discoloration.  Beneath  concolorous  with  the  upper  side  of 
the  secondaries,  a  little  darker  at  the  apex.  The  body  is  stouter  than 
in  the  other  species,  while  the  head  is  hardly  so  prominent.  The  costa 
of  the  primaries,  which  is  straight,  becomes  a  little  convex  towards  the 
apex,  hence  the  apical  interspace  is  a  little  broader  and  shorter  than 
usual.  The  internal  angle  is  not  so  well  marked  as  in  the  other  spe- 
cies. 

Mr.  ShurtleflF  has  reared  this  species  from  the  larva  which  he  found 
under  a  maple  tree,  and  has  thus  enabled  me  to  identify  it  with  Harris' 
species.  According  to  his  description  the  larva  is  green,  spotted  above 
with  brown ;  pale  beneath.  The  sides  were  raised  and  the  dorsal  sur- 
face flattened.  It  constructed  a  dense  obtusely  cylindrical  ovate  cocoon 
on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  Oct.  17.  It  was  surrounded  by  an  outer 
thin  envelop,  covered  with  grains  of  sand.     The  moth  appeared  June  15. 

Limacodes  biguttata  n.  sp. 

Of  a  soft  velvety  buff-brown.  A  whitish  line  reaches  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  internal  margin  across  and  outward  on  to  the  middle  line. 
A  short  corresponding  one  from  near  the  costa  goes  to  the  middle  of 
the  outer  margin,  thus  making  an  inverted  broad  ^  (y)  inclosing  at 
the  internal  angle  a  roundish  red  spot.  Apex  red.  Secondaries  and 
beneath  uniform  obscure  buff-brown.  It  is  a  soft,  woolly,  velvety  spe- 
cies, thickly  scaled,  covering  over  the  nervures. 

"Penn.,  Nonantum,"  (Harr.  Coll.)     New  York,  (Edwards.) 

Limacodes  Y-inversa  n.  sp. 

9  .  Testaceous  yellow.  Primaries  with  brown  lines  reaching  from 
the  inner  third  of  the  internal  margin  to  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the 
costa,  with  a  second  one  parallel  to  it,  but  interrupted  in  the  middle  of 
the  wing  by  a  third  line  which  arises  half  way  on  the  costa  between 


^■12  [OCTOBKR 

the  fii-st  Hue  and  the  apex,  thus  forming  an  inverted  capital  Y.     Se- 
condaries and  wings  beneath  hardly  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  body. 

Length  of  body,  .40;  exp.  wings,  1  inch. 

Penn.,  (Harris  Coll.) 

Limacodes?  hyalinus  Walsh. 

Limacodes?'  ht/aliniis  Walsh,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Xat.  Hist.  IX.  p.  299.    (Feb.  lSfi4). 
Illinois. 

Limacodes  1  tetradactylus  Walsh. 

Limacodes  /  tetradactylus  Walsh  {Larva),  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  IX.  p.  ?m. 
(Feb.  1864). 

Illinois. 

CYRTOSIA  nov.  gen. 

Front  of  the  head  narrow.  Palpi  long,  slender,  slightly  ascending, 
terminal  half  passing  beyond  the  front;  third  joint  long  acute.  An- 
tennae simple  in  %  ,  hardly  thickened  at  the  base;  in  9  a  little  more 
slender.  Thorax  slender.  Primaries  half  as  broad  as  long;  costa  more 
convex  than  usual ;  apex  a  little  produced,  subrectangular;  the  outer 
margin  much  rounded  at  the  internal  angle,  the  fringe  reaching  to  the 
middle  of  the  wing.  The  two  branches  of  the  3rd  subcostal  are  nearly 
of  the  same  length,  the  triangular  interspace  being  half  as  broad  as  long. 
The  subcostal  nervure  is  very  remote  from  the  costa. 

Secondaries  reach  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  in  the  9  passing  a  little 
beyond.  Costa  straight,  apex  rounded,  outer  margin  very  full,  inner 
angle  rounded  continuously  with  it. 

Legs  slender,  pilose,  with  long  scales;  hind  tibial  spurs  long  slender, 
of  nearly  the  same  length.  Abdomen  long,  tip  acute  in  S  ;  in  9  short 
with  a  spreading  anal  tuft. 

Coloration  consists  of  different  shades  of  brown,  with  two  oblicjue 
transverse  lines  from  the  inner  margin  outward  towards  the  costa,  the 
outer  shortened  by  a  line  curved  outwards  from  beyond  the  middle  of 
the  costa  to  a  little  above  the  inner  angle,  forming  an  inverted  y. 

The  narrow  front,  the  long,  slightly  a.scending  palpi,  the  simple, 
slender  antennse,  and  the  very  convex  costa  and  style  of  coloration,  will 
easily  distinguish  this  genus  from  the  remaining  genera  of  Cochlidiae 
with  simple  antennse. 

Cyrtosia  elegans  n.  sp. 

9  .  Uniform  olive  brown  with  a  bronze  iridescence.     The  V-shaped 


1864.]  343 

line  white,  while  the  curved  apical  white  line  is  very  distinct,  extend- 
ing from  a  little  above  the  apex  around  to  just  beyond  the  middle  of 
the  costa,  where  it  is  continued  along  the  margin  to  the  inner  third  of 
the  wing.  Secondaries  a  little  paler,  the  apex  and  outer  margin  con- 
colorous  with  the  primaries. 

Beneath  a  little  paler,  more  glistening,  the  inner  margin  of  the  pri- 
maries and  the  secondaries  below  the  costa  and  within  the  outer  margin 
paler. 

Length  of  body,  .30 ;  cxp.  wings,  .82  inch. 

Boston,  (Mr.  Sanborn.)  \ 

Cyrtosia  fusca  n.  sp. 

%  .  Dull  white,  dusted  with  ochreous  brown  scales,  thickest  at  the 
base  of  the  wing.  Head  and  thorax  ochreous  brown.  Two  parallel 
bands  of  brown,  the  outer  one  approaching  the  inner,  and  shortened 
by  a  straight  line  running  from  near  the  internal  angle  to  the  costa 
near  the  inner  line.  Beyond  this  line  the  apex  of  the  wing  is  nearly 
white  with  a  few  ochreous  scales.  The  wings  are  darker  between  the 
two  lines,  and  especially  so  upon  the  costa. 

Secondaries  in  color  pale  as  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings.  Fringe  in- 
terlined at  its  base  and  on  the  outer  edge  with  dark.  Beneath  pale, 
the  costal  edge  of  the  fore  wings  dark. 

Length  of  body,  .32;  exp.  wings,  .75  inch. 

Newburg,  N.  Y.,  (Coll.  Mr.  Edwards.) 

Mr.  Edwards  reared  the  specimens  described  above  from  the  larva, 
and  it  is  hoped  that  we  shall  at  some  time  be  acquainted  with  the  larval 
form  and  habits  of  a  genus  of  this  group  hitherto  unknown.  The  co- 
coon sent  with  the  specimen  is  short  and  nearly  spherical,  about  the 
size  of  a  pea,  and  of  a  pale  chestnut  color.  The  pupa  skin  is  very  thin 
and  fragile,  not  preserving  its  form  at  all  after  the  moth  has  escaped. 

Cyrtosia  geminata  n.  sp. 

%  .  Vei-y  pale,  dusted  with  ochreous  brown,  with  two  white  spots 
near  the  internal  angle.  This  is  the  palest  species  of  the  genus,  its 
color  being  an  ochreous  chalky  white.  The  middle  of  the  fore  wings  is 
covered  with  a  large  triangular  ochreous  brown  area,  excavated  deeply 
upon  the  internal  angle,  making  a  broad  inverted  V.  Just  above  the 
internal  angle  are  two  unequal  rounded  triangular  white  spots,  a  little 


344  [November 

produced  inwards,  of  which  the  upper  is  the  larger.  The  base  of  the 
fringe  is  narrowly  lineated  with  brown.  Beneath  more  glistening,  con- 
colorous  with  the  body  and  legs. 

Length  of  body,  .35 — .40;  exp.  wings,  .86 — .90  inch. 

Janesville,  Md.,  R.  Stratton,  (Mus.  Conip.  Zool.)  Phil.  (Coll.  Ent. 
Soc.) 

This  species,  easily  distinguished  by  its  pale  color  and  twin  white 
spots,  has  broader  wings  than  the  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Cyrtosia  albipunctata  n.  sp. 

Sable  brown,  with  two  white  spots  near  the  internal  angle. 
%  .  Light  sable  brown.  On  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  is  a  trian- 
gular chocolate  brown  space  which  divides  upon  the  internal  angle, 
while  the  outer  narrower  and  shorter  branch  terminates  just  above  the 
internal  angle  as  in  the  preceding  species,  and  includes  two  round  un- 
equal conspicuous  spots.  The  secondaries  are  nearly  coucolorous,  but  a 
little  lighter  than  the  V-shaped  place.  Beneath  paler  brown,  the  bor- 
der of  the  wings  paler  still,  while  the  fringe  is  coucolorous  with  the 
interior  of  the  wing. 

9  .  Considerably  larger;  the  female  diiFers  in  the  ground  color  being 
darker  sable  throughout  than  the  %  .  The  V-shaped  area  is  chocolate 
brown,  coucolorous  with  the  secondaries,  and  the  twin  spots  are  nearer 
alike  in  size.  Beneath  of  the  same  color  as  the  upper  side  of  the  se- 
condaries, without  the  pale  margin  of  the  male.  Li  both  sexes  the 
head  and  body  beneath  and  legs  are  pale  ochreous  brown.  The  fringe 
is  lio-hter  than  the  wino-s,  and  interlined  with  sable  brown. 

Length  of  body,   %  ,  .35,   9  -32 ;  exp.  wings  'h  84,  9  -94  inch. 

New  York,  (Mr.  Grote.) 

CYCLOPTERYX  nov.  gen. 

The  head  is  very  large,  with  large  eyes.  Front  narrow,  nearly  square. 
Antennae  thick,  with  short  thick  pectinations  on  the  basal  half  of  their 
length.  Palpi  ascending,  just  passing  beyond  the  front.  Primaries 
subtalcate,  very  broad,  being  nearly  two-thirds  as  broad  as  long;  very 
convex  towards  the  rounded  apex.  Outer  margin  continuously  rounded 
with  the  internal  edge,  being  more  orbicular  than  usual.  Outer  edge 
convex  below  the  apex. 

Subcostal  nervure  is  remote  from  the  costa.  The  subcostal  and  me- 
dian nervules  and  their  interspaces  are  shorter  than  usual. 


1864.]  345 

Hind  wings  reach  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  suborbicular.  Costa 
short;  apex  continuously  rounded  with  the  very  short  internal  margin. 
Legs  stout;  hind  tibiae  very  broadly  scaled,  spurs  small,  concealed  by 
the  long  scales  of  the  joint. 

This  genus  connects  those  Cochlidiae  with  partially  pectinated  an- 
tennfe,  such  as  Euclea  and  Empretia;  with  the  succeeding  Tortriciform 
genera  which  have  simple  antennae  and  shorter  secondaries. 

Cyclopteryx  leucosigma  n.  sp. 

S  .  This  fine  species  is  of  a  rich  cinnamon  brown.  The  fore  wings 
of  a  rich  bright  cinnamon  color,  with  two  linear  short  silvery  lines;  one 
is  curved  regularly  inwards  in  the  middle  of  the  inner  edge  of  the  wing, 
and  encloses  a  patch  of  brown  of  a  lighter  hue  than  the  rest  of  the 
wing.  The  other  is  a  costo-apical  sigmoid  line  which  begins  on  the 
costa  just  before  the  apex,  and  it  presents  the  largest  curve  on  its  lower 
portion  nearly  opposite  the  excavation  of  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing, 
it  then  curves  around  so  as  to  merge  imperceptibly  to  the  straight  dark 
discal  linear  spot  which  lies  parallel  to  the  costa.  From  the  inner  end 
of  the  lower  transverse  silvery  line  is  a  line  of  four  or  five  dark  spots 
which  curves  rapidly  around  parallel  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing  and 
terminates  at  the  inner  end  of  the  silvery  costo-apical  line,  thus  con- 
necting the  two. 

Secondaries  of  a  duller  brown,  fringe  of  the  inner  angle  slightly 
touched  with  dark  brown.     Beneath  of  a  uniform  pale  brown. 

Length  of  body,  .oO ;  exp.  wings,  .68  inch. 

New  York,  (A.  R.  Grote.) 

This  pretty  species  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  sigmoid  silvery 
costal  line  being  connected  with  the  lower  silvery  line  by  a  much  curved 
row  of  four  or  five  spots. 

Cyclopteryx  spinuloides. 

Limacodes  spinuloides  Boisd.,  H.-Sch.  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  Fig.  187  '^,188  9- 
(1854). 
Limacodes?  spinuloides  Walk,,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Anier.  p.  127.     (1862). 
Brookline,  (ShurtlefF.) 

LITHACODES  nov.  gen. 
Body  slenderer  than  usual.     Head  large,  vertex  nearly  continuous 
with  the  thorax.    Front  long  quadrate.    Antennae  long  simple,  filiform. 


346  [November 

Palpi  very  long,  curved  upwards  in  front  of  the  clypeus,  reaching  above 
the  vertex,  the  third  joint  long,  acute.  Fore  wings  long  and  narrow, 
more  regularly  oblong  than  any  of  the  other  genera ;  costa  hardly  con- 
vex, outer  margin  nearly  straight,  suddenly  rounded  at  the  internal 
angle  ;  inner  edge  very  full  at  the  base.  1st  and  2nd  subcostals  short ; 
upper  branch  of  the  3rd  subcostal  long,  so  that  the  apical  interspace  Ls 
much  longer  and  narrower  than  in  Limacodex. 

Apex  of  the  secondaries  rounded,  outer  margin  full  and  rounded. 
Spines  of  the  hind  tibia)  large  and  stout.  Grenital  armor  much  longer 
than  in  Liniacoih^. 

This  genus  reminds  us  strongly  of  Hiibner's  genus  Lithacodla . 

Lithaoodes  fasciola. 

Limacodes  faaciola  Boisd.,  Herrich-SchBeffer,  Lep.  Ex.  Sp.  'Sov.  Fig.  186.  (1854). 
Limacodes?  faficiola  Walk..  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  V.     (1855). 
Limacodes  laticlavia  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  157.    (May,  1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  pp.  127,  128.     (1862). 

Brookline,  July  9,  (Shurtleff ).  Boston,  (Sanborn).  N.  Y.  (G-rote). 
"  Illinois,  Kennicot"  (Clemens). 

HETEROGENEA. 

Heterogenea  ShurtlefR,  n.  sp. 

%  .  Fore-wings  of  a  uniform  brown,  reflecting  a  purplish  lustre, 
the  outer  half  of  the  wing  especially  tinged  with  brown.  Costa  yellow- 
ish brown  ;  apical  region  dark.  Secondaries  much  darker,  of  the  same 
color  on  the  upper  and  under  side  of  both  wings.  Beneath  the  costa 
of  the  fore-wings  coucolorous  with  the  upper  side,  but  dilated  at  the 
apex.     Legs  testaceous. 

9  .  Yellowish  brown,  coneolorous  with  the  costa  of  the  %  .  A  mid- 
dle oblique,  narrow,  dark  line.  An  obsolete  line  of  dark  scales  from 
the  outer  two-thirds  of  the  costa  curves  outwards  to  the  outer  margin, 
just  above  the  internal  angle.  Fringe  bilineated  with  dark,  tipped  at 
the  apex  with  black  scales.  Secondaries  dark,  fringe  plain,  pale  testa- 
ceous.    Beneath  yellowish,  a  little  lighter  than  the  primaries  above. 

Length  of  body  %    .20,   $  .25 ;  exp.  wings  %   .50,   $  .60. 

The  sexes  were  found  united  July  16,  on  the  Grleditschia  tricanthus 
at  Brookline,  (Shurtleif.) 

I  take  a  melancholy  pleasure  in  naming  the  only  species  of  this  genus 
as  yet  discovered  in  this  country  after  the  late  ^Ir.  Carleton  A.  Shurt- 


1864.]  -  847 

leff  of  Brookline,  a  fellow-studeut  in  Entomology.  Mr.  Shurtleff  was 
a  most  enthusiastic  lover  of  nature,  and  specially  interested  in  study- 
ing the  habits  and  anatomy  of  insects.  His  collection  embracing  many 
rare  insects,  including  several  unique  species  mentioned  in  this  paper, 
has  been  placed  in  the  collection  of  the  Boston  Natural  History  Society. 

ISA  nov. gen. 
Front  of  the  head  full  and  Si(uare.  Antennae  simple.  Palpi  porrect, 
not  surpassing  the  front ;  third  joint  very  small,  .icutely  conical.  Body 
rather  stout.  Fore  wings  a  little  more  than  one-half  as  wide  as  long; 
costa  more  convex  than  usual  in  the  middle,  apex  a  little  produced, 
outer  edge  equaling  in  length  the  inner  edge,  below  the  apex  slightly 
excavated,  thence  very  oblique  to  the  internal  angle.  Tnner  margin 
short,  convex  in  the  middle.  2nd  subcostal  turning  towards  the  costa 
at  an  angle  of  45°  from  its  nervure ;  upper  branch  of  .3rd  short  and 
parallel  with  it,  but  the  distance  between  the  two  is  much  greater  than 
usual.  The  apical  interspace  is  shorter  and  more  broadly  triangular 
than  usual.  1st  median  nervule  is  more  continuous  with  its  main  ner- 
vure than  usual.  Costa  of  the  hind  wings  more  convex  than  usual. 
Internal  angle  distinct.  Outer  margin  rounded,  bent  slightly  in  the 
middle.  Legs  stout,  densely  pilose  externally.  Inner  tibial  spur  the 
longest ;  tarsi  stout  and  thickly  scaled. 

Isa  texula. 

Litnacodes  texula  Boisd..  Herr.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sj5.  Nov.  Fig.  184.     (1854). 
Limacodes?  texula  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Muis.  Pt.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Amer.  p.  128.     (1862). 
Peon.,  (Harris  (;oll.) 

TORTRICIDIA  nov.  gen. 
Front  square,  but  a  little  higher  than  wide.  Antennas  thick  at  the 
base  in  both  sexes,  simple.  The  scales  spreading  a  little  at  the  end  of 
each  joint.  Palpi  long,  slender,  ascending,  2nd  joint  long  and  slender, 
3rd  continuous  with  it,  either  long  and  slender,  or  shorter  and  conical. 
Primaries  one-half  as  wide  as  long ;  costa  convex,  apex  rotund  pointed  ; 
outer  margin  oblique ;  fringe  gi-adually  becoming  wider  towards  the 
internal  angle.  1st  subcostal  nervule  nearly  as  long  as  the  costal  ner- 
vure. 2nd  s.  c.  parallel  with  the  first ;  .3rd  s.  c.  approximate  and  nearly 
parallel  with  the  costa.  A  distinct  discoidal  fold  terminates  between 
the  5th  s.  c.  and  1st  median.     Hind  wings  broadly  subtriangular ;  costa 


348  [November 

straight,  hardly  rounded  at  the  apex ;  outer  and  inner  edges  continu- 
ously rounded. 

The  discal  area  is  short  and  narrow.  Legs  long  and  slender,  scales 
thin  and  long;  tibial  spurs  long.  The  outer  lateral  genital  claspers  in 
%   are  very  long,  meeting  beyond  the  termination  of  the  other  pieces. 

Tortricidia  pallida. 

Limacodes  pallida  Boisd.,  H.-Sch.  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  Fig.  183.     (1854). 
Limacodes?  pallida  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Ins.  Br.  Mus.  V.  p.  1148.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  128.     (1862). 
"June  15,  July  1,"  (Harris  Coll  ) 

Tortricidia  testacea,  n.  sp. 

Light  ochreous  brown.  Head,  front  margin  of  the  thorax,  abdomen 
and  legs  darker.  Nervules  of  the  primaries  and  costa  dark  ochreous, 
as  also  the  middle  of  the  wing,  forming  a  broad  diiFuse  band  widening 
towards  the  apical  portion  of  the  costa.  Secondaries  of  a  pale  glisten- 
ing ochraceous. 

Length  of  body,  %   .30,   9  .40;  exp.  wings,  %  80,  9  1  inch. 

"July."   (Harris  Coll.)     Dorchester,  Mass.  (Sanborn.) 

Tortricidia  flavula. 

Limacodes  flavula  Boisd.,  H.-Sch.  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  Fig.  185.     (1854). 
Limacodes?  flavula  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Ins.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  128.     (1862). 
"  Nova  Scotia."     (Walker.) 

Subfamily  PsychiD/E  Boisduval. 

PHRYGANIDIA  nov.  gen. 

Front  broad,  narrowing  towards  the  mouth,  sides  parallel.  In  the 
female  the  clypeus  is  shorter  than  in  the  male.  Maxillae  as  long  as 
the  thorax.  Palpi  ascending,  curved,  very  narrow  and  slender,  tips 
just  passing  beyond  the  front;  3rd  joint  continuous  with  the  second. 
Antennae  long  and  broadly  pectinated,  in  the  9  subsimple,  pectinations 
being  nearly  obsolete. 

Thorax  moderately  stout,  the  patagia  are  more  hairy  than  the  remain- 
der of  the  thorax.  Wings  long  and  broad.  Primaries  :  length  to  breadth 
as  Tj  to  of.  Costa  slightly  convex,  straight  in  the  middle.  Apex 
subrectangular,  obtusely  rounded.  Outer  margin  moderately  oblique. 
1st  subcostal  straight,  arising  just  before  the  origin  of  the  3rd  s.  c. ; 
2nd  arises  more  than   half-way  between  the  origin  of  the  3rd  and  5th  ; 


1864.]  349 

3rd  divides  in  the  middle  of  its  length,  the  interspace  being  short  tri- 
angular. 5th  subcostal  is  slightly  removed  at  its  origin  towards  the 
middle  of  the  discal  space.  2nd  and  3rd  median  nervules  are  very 
short,  dividing  on  the  first  third  of  the  distance  from  the  discal  ner- 
vules.    4th  median  very  short. 

Internal  angle  of  the  secondaries  much  rounded,  hardly  reaching  to 
the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Costa  straight,  a  little  full  near  the  base,  while 
the  wing  is  much  produced  towards  the  much  rounded  obtuse  apex, 
being  still  more  rounded  in  9  .  The  two  subcostal  nervules  are  thrown 
off  very  near  the  apex.  In  both  wings  the  two  discal  nervules  are  con- 
tinuous and  very  oblique.  The  2nd  and  3rd  median  are  very  short, 
arising  very  near  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing. 

Legs  long  and  slender,  closely  and  finely  scaled  ;  hind  tibia?  long, 
provided  with  four  moderate  equal  spurs ;  tarsi  nearly  as  long  as  tibia. 
Abdomen  cylindrical,  long,  rather  slender,  tip  obtuse.  In  the  $  it  is 
shorter  and  obtuse. 

This  genus  is  not  only  much  larger  than  Heterogijnis  but  differs  from 
it  in  many  respects.  On  comparing  our  species  mentioned  below  with 
H.  penella  from  Southern  France,  received  from  Prof  Zeller  of  Mese- 
ritz,  I  find  the  antennae  of  Phryganidia  are  shorter  in  proportion,  and 
more  broadly  pectinated.  The  costa  of  the  fore-wings  is  straight,  and 
the  apex  rectangular,  instead  of  being  rounded  as  in  the  European 
genus,  and  the  whole  wing  is  broadly  triangular,  as  are  the  hind  wings, 
which  only  reach  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  while  in  Hi^ferogijnis  they 
reach  beyond.  The  neuration  of  the  two  genera  is  very  dissimilar.  In 
our  genus  the  median  nervules  are  longer,  and  arise  much  nearer  the 
middle  of  the  wing,  especially  the  4th  median.  The  2nd  and  ord  me- 
dian nervules  in  both  wings  are  in  Heterog/jnis  remote  at  their  origin, 
while  in  Phryganidia  they  arise  from  a  common  branch  which  is  thrown 
off  from  the  main  nervure.  This  is  very  abnormal  in  the  moths,  and 
in  this  present  example  is  evidently  the  result  of  the  wonderful  analo- 
gies of  this  group  to  the  Phryganidae,  and  the  Neuroptera  generally, 
where  these  irregularities  in  the  arrangement  of  the  nervures  and  their 
branches,  becomes  almost  a  law. 

Phryganidia  californica  n.  sp. 

Sable  brown,  partially  transparent.     Antennae  and  nervules  darker. 


350  [November 

Costa  straight,  apex  obtuse,  subreetangular.     The  secondaries  in  the  $ 
hardly  reach  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen. 

Length  of  body,  S  .60,   $  .42;  exp.  wings  %  ,  1.47,   9  ,  1.22  inch. 

So  difficult  is  it  to  discover  the  specific  diiferences  in  the  imago  of 
this  and  allied  genera,  which  are  chiefly  those  of  size  and  structure, 
that  this  description,  so  meagre,  must  remain  imperfect  until  additional 
species  occur. 

Though  no  typical  Psychidae  are  known  to  inhabit  the  New  England 
and  Middle  Atlantic  States,  I  have  seen  in  the  possession  of  Prof. 
Townend  Grlover,  of  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College,  some  beautiful 
drawings  illustrating  the  transformations  of  a  Florida  species,  allied  to 
the  European  and  above  mentioned  Californian  genus. 

THYRIDOPTERYX  Stephens. 
Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis  Stephens. 

Sphinx  ephemcroeformis  Haworth,  Lep.  Brittanica.     (1810). 
Thyridopteryx  ephemerceformis  Steph.,  111.  Br.  Ent.  Haust.  II.  p.  387.     (1834). 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  IV.  p.  000.     (1855). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  142.     (1862). 
I  refer  to  this  species,  a  %  specimen  in  the  Harris  collection,  proba- 
bly received  by  him  from  Pennsylvania.     It  is  fuscous  and  brown,  the 
under  side  of  the  head  and  thorax,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  fore  femora, 
are  pale  yellowish.     The  body  is  brown.     Abdominal  tuft  yellowish 
white  beneath  and  on  the  sides.     Wings  fuscous ;  costa  brown  ;  three 
transverse  oblique  nearly  opposite  rows  of  brown  spots  on  the  nervules 
of  the  fore  wings;  the  third  row  is  composed  of  but  two  spots,  the  lower 
being  near  the  internal  angle,  while  the  other  forms  the  discal  disco- 
loration.    Fringe  paler  on  the  nervules.     Internal  margin  of  the  hind 
wings  brown,  remainder  nearly  transparent. 
Length  of  body,  .40 ;  exp.  wings,  .80  inch. 

Thyridopteryx  nigricans  n.  sp. 

Another  species  of  the  same  size  as  the  preceding  is  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  Sanborn.  It  is  nearly  black.  Head  beneath  and  the  middle 
femoral  tufts  and  under  side  of  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  are  yellowish 
white.  Base  of  the  primaries  mottled  with  fuscous.  Fringe  fuscous 
brown. 

This  specimen  was  raised  by  Mr.  Sanborn  from  a  cocoon  received 
from  the  Middle  States,  I  believe.  The  moth  appeared  in  February, 
having  been  kept  in  a  warm  room. 


1864.]  351 

The  cocoon  was  leathery  brown  in  color,  of  tongh,  hard  consistance, 
lined  within  with  silk.  In  form  it  was  short  oval,  nearly  spherical, 
though  still  longer  than  the  cocoons  of  the  Cochlidinae,  which  it  closely 
resembled,  thus  showing  the  near  relationship  of  the  two  subfamilies. 

(ECETICTJS  Guilfling. 
QEceticus  coniferarum  Harris  (MSS.). 

Our  species,  found  in  the  Middle  States,  is  of  an  uniform  soft  dark 
sable  brown.  The  body  is  .60  inch  long,  and  the  wings  expand  one 
inch.  I  have  received  the  cocoons  of  this  species  from  Newbern,  N.  C, 
through  Mr.  Shute, 

LACOSOMA  Grote. 
Lacosoma  cMridota  Grote. 

FlatypUryx  erosa  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  74.     (1835). 

Lacosoma  chiridota  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  See.  Phil.  iii.  p.  77,  pi.  2,  fig.  8.     (1864). 
Penn.  Melsheimer,  (Harris  Coll.) 

This  interesting  genus  seems  to  connect  the  true  Psychida^  with 
Perophora.  It  resembles  this  last  named  genus  in  its  broad  head,  the 
broadly  pectinated  antennte,  the  general  form  of  the  wings  and  in  its 
coloration,  like  that  genus  having  but  a  single  outer  line  common  to 
both  wings  and  a  discal  dot  upon  each  wing. 

This  is  a  rare  moth,  and  we  look  with  interest  for  information  con- 
cerning its  habits  and  trauformation. 

PEROPHORA  Harris. 
Perophora  Melsheimerii  Harris. 

Perophora  Melahcimerii  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  299.     (1841). 

3rd  ed.  PI.  VI.  fig.  5.  cocoon  fig.  4. /aru«  fig.  206.    (1862). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  IV.  p.  975.     (1855). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  142.     (1862). 

Subfamily  Ptilouontes  Hiibn. 

ICHTHYURA  Hiibner. 
Ichthyura  inclusa  Hiibner. 

Ichthyura  inclusa  Hiibn.,  Zutr.  Dritt.  Hund.  p.  36.  fig.  561,  562.     (1825). 
Clostera  americana  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  314.     (1841). 

3rd  ed.  PI.  VI.  fig.  12.  and  figs.  213-215. 
Fitch,  Fifth  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  65.     (1859). 
Ichthyura  inclusa  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  244.     (1862). 
Mass.  (Shurtleff,  Sanborn.)     Maine. 


352  [November 

Ichthyura  inversa  n.  sp. 

Smaller  and  of  a  darker  color  than  the  preceding  species,  and  with 
the  costa  of  the  fore  wings  more  convex.  The  light  portions  of  the 
primaries  of  /.  inciusa  are  in  this  species  densely  dusted  with  brown 
scales.  The  reddish  brown  line  from  the  vertex  on  to  the  crest  is  nar- 
rower than  in  that  species.  The  basal  line  is  dislocated  as  usual,  but 
the  lower  portion  is  slightly  waved,  as  are  the  lines  without,  which  are 
situated  as  in  /.  inciusa,  but  waved.  The  inverted  V  on  the  discal 
nervules  is  more  distinct;  the  brownish  tinged  subapical  region  border- 
ing the  upper  half  of  the  fourth  line  is  narrower,  and  of  a  deeper  red 
than  in  the  preceding  species,  while  the  submarginal  series  of  linear 
spots  is  not  so  distinct.  A  lighter  line  crosses  the  secondaries  beyond 
their  middle. 

Beneath  a  little  darker ;  a  common  line  much  more  distinct  than  in 
/.  inrhis'i  is  margined  with  reddish  on  the  costa  of  the  primaries. 

Length  of  the  body  S  .55,  9  .65;  exp.  wings  %  1  inch,  9  1.30  inch. 

Maryland,  (Edwards.)     Janesville,  Md.,  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.) 

Ichthyura  indentata  n.  sp. 

%  .  Dark  cinereous.  Palpi  brown  on  the  upper  side.  A  short, 
broad  brown  line  from  between  the  antennae  to  top  of  the  crest.  Basal 
line  straight,  with  an  outward  fold.  Second  line  arcuated  outwards, 
meeting  the  short  third  line  on  the  median  nervure.  The  fourth  line 
extends  only  to  the  second,  making  a  short  Y.  On  the  outer  third  of 
the  costa  a  deep  white  oblique  spot,  which  is  the  termination  of  the 
partially  obsolete  fourth  line.  This  spot  is  surrounded  by  deep  reddish 
brown,  which  is  much  darker  towards  the  apex.  A  submarginal  slightly 
arcuated  series  of  dark  spots.  Secondaries  with  no  transverse  line. 
Beneath  concolorous  with  the  upper  side  of  the  secondaries.  Indented 
spot  margined  with  brown  on  the  costa,  but  fainter  than  on  the  upper 
side. 

Length  of  body  %  ,  Ab ;  exp.  wings  1  inch. 

"  New  Hampshire,  Leonard,"  (Harris  Coll.) 

Ichthyura  albosigma  Morris. 

Clostera  albosigma  Fitch,  2iid  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  274.  PI.  2.  fig.  4.     (1856). 

5th    '•       •'         "  "         p.  64.     (1859). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  244.     (1862). 

Dorchester,  July  15,  (Sanborn.) 


1864.]  353 

Ichthyura  vau  Morris. 

Clostera  vau  Fitch,  Fifth  Et.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  65.     (1859). 

Ichthyura  vau  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  244.     (1862). 

This  species  seems  to  diifer  from  I.  inversa  iu  having  no  pale  band 
across  the  secondaries.     They  may  yet  prove  to  be  identical. 

APATELODES  nov.  gen. 

Front  of  the  head  rather  broad  subtriangular.  Antennae  in  %  evenly 
branched  to  the  tip,  as  long  as  the  thorax.  Palpi  slightly  ascending, 
reaching  to  the  front,  tips  broad  ;  third  joint  minute,  concealed.  Pri- 
maries triangular,  broad;  costa  straight,  outer  margin  incised  just  below 
the  apex,  which  is  acutely  produced,  especially  in  the  9  .  Below  the 
apex  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing  is  oblique,  not  indented,  but  making 
an  obtuse  angle  with  the  straight  inner  edge.  Costal  nervure  extend- 
ing nearer  the  apex  than  usual.  Second  and  third  subcostal  nervules 
suddenly  deflexed  upon  the  costa.  Apical  interspace  broadly  triangular. 
The  4th  subcostal  arises  iu  the  middle  of  the  wing.  Discal  area  short 
and  broad.     . 

Secondaries  large,  full  and  rounded  on  the  outer  margin,  of  an  irre- 
gular pentagonal  form,  reaching  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen. 
Femora  densely  pilose,  giving  the  joint  an  oval  form ;  hind  tibiae  with 
four  large  spurs.  Abdomen  of  S  slender,  and  provided  with  two  late- 
ral tufts  on  each  side  of  the  tip. 

This  genus  approaches  the  Dasychirae  in  possessing  very  heavily  pec- 
tinated antennfe,  large  clavate  palpi,  a  stout  woolly  thorax,  and  a  slen- 
der, tapering  abdomen;  also  in  having  large  hind  wings,  and  heavily 
tufted  legs,  and,  in  some  respects,  in  the  pecviliar  brown  colors. 

The  larva  is  also  haii-y,  with  long  pencils  of  parti  colored  hairs,  which 
is  characteristic  of  the  preceding  group.  This  genus  in  its  larval 
stage,  judging  from  Abbot's  drawing,  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to 
the  larva  of  Apatela  americ<ina,  which  has  susgested  the  generic  name. 
Our  species  cannot  be  referred  to  Parathyris  Htibner,  of  which  P. 
cedo-nalli  (Cramer  sp.)  is  a  type,  and  the  term  Pyijstra  has  been  re- 
stricted to  an  European  group. 

Apatelodes  torrefacta. 
Phalcena  torrefacta  Smith,  Nat.  Hist.  Lep.  Georgia,  p.  151.     Tab.  76.     (1797). 
Pi/gccra  torrefacta  Hubn.,  Verz.  \i.  162.     (1816). 

Parathyris  torrefacta  Walk.,  List.  Lep.  Ins.  Br.  Mus.  V.  p.  1088.     (1855). 
New  York,  (Grote.)     Boston,  (Sanborn.) 


354  [November 

Apatelodes  hyalino-puncta  n.  sp. 

9  .  Very  uniform  pale  cinerous.  Head,  legs  and  thorax  concolorous. 
On  the  inner  third  of  the  primaries  is  a  straight,  rather  broad,  darker 
band,  which  increases  in  width  towards  the  costa.  Beyond  the  mesial 
broad  pale  gray  band,  the  wing  is  darker.  The  costal  edge  is  fuscous, 
the  mesial  crest  of  the  thorax  is  tipped  with  brown,  and  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  patagia  is  a  narrow  transverse  line.  Secondaries  fuscous 
gray,  with  an  indistinct  submarginal  line  slightly  waved  and  edged  with 
gray.     The  upper  part  of  the  abdomen  is  reddish.     Fringe  darker. 

Beneath  the  primaries  are  crossed  by  two  bands,  the  inner  fuscous, 
the  outer  dark  gray.  The  margin  of  the  wing  is  dark  gray,  especially 
the  fringe.  The  thin  broad  tuft  on  the  hind  tibiae  are  edged  with 
brown.  On  each  side  of  the  base  of  the  abdomen  is  a  broad  oblons; 
spot,  edged  broadly  with  white  before  and  behind. 

The  species  derives  its  name  from  a  peculiar  square  transparent  spot 
edged  with  brown,  situated  just  below  the  apex  of  the  fore-wing,  nearly 
opposite  the  middle  point  of  the  wing.  The  lower  sub-c.  nervule  sepa- 
rates it  from  a  much  smaller  adjoining  one  in  the  extra  discal  space. 

This  female  differs  from  a  male  A.  torrefacta  in  having  both  wings 
well  dentated,  the  apex  much  more  acute,  the  outer  margin  more  oblique, 
and  in  having  much  smaller  palpi.  In  coloration  it  is  quite  distinct, 
since  it  does  not  possess  the  prominent  lines  and  spots  of  A.  torrefacta. 
Both  species  have  the  subapical  square  transparent  spot,  but  in  A.  tor- 
refacta it  is  small  and  inconspicuous,  while  a  second  adjoining  one  is 
wanting. 

Length  of  body,  .85 ;  exp.  wings,  2  inches. 

Taken  in  Medford,  Mass.,  by  W.  H.  Dall,  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.) 

DATANA  Walker. 
Datana  ministra  Walker. 

Phalmna  ministra  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Georgia,  p.  161.  Tab.  81.     (1797). 

Drury,  Illustr.  Vol.  2.  j^.  25.  pi.  14,  fig.  3.     (1773). 

Pygoeraf  ministra  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  312.     (1841). 

Third  ed.  pi.  VI.  fig.  6.  fig.  212.     (1862). 

Petasia  ministra  Westw.  Edit.  Drury,  Illustr.  II.  p.  27,  pi.  14.     (1837). 

Datana  ministra  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Eumetoponaministra¥'\tc\\,'2\\A  Rt  No.x.  Ins.  N.  York,  p.  235,  pi.  4.  fig.  3.    (1856). 

3rd  Rt.  p.  19.     (1657). 

Datana  ministra  Morris.  Synopsis,  Lep.  N.  Ainer.  p.  247.     (1862). 

Brookliue,  (Shurtleff.)     Elaine. 


1864.]  ^^^ 

Datana  contracta  Walker. 

Datana  contracta  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mns.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  247.     (1862). 

"  N.  America,"  Walk. 

GLUPHISIA. 
GlupMsia  trilineata  n.  sp. 

Light  cinereous,  primaries  lighter  than  the  thorax.  Two  transverse 
darker  lines,  enclosing  an  obscure  yellowish  band.  The  first  line 
straight,  second  oblique,  with  two  large  teeth  pointing  inwards  on  the 
submedian  interspace,  and  on  the  4th  subcostal.  A  submarginal  twice 
bent  line,  angulated  obtusely  in  the  second  median  interspace,  and  on 
the  subapical  space.  Fringe  dark  at  the  base  and  at  the  ends  of  the 
nervules.  Secondaries  nearly  white,  not  discolored.  Beneath  uniform 
light  ashen. 

Length  of  body  %  .40— .45,  $  .55;  exp.  wings  %  1—1.10,  $  1.25 
inch. 

Cambridge,  (Harris  Coll.)  N.  York  and  Middle  States,  (G-rote  and 
Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

The  submarginal  line  varies  in  being  twice  or  many  times  undulated. 
In  the  female  the  yellowish  band  is  more  distinctly  marked  than  in  the 
other  sex.  The  species  will  be  recognized  by  the  uniform  cinereous 
tinge,  the  three  transverse  lines  on  the  primaries,  the  yellowish  band 
limited  within  by  the  straight  line,  without  by  the  oblique  waved  line; 
and  the  plain  outer  half  of  the  wing,  interrupted  near  the  margin  by 
the  rather  obscure  twice  waved  darker  line,  and  the  plain  hind  wings. 
It  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  a  species  of  Cymatophora. 

HYPAEPAX  Iliibner. 
Front  of  the  head  densely  pilose  between  the  antennas,  which  in  the 
female  are  subsimple,  joints  beneath  being  setiferous.  Palpi  porrect, 
slender,  second  joint  a  little  pilose  beneath,  third  joint  slender  acute. 
Primaries  two-thirds  as  broad  as  long,  being  broadly  subtriangular. 
Costa  at  base  a  little  full,  straight;  apex  pointed;  outer  margin  equal 
in  length  to  the  inner  margin.  The  secondaries  reach  nearly  to  the  tip, 
outer  margin  not  rounded.  Legs  pilose.  Two  long  apical  spurs  on  the 
posterior  tibit^.     Tip  of  the  abdomen  pointed,  not  tufted. 


356  [November 

Hyparpax  aurora. 

Phalcena  aurora  Smith,  Nat.  Hist.  Lep.  Ga.  p.  17.3.     Tab.  86.     (1797). 
Hyparpax  aurora  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schm.  Bd.  2.  PI.  168.     (1806). 
Datanaf  aurora  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.  p.  1062.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  247.     (1862). 
"  Cambridge,"  (Harris  Coll.) 

NADATA  Walker. 
Nadata  gibbosa  Walker. 

Fhalvcna  gibbosa  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Georgia,  p.  16.3.     Tab.  82.     (1797). 

Cormotricha  gibbosa  Hiibn.,  SammL  Exot.  Schm.  IIL  PI.  19,  fig.  1 — 4. 

Nadata  gibbosa  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  248.     (1862). 

'•  Larva  on  Oak,  Waltham,  Sept.  Winged  June  20."  (Harris  Coll.) 
Boston,  (Sanborn.)     New  York,  (Grrote.)     Brunswick,  Maine. 

Nadata  Doubledayi  n.  sp. 

Compared  with  N.  glhhosa  the  antennae  are  not  so  broadly  and  hea- 
vily pectinated,  the  branches  decrease  much  more  rapidly  in  size,  the 
front  of  the  head  is  broader,  and  the  tufts  at  the  base  of  the  antennae 
are  more  spreading  and  conspicuous.  The  palpi  are  smaller  and  tipped 
with  black,  when  in  N.  (jibhosa  they  are  tawny  throughout.  This  spe- 
cies is  throughout  lighter  colored.  The  costii  of  the  primaries  is  not  so 
convex  towards  the  apex,  outer  margin  hardly  scalloped,  and  the  very 
shallow  scallops  are  filled  in  with  brown  instead  of  silvery  scales,  as  in 
gibbosa.  The  two  transverse  lines  are  paler  and  more  sinuate.  The 
two  discal  dots  are  the  same,  but  the  inner  clear  tawny  space  is  much 
paler  in  Doubledayi.  The  secondaries  are  paler  and  lighter,  and  not 
margined  with  brown.  Apex  more  rectangular,  and  the  outer  margin 
not  so  full  as  in  gibbosa.,  while  it  is  smaller,  while  the  thoracic  tuft  is 
broader  at  the  base,  and  above  more  acute. 

Length  of  body  %  ,  .85. 

Dedicated  to  Mr.  E.  Doubleday,  who,  when  traveling  through  the 
United  States,  added  so  much  to  our  knowledge  of  this  family,  and 
who,  in  his  letters  to  Harris,  indicated  that  there  were  three  species  of 
this  genus  existing  in  this  country. 

Newburg,  New  York.  (Edwards.) 

NOTODONTA  Ochsenheimer. 
Notodonta  basitriens  Walker. 

Notodonta  basitriens  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  239.     (1862). 

Grote,  Pr.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.iii.  p.  9.3.  PI.  ll.fig.  1. 'J,.    (1864). 


1864.]  .S57 

Wotodonta  stragula  Grote. 

Notodonta  stragula  Grote.  Pr.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  iii.  p.  93.  PI.  11.  fig.  2.  %  .    (1864). 

$  .  Brookline,  (Shurtleif.) 

LOPHODONTA*  nov.  gen. 

Head  larger  thaa  in  Notodonta,  and  the  pilose  front  is  more  prominent 
than  in  that  genus.  Palpi  porrect,  stout,  passing  in  S  a  little  beyond 
the  front.  Pectinations  of  antenna?  much  longer  than  in  Notodonta. 
Prothorax  slightly  crested.  Fore  wings  more  triangular  than  in  the 
preceding  genus;  costa  straight,  apex  obtusely  pointed.  Inner  margin 
nearly  straight,  tufted  prominently  at  the  angle.  The  discal  nervules 
are  placed  near  the  outer  third  of  the  wing,  so  that  the  4th  and  5th 
subcostal  nervules  are  much  shorter  than  in  the  allied  genus.  Inter- 
costal area  long  linear.  Secondaries  in  the  %,  even  with  the  tip  of  the 
abdomen ;  costa  straight,  outer  margin  much  shorter  than  in  Notodonta. 
Legs  like  Notodonta. 

Lophodonta  ferruginea  n.  sp. 

Ferruginous  or  brick  red  and  blackish  cinereous.  The  head  and 
prothorax  are  ashen  black,  while  the  rest  of  the  thorax  and  fore-wings 
are  ferruginous.  Base  of  the  fore-wings  ferruginous,  interrupted  on 
the  costa  by  two  white  short  lines.  Beyond  is  a  dark  band,  shaded 
within  with  ashen,  and  lined  without  by  four  dirty  white  lunules,  which 
are  margined  externally  with  a  ferruginous  line.  Towards  the  costa 
beyond  this  line  and  within  the  geminate  nearly  united  dirty  white  discal 
dots  are  some  transverse  irregular  whitish  discolorations.  The  outer 
third  of  the  wing  is  darker  than  the  middle,  while  the  nervules 
are  almost  black.  There  is  a  submarginal  waved  lunate  dirty  white 
line,  and  while  the  fringe  is  dark,  opposite  the  ends  of  the  nervules  it 
is  whitish.  The  tuft  on  the  inner  margin  is  broad  and  dark.  The 
secondaries  are  dirty  white,  with  a  mesial  obscure  band,  becoming 
brown  towards  the  costa,  which  is  margined  without  with  whitish. 
Beyond  is  a  broad  dusky  band,  more  distinct  upon  the  costa,  margined 
without  with  a  short  white  line,  becoming  more  distinct  upon  the  costa, 
where  it  is  twice  waved.  Margin  black,  fringe  dusky  cinereous  and 
concolorous  with  the  abdomen. 

The  body  beneath  is  much  lighter,  and  the  wings  are  still  paler, 
being  dirty  white  and  crossed  by  a  common  mesial  obscure  dusky  line, 

®Ao<)>o;  tuft;  'oJouj  tooth. 


358  [November 

while  the  margui  next  the  fringe  is  dark  brown,  interrupted  by  the 
nervules. 

Length  of  body  9  -70;  exp.  wings,  1.95  inch. 

Mass.,  (Sanborn.) 

Notodonta  dromedarius  of  Europe,  though  a  smaller  species,  is  con- 
generic with  our  species,  resembling  it  closely  in  its  coloration  and  style 
of  marking. 

Lophodonta  angulosa. 

Phalctna  angulosa  Smith,  Nat.  Hist.  Lep.  Ga.  p.  105.     Tab.  83.     (1797). 
Notodonta  angulosa  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
Notodonta  georgica  H.-Sch..  Lep.  Exot.  8p.  Nov.  p.  06,  fig.  384.     (1855). 
Notodonta  angulosa  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  239.     (1862). 
'•  Milton,  Mass.,  June  17,  inactive  on  trunk  of  an  oak."    (Harris  Coll. ) 

PHEOSIA  Hul)ner. 
Pheosia  rimosa  n.  sp. 

Of  a  delicate  frosty  white  and  brown.  Along  the  ends  of  the  sub- 
costal nei'vules  of  the  primaries  are  long  streaks  of  brown.  In  the 
apical  and  subapical  spaces  are  two  long  longitudinal  broad  streaks, 
oblique  and  parallel  to  the  costa,  which  terminate  just  before  the  apex. 
Middle  of  the  wing  white.  A  long  broad  line  extends  from  the  base 
to  just  above  the  inner  angle  on  the  outer  margin,  lined  below  with 
white,  and  deflected  upwards  along  the  outer  edge.  Tuft  cinereous. 
Beneath  cinereous,  costa  darker.    9  darker  than  the  Z  . 

Secondaries  white,  region  of  the  internal  angle  and  tuft  dark  brown. 
Legs  and  abdomen  cinereous. 

Thorax  and  head  cinereous,  tuft  on  the  patagia  tipped  with  dark 
brown.     Fringe  interlined  at  base  with  white. 

Exp.  wings  %  ,  2  inches. 

Newport,  R.  I.,  (Coll.  Mrs.  Bridgham.) 

NERICE  Walker. 
Nerice  bidentata  Walker. 

Nerice  bidentata  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.  p.  1076.     (1855). 
New  York,  (Grote.) 

EDEMA  Walker. 
Edema  albifrons  Walker. 

Phahcna  albifrons  Smith.  N.  H.  Lep.  Ga.  p.  159.  Tab.  80.     (1797). 
Edema  albifrons  Walk..  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.  p.  1828.     (1855). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Leji.  N.  Amer.  p.  242.     (1862). 

Mass.  (Sanborn,  Mrs.  Bridgham.) 


1864.]  359 

Edema  producta  Walk.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  2'tL     (1862). 
"  Florida."     (Walk.) 

CECRITA  Walker. 
Cecrita  guttivitta  Walker. 

Cccrita  gutticiUa  Walk..  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Nova  Scotia.     (Walker.) 

Cecrita?  bilineata  n.  sp. 

Cinereous.  Upper  side  of  the  palpi  and  end  of  tte  patagia  dark. 
Primaries  crossed  by  a  basal  and  outer  waved  and  angulated  line,  mar- 
o-iued  on  each  side  with  blackish.  The  basal  line  is  angular  inwards 
on  the  internal  nervure,  is  rounded  outwards  across  to  the  subcostal 
and  acutely  angulated  on  that  nervure.  Outer  line  angulated  outward 
on  the  internal,  and  waved  and  angulated  to  the  costa.  Between  this 
line  and  the  outer  margin  is  a  faint  band.  Between  the  two  principal 
lines  are  some  black  scales;  a  few  black  scales  mark  the  obsolete  discal 
spot.     Towards  the  apex  on  the  costa  are  four  dark  spots. 

Secondaries  smoky,  a  little  discolored  at  the  internal  angle,  beneath 
concolorous.  The  9  wants  the  few  black  scales  between  the  two  prin- 
cipal lines. 

Length  of  body  %  ,  .70,   9  .75;  exp.  wings  %  ,  1.50,   9  1.50. 

Dr.  Harris  has  reared  this  from  the  larva,  which  pupated  July  25  ; 
imago  Aug.  15. 

Cecrita  T  mustelina  n.  sp. 

9  •  Uniform  light  sable  brown.  End  of  shoulder  tippets  (patagia) 
edged  with  black.  Lower  half  of  fore-wings  sable  brown,  as  well  as 
the  outer  portion  near  the  margin  nearly  up  to  the  costa,  while  the 
rest  of  the  wing  is  dark  ashen.  Nervules  dark.  A  small  black  discal 
spot;     A  costo-apical  black  spot. 

Secondaries  sable  brown,  of  the  same  color  beneath. 

Length  of  body  .75;  exp.  wings  1.65  inch. 

••  Camb..  June  15."     Harris.  (Coll.  Harr.) 

(EDEMASIA  nov.  gen. 
Head  unusually  prominent;  vertex  with  a  prominent  narrow  acute 
tuft  projecting  horizontally  out  between  the  eyes,  and  CDutinued  down 
the  sides  of  the  front,  while  above  and   next  the  pruthorax  is  a  trian- 
gular pit.    Antennae  pectinated  on  the  basal  two-thirds.     Maxilla?  slen- 


360  [November 

der.  Palpi  porrect.  hardly  reaching  the  front;  second  joint  pilose 
beneath ;  and  they  are  .somewhat  obtuse,  since  the  hairs  on  the  second 
joint  reach  to  the  end  of  the  third,  which  is  distinct,  short  and  some- 
what pointed. 

Thorax  smooth  not  pointed ;  primaries  a  little  less  than  one-half  as 
broad  as  long  ;  costa  nearly  straight,  bent  downwards  more  than  usual 
at  the  apex.  2nd  subcostal  nervule  anastomoses  with  the  third  by  a 
short  branch,  so  that  the  intercostal  area  is  a  long  linear  produced 
rhomboid. 

Secondaries  reach  but  little  beyond  the  basal  half  of  the  abdomen; 
costa  full  at  the  base,  thence  nearly  straight  to  the  rounded  apex.  Outer 
margin  regularly  rounded,  slightly  angulated  in  the  middle.  Costal 
nervure  runs  very  nearly  parallel  to  the  subcostal,  diverging  at  the 
discal  nervules.  Legs  short,  femora  and  tibiae  densely  pilose,  the  scales  of 
the  hind  tibiae  especially  long  and  spreading.  Abdomen  of  the  %  with 
a  bifid  tuft,  and  also  slight  lateral  tufts,  while  the  tip  in  the  female 
forms  a  smooth  cone,  which  suddenly  tapers  and  bends  downwards  from 
the  rest  of  the  abdomen. 

This  genus  differs  from  Schlzura  Doubleday,  by  its  shorter  palpi, 
its  more  obtuse  apex  of  the  fore-wings,  and  the  shorter  and  more 
rounded  hind-wings.  The  species  are  of  smaller  size  and  have  no  pro- 
minent style  of  coloration,  except  that  they  are  usually  cinnamon 
brown,  with  a  marginal  row  of  brown  spots. 

(Edemasia  concinna. 

Phaloctia  concinna  Smith,  X.  H.  Lep.  Ga.  p.  109.  Tab.  85.     (1797;. 
Notodonta  concinna  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  309.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  PI.  vi.  fig.  11.     (1862). 
Edema  concinna  Walk.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
Notodonta  concinna  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Ins.  New  York,  342.     (1856). 
Edema  cincinna  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  242.     (1862). 
"  Georgia."  (Harris  Coll.)     Mass.   (Sanborn.) 

(Edemasia  nitida  n.  sp. 

%  .  Head  and  thorax  cinereous.  Primaries  very  pale  tawny  in  the 
middle  between  the  cinereous  costa  and  the  brown  inner  margin.  x\t 
the  base  along  the  median  nervure  is  a  dark  streak.  There  are  three 
dark  spots  on  the  costo-apical  margin,  another  faint  linear  minute  streak 
in  the  apical  interspace.  In  the  two  spaces  below  are  two  faint  linear 
long  light  lines  parallel  to  the  nervules.     A  minute  discal  dot  is  suc- 


*. 


1864.]  361 

ceeded  by  a  linear  streak  which  reaches  to  the  outer  margin.  Near 
the  internal  angle  are  two  unequal  linear  spots.  A  faint  row  of  mar- 
ginal brown  dots.  Secondaries  white,  with  a  dusky  discoloration  at  the 
inner  angle.     Fringe  brown  on  the  nervules. 

Beneath  pale,  primaries  a  little  dusky  without,  the  three  costo-apical 
dots  and  spotted  fringe  apparent. 

$  .  Base  of  the  primaries  fuscous,  and  a  distinct  submedian  dark 
basal  streak.  Externally  the  wings  are  cinereous.  A  minute  discal 
dot,  with  a  faint  brown  streak  beyond.  The  two  geminate  costo-apical 
streaks  are  more  distinct  than  in  S  ,  as  are  the  two  larger  spots  near 
the  internal  angle,  and  the  marginal  row  of  dots  are  more  distinct. 
Hind  winss  dark  cinereous. 

Length  of  body  %  .65,  9  .60;  exp.  wings  S   1.20,   9  1.10  inch. 

Janesville,  Maryland.   (Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Stratton.) 

(Edemasia  badia  n.  sp. 

Vertex  and  prothoras  reddish -brown.  Palpi  and  patagia  behind 
blackish.  Primaries  dark  reddish-brown  with  cinereous  and  dark-brown 
scales  Base  of  the  wings  reddish.  Before  the  discal  mark  a  cinereous 
region  in  the  discal  space.  No  distinct  discal  mark,  but  that  region  is 
discolored  with  dark  brown  and  continued  to  the  outer  margin  and  to 
two  black  lines,  one  on  the  5th  subcostal  which  dilates  towards  the 
white  apex  of  the  wing.  Outer  margin  with  black  and  whitish  streaks 
on  the  nervules  and  in  the  interspaces. 

Secondaries  smoky  towards  the  outer  margin,  especially  on  the  ner- 
vules. Beneath  smoky  cinereous;  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  prima- 
ries is  a  row  of  black  dots ;  ends  of  the  nervules  black. 

Length  of  body,  .55;  exp.  wings,  1.15  inch. 

Mass.   (Sanborn.) 

Mr.  Shurtleff  loaned  me  another  %  specimen  which  has  much  darker 
patagia  than  the  rest  of  the  thorax  ;  the  middle  yellowish  a.shen  region 
of  the  fore-wings  is  bounded  on  each  side  by  zigzag  lines,  while  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  wing  is  slightly  frosted  over.  Costal  third  of  the 
wing  white,  the  marginal  row  of  dots  are  each  succeeded  within  by 
white  streaks.  Abdomen  pale  cinereous,  darker  than  the  secondaries, 
tip  not  so  distinctly  divided  as  in  CE.  conclnna  It  may  easily  be  dis- 
tinguished by  its  deep  red  color,  dark  shoulder  tippets  and  light  hind 
wings.     The  fore-wings  have  the  linear  discal  spot  turning  at  right 


362  [November 

augles  outwards,  and  the  two  reddisli-browii  longitudinal  lines  proceed 
from  it  to  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing. 

Length  of  body  %  ,  .G5  ;  exp.  wings  1.30  inch. 

DASYLOPHIA*  nov.  gen. 

Vertex  of  the  head  with  two  erect  high  acute  tufts,  the  tips  of  which 
meet  over  the  vertex  reaching  to  the  level  of  the  thorax  in  9  ,  a  little 
shorter  in  S  •  Antennae  with  long  slender  pectinations  on  the  basal 
two-thirds,  while  the  remaining  third  is  provided  with  lateral  set:«  ;  in 
9  simple.  Palpi  slightly  ascending;  3rd  joint  passing  beyond  the 
front,  2nd  joint  slightly  curved  upwards,  scales  beneath  the  joint  being 
short;  3rd  joint  is  half  as  long  as  the  second,  porrect,  being  directed 
forwards  at  a  slight  angle  with  the  2nd  joint. 

Thorax  short,  scales  of  the  prothorax  distinctly  marked. 

Fore-wings  hardly  one-half  as  long  as  broad  ;  costa  very  slightly  con- 
cave in  the  middle,  towards  the  tip  a  little  convex ;  outer  margin 
oblique;  internal  angle  obtuse,  the  inner  edge  near  the  base  of  the 
wing  is  full  in  ■£  ,  in  9  straight. 

The  costa  of  the  hind  wings  is  long  and  straight;  apex  subrectan- 
gular,  from  thence  the  outer  margin  is  longer  than  usual  and  slowly 
rounded  to  the  not  very  distinct  internal  angle.  The  wings  reach  to 
the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  abdomen. 

Legs  pilose,  the  anterior  femora  densely  pilose,  in  9  longer,  and 
more  irregularly  and  thinly  pilose.  Abdomen  long  cylindrical,  with 
lateral  tufts,  and  tip  of  I   slightly  tufted. 

In  coloration  the  species  are  generally  gray,  with  dark  streaks  run- 
ning parallel  ti  the  nervules;  there  is  a  distinct  basal  longitudinal 
mesial  streak,  and  an  outer  very  distinct  geminate  curved  line. 

The  long  slender  acute  palpi,  the  high  vertical  conical  tuft,  the  slight 
concavity  of  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings,  and  the 
long  slender  cylindrical  abdomen  of  the  S  will  distinguish  readily  the 
species  of  this  genus. 

DasylopMa  anguina. 

Phnkena  anguina  Smith,  N.  H.  Leji.  la.s.  Ga.  p.  167.  Tab.  8t.     (1797). 

Xotodonta  ntiguina  Harris,  Cat.  lus.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 

Datana?  anguina  Walk.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Dri/monia  cucullifera  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  JSTov.  p.  66.  Fig.  381.     (,1855). 

Datana?  anguina  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  247.     (1862). 

*  ha^v';  tufted  :  Xo4>o;  vertex. 


1SG4.]  B6y 

'' Waltliam.  Lnna  Sept.,  Mofli  June  1  0,  July  20."  Harris.  (Harris 
(Joll.)     Brookliue  (Shurtletf.) 

Dasylophia  interna  n.  sp. 

%  .  Light  sable  brown.  Palpi  above  blackish.  Sides  of  the  vertical 
tuft  grayish.  Prothorax  with  a  faint  dark  line.  Middle  of  the  wing 
grayish,  dusted  coarsely  with  brown,  limited  by  a  median  dark  nearly 
straight  line.  At  the  outer  three-fourths  of  the  internal  margin  is  a 
dark  line  piargined  half-way  with  gray  which  curves  over  on  to  the 
outer  margin,  being  about  the  same  distance  from  the  internal  angle  as 
its  opposite  end.  The  outer  half  of  the  inclosed  region  is  darker.  Costa 
towards  the  apex  interrupted  by  gray  spots,  more  distinct  beneath.  .V 
submarginal  low  of  very  obli([ue  dark  linear  spots  between  the  nervules. 
succeeded  by  lighter  longer  streaks  of  light  tawny  white.  Fringe  gray, 
with  dark  spots.  Pectinations  of  the  antennae  are  a  little  longer  than 
in  D.  (Jiu/uhia.     Tarsi  tipped  with  lighter  scales. 

Length,  when  wings  are  folded,  .90  inch. 

"  DubUn,  N.  H.      Leonard."      (Harris  Coll.) 

SCHIZURA  Douhleday. 
Schizura  ipomese  Doubleday. 

Schisura  ipomem  Doubl..  Entomologist,  p.  59.     (1841). 
Heterocampa   (Schizura)  ipomece  Walk.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
Heterocampa  ipomecE  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Anier.  p.  241.     (lSfi2). 
"  Florida."   (Doubleday.) 

CCELODASYS  ®  nov.  gen. 

On  the  vertex  of  the  head  is  a  vertical  flattened  horizontal  tuft,  hol- 
lowed above,  and  projecting  out  between  the  antenn;xj.  Front  of  head 
pilose.  Antennae  pectinated  on  the  basal  two-thirds,  or  three-fourths ; 
simple  in  9  .  Palpi  very  obtuse,  short  porrect,  hardly  reaching  the 
front;  3rd  joint  small  and  short;  -2nd  joint  pilose  beneath,  the  scales 
reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  3rd  joint,  and  meeting  beneath.  Maxillae 
short.  Below  the  head  and  in  front  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  is  a  large 
conii'al  tuft  of  hairs.  The  primaries  are  a  little  less  than  half  as  long 
us  broad  ;  costa  nearly  straight,  slightly  convex  towards  the  apex  which 
is  acuter  than  usual;  outer  margin  slightly  angulated  on  the  5th  sub- 
costal, below  being  more  oblique.     Intercostal  area  very  long,  linear. 

Secondaries  somewhat  pointed  at  the  apex ;  costa  r  early  straight, 


*  KotXoj  hollow,  JflTUf  tuft. 


364  [November 

bent  dowawards  a  little,  near  the  apex;  outer  margin  long,  the  lower 
half  disposed  to  be  parallel  with  the  costa  of  the  primaries.  They  reach 
to  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  abdomen.  Legs  short,  femora  and  tibiae 
densely  pilose.  The  tibiae  are  shorter  than  usual  and  broadly  pilose. 
Outer  tibial  spurs  twice  the  size  of  the  inner.     Tarsi  small. 

Abdomen  much  slenderer  than  usual  5  anal  tuft  of  S  bifid. 

In  the  female  the  fore-wings  are  broader,  not  sd  angulated  on  the 
outer  margin,  the  secondaries  are  more  produced  at  the  apex,  and  they 
reach  nearer  the  tip  of  the  addomen  than  in  the  male. 

Ccelodasys  unicornis. 

Phahcna  unirornis  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ga.  p.  170.  Tab.  86.     (1797). 

Hyhoma  unicornis  Hiibn.  Verz.  p.  200. 

Notodonta  unicornis  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  73.     (1835). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  307.     (IStl). 
Edema  unicornis  Walk.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  241.     (1S62). 
'•Cambridge,  Aug.  and   Sept."    (Harris  Coll)     "  Brookline,  May." 
(Shurtleff.)   Mass.  (Sanborn,  Mrs.  Bridgham.)  N.  Y.  (Grote.)    Maine. 

Ccelodasys  Edmandsii  n.  sp. 

%  .  Somewhat  olivaceous  ashen,  thorax  dark  above.  No  discal  dot, 
but  that  region  is  slightly  discolored.  The  outer  transverse  straight 
line  composed  of  reddish  lunules.  lined  within  with  white  scallops  is 
very  distinct.  Apical  region  white,  margined  below  with  a  reddish 
streak.  Three  dark  costo-apical  dots,  of  which  the  outer  one  is  paral- 
lel to  one  removed  towards  the  middle  of  the  wing.  The  internal  angle 
of  the  wing  is  enclosed  by  a  curved  series  of  dark  dots. 

Secondaries  pale,  whitish  beneath.     Legs  anuulated  with  white. 

Length  of  body,  .55;  exp.  wings,  1.20  inch. 

Cambridge,  (Miss  Kdmands.) 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  O.  unicornis,  but  it  is  smaller,  the  fore 
wings  are  narrower  in  proportion,  and  the  apex  is  more  produced;  like- 
wise the  internal  angle  is  more  rounded,  and  the  outer  margin  is  more 
oblique.  The  slender  abdomen  is  a  little  more  acute.  It  wants  also 
the  distinct  linear  discal  dot  of  C.  unicornis.  Within,  the  wings  do 
not  seem  to  be  crossed  by  waved  lines,  and  the  geminate  costo-apical 
spots  are  much  smaller,  while  it  wants  the  dark  transverse  thoracic  line 
present  in   C.  unicornis. 

Respectfully  dedicated  to  Miss  A.  M.  Edmands.  of  Cambridge. 


1S64.]  '"^65 

Coelodasys  biguttatus  n.  sp. 

Head  gray,  vertical  tuft  above  black.  Thorax  reddish-brown,  patagiu 
blackish  above.  No  distinct  line  on  the  prothorax.  Primaries  reddish 
brown,  nervules  black.  Base  of  the  costa  dark,  beyond  cinereous  with 
brown  scales  along  the  edge,  which  become  indistinct  waved  lines  con- 
tinued across  the  wing  and  are  more  oblique  beyond  the  discal  dot. 
The  linear  reddish  discal  dot  is  surrounded  by  gray,  and  below  and 
beyond  is  a  dark  rather  broad  discoloration  curved  around  it.  Beyond 
this  the  black  nervules  are  interrupted  by  gray  scales.  There  are  two 
obscure  series  of  reddish  dots  near  the  margin  in  the  interspaces.  Op- 
posite the  outer  series  of  these  spots  the  fringe,  otherwise  ferruginous, 
is  of  a  dirty  white. 

Secondaries  white,  discolored  with  smoky  at  inner  angle.  The  large 
tuft  beneath  the  head  is  lilac-ashen. 

Beneath,  the  fore-wings  are  white,  smoky  in  the  middle.  Costo-api- 
cal  dots  distinct.  Fringe  white,  black  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules.  at 
the  base  are  white  dots  in  the  interspace.  Secondaries  entirely  white, 
except  the  dusky  spot  on  the  inner  angle. 

Legs  ashen,  ends  of  the  scales  dark,  tarsi  broadly  annulated  with 
dark.     Abdomen  slender,  whitish,  a  narrow  mesial  line  beneath. 

In  the  female  the  markings  are  more  distinct.  The  two  series  of 
ferruo-inous  waved  lines  on  each  side  of  the  median  region  are  more 
distinct.  The  submarginal  ferruginous  region  is  more  broken  up  by 
ashen  scales.  The  secondaries  and  abdomen  above  smoky.  There  are 
faint  traces  of  a  slight  mesial  fascia  across  the  wing.  Beneath  botli 
wings  are  dark  smoky.  A  light  ferruginous  line  on  the  abdomen, 
which  is  itself  larger  than  in  the  other  species. 

Length  of  body,  S   .90,  9  .95;  exp.  wings  %  1.60,  $  1.80  inch. 

"  Cambridge,  July  and  Aug."     (Harris  Coll.). 

Coelodasys  Harrisii  n.  sp. 

%  .  Cinereous.  Head,  pectus  and  front  of  thorax  uniform  ashen. 
Palpi  dark  above.  Fore  wings  crossed  by  two  series  of  obscure  dark 
waved  lines.  Discal  spot  very  narrow,  linear,  surrounded  by  a  light 
ashen  square  space.  On  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing  is  a  row  of  dark 
dots  in  the  interspaces,  edged  within  with  cinereous  scales.  Fringe 
concolorous.  Secondaries  smoky  ashen,  slightly  discolored  on  the  in- 
ternal angle. 


'^66  [November 

Beneath  the  fore  wings  are  smoky  cinereous,  and  on  the  costa  are 
four  alternate  light  and  dark  spots.  Fringe  dark  on  the  termination  of 
the  nervules.  Hind  wings  lighter.  Abdomen  a  little  lighter  beueath 
than  above,  with  no  mesial  line,  and  the  anal  tuft  is  deeply  bifid. 

Length  of  body,  .90;  exp.  wings  1.55 — 1.70  inch. 

Mass.,  (Harris  Coll.)     New  York,  (Grrote.) 

Coelodasys  cinereo-frons  n.  sp. 

9  .  Cinereous  and  blackish  brown.  Costa  cinereous  beyond  the  base 
of  the  fore  wings.  Vertical  tuft  dark  above.  Sides  of  the  thorax 
blackish  brown.  The  ashen  costa  of  the  primaries  widens  towards  the 
middle  of  the  wing,  with  a  few  dark  scales.  The  remainder  of  the 
wing  is  of  an  uniform  blackish  brown,  except  below  the  internal  ner- 
vure,  which  is  fusco-cinereous,  slightly  spreading  out  towards  the  cine- 
reous costa.  Discal  spot  large  oval,  light  cinereous.  A  submarginal 
row  of  fusco-cinerous  dots.     Fringe  reddish  ashen  on  the  nervules. 

Secondaries  smoky,  darker  without;  two  light  spots  on  the  internal 
angle. 

Beneath,  the  wings  are  smoky,  but  lighter  towards  the  outer  margin. 
E'ringe  blackish,  interrupted  without  by  lighter  spots.  A  slight  red- 
dish line  on  the  underside  of  the  abdomen. 

Length  of  body,  .85;  exp.  wings,  1.80  inch. 

•'Cambridge,  June  lU,"  Harris.     (Harris  Coll) 

XYLINODES  nov.  gen. 
%  .  Head  prominent,  front  subtriangular,  a  vertical  porrect  tuft.  The 
palpi  are  short  and  stout,  porrect,  hardly  reaching  the  front,  tips  obtuse; 
beneath  clothed  with  short  scales.  Antenna3  rather  broadly  pectinated 
to  the  outer  third,  branches  long  stout,  tipped  with  ciliae.  Thorax 
moderately  stout,  scales  of  the  pronotem  distinct,  not  crested  above, 
beneath  very  densely  pilose,  with  a  long  pectoral  tuft.  Fore  wings 
long  and  narrow,  being  a  little  more  than  one-third  as  broad  as  long. 
Costa  straight,  outer  margin  very  long,  internal  angle  rounded,  and  a 
little  within  the  inner  margin  is  a  prominent  tuft  of  dark  scales.  The 
2d  and  3d  subcostal  nervules  are  closely  approximate,  intercostal  spaces 
very  narrow,  linear.  The  4th  subcostal  arises  within  the  middle  of  the 
intercostal  space.  The  upper  discal  nervure  is  curved  somewhat 
obli(iuely  inwards  to  the  origin  of  the  5th  s.  c,  thence  very  obli((uely 


1864.]  367 

and  straight  to  tlio  middle  of  the  discal  space,  where  it  meets  the  lower 
diseal  which  is  thrown  off"  at  right  angles  to  its  nervure,  and  npon  this 
nei"vule  the  discal  fold  terminates  in  a  fork".  The  upper  branch  of  the 
3rd  s.  c.  is  very  short  and  proceeds  straight  to  the  costa. 

Costa  of  the  hind  wings  bent  down  somewhat  at  the  apex.  Outer 
margin  oblique,  not  very  full,  bent  slightly  on  the  first  median  interspace. 
Legs  very  hairy,  fore  tibiae  very  pilose,  presenting  a  flat  expansion  on 
the  outer  side;  middle  and  hind  tibife  with  two  long  sharp  nearly  equal 
spurs.     Abdomen  long  and  cylindrical;   tip  square,  hardly  tufted. 

In  its  coloration  and  style  of  markings  the  only  species  of  this  genus 
yet  known  is  gray,  with  darker  longitudinal  streaks  and  slashes.  It  is 
more  streaked  than  any  member  of  this  subfamily,  and  from  this  charac- 
ter and  the  resemblance  it  bears  to  Xylina  in  its  style  of  coloration,  as  well 
as  its  elongated  wings  and  general  appearance,  the  generic  name  has 
been  selected. 

This  genus  seems  to  be  the  connecting  link  between  Coelodasys  and 
allies  and  Heterocampa,  Lochmteus  and  other  closely  related  genera. 
It  dift'ers  from  Heterocampa  in  its  narrow  wings,  straight  costa  and  an- 
gular hind  wings,  and  in  possessing  a  tuft  on  the  fore  wings.  Indeed, 
the  short  stout  palpi  and  strong  pectinations,  the  very  distinctly  scaled 
pronotal  pieces  and  the  tufted  primaries,  together  with  the  densely 
pilose  sternum,  will  prevent  the  genus  from  being  confounded  with  any 
of  its  allies. 

Xylinodes  virgata  nov.  sp. 

%  .  Pale  cinereous.  Pronotal  pieces  discolored  with  ligneous  brown. 
A  broad  median  thoracic  dusky  line,  succeeded  on  the  abdomen  by  a 
dark  spot.  Primaries  light  ashen  with  brown  scales  arranged  in  streaks, 
which  on  the  costa  proceed  obliquely  towards  the  outer  margin,  ending 
upon  the  subcostal  nervure.  Towards  the  apex  are  two  distinct  brown 
streaks,  which  are  parallel  to  the  costa;  between  and  below  the  second 
streak  are  two  whitish  streaks.  A  dark  brown  discal  dot  is  placed  upon 
the  lower  discal  nervule,  and  beyond  it  is  a  brown  streak.  In  the 
middle  of  the  discal  space  is  a  light  line  which  passes  over  the  discal 
dot  and  continues  along  the  lowest  subcostal  interspace  to  near  the 
outer  margin.  Below  the  median  the  wing  is  slightly  tinged  with  och- 
reous.  Just  below  the  basal  portion  of  the  median  nervure  is  a  brown 
streak,  and  the  internal  border  is  mottled  and  streaked  with  dark  cine- 


368  [November 

reous.  The  tuft  is  dark  brown,  and  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing  is  also 
darker  than  the  discal  portion.     There  are  no  transvei'se  streaks. 

Secondaries  white,  the  costa  disclosed  slightly  with  cinereous.  Ab- 
domen nearly  concolorous,  being  a  shade  darker  than  the  hind  wings. 
Beneath  cinereous,  with  a  distinct  median  black  line.  Tarsi  broadly 
annulated  with  dark. 

Length  of  body,  .85 ;  exp.  wings,  1.75  inch. 

Cambridge,  (Mr.  A.  Hyatt.)      $  Lansing,  Mich.,  (Prof.  Miles.) 

Seekonk,  R.  I.,  (Mrs.  Bridgham's  Coll.) 

HETEROCAMPA  Doubleday. 
Heterocampa  Astarte  Doubleday. 

Heterocampa  astarte  Doubl.,  Entomologist,  p.  57.     (1841). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  240.     (1862). 
••  Florida,"  (Doubleday.) 

Heterocampa  umbrata  Walk. 

Heterocampa  umbrata  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  240.     (1862). 

'•  Florida,"  (Doubleday.) 

Heterocampa  varia  Walk. 

Heterocampa  varia  Walk.,  Cat.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Amer.  p.  240.     (1862). 
New  York,  (Walker.) 

Heterocampa  subalbicans  Grote. 

Heterocampa  subalbicans  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  336.  pi.  8.  fig.  2.    (1863). 

Penn.,  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.) 

Heterocampa  semiplaga  Walk.,  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.     (1861). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  336.     (1862). 
Canada,  (D'Urban.) 

Heterocampa  obliqua. 

S  .  Dark  brown,  with  darker  streaks  and  lines,  mai'gined  with  red- 
dish, and  large  oblique  costo-apical  white  patch. 

Head  pectoral  tuft  and  thorax  cinereous,  except  the  black  edges  of 
the  shoulder  tippets  and  the  posterior  margin  of  the  thorax.  Prima- 
ries of  an  uniform  dark  ashen  brown.  The  basal  half  of  the  wing  is 
crossed  by  three  interrupted  lines,  composed  of  linear  black  slightly 
curved  lines  or  lunules,  margined  on  both  sides  with  ferruginous  ashen. 
The  tirst  or  basal  line  is  straight,  and  reaches  only  to  the  base  of  the 


1864.]  3fi0 

internal  angle,  which  is  black.  The  middle  line  is  double,  composed 
of  two  parallel  linear  sinuate  lines,  which  become  obsolete  on  thecosta. 
and  absent  on  the  inner  margin.  The  third  line  is  single,  and  consists 
of  the  curvilinear  black  discal  dot,  and  a  second  curvilinear  line  below 
the  4th  median  nervale.  On  the  costa  it  is  represented  by  two  paral- 
lel brown  lines,  enclosing  a  white  spot.  Outside  and  parallel  to  the 
discal  curvilinear  spot  is  a  line  composed  of  two  curvilinear  lunules, 
which  are  geminate,  and  enclose  a  reddish  brown  line.  From  the  upper 
line  extends  towards  the  apex  a  very  distinct  white  patch,  dusted  over 
with  ochreous  scales.  On  its  outer  edge  are  three  black  internervular 
streaks,  bathed  with  ferruginous  scales.  In  the  middle  of  the  wing 
and  just  below  is  a  round  rusty  patch.  Below  the  median  nervure  and 
its  branches  the  wing  is  lio-hter,  and,  like  the  costa,  covered  with  cine- 
reous  and  dark  ochreous  scales. 

Secondaries  pearly  white,  base  of  the  fringe  dark ;  i>  dark  discolora- 
tion on  the  internal  angle;  costa  dark.  Beneath  the  primaries  are 
dark,  except  in  the  middle  portion,  which  is  very  pale.  White  and 
dark  dots  on  the  costal  edge,  and  the  costo-apical  white  patch  appears 
through.     Secondaries  white,  fringe  discolored  on  the  nervules. 

Length  of  body,  .85;  exp.  wings,  1.60  inch. 

New  York,  (Grote.) 

Heterocampa  Trouvelotii  n.  sp. 

9  .  This  tine  species,  which  is  of  larger  size  than  usual,  is  of  an  ashen 
color,  with  an  olive  tinge.  The  head  is  pale,  and  the  thorax  gradu- 
ally grows  darker  until  on  the  scutellum  it  is  almost  black.  On  the 
olive  cinereous  primaries  is  a  sub-basal  double  black  line  which  only 
reaches  the  subcostal  nervure;  just  beyond  its  middle  it  is  pointed  in- 
wards. At  the  base  of  the  wing  the  submedian  and  internal  nervures 
are  covered  with  black  scales,  forming  a  fork,  the  upper  prong  of  which 
meets  the  transverse  geminate  line.  A  short  basal  geminate  brown 
line  extends  from  the  costa  to  the  black  fork.  Beyond  and  jiist  within 
the  sub-basal  line  are  three  brown  patches,  especially  marked  in  the 
submedian  and  internal  interspaces.  The  middle  of  the  wing  is  clear 
olive  gray.  The  discal  dot  forms  a  long  curved  linear  lunate  line,  and 
beyond  it  the  extra  discal  interspace  is  tawny  brown.  The  discal  line 
below  is  connected  with  three  black  lines;  the  two  upper  of  which  are 
the  black  upper  median  nervules,  while  the  lower  forms  the  first  and 


370  [November 

longest  of  a  series  of  submarginal  longitudinal  black  streaks.  Of  these 
there  are  two  in  the  extra-discal  interspace,  and  two  other  one-third  as 
long  near  the  apex.  Beyond  is  a  submarginal  clear  olive  gray  space, 
bounded  without  by  a  very  distinct  black  marginal  line.  Beyond  is  a 
similar  narrow  clear  space  next  the  gray  fringe,  which  is  brown  at  the 
ends  of  the  nervules.  In  the  apex  of  the  wing  is  a  single  linear  dot. 
Secondaries  smoky  gray,  darker  without,  with  a  very  slight  diffuse 
middle  line. 

Beneath  uniform  cinereous,  while  the  middle  of  the  primaries  is 
smoky  gray,  the  costa  and  outer  edge  gray.  The  submarginal  longi- 
tudinal lines  reappear  below,  as  does  the  marginal,  while  the  fringe  is 
dark  cinereous,  paler  at  the  base.  On  the  paler  secondaries  the  mesial 
dark  line  is  more  distinct  than  above. 

This  species  in  its  style  of  markings  is  near  H  obli^ua^  but  much 
larger,  olive  gray  instead  of  brownish  gray;  hence  the  markings  are 
more  distinct.  The  secondaries  are  smoky  gray,  while  in  //.  ohliqua 
they  are  white. 

Length  of  body,  .95;  exp.  wings,  2.12  inches. 

Taken  the  last  of  July,  at  Medford,  by  M.  L.  Trouvelot. 

LOCHM.ffi;US  Doubleday. 
Lochmaeus  Mantes  Doubleday. 

Lochmceus  Mantes  Doubleday.  Entomologist,  p.  58.     (18-41). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Br.  Mas.  V.  p.  1029.     (1855). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Amer.  p.  240.     (1862). 
"  Trenton  Falls,  Greorgia,"  Doubleday. 

Loclimaeus  biundata- 

Heterocampa  biundata  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
Drymonia  nuicorea  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.     Fig.  514.     (1856). 
Heterocampa  biundata  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Amer.  p.  240.     (1862). 
Mass.,  (Harr.  Coll.)      Boston,  (Sanborn.)     Seekonk,  R.   I.,  (Mrs. 
Bridgham.) 

Lochmseus  tessella  n.  sp. 

Whitish  ashen  gray;  head,  prothorax  and  patagia  being  thus  colored, 
while  the  rest  of  the  thorax  is  darker  cinereous,  the  abdomen  being  a  lit- 
tle paler.  The  larger  part  of  the  fore  wings  is  of  a  pale  whitish  ashen, 
concolorous  with  the  head  and  prothorax.  Nearly  the  basal  third  is  of 
a  darker  cinereous  than  the  hind  part  of  the  thorax,  and  this  portion 
embraces  three  unequal  black  linear  streaks :  one  extending  along  the 


1864.]  871 

subcostal,  the  middle  one  the  largest  and  following  the  median,  while 
the  shorter  one  runs  along  the  internal  nervure.  This  region  is  bounded 
externally  by  a  pale  ashen  line  which  begins  on  the  basal  third  of  the 
costa  and  runs  obliquely  inwards.  It  is  twice  zigzag  before  the  sub- 
costal, is  bent  more  obtusely  outward  in  the  discal  space,  and  again 
bends  slowly  outwards,  and  turns  at  a  right  angle  to  meet  the  dark 
streak  on  the  internal  nervule;  hence  it  does  not  entirely  cross 
the  wing.  The  discal  mark  is  a  faint  curvilinear  line,  succeeded  be- 
low by  a  rather  oblique  very  obscure  cinereous  lunated  line.  Upon 
the  costa  just  beyond  is  a  white  spot,  once  zigzag  on  the  costa,  edged 
without  with  black.  Beyond  this  spot  are  three  minute  dark  dots, 
the  inner  of  which  is  succeeded  by  a  series  of  four  large  pale  lunules 
margined  on  either  side  with  cinereous,  which  end  on  the  3d  median 
being  in  the  od  interspace  replaced  by  a  square  conspicuous  black  spot, 
whose  upper  side  is  continued  a  little  outwards,  while  on  the  opposite 
lower  side  is  a  supplementary  linear  dot  in  the  next  interspace.  This 
spot  is  continuous  with  a  submarginal  oblique  subapical  zigzag  pale 
line,  dusky  within,  and  bearing  within  three  dark  streaks  in  the  mid- 
dle of  each  interspace.  Beyond  this  line  the  margin  is  dusky  cinere- 
ous, with  a  marginal  series  of  black  linear  lunates,  interrupted  by  the 
nervules.     Fringe  dark  cinereous. 

Hind  wings  but  little  paler  than  the  abdomen,  with  a  rather  distinct 
pale  submarginal  band.  Base  of  fringe  dark  as  are  the  nervules  and 
outer  margin  of  the  wings.  The  only  mark  on  them  is  a  single  oblique 
costal  streak  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing. 

This  species  is  rather  above  the  medium  size,  and  will  be  known  by 
the  pale  ashen  bleached  primaries,  the  basal  third  of  which  is  very  dark 
cinereous.  Also  by  the  linear  obscure  discal  line,  succeeded  on  the 
costa  by  a  white  zigzag  spot,  and  more  especially  by  the  square  black 
spot  near  the  internal  angle  which  is  isolated  from  the  submargino-api- 
cal  dusky  line,  of  which  it  forms  a  part. 

Length  of  body,  $  .90;  exp.  wings,  2.15  inches. 

Middle  States,  (Coll.  Phil.  Ent.  Soc.) 

Lochmaeus  olivata. 

%  .  Olive  green  cinereous,  being  greener  at  the  base  of  the  fore  wings 
and  more  ashen  externally.  Head  and  thorax  concolorous  with  the 
base  of  the  primaries,  but  the  palpi  are  much  darker.     Antenuje  nearly 


372  [November 

concolorous  with  palpi.  There  are  three  transverse  lines  on  the  ante- 
rior wings  straight  in  their  course,  and  composed  of  regular  lunules. 
each  of  which  is  pale  cinereous  margined  externally  with  brown  scales. 
The  basal  line  is  composed  of  but  two  lunules,  one  on  each  side  of  the  base 
of  the  median  nervule.  The  middle  line  situated  on  the  basal  third  of 
the  wing  is  composed  below  the  submedian  fold  of  two  large  lunules. 
more  than  twice  as  large  as  the  remaining  lunules.  The  third  line  is 
sinuate  and  obscure.  Beyond  is  a  fourth  and  submarginal  line,  slightly 
sinuate,  and  composed  of  internervular  brown  spots: 

Secondaries  whitish  at  base,  becoming  smoky  externally  and  greenish 
ashen  on  the  costa.  Beneath,  the  body  and  wings  are  concolorous  and 
of  an  uniform  pale  ashen,  with  a  slight  olivaceous  hue,  especially  on 
the  costae. 

Length  of  body,  .90  ;  exp.  wings,  2.00  inches. 

Brunswick,  Me.     Taken  at  light. 

Locliinaeus  cinereus  n.  sp. 

■J)  .  Of  a  peculiar  smoky  cinereous,  frosted  with  a  few  white  scales, 
and  characterized  by  the  absence  of  any  distinct  markings.  Head  and 
thorax  concolorous  with  the  wings.  Antennae  pale  testaceous.  Palpi 
brown  on  the  sides,  beneath  very  pale.  The  only  transverse  line  pre- 
sent on  the  fore  wings  is  a  submarginal  row  of  indistinct  brown  ashen 
internervular  spots,  margined  broadly  without  with  white.  The  places 
of  three  inner  lines  are  indicated  by  three  costal  spots,  very  obscure, 
which  are  bi'own  ashen,  margined  on  each  side  with  whitish  scales. 
Of  these  the  basal  one  is  most  distinct.  The  costal  and  inner  edges  of 
the  wing  are  dusted  more  thickly  with  white  scales  than  the  outer  and 
middle  parts  of  the  wing. 

Secondaries  smoky  cinereous,  especially  on  the  costa,  where  is  an 
abbreviated  pale  band,  which  does  not  reach  the  middle  of  the  wing. 
Beneath  whitish  ashen,  but  a  little  darker  on  the  costa  of  the  primaries. 

Length  of  body,  .75;  exp.  wings,  1.80  inch. 

Taken  at  light,  at  Brunswick,  Me. 

This  species,  while  smaller  than  the  preceding,  diifers  structurally 
from  it  in  having  more  slender  and  more  thinly  scaled  palpi ;  the  an- 
tennae are  not  so  heavily  pectinated,  and  the  wings  are  a  little  shorter 
and  broader.     The  absence  of  any  marking  but  the  outer  obscure  band. 


18C4.]  878 

and  its  wanting  any  green  tint,  will  easily  separate  this  species  from 
any  other  known  to  me. 

Lochmaeus  unicolor  n.  sp. 

%  .  Of  an  uniform  pale  cinereous,  with  a  faint  greenish  tinge,  with- 
out any  bands  or  spots.  Costa  very  straight.  A  faint  series  of  pale 
longitudinal  lines  situated  on  the  nervules.  crosses  the  primaries  near 
the  base  of  the  nervules.  Besides  these  linear  spots  there  are  no  other 
markings  on  the  wings,  nor  is  any  one  portion  of  the  wing  darker  than 
any  other.  The  head,  palpi  and  pectus,  and  under  side  of  the  body  is 
a  very  pale  argillaceous.     The  secondaries  are  a  little  darker  above. 

The  moth  has  a  faded  passe  look  that  is  quite  characteristic,  and  will 
distinguish  it  from  its  allies. 

Length  of  body,  .85;  exp.  wings,  1.85  inch. 

Seekonk,  R.  I.,  where  it  has  occurred  more  frequently  than  any  other 
species.     (Coll.  Mrs.  Bridgham.)     Cambridge,  (Coll.  Dr.  Harris.) 

Lochmaeus  marina  n.  sp. 

Pale  sea  green,  dusted  very  minutely  with  ashen  scales.  Nervules 
slightly  cinereous.  On  the  outer  third  of  primaries  is  a  rather  irregu- 
lar curved  series  of  dark  dots,  bordered  externally  with  white.  The 
end  of  the  nervules  are  dark. 

Secondaries  pale  cinereous,  one  straight  mesial  obscure  dark  spot. 

Beneath,  pale ;  body  and  both  wings  almost  white ;  the  latter  are 
crossed  by  a  dusky  line. 

Exp.  wings,  l.GO  inch. 

Seekonk,  R.  I.,  (Coll.  Mrs.  Bridgham.) 

PLATYCERURA*  nov.  gen. 

Head  large  and  prominent,  twice  as  large  as  in  Cerura  ;  front  scu- 
tellate,  broad  between  the  antennae,  while  the  sides  are  more  parallel 
than  in  Cerura.  Scales  short  and  fine.  Palpi  short,  a  little  depressed, 
not  reaching  the  front,  compressed  and  slender;  the  ord  joint  short, 
obtuse.  Antennae  longer  than  in  Cprura.  very  narrowly  pectinated  ; 
joints  longest  in  the  middle,  but  slowly  decreasing  in  length  towards 
the  tip.  which  is  almost  simple.  Thorax  stouter  than  usual,  no  "  collar  " 
or  transverse  lines. 

Primaries  short  broad   triangular,  half  as   long  as  broad.      Costa 

•■■■"TrXaTu;  broad,  Cerura. 


374  [November 

straight,  curved  down  more  than  usual  at  the  obtuse  apex ;  outer  edge 
.short  and  not  so  full  as  usual;  inner  angle  much  more  rectangular  than 
usual,  while  the  inner  edore  of  the  wins  is  very  nearlv  straight.  thouo:h 
not  much  loniier  than  the  outer  edo^e. 

The  1st  subcostal  is  placed  much  within  the  middle  of  the  wing. 
There  is  an  intercostal  space.  2nd  s.  c.  arises  just  within  the  origin  of 
the  3th  s.  c.  The  apical  interspace  is  of  the  size  of  that  in  Cerura, 
while  it  is,  owing  to  the  curved  nervules  enclosing  it,  semiovate  and  not 
triangular  as  in  Cerura.  The  4th  and  5th  s.  c.  are  short  and  straight. 
The  1st  median  nervule  instead  of  being  an  independent  as  in  Cerura, 
is  curved  downwards  at  base,  and  united  Avith  its  main  nervure.  and 
the  4th  median  is  straight. 

Secondaries  short  and  rounded,  apex  very  obtuse.  The}'  reach  to 
the  outer  fourth  of  the  abdomen.  Thus  it  is  much  shorter  and  broader 
than  in  Cerura.     The  apical  interspace  is  long,  much  as  usual. 

The  abdomen  tapers  rapidly,  contracting  rapidly  before  the  tip,  which 
is  well  tufted.     Legs  much  as  in  Cerura. 

In  color  tJie  single  species  known  is  light  gray,  crossed  by  a  basal 
dark  straight  line,  and  an  outer  dark  line  which  widely  forks  upon  the 
median  nervure  so  as  to  enclose  a  square  space. 

The  broad  triangular  fore  wings,  orbicular  secondaries  and  large 
broad  closely  cropped  front,  the  short  acute  abdomen,  and  long  pecti- 
nated antennae  distinguish  this  genus  from  Harpt/ia  of  Europe,  which 
it  somewhat  approaches. 

Platycerura  furcilla  b.  sp. 

%  .  Ashen  white,  dusted  with  fine  dark  scales.  The  primaries  are 
crossed  by  a  twice  angulated  basal  black  line,  within  which  at  the  in- 
sertion of  the  wing  is  a  short  basal  spot.  A.  second  straight  line  crosses 
the  wing  just  before  its  middle,  and  from  it  branches  at  nearly  right 
angles  a  line  which  becomes  straight  above  the  2nd  median  nervule 
and  parallel  to  the  inner  line,  thus  enclosing  a  large  square  area  which 
is  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  wing.  There  is  a  submarginal  ob- 
scure line  shaded  with  white  externally,  which  is  irregularly  zigzag, 
and  runs  down  more  than  usual  in  the  2nd  median  interspace  towards 
the  margin  of  tne  wing. 

Secondaries  whitish,  especially  on  the  outer  border,  with  a  broad  ob- 
scure dusky  submarginal  line.     The  abdominal  segments  are  annulated 


18(34.]  375 

above  with  white,  paler  beneath.  The  fore  wings  are  beneath  dusky, 
the  transverse  dark  lines  appear  through,  the  subraarginal  line  being  , 
especially  conspicuous,  beyond  which  the  mai-gin  is  uiuch  paler.  The 
secondaries  are  crossed  by  two  obsolete  bands,  near  the  middle  of  which 
the  inner  one  is  more  distinct  upon  the  eosta,  corresponding  to  an 
inner  costal  spot. 

Length  of  body,  .65;  exp.  wings,  1.50  inch. 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Dr.  Harris,  Mr.  Sanborn.) 

CERTJRA  Schrank. 
Cerura  borealis  Harris. 

Phaloena  furcula  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  143.     Tab.  72.     (1797). 
Dicranura  borealis  Boisd.,  Guerin,  Icon.  Griffith's  Edit.  Cuvier,  Regne  Animal. 
Cerura  borealis  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  306.     (1841). 
Cerura  bifida  var?  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
Cerura  borealis  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  238.     (1862). 
Cambridge,  (Coll.   Harris.)     Boston,  (Sanborn.)      Seekonk.  R.   I., 
(Coll.  Mrs.  Bridgham.)     New  York,  (Grote.) 

Desiderata. 
Drymonia  dimidiata  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  p.  66,  fig.  515.     (1856). 
Gluphisia?  septentionalis  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
"  Hudson's  Bay,"  (Walker.) 

Ichthyura  apicalis  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 
•  Hudson's  Bay,"  (Walker.) 

Subfomily  Platyptericid.e  Stephens. 

PLATYPTERYX  Laspeyres. 
Platypteryx  fabula  Grote. 
Platyjpteryx  fahula  Grote,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  59.     (1862). 

Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  1,  p.  346.  PI.  3.  fig.  2.  (1863). 
New  York,  (Grote.)    . 

Platypteryx  genicula  Grote. 

Platypteryx  yenicida  Grote,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  59.     (1862). 

Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  1,  p.  346.  PI.  3,  fig.  3.  (1863). 

New  York,  (Grote.)     Mass.  (Coll.  Dr.  Harris.)     Boston,  (Sanborn.) 
Cambridge,  (F.  W.  Putnam.) 

EDAPTERYX®  nov.  gen. 
The  head  of  this  delicate  genus  is  smaller  than  in  Platypteryx.  There 


^'fiJijeat,  Uripv^  wing. 


376  [November 

is  a  slight  vertical  tuft,  and  the  front  is  much  smaller  and  broader,  and 
,  the  sides  are  more  excavated  than  in  the  preceding  genus.  Palpi 
small,  weak,  not  reaching  the  front.  Antennjie  well  pectinated,  the 
branches  being  well  developed  in  the  female.  Body  more  slender  than 
usual.  The  fore  wings  in  their  general  form  closely  resemble  Platyp- 
teryx  but  are  not  so  much  produced  towards  the  apex,  which  is  broadly 
triangular.  The  outer  margin  is  three-toothed,  being  deeply  incised ; 
the  middle  tooth  is  the  largest  of  the  three.  In  the  secondaries  the 
apex  is  much  rounded  ;  the  outer  margin  angulated  in  the  middle ;  and 
the  inner  angle  which  passes  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  by  a  dis- 
tance equal  to  a  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  inner  margin  of  the  wing, 
is  not  so  angular  as  is  Platypteryx.  The  interspaces  of  the  fore  wings 
are  narrower  on  the  costal  region  and  broader  below  than  in  the  former 
genus ;  while  the  median  interspaces  are  shorter.  The  median  nervure 
is  less  curved  where  it  throws  off  its  nervules,  than  in  the  typical  genus. 
Legs  much  as  in  Platypteryx. 

In  its  style  of  coloration  the  species  may  be  known  by  the  two  oblique 
straight  parallel  lines  crossing  the  fore  wings,  which  are  strigated 
transversely  as  in  some  Greometridre,  such  as  Choerodes  and  allies. 

This  fragile  and  very  slender  bodied  genus  can  at  once  be  distin- 
guished from  Platypteryx  by  the  deep  serrations  of  the  outer  edge  of 
the  fore  wings.  It  also  differs  in  the  broader  front  of  the  head,  smaller 
palpi  and  shorter  pectinations  of  the  antenna?. 

I  have  seen  but  one  female  specimen  from  which  to  make  this  de- 
scription. 

Edapteryx  bilineata  n.  sp. 

9  .  A  delicate  thinly  scaled  species  of  an  ochreous  silvery  color  ;  the 
ochreous  scales  appearing  along  the  outer  border,  and  lining  the  trans- 
verse lines.  These  two  lines  are  in  the  middle  of  the  wing,  the  outer 
being  a  little  flexuousj  both  are  dark,  the  inner  one  lined  within  and 
the  outer  one  lined  externally  with  ochreous.  A  distinct  black  discal 
spot.  The  fore  wing  is  thickly  covered  with  long  transverse  brown 
strig*  or  short  lines  which  become  near  the  outer  edge  oblique  and 
sinuate,  forming  an  obscure  submarginal  line. 

Secondaries  paler  and  dusky  perlaceous.  Discal  dot  distinct  and 
beyond  is  a  transverse  dark  line  once  angulated  opposite  this  spot.  Be- 
yond this  line  the  wing  is  obscurely  strigated. 


1864.]  377 

Beneath,  the  fore  wiugs  are  more  yellowish  towards  the  outer  edye, 
and  on  the  secondaries  especially  so  beyond  the  outer  line  which,  with 
the  discal  dot,  is  much  plainer  than  on  the  upper  surface.  Head  and 
body  throughout  concolorous  with  the  fore  wings. 

Length  of  body  9  ,  .40;  exp.  wings  1.30  inch. 

Boston,  (Sanborn.)     Medford,  (Trouvelot.) 

DHYOPTERIS  Grote. 
Dryopteris  rosea  Grote. 

Brepana  rosea  Walk..  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Cilix  americana  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  p.  60,  fig.  470.     (1856). 

Drepana  rosea  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  219.     (1862). 

Dryopteris  formula  Grote.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  60.     (1862). 

Dryopteris  rosea  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  1,  p.  .SiS.  PI.  3,  fig.  1.  i;i863). 

Boston,  (Harris  Coll.,  Sanborn.) 

Dryopteris  marginata  Grote. 

Drepana  marginata  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  219.     (1862). 
Dryopteris  marginata  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  1,  p.  .345.     (1862). 

Dryopteris  irrorata  n.  s^j. 

This  species  is  of  a  bright  ferruginous  or  brick  red,  dusted  above 
with  brown  abbreviated  lines  and  dots,  but  beneath  clear  reddish. 

Palpi  and  front  of  head  of  a  bright  rusty  red,  thorax  and  fore  wings 
slightly  shaded  with  brown.  Both  pairs  of  wings  are  marked  nearly 
alike,  being  crossed  by  transverse  irrorations  which  are  united  into  lines 
near  the  base  of  the  wing.  Within  the  middle  of  the  wing  is  a  slightly 
curved  irregularly  zigzag  dark  line,  which  is  deeply  sinuate  in  the  me- 
dian space.  On  the  outer  fourth  of  the  wing  is  a  line  of  the  same  color, 
which  makes  an  acute  angle  before  reaching  the  apex  of  the  wing,  and 
then  suddenly  bends  back  upon  the  costa.  Just  beyond  this  line  is  a 
dark  transverse  streak  which  only  touches  the  outer  edge  at  the  lower 
part  of  the  apex,  which  is  nearly  black. 

On  the  secondaries  are  two  parallel  dark  somewhat  zigzag  lines,  the 
inner  being  half  as  long  as  the  outer  one.  Beneath,  the  outer  line 
only  is  reproduced,  being  straight  on  the  fore  wings,  but  a  little  sinuate 
on  the  hind  wings. 

Length  of  body,  .45;  exp.  wings,  1.40  inch. 

Brunswick,  Me.,  taken  at  light  in  Augu.st. 


378  [NoVEMbER 

Desiderata. 
Drepana  fasciata  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  218.     (1862). 
Drepana  arcuaia  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  218.     (1862). 

-Nova  Scotia,"  (Walker.) 

Subfamily  BoMBYCiNiE  Westwood. 
This  small  group  which  is  not  represented  in  this  country,  was  by 
Westwood  considered  as  a  fiimily.     The  family  termination  has  been 
chan<i;ed  for  a  subfamily  ending  in  accordance  with  our  views  as  to  the 
rank  of  this  group.     Bombyx  mori  is  the  typical  genus.     The  group  is 
represented  in   Europe  by  Endromis  varsicolora  as  there  is  abundant 
proof  in  characters  drawn  from  the  larva  and  perfect  insect  that  these 
two  genera  are  very  closely  related.     Aglia  tau  is  by  Mr.  Stainton 
(Manual  of  British  Butterflies  and  Moths,)  placed  in  the  group  "  En- 
dromidse"  with  Piudromis.     A'/lia  should  rather  be  placed  among  the 
the  true  Attici  near  Trle((.    It  is  however  a  lower  form  than  that  genus 
even,  as  I  have  satisfied  myself  from  the  study  of  the  moth,  and  an  ex- 
amination of  the  plates  in  (xodardt  &   Duponchel  illustrating  the  trans- 
formations of  A.  tau. 

Subfamily  Attaci  Linnaeus. 
Linnteus  in  the  S^stema  Naturee  recognized  a  group  of  species  cor- 
responding to  this  subfamily  under  the  name  of  '•  Attaci^ 

TELEA  Hiibner. 
Telea  Polyphemus  Hiibner. 

Phaliena  [Aitacusj  Polj/phemus  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.     (1767). 

Fabricius.     (1770). 
Phalocna  Polyphemus  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  9.3.  Tab.  47.     (1797). 
Telea  Polypheme  Hubn.,  Samml.  Exot.  S(3hm.  Bd.  2,  pi.  172,  173.     (1806). 

Verz.  p.  154.     (1816). 
Attacm  Polyphemus  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Kt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  279.     (ls41). 
Third  edit.  fig.  181.     (1862). 
Telea  Polyphemus  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Hyalophora  Polyphemus  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  No.x.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  137.     (1850). 
Attacus  Polyphemus  Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  226.     (1862). 
Maine,  southward,  (Coll.  Dr.  Harris,  Sanborn,  ShurtleflF.) 


1864.]  379 

TROP^A  Hiibner. 
Tropaea  Luna  Hiibner. 

Phalcena  {AttacuH)  Luna  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.     (1767). 

Drury,  lUustr.  p.  49.  PL  24,  fig.  1.     (1770),. 
Fabricius.     (1770). 
Phaloena  Luna  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  95.  Tab.  48.     (1797). 
Tropaea  Luna  Ilubn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schm.  II.  pi.  169.  170.  171.     (1806). 

Verz.  p.  I.i2.     (1816). 
Attacus  Luna  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  277.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  fig.  179.   Cocoon  fig.  180.     (1862). 
Actias  Luna  Westw..  Edit.  Drury.  p.  45.     (1837). 
Trojxza  Luna  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
Actias  Luna  Fitch.  Third  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.York,  p.  i:U.     (1856). 
Attacus  Lana  Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  225.     (1862). 

Maine,  southward,  (Coll.  Dr.  Harris,  Sanboru,  ShurtlefF.) 

CALLOSAMIA  nov.  gen. 

Front  of  the  head  narrow  compared  with  Samm,  and  not  so  hairy. 
Antennae  broadly  pectinated,  in  9  two-thirds  as  broad  as  iu  %  .  Man- 
dibles obsolete.  Maxillae  very  short.  Mentum  and  labrum  coalesced, 
short  and  rounded  in  front,  bearing  the  small  short  depressed  cylicdri- 
cal  clavate  palpi,  which  are  thinly  clothed  with  long  scales.  Fore 
wings  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  whole  body,  falcate.  Hind 
wings  much  produced  at  the  anal  angle.  The  first  median  nervule  in 
the  primaries  subdiv^ides  a  little  beyond  its  origin. 

I  should  here  state  that  soon  after  beginning  my  studies  upon  this 
family,  Professor  Agassiz  indicated  t(j  me  that  S.  promefhea  should 
f  jrm  the  type  of  a  separate  genus  from  tS(iinia. 

Diifers  from  Samia  in  its  slighter  form,  more  falcate  primaries,  in 
having  the  hind  wings  much  longer  behind,  while  in  the  middle  of  the 
wings  are  partially  transparent  triangular  sjiots. 

Callosamia  Promethea. 

Phalcena  (Attacus)  Promethea  Drury,  Illustr.  p.  21.  PI.  12.  fig.  1,  2.     (1773). 
Phalcena  Promethea  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  91.  Tab.  46.     (1797). 
Saynia  Promethea  Hiibn.,  Verz.     (1816). 

Geyer,  Cent.  Hiibner,  Samml.  PL  2,  fig.  3,  4.     (1832). 
Attacus  Promethea  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72,     (1835). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  281.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  fig.  186  -^  .  187  9  .     (1862). 
Saturnia  Promethea  Westw..  Edit.  Drury,  Illustr.  p.  20.  PL  12,  fig.  1,  2.  (1837). 
Hyalophora  Promethea  Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  xxxii.  p.  134.  PL  12.     (1852). 
Samia  Promethea  Walk.,  Cat.  Lojj.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 


•^80  [NOVEMBKR 

Attacus  Projnethea  Fitch,  Third  Et.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  59.     (1856). 
Morris.  Synopsis  Lep.  IST.  Amer.  p.  224.     (1862). 

Mass.,  southward.  (Coll.  Dr.  Harris,  Sanborn,  Shurtleif,  Weider- 
nieyer.) 

Callosamia  angulifera. 

Samia  angulifera  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  227.     (1862). 
New  York,  (Grote.) 

SAMIA  Hiibner. 
Samia  Cecropia  Hiibner. 

Phalcena  {Attacus)  Cecropia  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.     (1767). 

Fabrieius.     (1770). 

Phalcena  Cecropia  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  89.    Tab.  45.     (1797J. 

Samia  Cecropia  Ilubn..  Verz.  p.  156.     (18 i  6). 

Attacus  Cecropia  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (18.35). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  279.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  p.  385.  Fig.  182.  Fig.  183  ;a?-m.   184  cocoon. 

Mb  pupa.     (1862). 

(No  name.)     Thompson,  Nat.  Hist.  Vermont,  p.  171.     Moth,  larva  and  pupa 

figured.     (1842). 

Hyalophora  Cecropia  Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  xxxii.  p.  132.  PI.  11.     (1852). 

Samia  Cecropia  Walk.,   Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  V.     (1855). 

Attacus  Cecropia  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York,  p.  363.     (1856). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  223.     (1862). 

Maine,  southward.   (Harris  Coll.,  Sanborn,  Shurtleff.) 

Samia  Columbia  Smith. 
Samia  Columbia  Smith,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.     (1864). 

This  beautiful  and  rare  species  has  been  detected  in  Norway,  Maine, 
by  Mr.  S.  J.  Smith  of  that  town.  It  has  been  shown  by  Mr.  Smith 
that  the  species  though  closely  allied  to  S.  Cecropia,  yet  differs  from  it 
in  all  its  stages.  It  feeds  upon  the  Rliodora  canadensis,  spinning  its 
large  cocoon  upon  the  terminal  twigs  of  that  shrub. 

Samia  Euryale. 

Saturnia  Euryale  Boisduval. 
'•  California." 

Where  Boisduval  described  or  mentions  this  species  I  have  been 
unable  to  ascertain.  A  notice  of  its  occurrence  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  Vol.  I. 

Attacus  aurota  (Cramer  sp.)  I  have  received  from  Mr.  Uhler.     It 


1S64.]  ".SI 

was  taken  in  Texas,  and  the  specimen  was  in  too  poor  condition  to 
!>erve  for  description.  It  evidently  forms  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  and 
whether  it  is  the  true"Aurota"  figured  by  Cramer  remains  to  be 
proved. 

Under  the  name  of  Phalaena  Attacus  Cecropia,  Polyphemus  and  Pro- 
methea,  Cramer  has  figured  forms  found  in  the  West  Indies.  Until 
specimens  are  received  from  that  quarter  it  would  not  be  safe  to  quote 
his  names  as  synonymes  of  our  more  northern  species.  His  figures 
would  lead  one  to  suppose  that  they  were  distinct  species. 

Attacus  splendida  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  160.     (1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Araer.  p.  228.     (1862). 
'' Bovibyx  splendida   DeBeauvois,    Ins.  en  Afrique   et  en  Amer.   p.  133.     PI. 
22,  fig.  1,  2." 

I  have  been  unable  to  see  the  figure  and  description  of  this  species, 
as  the  single  copy  of  the  work  above  referred  to  is  incomplete,  want- 
ing that  plate  and  text. 

"  Attacus  Didyma  Beauv.,  Ins.  Afriq.  et  Amer.  PI.  20." 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  228.     (1862). 

The  genus  Attacus  was  by  Hiibner  restricted  to  the  immense  A. 
Atlas  and  another  species  of  China.  It  is  doubtful  whether  any  spe- 
cies of  Attacus  exists  in  America. 

Subfamily  Ceratocampad.'E  Harris. 

CITHERONIA   Hubner. 
Citheronia  regalis  Hubner. 
Bomby.v  regalis  Fabricius. 

Phalcena  regia  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  121.     Tab.  61.     (1797)^ 
Citheronia  regia  Hiibn.,  Verz.  p.  163.     (1816). 

Ceratocampa  (Ceracampa  Kirby)  regalis  Harr.  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  287.     (1841). 

3rd  Ed.  fig.  194.  195  larva.     (1862). 
Dorycampa  regalis  Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  xxxii.  p.  161.  pi.  18.     (1845). 
Ceratocampa  regalis  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  229.     (1862). 
Mass.,  southward,  (Coll.  Dr.  Harris.  Sanborn.) 
This  is  exceedingly  rare  in  Massachusetts. 

EAGLES  Hiibner. 
Eacles  imperialis  Hiibner. 

Bomhyx  imperialis  Drury,  I.  p.  17.  pL  9.  figs.  1,  2.     (1770). 
Bomhyx  imperialis  Fabricius. 


85 


8^  [NoVEMBEa 

Bomhyx  Laocoon  Stoll,  Sup.  to  Cramer,  p.  179.  PI.  42.  fig.  2.     (1787). 
Phalczna  imperatoria  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  109.     Tab.  55.     (1797). 
Eacles  imperatoria  Hubn.,  Verz.  p.  153.     (1816). 
Cerntocampa  imperialis  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Westw.  Edit.  Driiry,  I.  p.  17.  Pi.  9.  figs.  1,  2.     (1S37). 
Dryocampa  imperialis  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  290.     (1841). 

Third  Edit.  fig.  190.   197  larva.     (1862). 
Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  xxxii.  p.  158.  PL  17.  fig.  1.     (1845). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  230.     (1862). 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Harris.)  Mrs.  Bridirham  has  taken  several  of  the  larvie 
t'roiii  the  white  pine  at  Seekouk,  11.  I.,  early  in  September. 

EUCHRONIA*  nov.  gen. 

Front  of  the  head  broadly  subtriangular,  spreading  pilose.  Joints  of 
the  antennae  short,  a  little  serrated  beneath,  with  broad  pectinations, 
each  joint  being  provided  with  two  pairs  of  pectinations,  of  which  the 
second  is  nearly  obsolete.  Eyes  small,  sunken.  Foramina  large  and 
conspicuous  when  .the  head  is  denuded.  Mandibles  obsolete,  repre- 
sented by  a  slight  elevated  line  curving  inwards  towards  the  narrow 
linear  mouth.  The  maxillfe  form  the  membranous  rid'>-es  diverointr 
from  the  under  side  of  the  mouth.  Mentum  and  labium  obsolete.  The 
palpi  consist  of  two  small  elongated  cylindrical  tubercles,  with  a  few 
long  scattered  scales.  Thorax  short  and  round.  Fore  wings  scarcely 
longer  than  the  body,  one-half  as  long  as  broad ;  costal  margin  straight, 
rounding  at  the  apex  •  outer  margin  very  oblique.  8rd  and  4th  sub- 
costal nervules  arise  farther  out  than  the  1st  median,  and  the  discal 
area  is  produced  outward  at  their  origin,  and  made  narrower  by  the 
angulated  base  of  the  1st  median. 

Secondaries  reach  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  outer  margin.  Discal 
nervules  situated  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing ;  the  subcostal  and 
median  nervules  being  short.  Wings  sparsely  covered  witli  narrow 
subtriangular  scales,  laid  on  more  thickly  at  the  base  and  along  the 
costa  of  the  wings,  while  the  middle  area  is  partially  translucent.  An 
irregular  dark  patch  surrounds  the  narrow  linear  transparent  discal  re- 
gion. An  irregular  light  translucent  broad  mesial  b;ind  crosses  both 
wings  alike.  The  fore  tibiae  are  densely  pilose.  Tarsi  thickly  spined 
beneath ;  ungues  long  and  slender. 

~:j — _ 

^  *'Ey,  Kpo'voj  Saturn. 


o 


1864.]  38.^ 

This  genus  is  so  distinct  from  its  allies,  tliut  in  this  place  farther 
proof  drawn  from  larval  characters  and  the  head  of  the  imago,  which 
I  have  entered  in  my  notes,  is  unnecessary.  The  term  Saturnia  Schrank 
should  be  retained  for  the  European  Safurnia  csecigena,  sjiini,  carp'ui! 
and  pyi. 

Euchronia  Mala- 
Bomhyx  Maia  Drury.  Illustr.  II.  p.  42.  PI.  24.  fig.  .3.     (1773). 

Proserphina  Fabricius. 
Phalcena  Maia  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  99.     Tab.  50.     (1797). 
Saturnia  Maia  Hiibn.,  Verz.  p.  157.     (1S16). 
Saturnia  Proser-pina  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 
Saturnia  Maia  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  285.     (1841). 

Third  Edit.  fig.  193.     (1862). 
Saturnia  Maia  Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  xxxii.  p.  154.  PI.  16,  fig.  1.     (1845). 
Hcmileuca  Maia  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
Saturnia  Maia  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  221.     (1862). 

Maine,  New  Hampshire,  southward,  (Coll.  Harris,  Sanborn,  ShurtleiF.) 

I  have   received  a  specimen  of  this  species  from   Mr.  S.  J .  Smith,  of 

Norway,  Me.     It  has  also  been  taken  at  Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  by  Mr.  ]M. 

B.  Blake. 

HEMILEUCA  Walker. 
Hemileuca  eglanterina  Walker. 
Saturnia  eglanterina  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.  Ann.  See.  Ent.  France,  p.  51.     (1852). 
Hemileuca  eglanterina  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
Teha  eglanterina  H.-Sch.  Lep.  Exot.  Nov.  Sp.  p.  10.  fig.  445.     (1855). 
Saturnia  eglanierina  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  222.     (1862). 

"  California,"  Boisd. 

Hemileuca  Hera. 

Saturnia  Hera  Harris.  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  286.     (1841). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  221.     (1862). 

According  to  Dr.  Harris,  this  species  was  taken  by  Mr.  Nuttall,  near 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  figured  by  Audubon,  Birds  of  America, 
PI.  359. 

Hemileuca  pica  Walker. 
Hemileuca  pica  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
Saturnia  pica  Morris,  Synojisis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  222.     (1862). 

Desiderata. 
Saturnia  galhina  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  p.  156.     (1860). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  222.     (1862). 
"  Texas,"  (Clem.) 


384  [November 

?  megoera  Fab.  Syst.  Ent.  III.  1. 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 

Morr-is.  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  222.     (1862). 

HYPERCHIRIA  Hubner. 
Hyperchiria  varia  Walker. 

PA«/(C«a /o  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  97.     Tab.  49.     (1797). 

Hyperchiria  lo  Hiibu.  Verz.  p.  157.     (1816). 

Saturnia  lo  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.     (1835). 

Hyperchiria  lo  Geyer.  Forts.  Hiibn.,  Samml.    Exot.  Schm.  III.  PL   17.  figs. 

1—4.     (1837). 
Saturnia  lo  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  284.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  figs.  191,  192.  188  larva.  190  pupa,  189  cocoon.     (1862). 
Aglia  lo  Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  xxxii.  p.  156,  PI.  16.     (1845). 
Hyperchiria  varia  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
Saturnia  lo  Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  61.     (1856). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  220.     (1862). 

Our  species  has  been  confounded  by  authors  with  Cramer's  species 

lo.     Mr.  Walker  has  separated  it  under  the  name  H.  varia.     Judging 

by  Cramer's  plate,  his  "  lo  "  from  South  America  belongs  to  a  diflPerent 

genus,  since  the  outer  edge  of  the  fore  wings  are  scalloped,  and  the  hind 

wings  are  narrower  and  longer  than  in  Hyperchiria. 

COLORADIA  Blake. 
Coloradia  Pandora  Blake. 

Coloradia  Pandora  Blake,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  279.  PI.  7.     (Nov.  1863). 

"  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado  Terr.,"  (Blake.) 

DRYOCAMPA  Harris. 
Dryocampa  rubicunda  Harris. 
Bomhyx  rubicunda  Fabrieius. 
Dryocampa  rubicunda  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  232.     (1862). 
Anisota  rubicunda  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  93.     (June,  1864). 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Harris,  Sanborn.)     Maine. 

Dryocampa  bicolor  Harris. 

Dryocampa  bicolor  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  293.     (1841). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  232.     (1862). 
Anisota  bicolor  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  93.     (June,  1864). 

"  North  Carolina,"  (Harris.) 

ANISOTA  Hubner. 
Anisota  senatoria  Hubner. 

Phalaena  senatoria  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  113.     Tab.  57.     (1797). 
Anisota  senatoria  Htlbn.,  Verz.  p.  193.     (1816). 


1864.]  385 

Dryocampa  senatoria  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  292.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  Fig.  200.  198  larva,  199  pupa.     (1862). 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1856). 

Fitch,  Fifth  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  43.     (1859). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  p.  231.     (1862). 
Anisota  senatoria  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  93.     (June,  1864). 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Harris,  Sanborn,  ShurtlefF.)     Cambr.,  (F.  W.  Putnam.) 

Anisota  stigma  Htihner. 
Bombyx  stigma  Fabricius. 

Phalccna  stigma  Smith,  N.  H,  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  111.     Tab.  56.     (1797). 
Anisota  stigma  Hiibn.,  Ver:.  p.  193. 

Geyer.  Forts.  Hiibn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schm.  III.  PI.  26.  fig.  1—4. 
(1837). 
Dryocampa  stigma  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  292.     (1841). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lf-p.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
Fitch,  Fifth  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  44.     (1859). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  231.     (1862). 
Anisota  stigma  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  93.     (June,  1864). 
Mass.,  (Coll.  Hariis.) 

Anisota  pellucida  Grote. 

Fhaloena  pellucida  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  115.     Tab.  58.     (1797). 
Dryocampa  pellucida  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  293.     (1841). 

Fitch,  Fifth  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  44.     (1859). 

Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  232.     (1862). 
Anisota  pellucida  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  93.     (June,  1864). 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Harris,  Sanborn.)     N.  York,  (Grote.) 

Anisota  virginiensis. 

Bombyx  virginiensis  Drury,  Illustr.  II.  p.  23.  PI.  13,  fig.  2.     (1773). 
Dryocampa  virginiensis  West.  Edit.  Drury.     (1837). 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
"  Virginia,"  (Drury.)     "  Georgia,"  (Walk.) 

Subfamily  Lachneides'  Hiibner. 

This  group,  called  by  most  writers  Bombycidas,  and  by  Duponchel 
in  1846,  Lasiocampidae,  (in  part,)  corresponds  to  the  Lachneides  Eu- 
firchse  (in  part)  and  Tri'chodx  of  Hiibner  in  the  "  Verzeichniss."  In 
restoring  the  name  Lachneides  of  Hiibner,  I  apply  it  to  a  group  in- 
cluding all  three  of  his  "Strips"  indicated  above,  and  which,  taken 
collectively,  correspond  to  the  Bombycida?  of  those  authors  who  con- 
ceived that  Bomhi/x  mori  was  the  typical  genus. 


3S6  [November 

GASTROPACHA  Ochsenheimer. 
Gastropacha  americana  Harr. 

Gastropacha  americana  Harr..  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  273.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  fig.  176.     (1862). 
Fitch,  Third  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  pp.  19,  337,  380.    (1856) 
Gastropacha  occidentalis  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VI.     (1855). 
Gastropacha  americana  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  233.     (1862). 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Harris,  Sanborn.)     Brunswick,  Me.     Captured  the  last 

of  May.  on  the  wing,  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Dow. 

Gastropacha  ferruginea  n.  sp. 

9  .  A  stuuUer  species  than  G.  americana,  and  which  approaches 
closely  Smith's  illcifolia,  I  have  received  from  Prof.  M.  Miles  of  the 
Mich.  Agricultural  College  at  Lansing.  It  differs  from  G.  am'ricana 
in  wanting  any  cinereous  bands  on  the  wings.  They  are  throughout 
rusty  brown.  Like  that  species,  however,  the  primaries  are  crossed  by 
two  dark  lines,  but  they  are  much  more  distinct,  and  the  inner  one  is 
deeply  toothed  on  the  discal  space.  The  outer  one  is  more  obli(iue  and 
more  sinuate,  and  the  space  between  the  two  branches  is  twice  as  broad  ; 
indeed,  we  can  see  that  it  is  the  linear  discal  dot  which  forms  the  inner 
shorter  line,  and  that  the  outer  branch  terminates  distinctly  upon  the 
costa,  where  in  G.  americana  it  is  obsolete.  There  is  no  line  or  dis- 
coloration between  this  and  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing,  which  is  less 
excavated,  and  the  teeth  are  much  finer  and  sharper  than  in  the  other 
species.  The  excavations  are  partially  filled  in  with  silvery  white. 
There  is  but  a  single  broad  dark  line  crossing  the  hind  wings  and  ter- 
minating at  the  outer  edge  of  the  basal  largest  excavation ;  beneath  it 
does  not  become  diffused  as  in  G.  americana.  There  is  no  ashen  dis- 
coloration on  the  hind  wings.  The  head  and  front  of  the  thorax  are  cine- 
reous as  in  the  other  species,  and  the  body  beneath  is  very  similar.  1 
have  compared  the  females  pf  both  species. 

Length  of  body,  .62  ;  length  of  fore  wing,  .80  inch. 

Whether  the  Phalxna  ilici/olia  of  Smith  as  figured  by  Abbot  is 
identical  with  either  of  the  above  species,  can  only  be  determined  when 
specimens  are  received  from  the  Southern  States. 

TOLYPE  Hubner. 
Tolype  Velleda  Hubner. 

Bomhyx  Velleda  Stoll,  Sup.  to  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  p.  178.  PI.  41.  fig.  4.     (1787). 
Phalxna  Velleda  Smith.  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  103.     Tab.  52.     (1797). 


1864.]  387 

Gastropacha  Velleda  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  2r:i.     (1S41). 

Third  edit.  fig.  177.  178,  Zarua.     (1862). 
Planosa  Velleda  Fitch,  Second  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  268.     (1856). 

Third  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  20.     (1856). 
Gastropacha  Velleda  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  234.     (1862). 
Mas.s.,  (Coll.  Harris,  Saabora.)     New  York,  (Grrote.) 

Tolype  laricis. 

Planosa  laricis  Fitch,  Second  Rt.  Fox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  262.  PI.  2.  fig.  5,  6.     (1856). 
Gastropacha  laricis  Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  234.     (1862). 
Mass.     "  From  the  pupa  Sept.  Mt.  Auburu,  N.  H.,  Leonard."     (Havr. 
Coll.) 

CLISIOCAMFA. 

Clisiocampa  decipiens  Walker. 

Phalcena  castrensis  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  119.     Tab.  60.     (1797). 

Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 
Clisiocampa  americana  Harris,  Rt.  Mass.  p.  269.     (1841). 

Third  ed.  PI.  7.  fig.  17  9 .  18  %.  fig.  13  larva,  15  cocoon. 
16  eggs.     (1862). 
Clisiocampa  decipiens  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mas.  VI.     (1855). 

americana  Fitch,  Second  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  181.  PI.  3.  fig.  3  % 
49.     (1856). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  235.     (1862). 
Maine,  southward. 

Clisiocampa  sylvatica  Harr. 

Phaloena  neustria  Smith,  X.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  117.     Tab.  59.     (1797). 
Clisiocainpa  neustria  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 
sylvatica  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  271.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  PI.  7,  fig.  18  %  .  19  larva.     (1862). 
Fitch,  Second  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  198.     (1856). 

Fifth  Rt.  pp.  19,  40.     (1859). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  X.  Amer.  p.  236.     (1862). 
Maine,  southward. 

Whether  the  Bomhi/x  americana  menti(lued  by  Fabricius  is  identi- 
cal with  Harris'  americana  or  not  remains  a  (juestion.  At  present 
Walker's  name  is  retained  over  the  name  proposed  by  Dr.  Harris. 

Clisiocampa  californica  n.  sp. 

Cinnamon  brown,  with  two  transverse  pale  lines  curved  outward  just 
before  terminatinjf  upon  the  costa.  Base  of  the  primaries  within  the 
inner  line  is  lighter  than  without.  Secondaries  darker  than  the  prima- 
ries.    Fringe  of  both  wings  broadly  interrupted  with  pale  brown.     The 


388  [November 

female  is  lighter  colored  than  the  other  sex,  with  two  dark  brown  lines, 
the  outer  one  continuing  straight  on  to  the  costa.  Beneath  in  both 
sexes  uniformly  darker  than  above. 

Length  of  body,  S  .55,  $  .60 ;  exp.  wings,  %  1  inch,  9  1.20  inch. 

It  differs  from  C  decipiens  in  that  the  S  has  the  two  transverse  lines 
curved  on  the  costal  region.     California,  (Mr.  Edwards.) 

Subfamily  Hepiali  Linnaeus. 
XYLEUTES  Hubner. 
Our  species  all  belong  to  the  above  genus,  which  should  be  sepa- 
rated from  Cossus.  C.  ligniperda  of  Europe  is  the  type  of  the  latter 
genus.  This  is  a  much  more  robust  and  heavy  form  than  Xt/kutes,  the 
thorax  is  more  globose,  the  head  is  more  sunken,  the  wings  are  much 
broader  and  shorter,  having  the  costa  more  convex,  and  the  outer  mar- 
gin nearly  straight,  while  the  wings  are  more  thickly  scaled  than  in 
the  American  genus. 

Xyleutes  robiniae  Harris. 

fJossus  robinice  Peck,  Mass.  Ag.  Rep.  and  Journ.  V.  p.  67.   Plate.     (1818). 
Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VII.  p.  1514.     (1856). 
Fitch,  Fifth  Rt.  Nox.  Ins.  N.  York.  p.  4.     (1859). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  124.     (1862). 
Xyleutes  robinice  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  297.     (1841). 

Third  edit.  fig.  205.  203  larva,  204  cocoon.     (1862). 
Mass.,  (Coll.  Harris.)     Brunswick,  Me.,  larvae  and  pupae  in  the  red 
oak. 

(.')   Cossus  robinice  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  France,  p.  49.     (1852). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VII.  p.  1514.     (1856). 
H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  Fig.  170,  171.     (1856-'58). 
"California,"  Boisd. 

Xyleutes  crepera  Harris. 

Cossm  crepera  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Primaries  long  and  narrow;  apex  acute,  much  produced;  outer  mar- 
o-in  very  oblique;  inner  margin  very  convex  at  the  base.  Primaries 
mottled  much  as  in  X.  rohinise.  The  middle  of  the  wing  is  darker,  the 
clouded  portion  uniting  and  forming  an  oblique  broad  continuous  band 
extending  from  the  outer  fourth  of  the  inner  margin  to  the  apex,  and, 
breaking  up  above  into  two  broad  short  bands  extending  upon  the  costa. 

Secondaries  distinctly  triangular,  apex  acute,  basal  half  of  the  wing 


1864.]  389 

and  costa  and  subcostal  region  black,  remaining  portion  yellow.  The 
dark  portion  is  continued  down  the  inner  margin  and  indentates  the 
yellow  outer  half  along  and  above  the  median  nervure  as  far  as  the 
origin  of  its  three  first  branches.    _ 

Outer  margin  dark.     Beneath,  the  same  as  above. 

Length  of  body,  1.15;  exp.  wings,  2.20  inches. 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Harr.) 

Xyleutes  querciperda. 

Cossu-i  querciperda  Fitch,  Fifth  Rt.  Jfox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  p.  10.     (18591 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  125.     (1862). 

%  .  Gray,  being  of  the  same  color  as  Jl.  rohinlpe;  the  surface  covered 
with  an  irregular  net-work  of  dark  lines  differing  in  degrees  of  fineness, 
which  are  not  gathered  into  spots  and  bands  as  in  X.  robinise.  It  re- 
sembles in  this  respect  Cossus  lujniperda  of  Europe,  which  it  approaches 
more  than  either  of  the  foregoing  species  in  possessing  shorter  wings 
and  a  less  oblique  outer  edge  of  the  fore  wings,  but  the  net-work  of  fine 
lines  are  not  arranged  in  transverse  narrow  lines  as  in  C.  liyniperda. 

There  is  a  submarginal  row  of  lines  which  are  a  little  larger  and 
often  connected  into  bands,  throwing  out  forked  branches  in  each  in- 
terspace towards  each  edge. 

Secondaries  dull  and  dark,  not  much  paler  at  the  outer  edge,  conco- 
lorous  with  the  abdomen. 

Beneath  the  primaries  are  but  a  little  more  dusky  than  above;  the 
hind  wings  are  like  the  anterior  pair,  covered  with  a  net-work  of  lines, 
which  are  wanting  on  the  upper  side,  and  are  paler  than  above,  while 
the  costa  is  finely  peppered  with  dark  scales.  Fringe  spotted  with 
black. 

Length  of  body,  1  inch;  exp.  wings,  2.25  inches. 

This  species  which  I  refer  with  some  hesitancy  to  Dr.  Fitch's  quer- 
ciperda, diff"ers  from  X.  robinise  in  the  fuller  more  convex  costa  of  the 
fore  wings ;  the  apex  is  not  so  much  produced,  the  outer  edge  much 
shorter  and  not  so  oblique,  thus  making  the  inner  edge  much  longer. 
It  is  also  smaller. 

Newburgh,  New  York,  (Mr.  Edwards.) 

Xyleutes  populi. 

Cossus  populi  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VII.  p.  1515.     (1856). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  124.     (1862). 
St.  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  River,  Hudson's  Bay,  Barnston,  (Walker.) 


390  L^OVEMBKR 

Xyleutus  plagiatus. 

Cossus  plagiatus  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VII.  p.  15T5.     (1856). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Aiaer.  p.  12i.     (1862). 
United  States,  Doubleday,  (Walk.) 

I  find  the  following  note  in  the  Systematic  List  of  Canadian  Lepi- 
doptera  by  W.  S.  M.  D'Urban,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  Aug.  1860,  p.  247. 
"  Cossus  plagiatus  Walk.     Rare,  July. 

"  In  1857,  Mr.  T.  R.  Peale,  of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office,  named  this 
species  Cossus  McMurtrici,  and  informed  me  that  it  was  common  south 
of  Pennsylvania,  but  rare  in  the  Middle  States." 

ZEUZERA   Fabrieius. 
Zeuzera  canadensis  Boisd. 

Zeuzera  canadensis  H.-Sch.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  Fig.  100.     (1854). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VII.  p.  1530.     (1856). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  125.     (1862). 
■•  Canada."  (Boisd.) 

Zeuzera  pi/rina  Fabrieius,  Ent.  Syst.  III.  2.  5,  6. 

Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VII.  p.  15.30.     (1856). 

"  North  America,"  (Fabr.) 

STHENOPIS  nov.  gen. 

Head  small,  prominent,  front  longer  than  broad,  narrowing  a  little 
anteriorly;  scales  of  the  front  long  pilose,  thin.  Palpi  slender,  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  front,  thinly  spreading  scales;  3rd  joint  hardly  distin- 
guishable from  the  2nd.  AntennfB  short  filiform.  Thorax  short,  sub- 
globose  scales  much  raised  behind. 

Primaries  nearly  half  as  broad  as  long;  costa  convex  at  base,  and 
especially  so  towards  the  falcate  apex,  which  is  subacute;  outer  mai-gin 
concave  below;  internal  angle  much  rounded;  inner  edge  full,  convex. 
2nd  subcostal  nervule  subdivides  within  its  middle,  while  in  Hepialus 
it  subdivides  beyond  its  middle.  1st  subcostal  much  curved  beyond  its 
middle,  following  the  contour  of  the  costa. 

Secondaries  reach  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  ;  costa 
somewhat  concave  before  the  middle,  beyond  convex,  apex  produced 
acutely  ;  outer  margin  not  very  full ;  wings  broadest  from  the  internal 
angle  to  the  costa.  In  both  wings  the  distance  between  the  origins  of 
the  4th  median  nervule  and  the  submedian  nervure,  where  it  throws  oft' 
the  connecting  branch,  is  less  than  the  distance  between  the  same  ner- 
vule and  the  origin  of  the  ord.     The  reverse  of  this  occurs  in  Hepialus. 


1864.]  391 

Legs  broadly  pilose,  spreading  on  each  side  to  the  ungues.  Hind 
tarsi  closely  scaled ;  %  tibiae  with  a  long  broad  oblong  tuft,  once 
wrinkled.     Abdomen  long,  compressed,  with  a  slight  anal  tuft. 

This  genus  is  readily  distinguished  from  Hapialus  not  only  by  its 
greater  size,  but  by  important  structural  characters.  The  head  is 
smaller  and  more  free  from  the  thorax;  the  wings  are  more  falcate, 
with  a  fuller  inner  edge.  The  apex  of  the  hind  wings  are  more  pro- 
duced. Hepialus  does  not  possess  the  large  square  tuft  on  the  hind 
tibiae,  nor  the  elongated  abdomen. 

The  wings  are  covered  with  broad  irregular  bands  of  silvery  scales, 
which  are  more  uniformly  spread  over  the  surface  in  S.  humuli  of  Europe, 
which  likewise  belongs  to  this  genus.  This  last  named  species  has, 
with  G.  Lihatiia,  been  placed  by  Hiibner  in  his  genus  Gorgopis.  But 
our  species  cannot  be  referred  to  this  genus,  as  restricted  by  Walker  to 
Gnrgnpis  Lllianla  Hiibn.  (Cramer  sp.)  and  G.  caffra  Steph.  (MSS.) 
which  have,  according  to  his  description,  (Cat.  Lep.  Br.  jMus.  VII.  p. 
1565)  "  long  and  slender  palpi  extending  beyond  the  head  ;  3rd  joint 
elongated,"  while  the  antennae  are  deeply  pectinated,  and  the  seconda- 
ries reach  a  little  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Also  the  costa  of 
the  primaries  is  straight  and  the  outer  border  is  but  slightly  oblique. 

Our  genus  does  not  seem  to  extend  to  the  tropics,  but  to  be  confined 
to  the  temperate  zone  of  Europe  and  America,  and  on  this  continent  its 
species  are  found  on  the  confines  of  the  subarctic  regions  in  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Territory. 

Sthenopis  argenteomaculata. 

Mepiahis  argenteomaculatus  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  72.     (1835). 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  295.     (1841). 
Third  edit.  fig.  410.     (1862). 
,  Gosse,  Can.  Nat.  p.  248.     (1840). 

Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  p.  .389.  PI.  7,  fig.  6.    (1854). 
Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  VII.  p.  1556.     (1856). 
Morris,  Synopsis  Lep.  N.  Amer.  p.  123.     (1862). 
Gorgopis  argenteomaculata  Packard,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  p.  596.     (1863). 

Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  p.  73.     (April,  1864). 

Lake  Superior,  (Coll.  Harris.  M.  C.  Z.,  Prof  L.  Agassiz.)  Sas- 
katchewan, Scudder,  (Coll.  M.  C.  Z.)  St.  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  River, 
Hudson's  Bay,  Barnston,  (Walk.)  "  Canada  West,  Stevens,"  (Walk.) 
"  Eastern  Townships,"  (Gosse.)     "  Sorel,"  (D'Urban.) 


392  ■       [November 

The  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Seudder  is  a  little  smaller  than  the 
Lake  Superior  specimen ;  the  two  basal  spots  are  narrow  linear  and 
much  smaller ;  the  wings  are  rather  more  ochreous,  and  the  outer  tri- 
angular spot  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  marginal  line  is  distinct,  while  in 
the  Lake  Superior  specimen  it  is  very  obscure.  Both  specimens  are 
females. 

Sthenopis  purpurascens  n.  sp. 

Gorgopis  purpurascens  Pack.,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  p.  598.     (1863). 

$  .  Dark  sable  brown,  with  irregular  bands  of  silvery  purple.  Head 
and  body  deep  sable  brown.  Fore  and  hind  wings  of  a  purplish  silvery 
hue.  At  the  base  of  the  discal  space  is  a  very  distinct  triangular  silvery 
spot,  and  in  the  succeeding  space  is  a  more  obscure  linear  spot.  These  are 
enclosed  in  a  band  of  three  large  sable  spots  directed  obliquely  upon 
the  internal  angle,  the  marginal  one  being  semi-ovate.  From  the  origin 
of  the  median  nervules  proceeds  a  broad  oblicjue  band  to  a  little  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  costa  ;  there  being  two  unequal  costal  oblong  spots 
before  and  at  its  middle. 

The  outer  margin  including  the  apex  is  brown.  A  submarginal 
purple  silver  line  as  in  S.  argenteomaculafa,  excavated  within  each  in- 
terspace, especially  in  the  disco-marginal  one.  A  square  detached  por- 
tion of  this  band  is  isolated  upon  the  costa  just  before  its  apex.  Tarsi 
rubicund,  tibiae  slightly  tinged  with  roseate. 

Beneath  both  wings  are  uniformly  purplish,  except  upon  the  costa, 
as  the  markings  on  the  fore  wings  hardly  appear  beneath,  but  there  is 
a  marginal  row  of  purplish  silver  triangular  spots. 

Compared  with  the  preceding  species,  the  primaries  are  fuller  to- 
wards the  apex  which  is  more  obtuse,  and  the  outer  margin  is  hardly 
excavated  beneath  the  apex,  making  the  wings  less  falcate.  The  hind 
wings  are  larger,  fuller  and  more  rounded  from  the  apex  to  the- inner 
angle.     It  differs  also  in  wanting  any  tawny  tinge. 

Length  of  body,  1.62;  exp.  wings,  4.20  inches. 

Captured  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Seudder,  at  the  base  of  Mt.  Washington. 

Sthenopis  quadri guttata. 

Gorgopis  quadriguttatus  Grote,  Pr.  Eiit.  Soc.  Phil.  iii.  p.  73.  PL  1,  f.  6.  9  .  (186-t). 

Great  Slave  Lake,'  Mr.  Ross,"  (Grote.) 


a  4  I 


Sthenopis  argentata  n.  sp. 

%  .  Dark  sable  brown,  fore  wings  obscurely  silvery.     Three  distinct 


1864.]  •  393 

ratlier  large  sable  costal  spots,  of  which  the  costo-apical  is  the  largest 
and  semi-ovate,  oblique,  and  edged  with  silver  gray.  At  the  base  of 
the  discal  space  is  a  tawny  brown  spot,  margined  without  with  silver 
and  centered  with  a  triangular  silver  spot.  There  are  two  similar  tawny 
oval  spots  below,  one  situated  at  the  base  of  the  submedian  space,  con- 
tains an  elongated  angular  silver  spot ;  the  other  is  distinctly  oval, 
and  destitute  of  any  silver  center.  These  two  tawny  spots  form  part 
of  a  median  oblique  band  which  narrows  in  width  upon  the  first  sub- 
costal nervule,  and  below  runs  towards  the  internal  angle,  just  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  inner  edge  of  the  wing.  An  inwardly  curved  line  of 
silvered  sable  brown  passes  from  the  internal  angle  to  the  apex,  en- 
closing a  dark  marginal  region  which  contains  three  nearly  straight 
silvery  lines  which  ai-e  slightly  interrupted  upon  the  nervules,  the  outer 
one  following  the  contour  of  the  border. 

Secondaries  darker  than  the  primarie!^,  some  obscure  silvery  lines  on 
the  costa  towards  the  apex.  Ends  of  the  nervules  lighter  than  the  rest 
of  the  wing.  Beneath  the  wings  are  nearly  concolorous  with  the  upper 
side  of  the  hind  wings,  the  transverse  line  faintly  reappearing  on  the 
fore  wings. 

Length  of  body,  1.20;  exp.  wings,  2.50  inches. 

Taken  on  the  low  grounds  behind  the  Museum  Comp.  Zoology,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Shurtleff.  Also  in  Dr.  Harris'  collec- 
tion. 

Judging  by  Mr.  Grote's  figure  of  S.  quadrigiittatus,  this  superb  spe- 
cies is  smaller,  the  fore  wings  are  more  falcate,  its  colors  are  of  a  darker 
shade,  and  the  two  basal  silver  triangular  spots  on  the  fore  wings  are 
several  times  larger  than  in  the  species  from  the  Great  Slave  Lake. 

In  the  natural  order  the  S.  humul!  of  Em-ope  would  connect  this 
genus  with  Hepialus,  as  it  is  smaller,  and  otherwise  approaches  that 
genus  more  closely  than  any  known  American  species. 

HEPIALUS  Liun. 
Hepialus  mustelinus  n.  sp. 

9.  Sable  brown.  Head  and  thorax  sable  brown.  Scales  at  the  base 
of  the  abdomen  and  secondaries  yellowish  brown.  Three  broad  silvery 
spots  on  the  costa  margined  with  black;  a  broad  silvery  line  along  the  in- 
ternal margin,  which  is  continued  as  a  submarginal  oblique  straight  line, 
dislocated  on  the  2nd  median,  and  margined  with  yellowish  brown,  with 


394  '       [November 

some  black  scales.  A  marginal  series  of  triangular  spots.  Fringe  dark 
at  the  base,  spotted  externally  with  silver. 

Beneath,  thorax  and  abdomen  yellowish  brown,  as  is  the  costa,  which 
is  banded  by  three  dusky  patches.  Dusky  in  the  median  portion  of 
the  wings.     Legs  dark  externally. 

Length  of  body,  .60;  exp.  wings,  1.80  inch. 

Not  uncommon  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  at  light  in  August. 

Mass.,  (Coll.  Sanborn.) 

Hepialus  labradoriensis  n.  sp. 

Uniform  dark  sable  brown.  Primaries  narrower  and  more  produced 
towards  the  rounded  apex  than  //.  mustditms^  which  it  closely  resem- 
bles. The  outer  edge  of  the  wing  is  also  much  more  obli([ue.  Some 
darker  scales  along  the  median  nervule.  Li  the  middle  of  the  subme- 
dian  space  is  a  large  black  angulated  spot,  margined  with  light  brown.  A 
submarginal  straight  oblique  broad  paler  band,  dislocated  in  the  middle 
of  the  wing,  curved  between  the  nervules,  and  enclosing  black  dots ; 
margined  externally  with  blackish  scales. 

Secondaries  uniform  sable,  of  a  paler  hue  than  in  the  preceding  spe- 
cies.    Fringe  concolorous.     lieneath  colored  the  same  as  above. 

Length  of  body,  .GO;  exp.  wings,  1.45  inch. 

Salmon  Bay,  on  Caribou  Island,  Labrador,  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  Au- 
gust 3rd,  18G0.     (A.  S.  P..  Jr.) 

Hepialus  carnus  Fabr.?  Walk.  Cat.  Le]).  Br.  Mus.  VII.  ]>.  1556.     (1856). 
St.  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  River,  Barnston,  (Walk. ) 


1864.]  .  395 


ERRATA  TO  SYNOPSIS  PART  T. 

Page 
97,  line  26,  for  Sliurtliff  read  Shurtleflf. 
line  27,  for  1860  read  1862.* 
line  3,  for  Hand,  read  Hund. 
line  23,  for  badly  read  hardly, 
line  22,  for  as  read  of. 
note,  for  'ev  read  "Eu. 


98 
100 
100 
101 
102 
103 
103 
104 
105 
107 
107 
107 
107 
109 
109 
110 
111 
111 
114. 
116, 
116 
117 
125 
125 
126 
126 
126 
126 
127 
127 
128 


ne  12,  for  Hand,  read  Hund. 

ne  24,  for  Hand,  read  Hund. 

ne  16,  for  Agrassiz  read  Agassiz. 

ne  13,  for  pa^jillated  read  pupilled. 

ne  3,  for  synonjane  read  synonymy. 

ne  28,  for  Boids  read  Boisd. 

ne  32,  for  II  read  III. 

ne  32.  in  parenthesis  insert  1855. 

ne  15,  for  they  read  there. 

ne  16,  for  Oneogyna  read  Ocnogyna. 

ne  32,  dele  ;  after  secondaries. 

ne  18,  for  wings  read  winged. 

ne  21,  for  Monatsl.  read  Monatsb. 

ne  21,  dele  ,  after  "  third." 

ne  13,  for  Hand,  read  Hund. 

ne  36,  for  Zeveite  Hand,  read  Zweite  Ilund. 

ne  2,  for  synoysis  read  synopsis. 

ne  3,  for  pseiider)nia  read  p sender minea. 

ne  30,  for  3rd  read  3d. 

ne  10,  insert  after  2.05  the  word  inches. 

ne  17,  for  Ewpractis  read  Euproctis. 

nes  19,  24  and  36,  dele  Clem.,  to,  and  insert  Append,  after  Amer. 

ne  29,  for  Ci/cma  cunca  read  Ci/cnia  cunea. 

ne  24,  for  inches  read  inch. 

ne  29,  insert  Phalcena  before  oculatissima. 

ne  6,  dele  Hiibn.  before  Geyer's. 


»The  date  of  Morris'  Synopsis  should  read  1862  instead  of  1860. 


296  [November 


EXPLANATORY  NOTE. 

Since  the  issue  of  the  first  part  of  this  Synopsis,  I  have  learned  from 
Mr.  A.  Agassiz  that  the  species  of  Arctiada;,  mentioned  as  collected  by 
him  in  California,  were  presented  by  him  to  the  Mus.  Comp.  Zool. 
under  the  condition  that  they  should  not  be  described,  and  moreover, 
that  some  of  the  species  were  presented  by  T)r.  Behr  of  San  Francisco, 
to  the  Cambridge  Museum,  with  the  understanding  that  no  one  but 
himself  was  to  work  them  up. 

Having  published  my  notes  upon  these  species,  I  should  state  in  ex- 
planation, that  when  I  became  a  student  in  the  zoological  department 
of  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  Professor  Agassiz  placed  the  entire 
collection  of  Bombycidae  in  my  hands  to  study,  and  neither  at  that  time 
nor  at  any  period  until  now,  have  I  had  any  intimation  from  the  Direc- 
tor of  the  ^Museum,  or  learned  indirectly  from  any  label  on  the  boxes 
or  insects  themselves,  that  the  insects  were  not  exclusively  and  without 
any  conditions  the  property  of  the  Museum.  Also,  I  was  entirely  ig- 
norant that  any  one  but  Mr.  Agassiz  had  collected  any  of  the  specimens, 
since,  according  to  the  best  of  my  recollection,  his  name  alone  appeared 
upon  the  labels  as  the  collector. 

Through  ignorance  I  have  thus  done  an  unintentional  injustice  both 
to  Mr.  Agassiz  and  Dr.  Behr,  and  take  this  opportunity  of  expressin"- 
my  sincere  regret  at  having  unawares  used  material  which  it  seems 
both  of  these  gentlemen  had  reserved  for  their  own  use. 


1864.]  '507 

Descriptions  of  two  new  genera  of  North  American  ICHNEUMONID.S. 

BY    E.    T.    CRESSON. 

GROTEA  nov.  gen. 
Head  subglobose ;  face  prominent;  eyes  moderate,  ovate,  obtusely 
emarginate  opposite  the  insertion  of  the  antennae ;  ocelli  placed  in  a 
triangle  on  the  vertex  ;  clypeus  slightly  ti-ansverse,  broadly  rounded 
at  base,  deeply  impressed  on  the  disk,  rounded  and  recurved  at  tip ; 
mandibles  moderate,  deeply  bifid  at  tip;  palpi  filiform,  rather  slen- 
der; the  throat,  immediately  behind  the  oral  cavity,  is  narrowed  on 
each  side  into  an  acute  tooth.  Antennse,  long  and  slender,  slightly 
thickened  at  the  tip,  with  about  46  joints;  the  basal  joint  robust, 
short  and  globose,  obliquely  truncate  exteriorly  and  receiving  the 
2nd  and  ord  joints,  which  are  minute ;  4th  joint  long ;  5th  about  half 
the  length  of  the  4th;  remaining  joints  gradually  shorter,  the  terminal 
one  pointed.  Thorax  long  and  narrow,  much  prolonged  before  the 
wings  (Fig.  1,  a),  rounded  in  front;  pectus  gra-  Fig.  1. 

dually  pointed  behind  and  extending  to  the  tip  of 
the  tegulfB ;  mesothorax  oblong-ovate,  depressed ; 
pleura  rather  large,  excavated  beneath  the  wings; 
scutellum  small,  subquadrate,  convex ;  metathorax 
rather  small,  convex.  Wings  (Fig.  1,  i)  mode- 
rately long,  narrow ;  stigma  long  and  narrow,  re- 
moved further  towards  the  tip  of  the  wing  than  usual ;  marginal  cell 
elongate,  sublanceolate,  extending  all  the  way  to  the  apex  of  the  wing, 
the  lower  nervure  faintly  curved  towards  the  tip ;  submarginal  cell 
elongate, receiving  the  first  recurrent  nervure  about  the  middle;  areolet* 
removed  nearer  to  the  tip  of  the  wing  than  usual,  broad,  5-angular,  the 
side  nervures  oblique,  the  second  recurrent  nervure  almost  straight, 

faintly  sinuate  in  the  middle,  and  received  by  the  areolet  a  little  beyond 

♦ 

*  The  areolet  is  too  square  in  the  figure ;  the  lateral  nervures  should  be  more 
oblique,  so  as  to  make  the  posterior  jjart  broader,  and  the  lower  nervure  should 
be  slightly  angular  at  the  junction  with  the  2ud  recurrent  nervure  which  is 
nearer  the  tip  of  the  areolet  than  is  represented  in  the  figure. 


398  [November 

the  middle.  Legs  simple,  rather  short  and  tolerably  robust,  the  poste- 
rior pair  the  longest  and  stoutest ;  posterior  coxfe  elongate,  almost  as 
lono-  as  the  femora,  which  are  short  and  somewhat  thickened ;  tibial 
spurs  moderate ;  tarsi  slender,  claws  very  robust,  curved  and  acute  at 
tip,  pulvuli  large.  Abdomen  ($.  Fig.  1,  c)  petiolated,  very  long, 
slender,  strongly  arcuated  beyond  the  basal  segment  which  is  one-third 
the  length  of  the  abdomen,  slender,  linear,  recurved  towards  the  tip, 
with  a  subobsolete  tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  middle,  tip  slightly  di- 
lated ;  2nd  and  following  segments  gradually  shorter  and  broader,  the 
apex  faintly  subcompressed,  truncate  in  the  %  ;  beneath,  the  tip  is  sUt 
longitudinally  in  the  $  ,  the  ovipositor  about  as  long  as  the  1st  segment 
of  the  abdomen. 

This  singular  genus  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  elongate,  flat- 
tened thorax  being  unusually  produced  before  the  wings;  the  long  and 
narrow  wings,  the  situation  of  the  stigma  and  areolet  unusually  near  the 
tip  of  the  wings,  and  the  long,  slender,  arcuated  abdomen,  and  its  long, 
cylindrical,  recurved  basal  segment. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  dedicate  this  interesting  genus  to  my  friend 
and  fellow  student,  Mr.  Augustus  R.  Grote,  the  distinguished  American 
lepidopterist,  by  whose  zealous  endeavors  the  Collection  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  is  being  constantly  increased. 

Grotea  anguina,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Head  yellow,  shining,  the  vertex  and  occiput,  except  the 
orbits,  more  or  less  ferruginous;  antennae  three-fourths  the  length  of 
the  body,  fulvous,  the  three  or  four  basal  joints  tinged  with  dusky 
above,  at  the  apical  third  a  small  black  annulus,  covering  three  or  four 
joints,  beyond  which  the  joints  are  bright  yellow.  Thorax  smooth  and 
polished  ;  collar  yellow,  ferruginous  at  base,  pectus  and  pleura  yellow, 
and  highly  polished,  the  sutures  blackish;  on  each  side  of  the  pleura  a 
broad,  longitudinal,  ferruginous  dash,  the  anterior  half  of  which  is  mar- 
o-ined  above  with  black ;  mesothorax  ferruginous,  with  two  more  or  less 
distinct,  longitudinal,  central,  yellowish  lines,  the  lateral  sutures  black- 
ish; scutellum  yellow,  as  well  as  the  postscutellum ;  metathorax  highly 
polished,  smooth,  ferruginous,  a  spot  on  each  side  at  base  and  the  extreme 
apex  yellow,  just  before  the  middle  a  tolerably  well-defined,  transverse, 
slightly  sinuate  carina,  meeting  on  each  side  a  longitudinal  carina; 


1864.]  399 

teguljB  yellow.  Wings  hyaline,  glossy,  faintly  iridescent;  uervures  and 
stigma  black.  Legs  yellow,  polished;  the  posterior  pair,  except  their 
coxae  at  base  beneath,  and  tips  of  their  femora,  fulvo-ferruginous,  their 
tibiai  and  tarsi  paler,  the  latter  dusky  at  tips;  the  anterior  femora  are 
slightly  tinged  with  ferruginous.  Abdomen  with  the  basal  segment 
ferruginous  and  polished,  blackish  above  at  base,  and  tinged  with  yel- 
low on  each  side  and  at  extreme  tip ;  remaining  segments  subopacjue. 
fuscous  above,  darker  towards  the  tip,  with  a  bluish  iridescence,  the 
apical  margins  of  the  segments  pale,  and  the  sides  more  or  less  yellow ; 
beneath  yellow,  tinged  with  ferruginous;  ovipositor  longer  than  the  first 
segment  of  the  abdomen,  dull  rufous,  the  valves  bright  yellow,  black 
at  base  and  tip,  more  broadly  so  at  base.  Length  8  lines ;  expanse  of 
wings  10  lines. 

3Iale. — Like  the  female,  except  that  the  antennae  are  without  the 
black  annulus  on  the  apical  third,  and  the  abdomen  is  not  so  much 
tinged  with  yellowish  laterally. 

ffab.—^eyv  Jersey,  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.)  New  York,  (Coll.  Mr. 
James  Angus.)     Four  specimens. 

Mr.  Angus  has  reared  both  %  and  9  of  this  singular  insect  from  a  Rasp- 
berry stem,  together  with  a  small  species  of  Crahro. 

LABENA,  nov.  gen. 
Head  transverse;  face  rather  prominent,  quadrate;  eyes  large,  slight- 
ly emarginate  opposite  the  insertion  of  the  antennte;  ocelli  placed  in  a 
triangle  on  the  vertex;  clypeus  subtransverse,  depressed,  truncate  and 
subcarinate  at  base,  rounded  at  tip;  mandibles  moderate  and  stout, 
acutely  bifid  at  tip;  palpi  filiform,  moderate.  Antcnntx,  rather  long  and 
tolerably  stout,  with  over  50  joints,  the  basal  joint  short  and  robust, 
obliquely  truncate  on  the  outside,  receiving  the  2nd  and  8rd  joints,  the 
last  of  which  is  minute;  4th  joint  nearly  as  long  as  the  three  basal 
joints  together;  remaining  joints  gradually  shorter,  the  incisures  dis- 
tinct and  prominent  in  %  ,  indistinct  in  9  •  Thorax  short  and  robust; 
mesothorax  ovate,  slightly  convex;  scutellum  rather  prominent,  subor- 
bicular ;  metathorax  moderate,  convex,  with  distinct  elevated  lines. 
Wliujs  long  and  ample,  the  neuration  resembling  that  of  Grotea,  except 
that  the  discoidal  cell  is  much  shorter,  the  outer  nervure  or  second  re- 


400  '  [November 

cuireut  nervure  is  angular  in  the  middle,  and  the  areolet  is  rhomboidal. 
Legs  simple,  the  two  anterior  pairs  rather  short,  the  posterior  pair 
elongate,  robust,  their  coxis  unusually  long,  more  robust  in  9  ,  about 
equal  in  length  with  the  femora,  which  are  robust,  the  trochanters  elon- 
gate; tibiae  and  tarsi  slender;  tarsal  claws  long  and  simple,  curved  and 
acute  at  tip,  pulvuli  small.  Abdomen  elongate,  subpetiolated  or  slightly 
subsessile,  gradually  thickened  towards  the  tip;  basal  segment  longest, 
slightly  dilated  at  tip  with  a  tubercle,  more  or  less  distinct,  on  each  side 
before  the  middle;  2nd  segment  about  one-fourth  shorter  than  the  1st, 
the  remaining  segments  each  shorter  than  the  2nd,  subequal;  beneath, 
the  tip  is  slit  longitudinally  in  9  ,  the  ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdo- 
men. 

This  genus  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  very  elongate,  sub- 
cylindrical    posterior  coxae;    the  elongate,  clavate   abdomen,  and   the 
neuration  of  the  wings,  which  is  very  similar  to  that  of  Grotea.     The 
9  is  larger  and  much  more  robust  than  the  %  ,  with  the  abdomen  more 
strongly  clavate. 

Labena  grallator.  Say. 

Cryptus  grallator  Say,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  p.  236. 

Female. — Ferruginous,  or  fusco-ferruginous ;  face  rugose,  occiput 
and  cheeks,  smooth  and  polished ;  orbits,  and  the  margin  in  front  and 
behind  the  ocelli,  yellowish;  the  clypeus,  mandibles,  except  tips,  and 
the  palpi,  tinged  with  yellowish,  a  band  across  the  vertex,  covering  the 
ocelli,  and  tips  of  the  mandibles,  black;  antennae  about  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  body,  stout,  fusco-ferruginous,  sometimes  blackish,  orange- 
yellow  from  the  13th  or  14th  joint  to  the  apical  fourth,  the  basal  joint 
beneath  tinged  with  yellowish.  Thorax  shining,  densely  and  closely 
punctured ;  sides  of  the  collar,  upper  margin  of  the  pectus,  a  line  be- 
neath the  fore-wings,  a  spot  beneath  the  hind-wings,  and  two  subobso- 
lete  longitudinal  lines  on  the  mesothorax,  yellowish;  the  sutures  of  the 
thorax  black,  that  between  the  pleura  and  metathorax  margined  with 
yellow ;  scutellum  minutely  and  closely  punctured,  yellow,  (sometimes 
obscure)  as  well  as  the  postscutellum  and  the  space  on  each  side;  the 
excavation  in  front  of  the  scutellum  blackish ;  metathorax  pubescent, 
finely  and  closely  punctured,  ferruginous,  more  or  less  stained  with  yel- 
low behind,  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  forming  a  large,  sub- 


1864.] 


401 


quadrate,  G-sided,  central  area;  ou  each  side,  just  above  the  insertion  of 
the  posterior  coxae,  a  rather  large,  black  tubercle;  tegul«  longitudinal, 
yellowish-ferruginous.  Wings  ample,  dark  fuscous,  with  a  brilliant 
brassy  gloss,  and  a  more  or  less  deep  violet  reflection ;  beneath  the 
stigma  an  oblique,  subhyaline  dash,  sometimes  extending,  irregularly^ 
to  the  posterior  angle  of  the  wing,  the  base  is  sometimes  subhyaline, 
and  the  large  posterior  basal  cell  of  the  hind-wing  is  entirely  hyaline ; 
nervures  blackish,  stigma  ferruginous ;  areolet  large,  rhomboidal.  pro- 
longed towards  the  base  of  the  wing.  Legs  ferruginous,  the  posterior 
coxae,  trochanters  and  femora,  darker ;  the  four  anterior  coxas  varied 
yellowish ;  tips  of  ali  the  femora,  and  the  tibiae  and  tarsi,  orange-yellow, 
the  extreme  tips  of  the  latter  dusky.  Abdomen  elongate,  convex,  cla- 
vate,  shining,  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  purple  iridescence,  and  clothed, 
especially  towards  the  tip,  with  a  very  short  and  fine  yellowish-serice- 
ous pubescence;  apical  margins  of  all  the  segments  narrowly  yellowish, 
sometimes  obsolete,  the  incisures  between  the  segments  rather  deep  and 
blackish,  less  distinct  towards  the  tip,  which  is  broad  and  robust;  be- 
neath, the  segments  are  yellowish,  with  large,  lateral,  blackish  stains; 
ovipositor  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  stout,  black,  valves  orange-yellow, 
their  apical  third  black.  Length  8i — 10^  lines;  expanse  of  wings 
13—18^  lines. 

Male. — Resembles  the  female,  but  is  smaller,  the  face  entirely,  the 
pectus,  the  upper  part  of  the  pleura,  two  distinct  central  lines  on  the 
mesothorax,  as  well  as  its  lateral  margins,  and  the  four  anterior  legs, 
including  their  coxae,  are  bright  yellow;  the  apex  of  the  first  and  second 
abdominal  segments  are  more  broadly  yellow,  and  the  lateral  blackish 
stains  on  the  venter  are  smaller;  the  abdomen  is  more  slender  and  sub- 
clavate;  the  antennae  are  as  long  as  the  body,  without  any  annulus,  as 
in  the  female,  and  more  or  less  blackish  above  towards  the  apex,  and 
the  wings  are  more  varied  with  hyaline  and  subhyaline.  Length  7  2 — 8 
lines;  expanse  of  wings  13 — 14  lines. 

Hah. — New  York,  (James  Angus);  Pennsylvania,  (Geo.  Newman); 
Delaware,  (Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson).     Five  specimens.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil). 

A  large  and  fine  species,  easily  recognized  by  its  dark  fuscous  wings, 
more  or  less  varied  with  subhyaline. 


'^^'-  [November 

Labena  apicalis,  n.  sp. 

Male. — Pale  ferruginous,  or  honey-yellow,  slightly  pubescent;  face 
finely  rugose,  yellow,  as  well  as  the  space  before  the  ocelli,  the  orbits 
and  the  clypeus;  a  band  across  the  vertex,  covering  the  ocelli,  and  tips 
of  the  mandibles,  black ;  antennae  as  long  as  the  body,  porrect,  honey- 
yellow,  black  at  tips,  paler  beneath.  Thorax  shining,  very  finely  and 
closely  punctured ;  a  line  on  each  side  of  the  collar,  margins  of  the 
pectus,  a  spot  on  upper  part  of  the  pleura,  and  a  line  beneath  the  fore- 
wings,  yellowish;  mesothorax  entirely  dull  ferruginous;  scutellums 
yellowish-ferruginous;  metathorax  pubescent,  dull  ferruginous,  shining 
the  apex  tinged  with  yellowish,  the  elevated  lines  sharply  defined,  form- 
ing a  large,  subquadrate,  (5-sided,  central  area;  tegulae  longitudinal, 
yellowish-ferruginous.  Wings  long,  ample,  hyaline,  glossy,  rather  iri- 
descent, the  apex  of  both  anterior  and  posterior  pair  dark  fuscous;  ner- 
vures  fuscous,  stigma  ferruginous;  areolet  large,  rhomboidal.  Legs 
honey-yellow,  polished ;  the  two  anterior  pairs,  and  the  posterior  tibiae 
and  tarsi,  tinged  with  yellowish  ;  tips  of  all  the  tarsi  blackish.  Abdo- 
men elongate,  slender,  gradually  thickened  towards  the  apex,  which  is 
slightly  incurved  ;  the  segments  polLshed  and  convex,  with  the  apical 
margin  of  the  first  four,  more  or  less  yellowish;  beneath  yellowish,  with 
large  lateral  blackish  stains.  Length  60  lines;  expanse  of  wings  Qa 
lines. 

ffab. — Delaware.     Dr.  Thomas  B.  Wilson.     One  specimen.     (Coll. 
Entom.  Soc.  Philad.) 

Closely  allied  to  L.  gi-oUator,  but  is  smaller,  and  at  once  distinguished 
by  the  hyaline  wings,  with  only  their  apex  fuscous. 


1864.]  403 

ON  PHYTOPHAGIC  VARIETIES  AND  PHYTOPHAGIC   SPECIES. 
BY   BENJ.    D.    WALSH,    M.    A. 

It  is  well  known,  especially  to  breeders  of  Lepidoptera,  that  there 
are  certain  species  of  Insects,  which  in  the  larva  state  feed  only  on  one 
particular  species  or  a  few  closely  allied  species  of  plants,  and  others 
which  feed  on  a  great  variety  of  plants  belonging  to  difterent  species 
and  genera,  and  even  to  diiferent  and  widely  distinct  fiimilies.  For 
example,  Attactis  Luna  Drury  occurs  only  on  the  walnut  and  hickory, 
while  Attacus  Gecropia  Lin.  is  found,  according  to  Harris,  on  apple, 
cherry  and  plum  trees,  and  on  currant  and  barberry  bushes,  and  I  have 
reason  to  believe  that  it  feeds  also  on  the  common  hazel.  But  there  is 
a  still  more  remarkable  example  of  diversified  tastes  in  Dri/ocampa 
hnperialis  Drury,  which  feeds  sometimes  on  the  sycamore,  an  angio- 
spermous  tree,  and  sometimes  on  the  pine,  a  gymnospermous  tree. 

Occasionally  this  difl'erence  of  food  causes  certain  differences  in  the 
insect  itself,  either  in  the  larva  or  in  the  imago  state.  Thus  the  larvas 
of  Datanu  mlniatra  Drury  that  occur  on  the  oak,  the  apple  tree,  the 
thorn  and  several  other  trees,  almost  invariably  have  a  large  yellow 
spot  behind  the  head,  and  always  have  pale  longitudinal  lines  on  the 
body ;  while  those  that  are  found  on  the  hickory  are  either  entirely 
black,  or  are  longitudinally  lineate  with  whitish  without  any  yellow  spot 
behind  the  head.  But  as  this  last  variety  also  occurs  on  the  oak,  and 
the  imago  bred  from  the  black  variety  on  the  hickory  is  absolutely 
identical  with  the  imago  bred  from  the  yellow-necked  and  striped  va- 
riety on  the  oak,  as  I  have  experimentally  ascertained,  it  would  seem 
that  the  two  forms  cannot  be  distinct.  Again,  I  have  taken  numerous 
specimens  of  Chrysomela  scalaris  Lee.  on  the  elm  and  basswood,  which 
measure  in  length  .35 — .40  inch ;  and  on  the  dogwood  (cornus)  and 
wild  plum  I  have  for  many  years  back  taken  whole  swarms  along 
with  their  larvje,  which  ranged  from  .27  to  .30  inch  in  length,  and 
none  of  which  exceeded  the  latter  measurement.  Yet  on  the  closest 
inspection  I  could  discover  no  other  distinctive  character  but  size,  and 
on  forwarding  specimens  of  both  forms  three  years  ago  to  Dr.  LeConte 
with  a  statement  of  the  facts,  they  were  pronounced  by  him  to  be  iden- 


404  [November 

tical.  It  is  observable  that  Rogers  gives  the  length  of  this  species  as 
.32_.40  inch,  {Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Ph!l.,  Feb.  1856,  p.  32)  and  Harris 
as  "  about  .30  inch,"  the  accompanying  figure  being  .40  inch  long. 
(^Inj.lns.  p.  132.)*  Thirdly,  Haltlca  alternata  Illig.  (=  ^-vtttata  Say 
according  to  LeConte  MS.)  is  stated  by  Say  to  be  "  found  in  considera- 
ble numbers  on  the  common  elder  (Sambucus)  and  some  other  plants," 
and  is  described  by  him  as  having  five  vittae  on  the  elytra.  Although 
he  notices  two  variations  in  the  coloration  of  the  head  and  thorax,  he 
says  not  a  word  as  to  the  elytral  vittae  ever  being  subobsolete  or  obso- 
lete. {Soys  Worka,  II.  p.  227.)  I  have  three  specimens  in  my  Cabi- 
net, captured  some  years  ago,  but  on  what  plant  I  have  no  record,  all 
of  which  have  the  elytral  vittae  deep  black,  and  very  nearly  as  wide  as 
the  yellowish  interspaces.  As  the  elder  grows  abundantly  near  Rock 
Island,  they  may  very  probably  have  fed  in  the  larva  state  upon  that 
plant.  In  the  first  few  days  of  August,  1864,  I  captured  on  the  gall 
Salicis  hraaslcoidcs  Walsh,  which  is  peculiar  to  Salix  longifolia,  a  sub- 
aquatic  willow,  six  specimens  with  the  elytral  vittae  distinct  and  black 
but  i  narrower  than  in  my  Cabinet  specimens,  and  one  with  the  elytral 
vittae  pale  and  almost  obsolete;  and  on  August  6th,  I  bred  a  specimen 
from  that  gall  with  the  elytral  vittae  pale  and  almost  obsolete.  On 
August  9th  I  captured,  mostly  on  the  wing,  in  a  patch  of  Salix  humilis 
— a  dwarf  upland  willow,  which  bears  a  gall,  Salicis  rhodoides  Walsh, 
constructed  on  the  same  principle  as  ^S*.  hrassicoides — twenty  specimens 
of  this  species,  one  with  the  vittae  distinct  and  black  but  2  narrower 
than  in  my  cabinet  specimens,  seven  with  the  vittae  pale  and  more  or 
less  indistinct,  and  twelve  with  the  vittae  more  or  less  entirely  obsolete. 
I  have  also  received  from  Chicago  two  specimens  with  the  vittae  entirely 

*  I  have  noticed  that  C.  Bigshyana  Kby.  occurs  along  with  its  larva  exclusively 
on  willows,  and  C.  casta  Rogers,  oh  a  weed,  the  name  of  which  I  do  not  know. 
Casta  is  an  Illinois  and  Kansas  species,  and  is  supposed  by  Dr.  LeConte  (MS.) 
to  be  a  mere  variety  of  pulcra  Fabr. ;  but  jtulcra,  which  is  a  much  larger  spe- 
cies, does  not  occur  near  Rock  Island,  while  casta  is  very  abundant  there.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  on  what  plant  pulcra  feeds,  and  also  on  what 
plant  Chr.  Philadelphica  feeds,  which  so  closely  resembles  5('(/.s6ya«a.  Of  Phila- 
delphica  I  have  taken  but  a  single  specimen  near  Rock  Island  in  seven  years, 
while  Bigsbyana  is  very  abundant  there.  It  will  be  a  great  help  towards  sepa- 
rating the  species  of  this  difficult  genus  to  note  the  plant  or  plants  on  which 
they  are  found  in  company  10 ith  their  larvae,  i.  e.  on  which  they  feed. 


1864.]  405 

obsolete,  but  on  what  plant  they  occurred  I  do  not  know.  From  these 
facts  I  infer  that  H.  alternata^  when  it  inhabits  the  elder,  has  the  elytral 
vittae  distinct  and  black,  and  that,  when  it  inhabits  the  willow,  there 
is  a  strong  tendency  for  those  vittae  to  become  obsolete,  less  strong 
perhnps  when  it  feeds  on  Salix  longifolia,  and  more  strong  when  it 
feeds  on  S.  humilis.  Finally,  I  know  from  ray  own  boyish  experience, 
that  when  the  common  silk  worm  is  fed  entirely  upon  lettuce  leaves 
from  the  egg  to  its  adult  stage,  it  always  spins  not  yellow,  but  whitish 
silk  ;  but  whether  this  variation  in  the  color  of  its  secretions  is  corre- 
lated with  any  variation  in  the  larva  or  imago  state  of  the  insect,  I 
cannot  say.  Many  other  such  examples  will  occur  to  every  intelligent 
and  observing  field-entomologist.  Varieties  of  the  above  character,  i.  e. 
where  certain  unimportant  characters  in  the  insect  are  correlated  with 
the  food-plant,  while  at  the  same  time  there  is  no  sufficient  reason  to 
doubt  that  the  two  varieties  freely  intercross,  I  propose,  for  convenience' 
sake,  to  call  Phytophagic  Varieties.  We  may  observe  that  Phytopha- 
gic  Varieties,  like  Dimorphous  and  Trimorphous  forms,  (/'/•oc.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.  pp.  221 — 3)  sometimes — at  all  events  if  the  dwarfed  form  of  f  A/-. 
scalaris  be  considered  merely  as  a  variety — offer  an  exception  to  the 
general  law,  that  the  absence  of  intermediate  forms  proves  diversity  of 
species. 

Even  with  the  little  we  know  of  the  Laws  of  Inheritance,  we  mi"ht 
infer  a  priori,  that  when  from  peculiar  circumstances  a  Phytophagic 
Variety,  including  both  the  sexes,  has  fed  for  a  great  many  generations 
upon  one  particular  plant  of  the  number  inhabited  by  the  species  to 
which  it  belongs,  it  would  be  likely  to  transmit  to  its  descendants  in 
the  imago  state  a  tendency  to  select  that  particular  plant  upon  which 
to  deposit  its  eggs.  We  know,  for  example,  that  young  pointer  pup- 
pies, when  taken  into  the  field,  will  frequently  point  game  without  any 
instruction  or  training  whatever,  though  the  habit  of  pointing  is  clearly 
an  acquired  and  not  a  natural  habit,  and  must  have  been  transmitted 
to  them  from  their  ancestors  in  virtue  of  the  Laws  of  Inheritance.  If, 
then,  it  should  so  happen,  that,  owing  to  the  presence  of  but  a  single 
species  of  the  plants  ordinarily  fed  upon  by  a  particular  species  of  in- 
sects, or  to  other  causes,  eggs  have  been  uniformly  deposited  by  a  Phy- 
tophagic Variety  upon  the  same  plant  for  an  indefinitely  long  series  of 
generations — say  fifty,  or  a  hundred,  or  a  thousand,  or  ten  thousand — 


406  [November 

and  the  female  has  in  no  case  intercrossed  with  a  male  belonging  to  a 
different  Phytophagic  Variety,  then  it  is  probable  that  habit  will  have 
become  a  second  nature,  and  that  it  will  cease  to  be  possible  for  that 
insect,  which  by  the  supposition  has  fed  upon  that  one  plant  for  a  very 
long  series  of  years,  to  feed  upon  any  other  plant  than  that  to  which  it 
has  become  habituated  by  the  Laws  of  Inheritance. 

But  before  this  point  is  reached,  another  series  of  phenomena  will 
have  come  into  play.  Every  naturalist  is  aware  that  species  often  run 
into  what  are  known  as  geographical  races,  when  separated  into  two  or 
more  distinct  groups  by  physical  barriers.  Just  so  the  Phytophagic 
Variety,  having  by  the  supposition  been  isolated  from  the  other  mem- 
bers of  its  species,  will  often  run  into  what  may  be  called  Phytophagic 
Races,  and  finally  perhaps  acquire  either  a  moral  indisposition,  or  a 
physical  inability,  to  intercross  with  the  other  members  of  the  species. 
It  will  then  have  become  what  I  propose  to  call  a  Phytophagic  Species, 
distinguished  from  the  other  members  of  the  species  to  which  it  originally 
belonged  by  certain  slight  peculiarities  of  size,  or  of  coloration,  or  occa- 
sionally even  of  structure,  just  as  geographical  races  are  so  distinguished. 
But  there  will  be  this  essential  difference  between  the  two  cases:  Geo- 
graphical Races  are  connected,  or  supposed  to  be  connected,  by  all  the 
intermediate  grades,  and  may  therefore  be  reasonably  concluded  to  in- 
tercross on  the  confines  of  their  geographical  boundaries.  Phytophagic 
Species  are  not  so  connected,  and  by  the  supposition  they  do  not  inter- 
cross, or,  at  all  events,  only  in  very  rare  instances,  as  is  sometimes  the 
case  with  what  are  allowed  on  all  hands  to  be  distinct  species.* 

According  to  my  views,  Phytophagic  Species  are  as  truly  distinct 
species  as  those  which  differ  by  much  stronger  characters.  "The  only 
valid  practical  criterion,"  as  I  have  already  said,  {Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil. 
II.  p.  220,)  "  of  specific  distinctness  is  the  general  non-existence,  either 
actually  ascertained  or  analogically  inferred,  of  intermediate  grades  in 
the  distinctive  characters,  whence  we  may  reasonably  conclude  that  the 
two  supposed  species  are  distinct,  i.  e.  that  they  do  not  now  in  general 

•••■Mr.  Henry  Shinier,  of  Carroll  County,  Illinois,  writes  me  word  that  he  has 
recently  seen  %,  Hippodamia  maculata  DeGeer  copulating  with  9  Coccindla  no- 
vemnotata  Hbst.  He  has  sent  me  specimens  of  both  species,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
that  they  were  rightly  determined  by  him.  Similar  examples  in  this  family 
have  already  been  referred  to  by  me.     {Froc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  I.  p.  .351.) 


1864.]  407 

mix  sexually  together,  or  if  geographically  separated,  that  they  would 
not  do  so,  supposing  them  to  be  placed  in  juxtaposition."  According 
to  this  view  of  what  Darwin  calls  "  the  undiscovered  and  undiscovera- 
ble  essence  of  the  term  species,"  {Orig.  Spec.  p.  421,)  it  is  immaterial 
whether  the  distinctive  characters  be  slight  or  strong,  so  that  they  be 
perfectly  constant.  But  as  many  naturalists  are  of  opinion,  that  to  con- 
stitute a  distinct  species  it  is  nece.ssary  that  the  distinctive  characters 
should  be  tolerably  strong,  it  will  be  better  to  distinguish  Phytophagic 
Species  by  this  particular  denomination,  and  not  confound  them  with 
the  general  mass  of  what  are  known  as  distinct  species.  After  all,  the 
difference  of  views  on  this  subject  is  a  difference  only  in  words  and  not 
in  things.  I  consider  as  species  all  forms  which  do  not  habitually  in- 
termix in  a  state  of  nature — as  according  to  the  definition  of  the  term 
Phytophagic  Species  do  not — the  absence  of  intermediate  grades  being, 
as  a  general  rule,  taken  as  the  criterion  of  the  species  not  habitually 
intermixing  in  a  state  of  nature.  Others  require  in  addition,  that  the 
distinctive  characters  should  be  of  a  certain  type,  which  is  left  to  be  fixed 
and  defined  in  each  particular  genus  by  certain  varying  and  somewhat 
indefinite  rules.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  term  "species"  is 
used  here  in  two  different  senses,  and  to  avoid  ambiguity  it  is  necessary 
to  distinguish  the  doubtful  and  disputed  forms  by  some  particular 
name. 

It  may  be  asked  why  the  process  by  which  PhytopRagic  Species  are 
formed  is  not  reiterated  on  all  hands,  till  Nature  becomes  a  Babel  of  con- 
fusion and  the  number  of  distinct  species  equals  the  grains  of  sand  on  the 
sea-shore.  The  answer  is  simple.  There  are  two  great  antagonistic 
forces  in  Nature,  the  Law  of  Variation,  causing  individuals  of  almost 
all  species  to  assume  occasionally  abnormal  characters  or  abnormal  pro- 
pensities, and  what  may  be  called  the  L.\w  of  Assimilation,  which, 
by  the  intercrossing  of  these  abnormal  individuals  and  their  descendants 
with  the  normal  type,  gradually  in  successive  generations  softens  down, 
eliminates  and  extirpates  whatever  is  strange  and  peculiar  in  tlicni. 
Thus,  American  families  of  the  pure  Caucasian  race,  which  intercrossed 
in  a  single  instance  many  generations  since  with  the  Bed  Indian,  have 
already,  by  successive  intercrosses  with  the  White  Bace,  completely 
eliminated  all  traces  of  Indian  blood.  It  can  only  be  in  very  rare  cases 
indeed,  that  the  process  which  I  have  been  describing  can  be  carried 


408  [NoVEMliER 

to  its  full  completiou,  because  it  can  only  be  in  very  rare  cases  indeed, 
that  intercrossing  with  the  other  Phytophagic  Varieties  of  the  same 
species  can  be  avoided,  and  the  Law  of  Assimilation  prevented  from 
coming  into  play. 

If  these  views  be  correct,  we  might  expect  to  find  Phytophagic  Va- 
rieties and  Phytophagic  Species  most  abundant  in  those  vegetable-feed- 
ing genera,  where  the  imago  flies  but  little,  or  flies  very  weakly,  or  has 
no  wings  at  all,  and  where  consequently  intercrossing  does  not  so  rea- 
dily take  place.  Such  genera  are  Gi/nlps  and  its  allies  in  Hymenop- 
tera,  Cccidomi/ia  in  Diptera,  Apliis  and  its  allies  and  Coccus  and  its 
allies  in  Homoptera,  Tini/is  in  Heteroptera,  and  Diapheiomera  in  Or- 
thoptera,  though  this  kst  makes  up  perhaps  to  a  certain  extent  for  its 
want  of  wings  by  its  great  powers  of  walking.  All  authors  have  re- 
marked upon  the  minute  shades  of  diff'erence  that  distinguish  the  spe- 
cies of  the  four  first  genera  and  their  allies,  and  upon  their  being  fre- 
quently restricted  to  certain  species  of  plants.  I  have  myself  recently 
observed,  that  an  apparently  undescribed  species  of  Tingis,  which  oc- 
curs profusely  on  the  basswood  and  the  false  indigo  (amorpha  fruticosa), 
when  it  occurs  on  the  latter  plant  is  always  distinguished  from  the  bass- 
inhabiting  type  by  the  carinate  basal  cell  of  the  elytra  terminating  be- 
hind  nearly  in  a  rectangle,  instead  of  an  angle  of  about  60°  or  80'^, 

and  is  probably,  therefore,  divisable  into  two  Phytophagic  species.* 
» 

*I  have  before  referred  to  this  Tingis.  [Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  I.  p.  295,)  though 
I  had  not  then  noticed  the  nice  structural  distinc'.iou  between  the  two  forms 
inhabiting  respectively  the  bass  and  false  indigo.  Some  specimens  found  on 
the  wild  cherry  were  identical  with  the  bass-inhabiting  form,  and  as  they  oc- 
curred on  a  tree  not  far  removed  from  several  basswoods.  might  j^ossibly  have 
flown  there  from  them.  The  false  indigos  on  which  the  other  form  occurred  had 
no  trees  growing  within  a  furlong  of  them.  Believing  the  two  forms  to  be  dis- 
tinct Phytophagic  Species,  and  that  both  are  undescribed,  I  annex  descriptions  : 

Tingis  tiliae  n.  sp.  Pale  brownish  yellow.  iJeati  more  or  less  blackish.  Eyes 
black.  Autennse  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  finely  pilose  when  held  up  to  the 
light,  the  terminal  joint  thickened  and  blackish,  joints  1  and  t  each  twice  as 
long  as  joint  2,  and  joint  3  about  four  times  as  lon^  as  joint  i.  Prothora.r  late- 
rally dilated  in  a  thin,  semitransparent  plate  directed  ujjwards  and  outwards, 
and  filled  with  small  suborbicular  cells  like  those  of  the  elytra.  This  plate 
commences  from  nothing  at  the  origin  of  the  elj^tra,  and  thence  gradually  widens 
to  one-fifth  the  width  of  the  entire  prothorax  at  the  lateral  middle,  where  it 
curves  inwards  rather  suddenly  and  is  prolonged  forwards  in  a  very  gentle  con- 


1864.] 


400 


And  lastly,  I  have  in  iMi4  found  a  9  Dlaphrromrra  in  a  place  over- 
oTOwn  by  weeds  beneath  the  buughs  of  two  isolated  ash-trees,  which 
differs  remarkably  from  some  dozen  9  D.  fcmordta  Say  which  I  have 
examined,  in  the  caudal  appendages  (cerci)  being  nearly  four  times 
as  long,  and  the  supraanal  plate  larger  and  more  elongated,  and 
also  in  the  anterior  femora  being  rather  incrassated  than  laterally 
dilated  into  a  thin  plate,  in  their  dilatation  being  considerably  less  and 


vex  curve,  without  varying  in  width,  and  extends  over  the  head  in  the  form  of 
an  elevated  oblong,  which  proje>!ts  forwards  nearly  in  a  rectangle  with  its  apex 
obtuse,  and  is  carinate  longitudinally  above.  From  the  hind  margin  of  this 
oblong  extend  backwards  the  three  normal  carina,  the  outer  ones  gently  sinu- 
ate, but  the  general  course  of  the  three  nearly  parallel.  The  spaces  between 
these  carinee,  and  outside  them  as  far  as  the  thin  plate  of  the  prothorax,  are 
blackish  and  rugose  as  far  back  as  the  insertion  of  the  elytra  ;  the  triangular 
space  behind  that  insertion  being  covered  with  large,  dilated  confluent  punc- 
tures, having  much  the  appearance  of  the  small  suborbicular  cells  of  the  elytra. 
Beneath,  except  the  lateral  plates  of  the  prothorax  and  the  carinate  edges  of 
the  central  pieces  of  the  sternum,  blackish.  Elytra  hyaline  on  their  terminal 
half,  but  with  the  cell-veins  there  pale  yellowish  brow  1  and  occasionally  to- 
wards the  tip  of  the  wing  a  few  of  them  irregularly  blackish;  the  large  carinate 
cell  at  their  base  extending  nearly  halfway  to  the  tip,  and  terminating  in  an 
angle  of  60° — 80°,  from  which  there  extends  a  simple  sinuate  carina  nearly  to 
the  tip.  A  little  on  the  basal  side  of  the  middle  of  the  elytrum  and  extending 
halfway  to  its  base,  the  veins  outside  the  large  carinate  cell  are  irregularly 
and  variably  blackened  more  or  less,  so  as  often  to  present  the  appearance  of 

1 3  transverse  blackish  lines:  and  occasionally  the  blackness  extends  across 

the  entire  elytrum.  so  as  to  appear  like  a  blackish  fascia.  Legs  with  the  tarsi, 
or  sometime  only  their  tips,  blackish. — Length  about  .15  inch.  Eleven  speci- 
mens from  basswood,  three  from  wild  cherry.  Very  abundant  near  Rock  Isl- 
and on  the  basswood. 

Tingis  amorphge.  n.  sp.  Differs  from  the  above  only  in  the  large,  basal,  cari- 
nate cell  of  the  elytra  terminating  behind  nearly  in  a  rectangle  instead  of  an 
angle  of  60° — 80°,  and  in  the  veins  of  the  wings,  both  those  on  the  basal  side  of 
the  middle  and  those  at  the  tip,  being  on  the  average  of  specimens  much  more 
deeply  stained  with  black,  though  individuals  of  the  two  species  occur  which 
are  identical  in  this  character. — Length  about  .15  inch.  Eighteen  specimens 
on  Amorpha  fruticosa. 

I  possess  in  this  genus  T.miiticaSay,  plexus&a.y,oblongaSa,y,  juglandis?  Fitch, 
and  eight  or  nine  other  species,  most  of  which  are  probably  undescribed.  Say 
gives  the  length  of  T.  arcuata  as  nearly  three-tenths  of  an  inch,  but  this  is  pro- 
bably a  typographical  error  for  three-twentieths.  (Compare  Fitch  I^.  Y.  Rep. 
II.  ^  193.)  Conversely  in  Say's  Works  (II.  p.  1.31)  the  length  of  Copris  anaglyp- 
ticus  is  given  as  7-20  instead  of  7-10  inch. 


410  [NoVEAIliER 

not  commencing  quite  so  abruptly  near  their  basal  portion,  and  in  the 
general  color  being  grass-green  instead  of  cinereous-brown.  After  I 
had  recognized  the  above  as  a  distinct  species,  I  received  from  my  or- 
nithological friend,  Dr.  Velie  of  Rock  Island,  single  specimens  of  both 
sexes,  captured  by  himself  in  a  place  overgi-own  by  weeds,  but  with  no 
trees  within  a  long  distance  of  it,  on  the  North  bank  of  the  Platte 
River,  in  Nebraska  The  9  agrees  in  every  respect  with  mine;  the  S 
differs  from  the  %  of  J'emorata,  1st,  in  the  general  color  being  much 
more  green,  2nd  in  the  anterior  femora  being  rather  less  incrassated, 
3rd  in  the  middle  femora  not  being  trifasciate  with  brown,  4th  in  the 
supra-anal  plate  terminating  in  two  acutely  angular,  horizontally  flat- 
tened teeth,  instead  of  being  rounded  at  tip,  5th  in  the  interior  base  of  the 
caudal  appendage  being  furnished  with  an  acute  thorn,  directed  back- 
wards and  nearly  as  long  as  the  appendage  is  wide,  instead  of  a  large, 
vertically  flattened,  rounded  lamina  directed  backwards.  In  all  other 
respects  both  sexes  agree  with  /cmorata,  but  the  marked  difference  in 
the  caudal  appendages  %  9  would  alone  be  sufficient  to  separate  them 
as  distinct.  I  propose  for  this  species  the  name  of  Dlapheromcra  Vclii. 
Although  there  is  no  positive  proof  that  it  is  a  Phytophagic  Species, 
yet  as  femorata  ordinarily  occurs  upon  forest  trees,  (oak,  basswood, 
&c.,)  and  never,  so  far  as  I  have  observed — and  I  have  probably  had  a 
thousand  specimens  pass  through  my  hands — in  localities  where  there 
are  no  trees,  I  incline  to  believe  that  it  is. 

It  is  not  necessary,  however,  that  in  every  case  Phytophagic  Species 
should  take  their  origin  from  Phytophagic  Varieties,  using  the  term 
"variety"  in  the  sense  ordinarily  given  to  it  by  entomological  Sys- 
tematists.  It  sometimes  happens  that  what  is  to  all  external  ap- 
pearance one  homogeneous  species  is  composed  of  two  or  more  dis- 
tinct races,  feeding  each  upon  a  distinct  plant,  but  not  distinguisha- 
ble, either  in  the  imago  or  so  far  as  known  in  the  larva  state,  by  any 
external  characters  whatever,  whether  colorational  or  structural.  We 
meet  apparently  with  a  case  of  this  kind  in  C^nipa  q.  spang ifica  0.  S. 
and  C.  q.  i)ianis  0.  S.,  the  former  of  which  forms  a  gall  on  the  Black 
Oak  and  the  latter  a  very  different  gall  on  the  Red  Oak.  the  imagos  % 
9  ,  with  the  exception  of  the  dimorphous  9  form  of  the  latter  which  is 
unknown,  being  to  all  appearance  identical.  I  inclined  to  the  opinion 
at  one  time  that  these  two  forms  were  identical,  the   difference  in  the 


18G4.]  411 

species  of  oak  causing  the  difference  in  the  nature  of  the  galls,  and  the 
poisonous  matter  producing  the  gall  being  the  same  in  both  forms. 
But  there  are  so  many  Cj/iu'ps  that  produce  exactly  the  same  kind  of 
gall  on  different  species  of  oak,  that  it  would  seem  that  these  two  forms 
must  be  true  Phytophagic  Species,  each  generating  a  peculiar  kind  of 
gall-producing  poison,  and  each  with  such  internal  diff'erences  as  to 
cau.«e  them  to  generate  secretions  with  such  very  different  properties. 

That  there  may  be  no  possible  mistake,  it  may  be  as  well  to  say  here, 
that  the  difference  between  what  I  call  a  Phytophagic  Variety  and 
what  I  call  a  Phytophagic  Species  is  simply  this  : — The  former  habit- 
ually intercross  with  the  normal  race,  the  latter  do  not.  Of  course 
there  must  often  be  cases,  where  the  fact  of  their  habitually  intercross- 
ing or  not  so  intercrossing  is  doubtful  or  cannot  be  satisfactorily  in- 
ferred or  ascertained,  and  allowing  that  the  former  category  sometimes 
gradually  in  a  long  period  of  time  merges  into  the  latter,  there  must 
be  occasionally  intermediate  categories.  Still  this  is  no  reason  why  we 
.should  doubt  or  deny  the  existence  of  the  categories  themselves.  Boy- 
hood is  one  thing,  and  manhood  is  another  thing;  but  there  are  inter- 
mediate periods  when  it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  the  individual  in 
question  is  boy  or  man.  Yet  it  would  be  strange  logic  to  argue  that, 
on  that  account,  boyhood  was  the  same  thing  as  manhood. 

It  must  be  obvious  to  every  one,  that  it  is  impossible  to  trace  the 
gradual  formation  of  what  T  have  called  a  Phytophagic  Species  in  time, 
because  by  the  supposition  it  requires  very  long  periods  of  time  for  its 
development,  and  Natural  History  as  a  science  is  only  a  hundred  years 
old.  But  if  we  are  able  to  discover  the  several  steps  in  the  above- 
described  process,  not  indeed  in  one  and  the  same  species,  but  in  dif- 
ferent species,  and  can  thus  trace  an  uninterrupted  series  from  the 
first  origin  of  the  Phytophagic  Variety  to  the  full  development  of  the 
Phytophagic  Species,  to  all  minds  unbiassed  by  preconceived  theories 
the  proof  will  be  complete.  In  any  case,  assuming  the  truth  of  the 
above  Theory,  this  is  the  only  possible  way,  in  which  for  ages  to  come 
that  truth  can  be  demonstrated.  For  any  one  therefore  to  refuse  to 
admit  the  validity  of  such  proof,  is  equivalent  to  saying,  that,  even  if 
the  Theory  is  true,  he  will  not  believe  it  on  the  best  possible  evidence. 

Investigations  of  this  character  require  laborious  and  tedious  experi- 
ments in  the  closet,  and  habits  of  patient  observation  and  industry  in 


412  [NOVEMBKR 

the  field.  The  systeniatist  who  in  his  closet  receives  specimens  from 
the  four  quarters  of  the  globe,  and  busies  himself  in  arranging  and 
classifying  them,  can  discover  nothing  here,  or  if  he  does  he  must  be 
dependent  entirely  upon  the  accuracy  of  out-door  observers.  My  pre- 
sent object,  however,  is  not  so  much  to  adduce  new  proofs  upon  this 
subject,  as,  in  the  light  of  ray  subsequent  experience,  to  correct,  modify 
and  enlarge  upon  those  proofs  which  I  have  already  adduced  in  a  Paper 
published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  His- 
tory, Feb.  1864.  In  the  following  paragraphs  I  shall  refer  to  that 
paper  by  the  page. 

Halesidota  (lophocampa)  Antipuola  Walsh,  (pp.  288 — 290.) 
I  have  shown  here  that  the  imago  of//,  tessellaria  Sm.  Abb.,  the  larva 
of  which  feeds  only  on  the  sycamore,  is  absolutely  undistinguishable 
from  that  of  //.  Antiphola,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the  oak,  the 
basswood  and  several  other  trees.  But  from  trusting  to  a  description 
drawn  up  some  years  ago,  which  I  found  in  my  Journal,  one  of  the 
characters  which  distinguish  the  two  larvae  is  incorrectly  stated.  The 
black  pencils  on  the  thorax  of  the  larva  of  Antiphola  are  in  reality 
placed  upon  the  same  segments  as  the  orange-colored  pencils  of  tessd- 
laris,  viz.  on  the  2nd  and  3rd,  and  not  on  the  1st  and  2nd  segments,  as 
I  have  erroneously  asserted;  but  they  are  invariably  black,  and  those 
of  tesse/laris  invariably  orange-colored.  The  general  color  of  the  hair 
of  Antipliola  varies,  as  I  have  stated,  "  from  dirty  whitish  to  fuscous 
cinereous,  and  from  ochre-yellowish  to  pale  yellowish  brown,"  all  these 
varieties  occurring  on  the  same  tree,  the  oak,  and  the  same  individual 
often  changing  its  color  in  confinement.  But  I  have  this  year  met  with 
a  single  specimen  that  was  almost  pure  white,  and  two  others  that  were 
straw-colored  or  pale  gamboge-yellow ;  and  the  one  that  was  nearly  white 
changed  its  color  in  confinement  in  a  single  day  to  pale  gamboge-yellow- 
ish. On  the  other  hand  the  general  color  of  the  hair  of  all  tessellaris  that 
I  have  seen,  some  hundreds  in  number,  was  milk-white,  though  Dr. 
Harris  describes  them  as  '•  light-yellow  or  straw-colored."  (/y".  Ins.  p. 
3(33.)  Mr.  Edwards  also,  to  whose  experience  I  had  appealed  on  this 
point,  says  that  "  he  knows  the  larva  of  H.  tessellaris  very  well,  and 
that  to  the  best  of  his  recollection  they  are  white,  though  he  would  not 
like  to  assert  positively  that  they  had  not  a  j^ellowish  tinge."  And 
Mr.  J.  A.  Lintner  writes  me  word  that  "he  has  frequently  noticed 


1864.]  418 

white  tussock-larvje  on  the  trunks  of  the  buttonwood  [sycamore],  which 
he  presumes  must  be  those  of  H.  fesxellaris,  though  he  has  not  identi- 
fied them  with  that  species."  In  mature  or  nearly  mature  Antiphola 
the  head  is  black ;  in  half-grown  or  quarter-grown  individuals,  espe- 
cially the  latter,  generally  but  not  always  pale  rufous.  In  f/^ssellaris  of 
all  ages  the  head  is  as  described  by  Harris  '"brownish  yellow"  or  pale 
rufous.      (Ibid.^ 

I  strongly  incline  to  believe  that  Antiphola  is  the  species  known  to 
Dr.  Harris  only  in  the  larva  state,  and  stated  by  him  to  occur  '•  on  the 
black  walnut,  the  butternut,  the  ash  and  even  on  the  oak,"  (^ihiiL  p. 
362,)  although  that  species  is  not  described  by  him  as  having  any  pen- 
cils on  the  3rd  segment,  as  Antiphola  has.  In  all  other  respects  the 
description  agrees  exactly.  The  pencils  in  the  larvfe  of  this  genus  are  so 
fragile,  that  the  least  touch  knocks  them  oft",  and  the  specimen  or  spe- 
cimens examined  by  Dr.  Harris  might  have  been  so  mutilated.  There 
seems  some  peculiar  proclivity  to  error  in  the  matter  of  these  pencils ; 
for  besides  my  own  blunder  referred  to  above,  in  the  recent  illustrated 
edition  of  Dr.  Harris's  Injuriotis  Injects  the  larva  of  IT.  ca7-i/ae  is  figured 
with  black  pencils  both  on  the  10th  and  11th  segments,  whereas  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Harris's  own  description  it  has  none  on  the  11th  segment. 
(Compare  I)ij.  Ins.  Plate  vi.  fig.  1  and  p.  361.)  Whether  the  draughts- 
man or  the  engraver  is  here  in  error,  or  whether  Dr.  Harris  himself  is 
in  error,  I  cannot  say,  as  the  species,  though  it  occurs  near  Rock  Island 
very  rarely  in  the  imago,  is  totally  unknown  to  me  in  the  larva  state ; 
but  there  is  evidently  error  somewhere.  I  subjoin  an  amended  and 
enlarged  description  of  the  larva  of  Antiphola. 

H.  Antiphola  Walsh,  (larva.)  Head  black,  polished,  the  mouth  varied  with 
white.  Bodi/  opanue  black  above,  pale  on  the  venter,  covered  above  with  dense 
hairs  proceeding  from  little  warts  in  evenly-shorn  brushes  or  tufts,  which  are 
dorsally  a  little  darker,  and  vary  in  color  in  different  specimens  from  dirty 
whitish  or  occasionally  almost  pure  white  to  fuscous  cinereous,  and  from  pale 
gamboge-yellowish  to  ochre-yellowish  and  pale  yellowish  brown,  the  brushes 
on  the  back  converging  so  as  to  form  a  dense  dorsal  ridge.  On  the  2nd  seg- 
ment behind  the  head  one  lateral  black  pencil  and  two  milk-white  ones  under 
it,  all  transversely  arranged,  the  black  pencils  generally  in  repose  directed  ho- 
rizontally forwards.  On  the  .3rd  segment  one  lateral  black  pencil  and  one  milk- 
white  one  under  it,  directed  obliquely  forwards.  On  the  11th  segment  one  late- 
ral black  pencil  directed  obliquely  backwards,  and  on  the  12th  segment  one 
less  obvious  pencil,  which  is  either  whitish  or  the  color  of  the  tufts  of  the  body, 


"^1-i  [November 

placed  immediately  behind  the  black  pencil  on  the  11th  segment,  and  often 
•with  a  few  long  black  hairs  above  it.  Besides  the  pencils,  there  are  also  some 
long,  irregular,  whitish  hairs  projecting  forwards  over  the  head  and  backwards 
over  the  anus.  Legs  and  prolegs  very  pale  ferruginous,  slightly  obfuscated  at 
tip. — When  much  less  than  half-grown,  the  head  is  generally  not  black  but 
rufous,  the  black  pencil  on  the  2ud  segment  is  often  only  slightly  tino-ed  with 
black,  and  the  pencils  on  the  11th  and  12th  segments  are  occasionally  subobso- 
lete  or  all  whitish  and  untinged  with  black  Food-plants,  oak,  basswood,  elm. 
&c  ;  very  common  near  Rock  Island,  Illinois. 

I  am  not  perfectly  sure  that  the  hirva  of  tessellaris  has  white  pen- 
cils under  its  orange-colored  ones,  as  Antqihola  has  under  its  black 
ones ;  but  unless  my  recollection  of  last  year's  specimens  deceives  me, 
it  has.  Harris  however  makes  no  mention  of  any  such  white  pencils, 
and  the  only  specimens  I  was  able  to  procure  in  1SG4  had  their  pen- 
cils so  mutilated,  that  it  was  difficult  to  decide  the  question  from  them 
with  absolute  certainty.  In  Illinoian  specimens  of  ti-.-ixfJlark  it  will  be 
recollected,  that  the  color  of  the  tufts  that  cover  the  body  above  is 
white,  and  not  dark  as  in  almost  all  Antiphda ;  and  consequently  in 
mutilated  specimens  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  the  white  pencils  from 
the  white  tufts.  It  may  be  incidentally  remarked  here,  that  in  Illinois 
tessellarin  appears  and  disappears  several  weeks  before  Antipliola. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that,  so  far  as  known  at  present,  the  only^:»er- 
fectli/  constant  character  that  distinguishes  the  larva  of  tcssellnris  from 
that  of  Antiphola^  is  the  color  of  its  pencils  being  orange  instead  of 
black,  and  its  food-plant  being  sycamore  instead  of  oak,  basswood,  &c. 
Out  of  hundreds  of  Antiphola  that  have  passed  through  my  hands, 
there  was  indeed  a  single  specimen,  apparently  freshly-moulted,  as  the 
pencils  were  incurved  at  the  tip  instead  of  being  straight,  that  had 
those  pencils  white  which  ought  to  have  been  black ;  but  on  placin'^-  it 
in  a  breeding-cage,  I  found  that  the  next  day  they  had  changed  to 
their  normal  color,  although  those  on  the  2nd  and  11th  segments  were 
much  paler  than  usual.  This  was  the  same  specimen  before  referred 
to  as  having  changed  its  general  color  in  confinement  from  white  to 
gamboge  yellowish. 

If  the  pencils  themselves  in  these  two  forms  had  been  located  on 
different  segments,  as  in  the  first  instance  I  had  wrongly  supposed, 
there  could  have  been  no  doubt  of  the  specific  distinctness  of  the  two, 
the  difi"erences  being  structural ;  but  as  the  two  forms  only  differ  in  the 


1864.]  415 

color  of  their  pencils  and  not  in  their  location,  and  the  imagos  are  iden- 
tical, it  may  well  admit  of  a  question  whether  they  are  not  mere  Phy- 
tophagic  Varieties.  It  became  desirable  therefore  to  test  this  point  in 
the  manner  recounted  below,  the  principles  of  which  it  will  be  neces- 
sary first  to  explain. 

When  a  species  feeds  indiscriminately  upon  several  plants,  individu- 
als, that  have  fed  for  a  certain  period  upon  one  of  those  plants,  may  be 
shifted  upon  another  of  the  plants  that  they  commonly  feed  on  without 
injury  to  their  health.  I  have  done  this  in  so  many  different  cases 
with  Lepidopterous  larvae,  that  I  believe  that,  in  their  case  at  all  events, 
it  is  a  general  law.  For  example,  it  is  a  common  practice  in  England, 
and  I  have  repeatedly  done  so  when  a  boy,  to  feed  the  common  silk- 
worm when  it  first  hatches  out  on  lettuce  leaves,  and  afterwards  to 
change  its  food  to  mulberry  leaves.  Yet  the  insect  thrives  just  as  well, 
and  spins  up  just  as  certainly  under  this  treatment,  as  if  it  had  been 
fed  on  mulberry  leaves  throughout.  Lepidopterous  larvse  will  even 
sometimes  voluntarily  shift,  from  a  plant  of  one  family  to  another  of  a 
very  widely  distinct  family.  Several  years  ago  I  had,  in  the  same  cage, 
about  a  score  half-grown  larvae  of  Spllosoma  virginica  Fab.  feeding  on 
apple  leaves,  and  by  the  side  of  them  several  larvae  of  Pyrameis  hun- 
tera  Sm.  Abb.  feeding  on  sunflower  leaves.  To  my  great  surprise  the 
former  all  suddenly  quitted  the  apple-leaves  for  the  sunflower-leaves, 
and  I  finished  them  on  that  plant  and  they,  most  of  them,  developed 
next  year  into  the  imago. 

In  confirmation  of  these  views,  Mr.  Edwards,  to  whom  I  had  refer- 
red for  his  opinion  on  this  subject,  writes  to  me  as  follows : — "  I  have 
often  found  that  where  I  had  one  larva,  say  of  excsecata,  from  the 
elm  and  another  of  the  same  from  the  cherry,  and  put  food  for  both  in 
the  same  vase,  the  two  would  be  probably  both  of  them  on  the  cherry 
soon  after.  I  have  often  changed  the  food-plant,  when  the  one  on 
which  I  found  a  larva  was  inconvenient  to  procure,  for  one  nearer  the 
house  that  I  knew  it  liked.  I  have  collected  larvae  of  Limacodes  from 
oak,  hickory,  wild  cherry  and  cherry,  and  have  put  the  lot  on  a  hickory 
or  oak  near  my  house.     They  did  just  as  well." 

On  general  principles,  therefore,  if  Antlphola  and  fessellaris  were  mere 
Phytophagic  Varieties,  and  not  Phytophagic  Species,  it  must  be  obvious 
that  it  would  be  possible  to  feed  tessellarls  on  oak-leaves  and  Antlphola 


410  [November 

on  sycamore-leaves  without  injury  to  their  health  ;  and  in  that  case  we 
might  expect  that  the  pencils  of  the  one  would  more  or  less  partially  assume 
the  color  peculiar  to  the  pencils  of  the  other.  Owing  to  the  very  gre;it 
seal  city  of  almost  all  species  of  insects  in  1864, 1  was  unable  to  procure 
a  sufficient  number  of  individuals  to  try  such  experiments  on  a  large 
scale  ;  but  such  as  they  are,  the  results  of  my  experiments,  as  extracted 
from  my  Journal,  are  given  below.  Since  it  is  possible  that  on  the 
supposition  of  teasel/aris  being  identical  with  Antiphola,  or,  in  other 
words,  that  they  are  mere  Phytophagic  Varieties  of  one  species,  there 
might  be  some  peculiarity  in  the  constitution  of  that  species,  causing  it 
to  deviate  from  the  general  law,  and  suflFer  in  its  health  or  even  die 
from  change  of  food,  I  also  tried  the  experiment  of  feeding  upon  oak- 
leaves  Aiitiphola  that  had  been  found  upon  basswood,  and  feeding 
upon  basswood-leaves  Antlphohi  which  had  been  found  upon  oak. 
The  results  given  below  show  that  it  is  possible  to  so  shift  them,  though 
not  perhaps  with  perfect  impunity,  and  that  a  basswood-feeding  Aatl- 
phold  lived  for  at  least  12  days  upon  oak-leaves,  and  an  oak-feeding 
Antiphola  grew  and  flourished  for  22  days  upon  basswood  leaves,  and 
two  days  afterwards  spun  up.  In  all  these  cases,  except  where  other- 
wise specified,  the  larva?  were  well  attended  to  and  the  leaves  not  suf- 
fered to  wilt. 

Breeding  cage  No.  1.  Food-plant  oak.  This  was  a  large  cage  containing 
nearlv  two  cubic  feet  of  space,  with  3  or  4  inches  of  earth  at  the  bottom  and 
the  top  and  sides  of  wire-gauze,  so  that  there  was  no  possibility  of  any  but 
very  minute  larva  escaping.  It  contained  already,  on  Sept.  6,  several  score  of 
larva;  of  many  dififerent  species,  but  of  course  no  Halesidota.  and  I  added  others 
subsequently. 

Sept  (7.  Placed  in  it  4  H.  Antiphola  taken  off  basswood.  all  lively,  one  i- 
grown,  two  i-grown  and  one  |-grown. 

Sept.  9.  Shifted  on  to  fresh  leaves.  Found  two  lively  Antiphola;  the  other 
two  had  disappeared. 

Sept   12.     Shifted.     Found  two  lively  Antiphola. 

Sept.  14.  Shifted.  Found  one  lively  Antiphola;  the  other  one  had  disap- 
peared. 

Sept.  18.  Shifted.  Found  one  lively  Antiphola,  but  it  had  not  grown  percep- 
tibly since  Sejit    14. 

Sept.  22.     Shifted.     The  one  remaining  Antiphola  had  disappeared. 

As  I  had  several  larvfe  that  had  spun  up  among  some  dry  leaves  at  the  bot- 
tom of  this  cage,  I  did  not  search  among  the  dry  leaves  for  dead  Antiphola. 
The   missing  ones  might  therefore  have  died  of  the  change  of  food,  or   they 


1864.]  417 

might  have  been  ichneumonized,  or  the  larger  ones  might  have  spun  up,  or  they 
might  have  been  killed  by  some  of  the  other  larvae  in  the  cage,  which,  accord- 
ing to  Rev.  Mr.  Green  in  his  book  on  "  Pupa-digging"  is  not  an  unusual  circum- 
stance with  certain  lepidopterous  larvse,  or  I  might  possibly  have  thrown  them 
out  by  an  oversight  in  changing  the  leaves;  but  they  could  not  have  escaped 
through  tlie  wire-gauze. 

Breeding-cage  No,  5,  Food-plant  bass.  This,  like  all  the  following  ones, 
contained  over  a  cubic  foot  of  space,  with  the  sides  and  top  of  musketo-bar,  so 
that  occasionally  larvaj  would  make  their  escape  from  it  by  boring  through  the 
musketo-bar.  There  was  no  earth  at  the  bottom,  and  only  3  or  4  other  larvpe 
in  it,  besides  the  Antiphola. 

Sept.  5.     Placed  in  it  three  J-grown  Antiphola  taken  off  the  oak,  all  lively. 

Sept.  6.  Added  three  more  Antiphola  taken  off  the  oak,  two  i-grown  and  one 
j-grown,  all  in  good  order. 

Sept.  9.  Shifted.  Found  3  Antiphola  ;  the  other  3  had  disappeared,  and 
their  bodies  were  nowhere  to  be  seen  in  the  cage.  The  leaves  had  partially 
dried  up. 

Sept.  10.     Found  only  one  Antiphola  ;  the  other  two  had  disappeared. 

Sept.  11 — 27.  The  same  Antiphola  throve  and  grew  finely.  Sept.  28  it  quit 
feeding  and  shed  its  pencils  and  by  Sept.  30  it  had  spun  up. 

I  believe  the  5  missing  Antiphola  in  this  cage  escaped  through  the  musketo- 
bar,  as  I  found  a  stray  one  at  large  in  the  room  where  I  keep  my  breeding- 
cages  on  Sept.  3,  and  two  stray  ones  on  Sept.  10.  Tliey  certainly  did  not  die  in 
the  cage,  for  every  time  that  I  shifted  the  leaves  in  all  the  cages  but  No.  1,  I 
searched  carefully  for  any  dead  larva;. 

Breeding-cage  No.  4,  Food-plant  sj/camore-  Tiiere  was  no  earth  at  the  bot- 
tom of  this  cage,  but  there  were  a  dozen  or  two  very  restless  notodoutide  larvse 
in  it,  that  were  continually  boring  through  the  musketo-bar  and  escaping. 

Sept.  1.  Placed  in  it  two  lively  J-grown  Antiphola,  one  taken  off  the  oak 
and  another  off  the  elm  or  possibly  the  oak. 

Sept.  2.  Added  3  lively  Antiphola  taken  off  the  oak,  one  i-grown  and  two 
J-grown. 

Sept.  3.  Returned  a  stray  Antiphola,  which  must  have  escaped  from  this 
cage,  as  at  this  date  I  had  no  Antiphola  in  any  other  cage. 

Sept.  4.  Shifted.  Found  two  living  i-grown  Antiphola,  one  of  which  had 
just  moulted,  and  found  also  one  dead.  Two  must  have  escaped,  for  their  bodies 
were  not  to  be  found.  Added  from  Cage  No.  1  the  abnormal  oak-feeding  Anti- 
phola referred  to  above,  (p.  414)  which  had  now  acquired  black  pencils. 

Sept.  5.     Added  three  lively  j-grown  Antiphola  taken  on  the  oak. 

Sept.  9.  Shifted.  Found  three  lively  Antiphola,  and  also  one  half-dead  and 
one  DEAD.     One  must  have  escaped. 

Sept.  10.  Shifted.  Found  three  living  .i4?i<ipAo/a,-  the  half-dead  one  was  now 
completely  dead.  Three  hours  after  shifting  found  three  stray  Antiphola  in  the 
room,  which  had  apparently  escaped  from  the  cage,  and  replaced  them.  In 
order  to  identify  them,  however,  I  clipped  off  the  tips  of  their  right  pencils. 

Sept.  11.     Noticed  one  of  the  clipped  Antiphola  was  half-dead. 


-US  [November 

Sept.  12.     The  half-dead  Antiphola  was  now  completely  dkad. 

Sept.  1.3.  Shifted.  Found  no  Antiphola  either  dead  or  alive.  Two  must  have 
escaped. 

Breeding-cage  No.  6.  Food-plant  sycamore.  There  was  no  earth  at  the  bot- 
tom of  this  cage,  and  only  two  or  three  peaceable  larvae  in  it  on  Sept.  13. 

Sept.  1.3.     Placed  in  it  one  Antiphola  captured  on  the  oak. 

Sept.  14.  Added  three  lively  Antiphola  captured  on  the  oak,  one  less  than 
i-grown  and  two  |-grown.     The  one  placed  there  Sept.  13  was  still  in  the  cage. 

Sept.  15.  Shifted.  Found  three  Antiphola.  including  the  small  one.  One  of 
the  larger  ones  had  disappeared. 

Sept.  17.  Shifted.  Found  three  Antiphola.  including  the  small  one.  which 
was  dull  and  sluggish. 

Sept.  19.  Shifted.  One  of  the  larger  Antiphola  had  moulted  and  was  slug- 
gish, the  other  one  was  lively.     The  small  one  was  dead. 

Sept.  21.  Shifted.  One  of  the  two  remaining  Antiphola  was  half-dead,  the 
other  one  was  dead. 

Sept.  22.     The  half-dead  Antiphola  was  quite  dead. 

Breeding-cage  No.  3.  Food-plant  oak.  There  were  2  or  3  inches  of  earth  at 
the  bottom  of  this  cage,  and  about  a  dozen  larvie.  besides  te.'ssellaris,  were  placed 
in  it  from  time  to  time  in  the  forepart  of  September. 

Aug.  31.  Placed  in  it  three  to.se//a?-is  captured  on  the  sycamore,  two  i-grown 
and  one  f-grown.  They  were  lively,  but  their  pencils  had  been  badly  muti- 
lated in  the  handling. 

Sept.  4.  Shifted.  All  three  te.^sellaris  had  the  white  tufts  on  their  bodies 
changed  to  a  decided  dirty-white,  as  in  some  varieties*  of  Antiphola.  Their 
heads  were  still  rufous,  and  what  remained  of  their  pencils  was  orange  and 
continued  so  to  the  last.  The  large  one  was  vigorous,  the  two  small  ones  very 
dull  and  sluggish. 

Sept.  6.     Noticed  one  tessellaris  dead  in  the  cage. 

Sept.  9.  Shifted.  Found  one  tessellaris  dead;  the  other  one  had  disappeared 
and  was  nowhere  to  be  found. 

It  thus  appears  that  out  of  13  oak  and  elm  feeding  Antiphola  com- 
pelled to  feed  on  sycamore  leaves,  no  less  than  7  died  in  from  3  to  7  or 
possibly  10  days,  and  6  either  escaped,  or  were  eaten  by  other  larvae, 
or  possibly  might  have  been  thrown  out  by  an  oversight  in  shifting. 
A.S  they  were  all  well  tended  and  carefully  handled,  the  inference  is 
unavoidable,  that  Antiphola,  though  it  naturally  feeds  upon  a  great 
variety  of  trees,  cannot  as  a  general  rule  be  brought  to  feed  upon  syca- 
more without  suffering  death  in  consequence,  and  therefore  that  it  is 
not  a  mere  Phytophagic  Variety  of  tessellaris.  In  no  one  instance 
could  I  perceive  that  any  of  these  Antiphola  approximated  in  the  color 
of  their  tufts  towards  tessellaris^  or  that  their  black  pencils  approxi- 
mated in  the  least  degree  towards   the  orange  pencils  of  tessellaris.    It 


1864.]  419 

further  appears  that  out  of  3  sycamore-feeding  tessrflaris  compelled  to 
feed  upon  oak-leaves,  one  died  in  6  days  and  another  in  9  days,  and  the 
remaining  one  disappeared  ;  and  that  four  days  after  they  had  had  their 
food  changed  to  oak,  the  tufts  on  their  bodies  approximated  very  re- 
markably in  color  to  those  of  Antiphola,  though  their  pencils  did  not. 
From  these  facts  we  may  infer  that  tessellaris  is  not  a  mere  Phytophagic 
Variety  of  Antiplwla. 

It  is  an  easy  matter  for  the  believers  in  the  Creative  Theory  to  cut 
the  knot,  instead  of  untying  it,  by  asserting  that  tesseUaris  and  Anti- 
phola  are  simply  distinct  species  in  their  sense  of  the  term,  and  that 
they  have  fed  respectively  upon  the  sycamore  and  upon  oak,  bass,  elm, 
&c.  ever  since  their  original  creation.  But  in  that  case,  assuming  the 
truth  of  the  Creative  Theory,  how  are  we  to  account  for  the  absolute 
identity  of  their  imagos.  and  for  the  further  very  remarkable  fact  that 
these  two  forms  are  subject,  as  I  have  shown,  p.  288,  to  six  or  eight 
distinct  variations,  which  occur  equally  in  each  of  them  ?  If  the  colora- 
tion of  the  two  forms  was  plain  and  simple  and  without  any  definite 
and  elaborate  pattern,  as  is  the  case  for  example  in  the  dipterous  genus 
Cecidom^ia,  there  would  be  nothing  so  very  wonderful  in  two  distinct 
species  being  undistinguishable  in  the  imago,  as  we  find  to  be  some- 
times the  case  in  Cecidomyla.  But  the  coloration,  and  more  especially 
the  design  or  pattern  of  their  wings,  is  so  complicated  and  so  diver- 
sified, that  I  could  as  soon  believe  that  the  same  pattern  could  be  re- 
produced twice  over  in  a  large  and  well-filled  Kaleidoscope,  or  that,  after 
distributing  the  types  of  a  book,  they  could  be  re-arranged  so  as  to  pro- 
duce a  fac-simile  edition,  undistinguishable  from  the  first,  or  that  the 
same  identical  species  had  been  created  twice  over  in  two  separate 
habitats  or  at  two  separate  geological  epochs,  as  that  these  two  forms 
were  created  originally  as  distinct  species  by  the  fiat  of  the  Creative 
Power.  On  comparing  the  two  imagos,  the  impression  is  irresistible 
to  every  unbiassed  mind,  that  there  must  be  a  genetic  connection  be- 
tween them,  or  in  other  words,  that  they  are  what  I  have  called  Phy- 
tophagic Species ;  which  is  further  confirmed  by  the  fact  of  the  3  syc- 
amore-feeding tessrUat-is  approximating  in  the  coloration  of  their  tufts 
to  A)itiphola,  after  feeding  only  for  four  days  upon  oak-leaves.  They 
certainly  cannot  be  mere  Phytophagic  Varieties,  for  if  they  were,  out 
of  the  sixteen  individuals  that  I  endeavored  to  compel  to  change  their 


420  [November 

food  from  sycamore  to  oak  or  vice  versa ^  some  one  of  the  number  would 
have  suffered  the  change  of  food  without  dying;  as,  out  of  the  six  oak- 
feeding  Antlphola  in  (^age  No  5,  one  grew  and  flourished  for  22  days 
and  finally  spun  up,  though  its  food  was  changed  to  bass,  and  none  of 
the  remaining  five  died  in  confinement. 

Cly'IUS  (arhopalus)  pictus  Drury  (pp.  296 — 7).  I  have  here  de- 
monstrated, that  the  race  that  has  the  habit  of  preying  upon  the  hickory 
is  distinct  from  the  race  that  has  the  habit  of  preying  upon  the  locust; 
or,  which  amounts  to  the  same  thing,  that  a  9  p'V/«s  bred  in  the  hick- 
ory does  not  oviposit  in  the  locust.  I  have  also  shown  that  there  is  a 
very  remarkable  difference  in  their  habits,  the  locust-feeding  race,  as 
is  well  known,  coming  out  in  September,  and  the  hickory-feeding  race, 
according  to  Mr.  Bland,  in  the  spring  (p.  297,  note).  Mr.  Bland,  in 
reply  to  some  recent  enquiries  on  the  subject,  has  been  kind  enough  to 
inform  me.  that  '•  the  spring  species  can  be  found  in  abundance  upon 
the  hickory  the  first  warm  days  in  May  and  June,  and  that  it  appears 
to  confine  itself  to  this  tree ;  while  the  fall  species  appears  upon  the 
locust,  and  can  also  be  taken  upon  various  plants  that  are  in  blossom, 
in  September."  He  adds  that  ■'  he  has  made  diligent  enquiry  among 
the  Philadelphia  collectors  in  regard  to  the  time  of  capture,  and  they 
all  assert  that  they  lose  sight  of  Arhopalus  picfiis  from  the  middle  of 
June  until  September."  Up  to  the  autumn  of  1864  I  was  not  aware 
that  any  specific  distinctions  existed  between  the  imagos  of  these  two 
races,  but  I  have  recently  ascertained  that  there  are  some  very  remark- 
able ones  in  the  %  ,  though  neither  Mr.  Bland  nor  myself  can  discover 
any  in  the  9  .  I  have  now  before  me  of  the  hickory-feeding  race  four 
S  %  three  $  9  ,  one  of  these  S  S  split  by  myself  out  of  a  stick  of 
hickory  wood  seven  years  ago,  the  other  S  S  9  9  obligingly  commu- 
nicated to  me  by  Mr.  Bland.  I  have  also  before  me  of  the  locust- 
feeding  race  15  S  S  4  9  9,  viz.  13  %  %  taken  in  coifu,  that  there 
might  be  no  possible  doubt  of  their  sex,  on  flowers  in  September,  2  S  S 
taken  in  September  on  the  trunk  of  a  locust,  899  taken  on  flowers 
in  September,  and  1  9  received  from  Mr.  Bland  and  labelled  as  be- 
longing to  the  locust-feeding  race.  The  following  distinctions  between 
the  S  S  of  the  two  forms  are  perfectly  constant  according  to  the  types, 
except  where  otherwise  stated. 


1864.] 


421 


Hickory-feeduig  % . 
1.  Antennae,  when  relaxed  and  laid 
<!loseand  straightalong  the  back,  reach- 
ing beyond  the  tip  of  the  elytra  by  the 
whole  length  of  the  terminal  joint  (11.) 


2.  Antennre  from  \  more  robust  to 
twice  as  robust,  especially  towards  the 
base. 

3.  Terminal  or  11th  joint  of  antennae 
full  i  longer  than  the  penultimate,  and 
composed  of  two  portions  connected  by 
an  indistinct  connate  suture  foreshad- 
owing a  12th  joint,  (as  in  Purpuricenus 
%  and  in  Tragidion  annulatum  %  Lee.,) 
which  suture  is  more  distinct  on  the 
inferior  surface.  The  basal  portion  of 
11th  joint  as  long  as  joint  10,  the  ter- 
minal portion,  which  is  suddenly  slen- 
derer from  base  to  tip.  more  than  J  as 
long  as  joint  10.* 

4.  Elytra  widened  at  base  and  ta- 
pered towards  their  tip,  so  that  the  two 
together  just  before  the  extreme  tip 
equal  the  basal  width  of  one  of  them.* 

5.  The  2nd  or  W-shaped  band  on  the 
elytra  in  two  of  the  Philadelphia  spe- 
cimens and  the  Illinois  specimen  whit- 
ish, in  the  other  Philadelphia  specimen 
centrally  whitish  but  decidedly  varied 
with  yellow  on  the  two  exterior  arms 
of  the  W.t 

6.  Legs  proportionally  ^ — .\  longer 
and  stouter  than  in  9  • 


Locust-feeding  % . 

1.  Antennae,  when  relaxed  and  laid 
close  and  straight  along  the  back, even 
in  the  specimen  which  has  the  longest 
ones,  not  attaining  the  tip  of  the  elytra 
by  a  space  equal  in  length  to  the  two 
terminal  joints  (10  and  11.) 

2.  Antennae  much  less  robust,  except 
the  few  last  joints,  and  less  tapered 
from  base  to  tip. 

3.  Terminal  or  11th  joint  of  antennae 
scarcely  i  or  i  longer  than  the  penulti- 
mate, the  division  into  two  portions 
barely  discoverable,  and  the  terminal 
portion  not  suddenly  slenderer  from 
base  to  tip. 


4.  Elytra  much  less  tapered  and 
shaped  exactly  as  in  the  9  of  both  the 
two  races,  i.  e.  with  the  lateral  edges 
subparallel. 

5.  The  W-shaped  band  on  the  elytra 
colored  yellow,  exactly  like  the  other 
bands,  in  all  my  15  specimens. 


6.  Legs  proportionally  no  longer  or 
stouter  than  in  9  • 

It  is  a  suggestive  fact,  that  although  the  %  antennae  differ  so  re- 
markably in  the  two  races  both  in   length,  robustness  and  structure, 


••■■  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Bland  for  directing  my  attention  to  these  two  cha- 
racters. 

I  Dr.  Fitch  says  that  it  was  reported  to  hiiu  that  individuals  reared  in  the 
black  walnut  had  the  yellow  bands  on  the  body  more  or  less  white.  (N.  Y.  Rep. 
II.  ^."529.  "With  the  exception  noted  in  the  text  they  are  all  bright  yellow  in  the 
'^  %  bred  from  the  hickory.  Mr.  Bland  remarks  that  this  whiteness  of  the  bands 
is  the  exception  and  not  the  rule,  as  it  only  occurs  occasionally  at  Philadelphia. 


-t-2  [November 

the  9  antennfe  are  exactly  alike,  being  in  both  races  a  little  more  than 
2  as  long  as  the  body,  with  the  terminal  joint  equal  in  length  to  the 
penultimate  or  perhaps  very  slightly  longer,  and  no  perceptible  differ- 
ence in  the  robustness  of  the  whole  antenna.  The  general  appearance 
of  the  two  $  9  and  of  the  S  of  the  locust-feeding  race  is  very  similar, 
but,  owing  to  the  shape  of  the  elytra,  the  %  of  the  hickory-feeding  race 
has  a  different  and  Lepfura-Wke  habit.  So  closely  indeed  does  the  % 
of  the  l(jeust-feeding  race  resemble  the  9  of  both  races,  that  until  a 
recent  period  I  had  always  supposed,  that  all  my  specimens  of  that 
race  —  some  30  or  40  in  number^were  9  9  ,  and  that  the  unique 
%  which  I  possessed  of  the  hickory-feeding  race  was  the  normal  % 
of  the  species.  In  all  the  9  9  of  both  races  the  W-shaped  band 
on  the  elytra  is  as  yellow  as  the  other  bands.  Whether  there  is  any 
distinction  in  the  larva  state  is  unknown,  as  the  larva  of  the  locust- 
feeding  form  has  never  yet  been  critically  examined.  Here  again, 
as  in  the  two  Ilaksidofa,  we  find  the  colorational  pattern  of  the 
imagos  so  complicated  and  diversified,  that  it  is  impossible  to  believe 
that  the  two  forms  have  no  genetic  connection,  for  the  same  reasons 
referred  to  in  the  case  of  the  Halesidota.  That  they  cannot  be  mere 
Phytophagic  Varieties,  has,  I  think,  been  most  clearly  demonstrated 
in  the  paper  already  quoted. 

Whether  we  choose  to  consider  the  locust-feeding  and  the  hickory- 
feeding  forms  of  this  insect  as  Phytophagic  Species,  or  as  distinct  spe- 
cies in  the  sense  given  to  that  term  by  the  believers  in  the  Creative 
Theory,  it  will  be  obviously  both  convenient  and  necessary  to  have  a 
separate  name  for  each.  It  is  a  doubtful  and  disputed  question  in 
Entomological  Archaeology,  whether  Drury's  name  picfiis  or  Forster's 
name  rohinlx  has  the  priority,  as  Drury  was  the  first  to  describe  the 
insect  and  Forster  the  first  to  name  it.  We  may  therefore,  with  even- 
handed  justice,  appropriate  the  name  of  robiniee  to  the  locust- feeding 
race  with  short  and  slender  S  antennaj  and  legs  which  appears  in  Sep- 
tember, and  the  name  of  picfus  to  the  hickory-feeding  race  with  long  and 
robust  %  antennee  and  legs  which  appears  in  May  and  June. 

Sphingicampa  distigma  Walsh  and  Dryocampa  bicolor  Harris 
(pp.  290 — 294).  I  have  shown  here,  though  there  is  a  certain  degree 
of  doubt  attaching  to  the  proof,  that  the  S  of  the  former  of  these  two 
species  is  undistinguishable  from  the  %  of  the  latter,  the  9  of  which  is 


1864.]  423 

unknown,  while  the  hirva  of  the  former  is  sphinjiiforni  and  entirely 
unlike  all  known  Dryocampa  larvae,  and  also  unlike  the  aberrant  i>ryo- 
campade  genus  C('ratoatmpa,  in  the  abdominal  thorns  being  normally 
placed,  not  ou  every  segment,  but  on  alternate  segments,  and  the  sup- 
posed larva  of  the  latter  had  the  normal  Dryocampa  form.  I  have  this 
year  met  with  two  larvae — one  of  which  died  and  has  been  preserved 
in  alcohol,  and  the  other  either  went  underground  or  escaped* — which 
I  believe  to  be  identical  with  that  from  which  I  bred,  or  supposed  that 
I  bred,  D.  hirolor.  I  am  well  acquainted  with  the  larvfe  of  D.  sena- 
toria  Sm.  Abb.  and  D.  stigma  Fabr.  and  they  are  certainly  quite  dis- 
tinct from  my  two  larvae ;  neither  do  my  two  larvae  agree  with  the 
pretty  full  description  of  the  larva  of  D.  jiellucida  Sm.  Abb.  given  by 
Dr.  Fitch,  (iV.  Y.  Rep.  IT.  §o24.)  the  upper  dark  stripe  which  is  san- 
guineous in  ray  larva  being  "  dull  brownish"  in  his,  and  the  lower  dark 
stripe,  which  is  also  sanguineous  in  ray  larva,  being  "  dark  olive  green 
or  blackish"  in  his,  and  there  being  a  "broad  dull  yellowish  stripe" 
iramediately  below  the  spiracles  and  above  the  lower  dark  stripe  in  his, 
which  has  no  existence  in  mine,  and  a  "  narrow  blackish  line  on  the 
middle  of  the  back"  in  his  which  is  not  found  in  mine.  There  is  also 
a  diiference  in  the  number  of  the  spines,  Dr.  Fitch  assigning  only  six 
spines  to  each  segment,  instead  of  .six  to  some  and  right  to  others;  but 
this  is  probably  nothing  but  an  oversight,  as  he  assigns  the  same  num- 
ber to  senaforia,  which,  unless  my  memory  deceives  me,  is  thorned  like 
my  larva  on  joints  2 — 11.  The  only  other  known  N.  A.  species  of  Drt/- 
ocampa  are  imperialis  Drury,  the  larva  of  which  is  quite  different  from 
mine,  and  i-uhicunda  Fabr.,  the  larva  of  which  is  undescribed  and  the 
imago  of  which,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  does  not  occur  near  Rock  Island. 
I  subjoin  a  full  description  of  my  two  larvae,  and  also  a  description  of 
the  larva  of  r)ibicunda,  with  which  I  have  been  favored  by  Mr.  J.  A. 
Lintner.  It  will  be  seen  from  comparing  these  two  descriptions,  that 
my  larva  differs  from  that  of  ruhivunrhi  in  the  horns  of  the  2nd  seg- 
ment being  proportionally  much  longer,  (for  if  they  were  proportion- 
ally as  short  as  in  ruhiciinda  they  would  be  not  quite  .09  inch  long  in- 
stead of  .20  inch.)  in  the  different  arrangement  and  different  structure 

*  It  turned  out  unfortunately,  on  emptying  the  earth  from  the  tjreeding-cage, 
that  it  must  have  escaped. — Nov.  14,  186i. 


424  [November 

of  the  spines,  and  in  having  four  sanguineous  stripes  instead  o^  seven 
dark  green  ones.  It  cannot  therefore  be  ruhicunda,  and  hence  it  would 
seem  to  follow  that  it  must  be  either  bicolor  or  some  species  hitherto 
undescribed  both  in  the  larva  and  imago  states.  It  is  observable  that 
Dr.  Harris  describes  the  larva  of  peUucida,  of  which  he  professes  to 
have  seen  only  a  single  specimen,  as  "  pea-green,  shaded  on  the  back 
and  sides  with  red,  longitudinally  striped  with  very  pale  yellowish 
green,  and  armed  with  black  thorns,"  and  adds  that  "  it  resembles 
senatoria  in  everything  but  color,"  whence  it  may  be  inferred  that  it 
has  about  seven  dark  stripes,  instead  of  four  dark  stripes,  as  peUucida 
is  described  by  Dr.  Fitch.  I  strongly  suspect  that  Dr.  Harris  described 
the  larva  of  ruhicunda  as  the  larva  of  peUucida,  taking  the  darker 
green  as  the  ground  color  and  the  paler  green  as  the  color  of  the 
stripes,  instead  of  vice  versa  as  in  Mr.  Lintner's  description  of  ruhi- 
cunda. In  any  case  Dr.  Harris's  description  of  the  larva  of  peUucida 
differs  altogether  too  widely  from  Dr.  Fitch's  description  to  apply  to 
the  same  species ;  for  I  observe  that  in  the  larvsd  both  of  senatoria  and 
stigma  the  range  of  variation  is  by  no  means  wide,  and  consequently, 
according  to  what  I  have  called  the  "  Law  of  Equable  Variability,"  we 
may  presume  that  the  range  of  variation  will  not  be  wide  in  the  larva 
of  the  closely  allied  peUucida.  (Proc.  Eat.  Soc.  Phila.  II.  p.  213.)* 
There  is  another  reason,  of  no  great  weight  perhaps,  but  still  of  some 
weight,  why  my  two  larvjie  cannot  belong  to  peUucida — the  only  known 
N.  A.  species,  except  bicolor,  to  which  they  can  with  any  probability  be  re- 
ferred. It  is  often,  though  by  no  means  universally,  the  case,  that  when 
bright  colors  occur  in  the  larva  the  same  colors  occur  also  in  the  imago. 
For  example,  the  larva  of  Deiopeia  heUa  Drury  is  said  by  Drury  to  be 
yellow  and  white  dotted  with  black,  like  the  front  wings  of  the  imago; 
the  larva  of  Papilio  Asterias  Fab.  is  marked  with  yellow  and  black 
like  the  imago ;  and  merely  from  studying  the  colors  of  the  imago,  I 
foretold  that  the  larva  of  Dnryphora  lO-lineata  Say  "  would  probably 


*I  see  from  the  Preface  to  the  Iconographie  des  CoquUles  Tertiaires,  published 
in  1845  by  Prof.  Agassiz  (p.  4),  that  he  practically  recognizes  the  validity  of 
this  Law  in  Conchology;  and  I  learn  from  a  Botanical  article  in  the  Nat.  Hist. 
Review  (1863,  p.  192).  that  very  many  Botanists  practically  recognize  it  at  the 
present  day.  Important,  however,  as  the  Law  is.  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
previously  received  any  name. 


1864.]  425 

be  yellow  with  black  spots  and  markings  on  its  body,"  which  has  since 
turned  out  to  be  literally  correct.  (  Vallri/  Farmer,  July  1862,  p.  210 
and  Sept.  1864,  p.  273.)  Now  my  two  larvae  are  quadrivittate  with 
sanguineous,  and  the  imago  of  pethicida  is  of  a  uniform  brownish 
ochreous  color,  without  any  sanguineous  or  rosy -red  markings.  On  the 
other  hand  the  only  N.  A.  Dryocampa  that  are  strongly  marked  in  the 
imago  with  sanguineous  or  rosy -red  or  dull  purple  are  wiper  ialis,  ruhi- 
cunda  and  huolor.  Imperialis  is  out  of  the  question,  and  we  know 
from  Mr.  Lintner's  very  full  and  precise  description  that  my  larva  can- 
not possibly  be  ruhicundn,  whence  by  the  method  of  exhaustion  I  infer 
that  it  is  probably  hicolor.  The  fact  that  Harris  describes  the  sup- 
posed larva  of  pellucid  a  as  '-shaded  on  the  back  and  sides  with  red" 
is  another  reason  why  we  may  conclude  that  his  larva  really  belonged 
to  ruhicunda  and  not  to  pellucid  a.  It  is  very  true  that  the  specimens 
from  which  Mr.  Lintner  drew  his  description  were  not  thus  shaded,  but 
just  so  some  larvae  of  D.  imperialis  are  "  slightly  tinged  with  red  on 
the  back,"  and  some  are  not.  (Harris  Inj.  Ins.  p.  404.)  For  the  pre- 
sence or  non-presence  of  a  mere  shade  is  unimportant  when  compared 
with  the  presence  or  non-presence  of  a  stripe. 

In  regard  to  the  validity  of  my  new  genus  Spliingicampa,  which 
differs  from  Dri/ocampa.  much  as  Attacus  differs  from  Saturnia,  in  the 
9  antennae  being  basally  feathered,  though  less  widely  so  than  the  S  an- 
tennai,  Mr.  Grote  inform§  me  that  Herrick  Seh^effer  has  figured  and 
described  a  great  number  of  South  American  Drj/ocampa  which  are 
distinguished  by  the  same  peculiarity,  but  the  larvae  of  which  are  at 
present  unknown.  Hence  it  would  seem  that  Sp)hingicampa  is  more 
peculiarly  a  South  American  genus.  Mr.  Grote  also  informs  me,  that 
the  imago  which  I  described  with  some  doubt  (pp.  298-9)  as  that  of 
Limacodes  scapha  Harris,  is,  to  his  personal  knowledge,  correctly  re- 
ferable to  that  species. 

Dryocampa  bicolor?  Harris.  Larva.  Length,  when  apparently,  judging 
from  the  size  of  tlie  liead,  it  was  just  moulted,  1.20  inch.  Head  greenish  yel- 
low, with  a  brown-black  spot  bordering  the  eyes,  which  are  4  or  5  in  number 
on  each  side  and  arranged  in  a  circle  open  behind;  mouth  a  little  varied  with 
brown-black.  Bodi/  very  pale  greenish-brown,  thickly  covered  and  frosted 
over  with  small,  irregularly  placed,  whitish  granules,  none  of  which  are  trans- 
versely arranged  as  they  are  in  .s^i^'wa.  A  pair  of  dorsal  sanguineous  stripes, 
and  a  lateral  sanguineous  stripe  placed  immediately  below  the  line  of  the  spi- 


426  [November 

racles,  each  of  these  four  sanguineous  stripes  being  equal  in  breadth  to  one- 
tenth  of  the  length  over  the  back  from  proleg  to  proleg,  and  the  three  pale 
greenish  brown  stripes  between  them  being  each  twice  as  broad  as  they  are; 
the  sanguineous  stripes  fading  out  on  the  anterior  submargin  of  joint  12,  and  the 
remaining  part  of  12  being  greenish  yellow.  Spiracles  large,  vertically  elongate, 
and  black  edged  by  yellowish.  On  joint  1  behind  the  head  6  equidistant  black 
tubercles,  the  outer  one  pointed  at  tip,  and  beneath  them  a  lateral  black  thorn, 
all  8  transversely  arranged.  Joints  2 — 11  all  with  fi  transversely-arranged, 
medial,  smooth,  acute,  black  thorns,  .03 — .05  inch  long  and  sometimes  with  a 
few  white  granules  towards  their  base,  two  thorns  placed  between  the  dorsal 
-sanguineous  stripes,  one  lateral  one  just  outside  each  dorsal  sanguineous  stripe, 
and  another  lateral  one  in  tlie  lateral  sanguineous  stripe.  On  joint  2  the  two 
dorsal  thorns  are  replaced  by  long,  slender,  recurved,  smooth,  obtuse,  black 
horns  directed  forwards,  .20  inch  long  with  a  few  white  granules  on  their  lower 
half;  and  on  joint  3  the  two  dorsal  thorns  are  acutely  bifid  at  tip.  On  joints 
2 — 5  and  10,  in  addition  to  the  above  6  thorns,  there  is  another  one  beneath  the 
lateral  sanguineous  stripe,  so  that  these  joints  have  8  thorns,  all  transversely 
arranged.  Joint  12  with  one  central,  dorsal,  bifurcate  thorn,  similar  to  the  two 
dorsal  ones  on  joint  3,  one  lateral  one  on  the  edge  of  the  superior  surface  of  the 
joint,  and  another  lateral  one  below  the  line  of  the  lateral  sanguineous  stripe, 
all  5  black  with  a  few  basal  white  granules  and  arranged  transversely  on  the 
anterior  submargin,  and  behind  them,  half-way  to  the  tip  of  the  lateral  edge  of 
the  superior  surface  of  the  joint,  a  single  black  thorn,  before  and  behind  whicli 
are  a  lew  acute  whitish  granules,  and  at  the  tip  two  greenish  yellow  thorns 
tipped  with  black  and  directed  backwards.  Venter  very  pale  greenish  brown. 
Legs  greenish  yellow,  the  claws  brown-black  ;  prolegs  pale  greenish  brown, 
with  a  large  brown-black  spot  (ui  their  lower  exterior  surface. — Described  from 
two  living  specimens.     Food-plant  oak. 

Dryocampa  rubicunda  F'abr.  Larva.  (Described  by  J.  A.  Lintner.)  Length 
1.70  inch.  Head  reddish-brown;  eyes  on  a  crescent  black  spot.  Body  cylin 
drical,  apple-green,  closely  dotted  with  minute,  whitish,  acute  granulations, 
with  a  darker  green  narrow  dorsal  stripe,  and  broader  subdorsal,  lateral  and 
stigmatal  stripes,  the  stigmatal  stripe  less  distinct  than  the  others.  Segment  1 
with  four  black  tubercles  on  the  collar,  the  central  ones  transversely  oval,  the 
outer  ones  subtriangular,  a  spine  in  frontof  the  stigma  and  another  at  the  base 
of  the  leg.  Segments  2 — 11  witii  a  substigmatal  row  of  acute,  prominent,  black 
spines  pointing  backwards:  a  lateral  row  of  shorter  ones  on  the  inferior  mar- 
gin of  tlie  lateral  stripe;  a  subdorsal  row  of  still  shorter  ones  on  the  superior 
margin  of  the  subdorsal  stripe,  [marked]  with  whitish  at  base  superiorly;  and 
a  ventral  row  on  and  in  range  with  the  external  base  of  the  legs  and  prolegs, 
those  of  the  prolegs  (segments  6 — 9)  quite  small,  the  other  seven  (segments  I — 5, 
10  &  11)  nearly  as  long  as  the  substigmatal  ones,  except  those  on  the  terminal  pair 
of  legs,  of  which  there  are  two  on  the  base  of  each,  which  are  quite  minute.  All 
of  the  above  spines  black,  the  three  superior  ones  in  range  transversely  on  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  segment,  the  substigmatal  ones  on  the  middle  of  the 
segment.    In  addition  to  the  above,  from  the  4th  to  the  12th  segment  inclusive. 


1864.]  42 


there  is  a  row  of  whitish,  black-tipped,  short  spines  on  the  inferior  margin  of 
the  sulidorsal  stripe,  placed  two-thirds  of  the  way  to  the  tip  of  each  segment. 
Segment  2  has  the  two  subdorsal  spines  replaced  by  two  black,  blnnt,  spinous 
horns,  placed  below  the  subdorsal  stripe  and  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long.  The 
four  superior  spines  of  segment  11  more  prominent  than  the  corresponding  ones 
of  the  other  segments.  Segment  12  with  a  slightly  bifurcate  spine  on  the  dor- 
sal line,  the  size  of  the  lateral  ones  of  the  eleventh  segment;  another  in  range 
with  the  stigmata,  the  size  of  the  substigmatal  ones  and  having  a  small  branch 
posteriorly;  a  small  intermediate  one  ranging  with  the  lateral  line;  another  of 
the  same  size  ranging  with  the  substigmatal  line ;  and  a  ventral  one  similar  to 
and  ranging  with  the  ventral  spines  of  segments  10  and  11;  making  9  spines 
on  this  segment,  nearly  ranging  transversely.  Caudal  plate  triangular,  mar- 
gined externally  with  eight  black  spines,  the  six  anterior  ones  short,  the  two 
terminal  ones  green  at  base,  larger  and  pointing  backward.  Stigmata  black. 
Legs  tipped  with  black,  the  anterior  pair  with  a  transversely  subelliptic  black 
spot  on  their  posterior  base,  the  second  pair  with  a  dot  similarly  placed. — Feeds 
on  sugar-maple. 

From  the  facts  referred  to  above  and  those  recorded  by  me  elsewhere, 
we  may  construct  the  following  almost  unbroken  series,  from  the  first 
dawnings  of  the  Phytophagic  A^ariety  to  the  full  development  of  the 
Phytophagic  Species. 

1st.  Diiference  of  food,  even  when  the  food-plant  belongs  to  widely 
distinct  botanical  families,  is  accompanied  by  no  differences  whatever, 
either  in  the  larva,  pupa  or  imago  state. — Atfdcus  Ctcropia  Lin.,  Drijo- 
vampa  imperialls  Drury,  Lurhiius  Cari/sc  Harris,  {Proc.  Ent  Soc. 
Phil.  I.  p.  303,)  and  hundreds  of  other  species. 

2nd.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  a  marked  difference  in 
the  color  of  the  silk-producing  secretions. — Bomhyx  mori  Lin.,  the 
common  silkworm. 

3rd.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  a  tendency  towards  the 
obliteration  of  the  normal  dark  markings  in  the  imago. — Haltica  alter- 
nata  lllig. 

4th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  marked,  but  not  perfectly 
constant,  colorational  differences  in  the  larva,  but  none  whatever  in 
the  %  9  imago. — Datcuia  ininistra  Drury. 

5th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  a  marked  and  perfectly 
constant  difference  in  the  size  of  the  imago. —  Chrysomela  scalaris  Lee. 

6th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  a  marked  difference  in  the 
chemical  properties  of  the  gall-producing  secretions,  the  external  cha- 


"*-^"  [November 

racters  of  the  %  9  imago  remaining  identical. —  C^nips  q.  spongifica 
0.  S.  and  C.  q.  inanis  0.  S. 

7th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  a  slight,  but  constant 
change  in  the  coloration  of  the  abrlomen  of  the  %  9  imago,  and  by  a 
very  slight  change  in  the  chemical  properties  of  the  gall-producing 
secretions,  the  galls  of  the  two  insects,  though  typically  somewhat  dis- 
tinct, being  connected  by  intermediate  grades  in  the  case  of  the  latter. — 
Ci/nips  q.  punctata  Bassett  and  C.  q.  podagrse.  Walsh. 

8th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  one  marked  and  perfectly 
constant  colorational  difference,  and  others  which  are  not  perfectly  con- 
stant, in  the  larva,  but  none  whatever  in  the  %  $  imago. — HaUsidota 
tessellaris  Sm.  Abb.  and  H.  Antiphola  Walsh. 

9th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  several  slight  but  constant 
structural  differences  in  the  %  imago,   but  none  whatever   in   the  9 
imago. —  Cfj/fus  rohinise  Forst.  and  CI.  p ictus  Drury. 

10th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  a  slight  but  constant 
structural  difference  in  both  %  and  9  imago. — 1.  Tingis  tiUse  n.  sp. 
and  T.  amorphse  n.  sp.  2.  (Doubtful.)  Diapheromera  femorata  Say 
and  D.  Vein.  n.  sp. 

11.  (Doubtful.)  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  very  strong- 
structural  and  colorational  differences  in  the  larva  and  in  all  probability 
by  a  constant  structural  difference  of  generic  value  in  the  9  imago,  the 
S  imagos  being  to  all  external  appearances  identical,  and  the  two  in- 
sects belonging  to  different  genera. — Sphingkampa  distigma  %  9 
Walsh  and  Dri/ocampa  hicolor  %  Harris. 

12th.  Difference  of  food  is  accompanied  by  marked  and  constant  dif- 
ferences, either  colorational,  or  structural,  or  both,  in  the  larva,  pupa 
and  imago  states. — Halesidota  tessellaris  Sm.  Abb.  and  //.  caryse  Har- 
ris, and  hundreds  of  species  belonging  to  the  same  genus  and  com- 
monly considered  as  distinct  species. 

The  constitution  of  the  human  mind  is  such,  that  the  same  evidence 
carries  with  it  very  different  degrees  of  weight,  when  presented  to  dif- 
ferent intellects.  Others  will  no  doubt  draw  different  conclusions  from 
the  facts  catalogued  above  ;  but  for  my  own  part,  as  on  the  most  care- 
ful consideration  I  am  unable  to  draw  any  definite  line  in  the  above 
series,  and  to  say  with  certainty  that  here  end  the  Varieties  and  here 


1864.]  42!» 

begin  the  Species,  I  am  therefore  irresistibly  led  to  believe,  that  the 
former  gradually  strengthen  and  become  developed  into  the  latter,  and 
that  the  diiference  between  them  is  merely  one  of  mode  and  degree. 
If  a  savage  from  some  newly-discovered  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean 
were  shown  for  the  first  time  in  his  life  a  large  herd  of  horned  cattle, 
containing  newly-born  calves,  half-grown  calves,  yearlings,  heifers, 
steers,  cows  and  bulls  of  all  sizes  and  ages,  he  would  naturally,  I  think, 
arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  they  were  all  modifications  of  one  animal, 
though  he  had  no  opportunity,  as  we  have,  to  watch  from  day  to  day 
the  calf  develop  into  the  yearling,  the  yearling  into  the  heifer,  and  the 
heifer  into  the  cow.  So  with  the  gradual  development  of  the  Variety 
into  the  Species.  We  cannot,  from  the  shortness  of  human  life,  see 
the  mime  identical  species  develop  gradually  from  century  to  century, 
first  into  slight  varieties,  then  into  marked  varieties,  then  into  geogra- 
phical or  phytophagic  races,  then  into  new  species ;  but  in  one  and 
the  same  year  we  may  see  all  the  stages  of  development,  with  all  the 
possible  intermediate  grades,  in  different  species ;  and  to  shut  our  eyes 
to  the  validity  of  this  the  only  possible  proof  under  the  circumstances, 
and  to  maintain  that  Species  were  created  and  Varieties  have  made 
themselves,  and  that  the  two  categories  are  therefore  essentially  dis- 
tinct, is  as  if  the  imaginary  savage  from  the  South  Seas,  ignoring  or 
overlooking  the  presence  of  the  yearlings  and  heifers,  were  to  come  to 
the  couclusiou  that  calves  and  cows  are  distinct  species  of  animals. 
Darwin  never  spoke  a  truer  word  than  when,  referring  to  certain  natural- 
ists who  believed  in  the  essential  difference  between  Species  and  Varie- 
ties, and  yet  published  the  very  same  ideLtical  form  one  year  as  a  Variety 
and  the  next  year  as  a  Species,  he  said  that  "  the  day  will  come,  when 
this  will  be  given  as  a  curious  illustration  of  the  blindness  of  precon- 
ceived opinion."     {Orig.  Sp.  p.  419.   Am.  edit.) 

Rock  Island,  Illinois,  October  24,  1864. 


POSTSCRIPT. 

In  my  Paper  in  the  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  (p.  289),  referring 
to  the  fact  that  Dr.  Harris  saiys  that  the  Caterpillar  of  Ilalesidota  tes- 
Uaris  '•  is  not  correctly  represented  in  Smith  and  Abbott's  Insects  of 
Georgia,"  1  suggested  that  •'  possibly  the  Caterpillar  of  Antiphola  may 


se 


430  [November 

be  there  represented."     I  have  recently  heard  from  Mr.  Grote  as  fol- 
lows, which  fully  confirms  that  conjecture. 

'■'  The  figure  of  Ilalfsidofa  t/'ssrUaria  in  the  larval  state,  as  given  by 
Abbott  and  Smith,  represents  the  hairs,  and  so  fiir  as  perceivable  the 
body,  as  of  a  dull,  ochraceous  brownish  color.  The  dorsal  tufts  show  a 
superior  dark  brown  shade  and  a  blackish  line.  The  lobes  of  the  head 
are  bluish  black  ;  the  legs  with  a  reddish  shade.  The  four  long  ante- 
rior pencils  are  blackish  with  a  fiiint  brownish  tinge,  and  the  two  ter- 
minal pencils  are  similarly  colored.  The  larva  is  represented  on  Fagus 
ferruginea  [beech],  and  is  stated  also  to  be  found  on  hornbeam  and 
plum  trees." 

Hence  it  is,  I  think,  very  evident  that  tesaellaris  Abb.  Sm.  is  iden- 
tical with  my  Antipho/a,  and  teasellaris  Harris  non  Abb.  Sm.  a  hith- 
erto unnamed  (Phytophagic)  species,  for  which  I  propose  the  name  of 
Harrisii.  The  black  and  not  rufous  head,  the  black  and  not  orange- 
colored  pencils,  and  the  ochraceous  brownish  and  not  milk-white  hair 
of  the  larva  of  tessellan's  Sm.  Abb.  seem  to  settle  that  point  effectually. 
Moreover  that  larva  is  not  stated  to  feed  on  sycamore  (Platanus  occi- 
dentalis),  on  which  alone  the  tessdlaris  of  Harris  is  known  to  feed 
according  to  Harris,  Edwards,  Lintner  and  myself,  but  on  a  variety  of 
other  trees  like  my  Antiphola. 

We  can  understand  now,  I  think,  why  Dr.  Harris  described  the  larva 
of  his  tessellariii  as  "  yellowish  or  straw-colored,"  whereas  it  is  in  reality 
milk-white.  He  evidently  perceived  the  apparent  identity  of  his  te»- 
sellaris  (imago)  with  the  tes^ellark  (imago)  of  Abbott  and  Smith,  and 
very  naturally  supposing  the  larva;  to  be  also  identical,  modified  his 
description  of  the  larva  so  as  to  make  it  something  intermediate  be- 
tween the  two  species. — Nov.  16,  1864. 


ERRATUM. 
Page  414,  lines  10  and  11,  for  ''white  pencils"  read  •■  white  pencils 


on  the  2nd  segment. 


1864.]  431 

Description  of  the  Female  of  ARGYNNIS  DIANA. 

BY  W.  H.  EDWARDS,  NEWBUROH,  N.  Y. 

Argynnis  Diana,  %  Cramer,  pi.  98. 

Say,  Am.  Ent.  17. 

Female. — Expands  nearly  four  inches. 

Upper  side  black :  primaries  have  upon  their  outer  third  three  rows 
of  bluish  white  spots ;  the  marginal  small,  rounded ;  the  submarginal 
rectangular,  wanting  two  spots  on  the  costa ;  the  median  of  irregular 
patches,  often  blue ;  on  the  costa  a  bluish  white  patch  divided  by  the 
nervures. 

Secondaries  have  a  marginal  series  of  bluish  white  bars,  between  and 
reaching  to  the  nervures,  the  three  or  four  posterior  ones  broadest  and 
bisected  by  a  black  line;  a  submarginal  metallic  blue  band  occupies  one- 
third  of  the  wing,  divided  by  the  nervures  into  oblong  spots,  each  of 
which,  except  the  two  outer  ones,  has  a  rounded  black  spot  near  its 
anterior  edge. 

Fringes  of  both  wings  white,  black  at  the  tips  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  black,  with  a  scarcely  perceptible  greenish 
tint;  apex  and  hind  margin  brown  ;  the  marginal  and  median  rows  of 
spots  are  separated,  as  also  the  costal  spot,  which  is  much  enlarged  ; 
the  submarginal  row  is  wanting ;  anterior  to  the  median  is  a  row  of 
elongated  bluish  spots ;  in  the  cell  three  spots,  the  largest  rhomboidal, 
the  others  triangular:  a  silvery  apical  spot. 

Secondaries  have  the  basal  two-thirds  dark  red  brown,  edged  without 
by  an  incomplete  silvery  line,  which,  at  the  extremities  on  the  margins, 
expands  into  triangular  spots ;  this  line  is  sometimes  wholly  wanting ; 
a  silvery  spot  edged  with  black  near  the  base  of  the  costal  nervure,  as 
in  the  male ;  within  the  arc  a  black  stripe ;  the  outer  third  of  the  wing 
blackish  brown ;  hind  margin  edged  with  a  gray  band,  above  which  are 
narrow  silvery  crescents. 

Body  black  above ;  dark  red  brown  below. 

From  thirty  specimens  taken  upon  the  Kanawha  and  Elk  Elvers, 
West  Virginia,  between  the  20th  and  31st  of  August,  1864.  In  two 
of  these  specimens  the  band  upon  secondaries  is  green  instead  of  blue. 

This  remarkable  butterfly  appears  to  have  been  hitherto  overlooked. 


432  [November 

Oamer  figured  the  male  from  a  specimen  brought  from  Virginia.  Say 
also  figured  the  male,  and  mentions  that  he  had  taken  the  species  in 
Georgia,  Florida,  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  The  description  of  Boisdu- 
val  and  LeConte  is  taken  from  Cramer's  figure,  they  never  having  seen 
the  species.  No  mention  is  made  of  the  female  by  either  of  these  au- 
thors. It  is  surprising  that  Say  especially  should  not  have  seen  it. 
Up  to  this  time  Diana  male  is  the  rarest  of  all  the  butterflies  in  our 
collections,  and,  indeed,  I  know  of  no  collection  that  has  it  except  that 
of  Mr.  Walsh,  who  has  a  single  specimen,  taken  some  years  since,  in 
Southern  Illinois. 

The  male  is  conspicuous  from  the  contrast  between  the  blackish  base 
of  its  wings  and  the  clear  yellow  margin,  and  may  be  distinguished  from 
Ot/hele^  with  which  it  associates,  at  a  great  distance.  I  first  saw  a  sin- 
gle male  hovering  about  the  flowers  of  the  ''  iron-weed, "(  Vernonia ? ) 

on  the  20th  of  August  last,  near  the  banks  of  the  Great  Kanawha 
River,  in  West  Virginia.  Two  days  afterwards,  in  same  vicinity,  I 
came  suddenly  upon  a  large  black  and  blue  butterfly,  feeding  so  quietly 
as  to  allow  me  to  stand  near  it  some  seconds  and  watch  its  motions.  It 
seemed  to  be  a  species  of  Limenitis,  so  much  did  it  resemble  L.  ursula 
in  color  and  markings.  But  in  taking  it  I  saw  it  was  an  Argynnis 
female,  and  the  pattern  of  the  under  side  left  no  doubt  of  its  afiinity  to 
Diana  male. 

Now  that  my  attention  was  attracted  to  this  species,  I  found  it  not 
very  uncommon,  always  when  seen,  upon  or  near  the  "  iron-weed," 
which  is  very  abundant  upon  the  rich  bottoms  of  that  region  dur- 
ing the  month  of  August,  and  form  the  feeding  ground  of  innu- 
merable Papilios,  Argynnides  and  Vanessas.  The  female  is  quite  as 
conspicuous  as  the  male,  from  its  great  size  and  brilliant  metallic  color. 

In  the  course  of  a  few  days  I  had  taken  several  of  both  sexes.  In 
an  excursion  up  Elk  River,  I  found  them  comparatively  plenty,  and 
on  one  sunny  afternoon  in  particular,  as  I  rode  along,  I  must  have  seen 
fifty,  most  of  which  were  females.  That  afternoon  I  took  seventeen, 
and  altogether,  between  the  20th  and  3l)th  of  the  mouth,  I  took  four- 
teen males  and  thirty  females,  finding  the  color  constant  in  each  sex. 
The  males  were  all  more  or  less  ragged  and  broken,  while  the  females 
were  often  still  fresh.  The  males  should  be  looked  for  from  the  1st  to 
the  10th   of  August,  and  the  females  from  the  10th  to  the  20th.  for. 


1864.] 


433 


as  collectors  know,  the  males  of  most,  if  not  all,  species  of  butterflies 
appear  some  days  earlier  than  the  females,  and  disppear  as  much 
sooner. 

That  so  large  a  butterfly  should  have  escaped  notice  renders  it  not 
unlikely  that  other  species  remain  to  be  discovered  among  the  moun- 
tains of  the  Southern  States,  which  have  been  little  explored  by  ento- 
mologists. 

That  part  of  West  Virginia  is  very  rich  in  Lepidoptera,  the  config- 
uration of  the  country  compelling  them  to  concentrate  in  the  deep, 
warm  valleys.  Papilios  Turnus^  Troilus,  Philenor^  Asterias  and  3Iar- 
cellus  are  seen  in  great  numbers.  The  black  variety  of  Turnus  female 
( Glaucus)  appeared  to  me  as  numerous  as  the  males,  and  very  much 
more  so  than  the  yellow.  I  saw  one  P.  Cresphontcs  upon  the  '^  iron 
weed,"  but  could  not  take  it. 

Of  the  Argynnides,  Ci/hele  was  plenty,  Aphrodite  rare.  E.  Claudin 
was  common.  So  also  were  the  Vanessas  Antiopa,  Atalanta,  Hunteru, 
Interrogationis,  Progne  and  Comma.  Terias  Nicippe  was  abundant ; 
T.  Lisa  rare.      Colias  Philodice  and  Pieris  Protodice  abundant. 

I  also  took  Apatura  Oelt.is,  Debis  Portlandia,  N.  Sus^bixis,  Euri/- 
thris  and  Gemma.  I  saw  no  Alope  or  Nepliele.  Eudamus  Tityrus  is 
in  great  numbers.  Lycidas  rare.  I  saw  but  few  of  the  smaller  Hes- 
perians.  Of  these,  Otho  was  quite  common.  Leonard ua  1  saw  twice 
only.  I  took  two  of  Theda  Poeas^  much  to  my  surprise,  as  this  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  strictly  southern  species. 

In  the  month  of  June  last,  I  saw  in  the  Kanawha  valley  great  num- 
bers of  Lycasnidae,  especially  of  Pseudargiolus.  About  the  20th  of 
the  month  I  took  nearly  sixty  specimens,  four-fifths  of  which  were  fresh 
females.  By  the  20th  the  males  of  Neglecta  and  Lucia  began  to  appear, 
but  seemed  comparatively  rare.  The  resemblance  of  both  sexes  of 
Pseudargiolus  in  size  and  coloring  of  upper  surface  to  Argiolus  of  Eu- 
rope is  very  striking. 

Limenitis  Ursula  was  abundant  at  that  season,  constantly  to  be 
seen  upon  the  road,  where  it  would  collect  in  clusters.  There  is  a  va- 
riety of  this  species  in  which  the  blue  shade  is  replaced  by  green  in 
both  sexes,  and  the  female  is  as  distinctly  marked  as  the  male.  This 
is  well  represented  in  Abbot's  figure.  Perhaps  one-third  of  these  I 
took  were  of  this  green  variety.     In  the  Northern  States  the  female  of 


434  [November 

Ursula  lias  much  less  of  the  metallic  shade  than  the  male,  and  is  some- 
times quite  black. 

In  these  weeks  I  saw  few  Sphingidfe,  though  I  do  not  doubt  they 
are  abundant  in  many  species.  Both  in  June  and  August  I  found  the 
larvae  of  *S'.  Ilt/lxus  in  every  stage  of  growth,  on  the  pawpaw.  I  also 
found  that  of  Jaglandis.  D.  lineata  was  seen  flying  about  the  flowers 
of  the  iron  weed  in  company  with  the  butterflies.  The  larvae  of  cin- 
(/ulafa,  which  feeds  on  the  sweet  potato,  is  well  known  there,  and  of 
Carolina  and  b-maculata. 

I  did  not  collect  in  other  orders,  but  saw  enough  to  warrant  the  be- 
lief that  the  Kanawha  is  as  rich  in  most  of  them  as  in  Lepidoptera. 


Notes  on  the  ARGYNNIDES  of  California. 
BY  W.  H.  EDWARDS. 

On  21st  April,  1862,  Dr.  Behr  read  before  the  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History  of  San  Francisco,  a  paper  on  the  Argynnides  of  California, 
which  was  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Lyceum.  In  this  paper 
was  given  a  short  diagnosis  of  each  species  then  known,  specified  by 
numbers,  as  the  author  was  uncertain,  not  having  access  to  books  of 
reference,  which  might  have  been  before  described.  In  a  subsequent 
paper,  read  before  the  Lyceum  in  1863,  Dr.  Behr  gives  names  to  three 
of  these  species,  leaving  No.  2  still  unnamed.  In  one  instance  he 
seemed  to  me  to  have  re-named  an  old  species,  viz :  A.'ifarte,  of  Double- 
day  (No.  4)  instead  of  the  species  No.  5,  as  I  was  enabled  to  verify 
from  comparing  marked  specimens  sent  me  with  Doubleday's  figure. 
As  these  papers  are  little  known  to  our  lepidopterists,  at  the  request  of 
Dr.  Behr,  I  have  made  an  abstract  of  them,  giving  his  descriptions  to 
the  new  species  and  name  to  No.  2. 

No.  1.  Argynnis  CALiPPii;,  Boisduval:  "the  only  Argynnis  that 
is  found  near  San  Francisco,  and  it  seems  pretty  generally  distributed 
throuohout  the  State." 


1864.]  435 

No.  2.  Argynnis  Coronis,  Behr  in  lit. 

"  Very  similar  to  Calippe^  but  diiFers  by  the  upper  side  being  colored 
in  the  usual  way  of  the  genus,  and  not  showing  the  pale  lunuloe  and 
spots  of  the  disk  like  Calippe,  which  resembles,  in  this  respect,  more 
an  Euptoieta  than  a  true  Argynnis.  The  lunulte  (below)  are  not  tri- 
angular, nor  are  the  silver  spots  of  the  intermediate  fascia  egg-shaped, 
as  in  Callppe ;  all  the  spots,  with  the  costa  and  abdominal  margin,  sil- 
vered.    This  species  is  not  very  common." 

No.  3.  Argynnis  Leto,  Behr. 

"  Wings  of  the  male  fulvous,  fuscous  at  base ;  marked  as  in  allied 
species ;  beneath,  secondaries  from  the  base  to  the  middle  of  the  wing, 
of  a  cinnamon  color ;  the  marginal  lunules  silvered ;  the  intermediate 
fascia  consisting  of  seven  spots,  and  five  towards  the  base,  all  silvered. 
This  species  is  peculiar  to  the  Western  slope.  The  upper  side  of  the 
male  is  like  that  of  Cyhele  female,  but  the  female  has  the  wings  black, 
with  a  band  of  white  spots  in  the  middle  and  of  orange  spots  near  the 
margin,  as  in  Idalia  male." 

No.  4.  Argynnis  Astarte,  Doubleday. 
Eghiis,  Boisduval  in  lit. 
This  species  Dr.  Behr  subsequently  called  Montivaga^  a  name  which 
he  transfers  to  the  followina; : 


^o 


No.  5.  Argynnis  Montivaga,  Behr. 

"Resembles  Astarte:  the  marginal  spots  silvered,  the  others  dull 
white,  more  or  less  yellowish ;  marginal  spots  lunular  ;  of  the  interme- 
diate fascia  oval;  all  edged  with  black  on  the  radical  side.  This  spe- 
cies is  always  found  in  mountainous  regions,  as  is  No.  4.  It  is  more 
common  than  that  species,  and  easily  recognized  by  the  black  border- 
ing of  the  spots  of  the  intermediate  fascia,"  (which  is  either  wanting 
or  very  slight  in  Astarte)  "their  oval,  not  quadrangular  shape,  and  the 
rounded  form  of  the  marginal  spots." 

No.  6.  Argynnis  rupestris,  Behr. 

"  Coloration  of  the  upper  side  orange  brown ;  markings  as  usual ; 
underside  similar  to  Ca/ippe,  but  much  darker,  and  the  maculse,  where 
they  have  no  silver,  dark  yellow ;  the  saturated  solution  of  the  radical 
half  of  secondaries  extended  beyond  the  middle  ftvscia." 


436  [November 

No   7.  Argynnis  Adiaste,  Boisduval  in  lit, 

■'  Upper  side  characterized  by  the  absence  of  most  of  the  usual  mark- 
ings in  secondaries,  so  that  they  appear  ahnost  covered  by  the  fiery 
brown  that  forms  the  gi-ound ;  markings  of  the  under  side  very  indis- 
tinct; color  of  secondaries  pale  ferruginous,  the  ordinaiy  spots  scarcely 
paler  than  the  rest;  even  the  black  bordering  on  the  radical  side  of  the 
spots  common  to  all  the  species  of  this  group,  is  here  scarcely  percep- 
tible." 

No.  8.    A-RGYNNIS  MONTICOLA,  Behr. 

A.  Zerene^  Boisduval. 
•'  Under  side  of  tlie  hind  wings  of  a  deep  brown,  approaching  violet 
in  the  more  diluted  spots ;  the  maculae  pale  brown  and  well  bordered 
with  black,  especially  on  the  radical  side." 

No.  9.  Argynnis  Zerene,  Boisduval. 

''  Under  side  of  secondaries  of  a  cinnamon  color,  from  the  middle  fas- 
cia to  the  margin  pale  ferruginous ;  the  maculse  pale  yellowish ;  the 
marginal  spots  triangular." 

"  The  diagnosis  that  Dr.  Boisduval  gives  of  Zerene  certainly  com- 
prises two  species,"  one  of  which  is  No.  8,  Monticola,  Behr. 

"All  these  species,  related  as  they  are  amongst  themselves  and  ti> 
exotic  species,  are  undeniably  distinct.  They  inhabit  different  locali- 
ties; they  vary  as  little  as  the  European  Aglaja,  and  in  a  long  series 
of  specimens  I  find  them  constant  to  their  respective  diagnosis  and 
without  anything  that  should  look  intermediate  or  like  transition." 

"  The  only  representative  of  the  Arctic  form  of  Argynnis  as  now 
known  in  California  is  ^4.  Epithorc  Boisduval,"  described  in  Proc.  Ent. 
Soc.  Phila.  March,  1864. 


1864.]  437 

STATED    MEETING,    December  12. 

President  Bland  in  the  Chair. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Recording  Secretary  was  read,  as  fol- 
lows : — 

REPORT  OF  THE  RECORDING  SECRETARY  FOR  THE  YEAR  1864. 


Again  we  have  assembled  together  to  review  the  labors  of  the 
Society  during  th6  past  year,  and  in  presenting  this,  the  Fourth  An- 
nual Report,  the  Recording  Secretary  takes  pleasure  in  stating  that 
naught  but  success  has  attended  the  efforts  put  forth  to  advance  the 
science  of  Entomology.  Although  the  labors  are  participated  in  but 
by  a  small  portion  of  the  members,  yet  much  has  been  accomplished, 
and  much  valuable  information  has  been  given  to  the  scientific  world. 
The  Society  has  succeeded  in  carving  out  for  itself  a  name  amongst 
the  Scientific  Institutions  of  the  world,  that  will  not  soon  be  blotted  out. 

The  Reports  of  the  Committees  in  charge  of  the  several  departments, 
which  will  be  submitted  this  evening  for  your  inspection,  will  go  far 
to  substantiate  the  truth  of  what  has  been  stated. 

The  Cabinet  has  received  large  and  valuable  additions  thereto, 
particularly  the  orders,  Coleopttiva,  Hymenoptera  and  Ilemiptera.* 
Among  the  contributions,  I  would  particularize  the  valuable  collections 
of  Cuban  Coleoptera,  Hipnenoptera  and  Ilemiptera^  formerly  belong- 
ing to  Prof.  Felipe  Poey  of  Havana,  Cuba,  which  said  collections  were 
purchased  by  our  much  esteemed  fellow  member  Dr   Thos.  B.  Wilson, 


'••■The  following  extracts  made  from  the  Reports  of  the  Committees  in  charge 
of  the  various  departments,  will  exhibit  the  condition  of  the  Cabinet  at  the 
present  time : — 

Cohoptera  now  in  the  Collecti 

Lepidoptera  "  " 

Hymcyioptera  "  " 

Diptera  "  " 

Neuroptera  "  " 

Orthoptera  "  " 

sicmiptcva,  ]  I,  ,f  Q^r     n  i,  (jQ.,   •   (, 

Aptera     | 

Making  a  total  of  12,025  species,  being  an  increase  of  3,000  species  during 
the  past  year. 


5,737  species. 

Increase 

1,829 

species. 

4,134     " 

280 

877     " 

463 

431     " 

96 

144     " 

23 

67     " 

16 

438  [December 

who  has  all  along  aided  us  in  a   manner  that  should  call  forth  our 
warmest  feelings  of  admiration  and  thankfulness. 

The  Library  has  not  been  neglected  during  the  year  just  closed. 
Many  rare  and  valuable  works  have  been  added  thereto,*  for  which 
we  are  principally  indebted  to  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  Prof.  J.  0.  Westwood 
of  England,  Prof.  S.  S.  Hakleman  of  Columbia,  Pa.,  and  J.  Carson 
Brevoort  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  It  may  be  considered  a  pretty  complete 
J.,ibrary  of  reference  on  the  subject  of  Entomology,  and  hopes  are  en- 
tertained that  more  of  the  members  will  embrace  the  opportunity  thus 
afforded. 

The  Society's  printed  "  Proceedings"  speaks  for  itself.  The  pages 
more  fully  show  the  amount  of  labor  performed.  As  a  periodical  pub- 
lication it  will  compare  fovorably  with  the  productions  of  kindred  asso- 
ciations ;  and  to  those  conducting  this  portion  of  the  Society's  labors, 
there  cannot  be  bestowed  too  much  praise  and  encouragement. 

During  the  past  year  there  have  been  presented  for  publication  42 
Papers,  as  follows  : — 
9.  By  Aug.  R.  Grote^  to  wit : 

"  Descriptions  of  North  American  Lepidoptera."     4  Papers. 

''Description  of  a  new  species  of  North  American  Grortyna." 

"  Description  of  a  new  species  of  North  American  Papilio." 

•'  Descriptions  of  a  new  genus  and  species  of  North  American  Noc- 
tuina." 

"  List  of  a  collection  of  Lepidoptera  Heterocera,  taken  near  Wil- 
liamstown,  Mass." 

"  Notes  on  certain  species  of  North  American  Lepidoptera." 
7.   By  E.  T.  Cresson,  to  wit: 

•'  On  the  North  American  species  of  several  genera  of  Apidae." 

•'  On  the  North  American  species  of  the  genus  Osmia." 

"  Descriptions  of  North  American  Hymenoptera,  in  the  collection 
of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia." 

■•  Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  Apidae-." 

'•  Descriptions  of  two  new  genera  of  North  American  Ichneumonidse." 
•  On  the  Hymenoptera  of  Cuba." 

•'  Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Masaris." 

*  There  is  now  in  the  Library  1,08.3  volumes  and  pamphlets,  being  an  in- 
crease of  193  during  the  past  year. 


18G4.]  439 

5.  By  BenJ.  D.  Walsh,  M.  ^.,  to  wit : 

"  On  Dimorphism  in  the  Hymenopterous  genus  Cynips.  with  an 
Appendix,  describing  a  few  new  Cynipideous  species  that  inhabit  the 
Oak  galls  of  Illinois}' 

"  On  the  Pupfe  of  the  Ephemerinious  genvis  Baetisca." 
"  On  certain  Entomological  speculations  of  the  New  England  School 
of  Naturalists." 

"  On  Phytophagic  varieties  and  Phytophagic  species." 
■'  On  the  Insects  Dipterous,  Coleopterous  and  Lepidopterous,  inhabit- 
ing the  galls  of  certain  species  of  Willow." 

4.   By  Wm.  H.  Edwards,  to  wit : 

''  Descriptions  of  certain  species  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera.  found 
within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  and  British  America." 

"  Descriptions  of  certain  new  species  of  Catocala,  found  within  the 
United  States." 

•'  Description  of  the  female  of  Argynnis  Diana." 

''Notes  on  the  xArgynnides  of  California." 

3.   By  Trjjon  Reakirf,  to  wit : 

'•  Contributions  towards  a  monograph  of  the  genus  Crocota." 

"'  Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  Limacodes." 

"  Notes  upon  Pjxotic  Lepidoptera,  chiefly  from  the  Philippine  Isl- 
ands, with  descriptions  of  some  new  species." 
2.  By  Jas.  H.  B.  Bland,  to  wit : 

"  Descriptions  of  several   new  species  of  North   American   Coleop- 
tera.''     2  Papers. 
2.  By  Brackcnridge  Clemens,  M.  D.,  to  wit : 

"  North  American  Micro-Lepidoptera."     2  Papers. 
2.   By  J.  A.  Lintner,  to  wit: 

"  Notes  on  some  of  the  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  with  descriptions  of  their  larva?  and  chrysalides." 

"  Notes  on  some  Sphingidi^,  with  descriptions  of  their  larva?  and 
pupfe." 
2.  By  J^.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  to  wit: 

•'  Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidae  of  the  United  States."     2  Papers. 
1.   By  e/.  W.  Weidcmeyer,  to  wit: 

"  Catalogue  of  the  North  American  Butterflies."     (Conclusion.") 


440  [December 

1.  By  P.  R.  Uhkr,  to  wit: 

"  Orthopterological  contributions." 
1.  By  Edicard  Norton,  to  wit : 

"  Notes  on  the  Tenthredinidas,  with  descriptions  of  new  species,  in 
the  collection  of  the  Entomolos^ical  Society  of  Philadelphia." 
1.  By  Baron  R.  Osten  Sacken,  to  wit: 

"  Description  of  several  new  North  American  Ctenophor<4." 
1.  By  John  Kirkpatrick,  to  wit : 

"  List  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio." 
1.  By  H.  F.  Basseft,  to  wit : 

"  Descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  Cynips,  and  a  new  species  of 
Diastrophus." 

During  the  past  year  ending  November  30th,  1864,  there  have  been 
elected  3  Resident  and  10  Corresponding  Members.  The  Society  now 
numbers  71  Resident  and  84  Corresponding  Members. 

The  department  of  Insect  Architecture  is  as  yet  in  its  infancy.  The 
additions  made  thereto  have  not  been  as  large  as  was  expected;  but 
there  is  no  doubt  that  when  once  the  utility  of  said  department  has 
been  impressed  upon  the  minds  of  the  members,  they  will  be  stimulated 
to  render  increased  aid  thereto,  and  make  it  as  efficient  as  the  other 
departments. 

Before  closing  my  Report,  I  would  again  refer  to  the  valuable  aid 
rendered  by  Dr.  Wilson,  through  whose  liberality  several  large  cases 
have  been  added  to  the  Cabinet,  thereby  meeting  the  wants  of  the 
various  Committees,  enabling  them  to  arrange  the  specimens  on  the 
most  approved  plans. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

J.  Frank  Knight, 

Recording  Secretary. 

The  Annual  Reports  of  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  Treasurer,  and 
Standing  Committees  on  Coleoptera,  Lepidoptera,  Hymenoptera,  Dip- 
tera,  Neuroptera  and  Orthoptera,  Hemiptera  and  Aptera,  Library, 
Publication,  Collecting  Fund,  and  Insect  Architecture,  were  read. 


1864.]  441 

The  following  communication  was  read  from  Mr.  Tryon  Reakirt : — 
"  In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society,  for  September,  I  described  three 
new  species,  temporarily  placed  in  the  genus  Limacodes :  two  of  these, 
L.  viriJiis  and  L.  Lorquini,  belong  to  the  genus  Parasa,  Moore, 
Nesera,  Herrich-Schiiffer,  being  preoccupied  by  a  genus  of  Diptera)  : 
also,  upon  further  examination,  I  find  that  the  %  and  9  of  P.  Lorqnini, 
are  in  reality  two  distinct  species,  both  9  . 

To  the  supposed  male  of  that  species,  I  will  now  give  the  name  of 
P.  zulona :  we  then  have 
Parasa  Lorquini,  Reakirt. 
Parasa  zulona,  nov.  sp. 

L.  Lorqnini  %  .  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  III.  p.  250.    (Sept.  1864). 
Parasa  viride,  Reakirt,  (olim  viridus). 
in  place  of  the  two  former  species. 

Species  No.  3,  of  my  former  paper,  L.  minuta  may  very  properly  be 
separated  from  that  genus,  and  erected  into  a  new  one,  Kronsea.  hav- 
ing the  following  generic  characters. 

KRON^EA,  nov.  gen. 
Body,  slender  ;  proboscis  not  visible ;  palpi,  porrect,  slender,  ex- 
tending a  little  beyond  the  head;  first  joint,  short j  third,  elongate, 
acute  ;  antennae,  simple  in  both  sexes,  double  the  length  of  the  thorax; 
abdomen,  extending  slightly  beyond  the  hind  wings;  legs,  very  slen- 
der, naked  ;  hind  tibite,  furnished  with  three  rather  long  spurs. 

Fore  wings,  sub-triangular;  costal  margin  nearly  straight;  slightly 
rounded  at  the  apex ;  interior  angle,  sharp ;  outer  margin  not  quite  so 
long  as  the  inner ;  second  inferior  vein  a  little  further  from  the  third 
than  the  first;  third  a  little  further  from  the  fourth  than  from  the 
second.  Hind  wings,  obovate. 
Kronaea  minuta,  Reakirt. 

L.  minuta,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  III.  p.  251.  (Sept.  1864.)" 

The  following  Papers  were  presented  for  publication  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings ; — 

"  Descriptions  of  certain  species  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  found  within 
the  limits  of  the  United  States  and  British  America,  No.  4,  by  A\'m. 
H.  Edwards." 

"  Notes  upon  the  variation  of  sexes  in  Argynnis  Diana,  by  H.  W. 
Bates,  of  London,  England." 


442  [December 

The  Society  then  proceeded  to  elect  Officers  and  Standing  Commit- 
tees for  the  ensuing  year,  with  the  following  result : — 

OFFICERS. 

PRESIDENT. 

James  H.  B.  liland. 

VICE-PRESIDENT. 

William  S.  Pine. 

CORRESPONDING  SECRETARY. 
E.  T.  Cresson. 

RECORDING  SECRETARY. 
J.  Frank  Knight. 

TREASURER. 
James  W.  McAllister. 

STANDING   COMMITTEES. 

COLEOPTERA. 
J.  H.  B.  Bland,  Samuel  Lewis,  M.  D.,  Charles  Wilt. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
James  Ridings,  Charles  A.  Blake,  Aug.  R.  Grrote. 

HYMENOPTERA. 
E.  T.  Cresson,  G-eorge  Newman,  J.  W.  McAllister. 

DIPTERA. 

T.  B.  Wilson,  M.  D.,     Charles  Wilt,  Daniel  Wiest. 

NEUROPTERA  AND  OETHOPTERA. 
John  Meichel,  James  Ridings,  Chas.  F.  Parker. 

HEMIPTERA  AND  APTERA. 
James  H.  Ridings,         William  S.  Pine,  J.  Frank  Knight. 

LIBRARY. 
Charles  A.  Blake,  Samuel  Lewis,  M.  D.,  J.  W.  McAllister. 

PUBLICATION. 
T.  B.  Wilson,  M.  D.      E.  T.  Cresson,  John  Meichel. 

COLLECTING  FUND. 
Samuel  Lewis,  M.  D.,    Charles  Wilt,  E.  T.  Cresson. 

INSECT  ARCHITECTURE. 
J.  Frank  Knight,  James  II.  Ridings,  Charles  A.  Blake. 


1864.]  443 


Notes  upon  EXOTIC  LEPIDOPTERA,  chiefly  from  the  Philippine  Islands,  with 
descriptions  of  some  new  species. 

BY    TRYON    REAKIRT. 

I  have  not  confined  myself  to  descriptions  of  Lepidoptera  from  the  lo- 
cahty  above  indicated  alone;  but  where  other  species  have  been  required 
from  other  places  to  complete  a  natural  group,  when  I  have  had  them  in 
my  collection,  I  have  introduced  them  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the 
.shades  of  resemblance  and  the  transition  from  one  species  to  another 
through  different  degrees  of  latitude.  Climatal  influence  often  exercises 
great  power  in  the  variation  of  species ;  some  are  changed  so  as  to  be 
scarcely  recognizable,  bearing  no  similitude  to  their  normal  condition. 

Besides,  those  associated  by  nature  in  their  form  and  habits,  I  have 
also,  in  addition  to  a  number  of  new  species,  described  all  the  remain- 
ing Asiatic,  including  the  surrounding  islands,  African  and  Australian 
Lepidoptera  in  my  collection,  for  this  reason  : 

Few  descriptions  of  exotic  Lepidoptera  are  to  be  found  in  the  English 
language,  and  where  there  are  such,  they  are  scattered  through  a  multi- 
tude of  proceedings  of  different  societies,  none  of  which  are  American  ; 
or  are  to  be  found  in  some  larger  and  more  collective  work,  which,  most 
probably,  is  inaccessible  to  a  majority  of  P]ntomological  students. 

Dr.  Boisduval  has  attempted  to  fill  the  void  created  by  the  want  of 
a  descriptive  work  with  his  Species  Greneral,  but  this,  besides  being 
imperfect  in  many  respects,  is  also,  unfortunately,  not  in  our  language. 
On  account  of  the  great  need  of  such  a  work  I  have  attempted  the  de- 
scription of  a  small  portion  of  the  Eastern  Lepidoptei'a,  giving  as  full 
synonymy  as  possible,  contrasting  my  specimens  with  author's  descrip- 
tions, and  remarking  their  differences  and  peculiarities. 

In  order  to  give  a  complete  list  of  authentic  localities  in  which  the  spe- 
cies described  have  been  found,  I  have  combined  those  mentioned  in  the 
Catalogue  of  the  British  Museum,  and  in  the  collections  of  the  East 
India  Company  and  Dr.  Boisduval,  together  with  mine,  which  furnishes 
many  new  geographical  locations  for  well  known  species. 

Localities  mentioned  by  authors,  but  of  which  the  species  are  in- 
cluded in  none  of  the  above,  I  have  presented  in  the  form  of  a  quota- 
tion, with  the  authority  appended. 


444  [December 

I  must  also  state,  that  for  a  great  deal  of  valuable  information  respect- 
ing the  habits  of  the  butterfly  in  its  various  stages,  and  also  for  a  great 
part  of  the  larval  descriptions  introduced,  I  am  indebted  to  the  notes 
and  illustrations  of  these,  which  are  contained  in  the  Lepidoptei'ous 
Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  the  East  India  Company,  compiled  bv 
Messrs.  Horsfield  and  Mooi'e.  Other  sources  of  knowledge  I  have  ap- 
propriately credited  in  their  proper  place. 

It  has  been  my  object,  as  ftir  as  possible,  to  collect  all  reliable  infor- 
mation upon  the  described  species,  forming  of  each  a  perfect  diagnosis, 
so  far  as  scanty  sources  of  information  would  permit  me.  For  the 
first  periods  of  their  ephemeral  existence  I  have  been  obliged  to  rely 
exclusively  upon  the  statements  of  others,  whilst  I  can  but  regret  that 
my  collection  is  not  so  full  as  to  enable  me  to  fulfill  at  least  the  latter 
part  of  the  plan  I  had  laid  out,  and  I  can  only  hope  that  the  constant 
addition  of  new  specimens  will  permit  me  in  time  to  finish  it  more  tho- 
roughly. 

ORNITHOPTERA,  Boisd. 
1.  Orn.  Rhadamanthus,  Boisd. 

Orn.  Rlmd.  Lucas,  Pap.  Exot.  p.  5,  (Orn.  Amphrisius  'J, )  t.  2.  f.  1.     (1835). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  180.  n.  8.     (1836). 
E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  p.  2.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  4.  n.  10.     (1846). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  88.  n.  178.     (1857). 
Pap.  {Orn.)  Rhad.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  pi.  L  p.  6.  n.  14.     (1852). 

"  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  p.  5.     (1856). 

Pap.  Astenmis'^  Eschseh.  Voy.  Kotzebue.  t.  4.  f.  A.  B.  C.     (1830). 

•'  Male. — Superior  wings,  resembling  those  of  Heliocon^'f  black,  with 
the  nervules  more  or  less  bordered  with  obscure  white  or  gray  rays. 
Inferior  wings,  very  triangular,  golden  yellow,  the  nervules  and  a  ser- 
rated marginal  band,  deep  black ;  this  last  is  preceded  towards  the  anal 
angle  by  blackish  atoms ;  emarginations  entirely  black. 

"  Below,  the  fore  wings  are  the  same  as  above;  the  hind  wings  with- 
out the  blackish  atoms.  Head  and  thorax  black,  a  red  collar  on  the 
prothorax  near  the  head ;  abdomen  black  above  and  yellow  beneath ; 
the  breast  marked  with  large  red  spots  at  the  base  of  each  wing. 

"  Female. — Of  greater  size,  the  inferior  wings  being  much  larger, 

*  Pap.  Astenous  is  Fab.  sp.,  a  synonyme  of  Orn.  Pompeus  Cram, 
t  Orn.  Heliacon,  Boisd.  is  Orn.  Pompeus,  Cram. 


1864.]  445 

with  the  emarginations  white ;  preceding  the  border  a  row  of  oval  spots, 
resembling  those  of  the  female  of  HrMacon,  separated  or  united  by  the 
black  serrations  of  the  marginal  band,  and  which  sometimes  are  small, 
in  others  much  larger ;  the  superior  wings  are  striated  with  white  rays 
as  in  the  male. 

"  Var.  a.  Female  has  the  outer  border  confluent  with  the  spots,  so 
that  the  inferior  wings  are  black,  with  a  large  golden-yellow  palmated 
spot,  as  in  Helena, 

"  Cochin  China,  Manilla.     (Coll.  Boisd.) 

"  This  species  is  distinguishable  from  Ileliacon  by  the  absence  of 
white  emarginations  in  the  male,  by  the  narrowness  of  those  of  the 
female,  by  the  size  of  the  red  spots  on  the  lower  part  of  the  thorax,  but 
above  all,  by  the  very  triangular  form  of  the  hind  wings  of  the  male." 
Boisd. 

Antennae  and  lees  black.  Dr.  Boisduval  omits  mentioning  that  the 
black  atoms  on  the  inferior  wings  terminate  anteriorly  in  a  point,  that 
the  discal  cell  is  also  covered  with  fine  long  black  hairs,  that  the  anal 
margin  is  very  broad  and  black,  and  that  the  anal  valves  are  yellowish 
white;  expanse  5.13  inches. 

My  female  agrees  with  Var.  a.  Boisd.  with  the  addition  of  three  white 
discal  rays  and  white  emarginations  on  the  fore  wings;  a  black  tooth, 
extending  from  the  black  macular  sub-marginal  band  up  the  sub-median 
interspace  of  the  hind  wings;  and  a  sub-marginal  row  of  six  yellow 
spots,  very  small  on  the  upper  surface,  much  enlarged  below,  the  first 
three  being  triangular,  and  the  last  three  oblong,  divided  by  the  nervules ; 
these  spots  are  mentioned  in  Lucas'  description  ;  the  palmated  spot,  just 
before  the  black  anal  margin,  becomes  pale  drab  :  expanse  6j  inches. 

Lucas  says  in  his  description,  that  the  black  border  of  the  male  is 
covered  with  a  fine  yellow  down,  of  which  I  can  see  nothing  in  my 
specimens.  He  figures  this  species  under  the  erroneous  name  of  Am- 
phrisius  %  ;  it  is  rather  less  than  myS  ,  expanding  only  4.75  inches;  it 
it  should  not  have  been  colored  orange  near  the  black  marginal  band 
of  the  hind  wings,  and  the  outer  angle  of  the  secondaries  is  too  much 
rounded;  otherwise  the  figure  is  correct. 

Hab. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 
India,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 
Nepaul,  Moulmein,  Hong-Kong,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 


446  ■  [December 

An  extract  from  Capt.  Mortimer  Slater's  ••  Notes"  (p.  300)  in  the 
Appendix  to  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  2,  says:  "  tliis  species  was 
common  at  Dacca,  1845,  and  at  Darjeeling,  being  partial  to  the  feathery 
scarlet  flowered  plant  about  which  they  hover,  and  may  be  easily  caught 
by  the  hand,  as  its  flight  is  heavy." 

ATROPHANEURA,  nov.  gen. 
Head,  large. 

E//es,  oval,  prominent. 

Antennse,  long,  with  the  club,  elongate,  annulated. 
Lahiai  palpi ;  first  and  second  joints,  short  5  third,  long  ;   hairy, 
particularly  the  last  joint. 

Thorax  robust,  clothed  with  long  hairs,  nearly  equalling  Omitliop- 
tera  in  size.     Prothorax  developed  more  than  in  Papilio. 

Abdomen,  large,  very  long,  extending  to  the  anal  angle  of  the  pos- 
terior wings,  and  furnished,  -in  the  male,  with  a  pair  of  very  hu*ge  anal 
valves. 

Anterior  wings,  sub-triangular,  elongate,  rounded  at  the  apex ; 
inner  margin  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  costal;  costal  and 
median  nervures  very  prominent;  upper  disco-cellular  nervule  less 
than  the  space  between  the  two  discoidal  nervules ;  third  sub-costal 
nervule  thrown  off"  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  median  and  sub-median  ner- 
vures are  united  by  an  interno-median. 

Posterior  wings,  sub-ovate,  deeply  dentate,  prolonged  in  the  male 
in  a  small  tail ;  pre-costal  nervure,  bi-branched,  the  inner  division  bent 
downwards  and  united  to  the  costal  nervure ;  lower  disco-cellular  ner- 
vule atrophied,  the  discal  nervule  in  conjunction  with  the  first  median 
nervules  at  the  extremity  of  the  cell,  and  appearing  as  a  third  sub-cos- 
tal nervule;  discoidal  cellule,  very  much  elongated,  the  median  nervure 
which  is  very  stout,  forking  near  its  lower  extremity;  the  third  nervule 
at  f  ths  of  its  length,  the  second  is  separated  from  the  first  by  an  inter- 
val of  little  more  than  half  a  line ;  a  deep  channel  on  the  anal  margin 
for  the  reception  of  the  abdomen ;  sub-median  interspace  very  large, 
thrown  over  into  a  fold  on  the  upper  surface. 

Legs,  long  and  powerful;  anterior  tibiae  with  a  long  spine;  tarsi, 
first  joint,  equal  in  length  to  the  rest  combined,  the  fourth  joint,  the 
shortest;  claws,  all  simple. 


1864.]  447 

2.  Atroph.  erythrosoma,  nov.  sp. 

Mdlr. — Antennas,  black;  head,  red;  palpi,  first  article  black,  second 
and  third  bright  red;  thorax  black  above,  with  a  broad  red  dorsal  band, 
and  blood  red  beneath;  abdomen  bright  red,  two  lateral  black  spots  on 
the  second  and  third  segments;  a  row  of  transverse  black  dashes  below, 
commencing  at  the  base  and  extending  to  the  anal  valves,  which  are 
reddish  brown;  length  of  body,  1.9o  inches;   legs,  black. 

Wings.  Upper  surfiice  black,  covered  with  a  purplish-blue  reflec- 
tion ;  the  secondaries  below  the  median  nervure  suddenly  become  light 
drab,  and  are  produced  in  a  tooth,  a  little  longer  than  that  of  Pop.  Emal- 
thion. 

Below,  primaries  as  above ;  secondaries  black,  a  series  of  six  red 
spots  along  the  outer  margin,  somewhat  resembling  those  of  Emalthion, 
three  near  the  anal  angle,  crescent  shaped  externally,  enclosing  be- 
tween themselves  and  the  margin  three  black  spots,  the  two  inner  red 
spots  are  prolonged  interiorly,  and  contain-  two  black  lunules,  the  inner 
one  being  incomplete;  above  these,  and  near  the  margin  three  detached 
spots  of  the  same  color,  decreasing  in  size  as  they  approach  the  outer 
angle  ;  the  lowest  of  these  last  three,  has  a  small  spot  above  it,  near  the 
end  of  its  interspace.     Expanse  5.88  inches. 

Hah. — Philippines.     (In  my  collection.) 

Pap.  Varuna  is  allied  more  closely  to  this  unique  species  than  any 
other  member  of  the  genus  Papilio,  but  even  from  this  its  nervular 
system  is  so  very  distinct,  that  no  one  could  hesitate  on  this  ground 
alone  to  separate  it  from  Papilio.  Another  cause  for  separation  would 
be  the  large  thorax,  length  of  abdomen,  and  the  large  anal  valves, 
which  seem  to  connect  it  with  Ornithoptera,  but  here  again,  its  neu- 
ration  differs  so  that  it  cannot  be  assigned  to  that  genus. 

Possessing  thus  a  portion  of  the  generic  characters  of  each,  its  pro- 
per position  is  manifestly  between  them. 

I  am  indebted,  not  only  for  this  fine  species,  but  for  all  mentioned  as 
from  the  locality  of  the  Philippines,  to  my  friend,  Mr.  E.  F.  Lorquin. 
Jr.,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.  At  least  half  of  my  Eastern  Lepidoptera 
are  from  these  Islands,  although  many  species  are  likewise  common  to 
China  and  the  Indies. 

PAPILIO  Linn. 

3.  Pap.  Emalthion,  Hiibn. 

%  Iliades  Emalth.  Hubn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  II.  t.  117.     (1806). 


448  *  [December 

Pap.  Emalth.  Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  190.  n.  7.     (1836). 

De  Haan.,  Verh.  Naturl.  Gesch.  p.  24.     (1839). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.  I.  p.  10.  n.  31.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  1,  p.  14.  n.  48,  9  Pi.  5.  f.  4.  (18.52). 

G.  R.  Gray.  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  pt.  L  p.  17.     (1856). 
Pap.  Floridor.  % .  Godt.  Encyc.  Sup.  p.  809.  n.  10—12      (1819). 
Pap.  Krusensternia.  Eschsch.  Voy.  Kotzebue.  t.  3.  f.  5.     (1830). 

''  Size  of  Memnoii. 

'•  Male. — Wings  black;  the  superiors  having  long  grayish  rays  at  the 
extremities ;  the  inferiors  marked  on  their  posterior  half  by  large 
whitish-gray  spots,  sepai-ated  by  the  nervules ;  the  anal  angle  marked 
with  a  red  spot,  surmounted  by  a  group  of  grayish-blue  atoms.  Below, 
the  primaries  resemble  the  upper  surface,  with  a  triangular  blood  red 
spot  at  the  base ;  the  secondaries  have  four  red  spots  at  the  base,  sepa- 
rated by  the  nervures,  and  along  the  outer  margin  a  row  of  annulated 
spots  of  the  same  color,  of  which  the  outermost  are  incomplete,  and  the 
two  inner  ones  elongated  ;  the  second  of  these  last  being  the  largest, 
and  containing  two  black  oval  spots. 

'■^Female. — -Wings  blackish;  primaries  striated  on  their  middle  with 
long  whitish  rays,  and  the  base  covered  by  a  large  triangular  blood  red 
spot,  powdered  with  white  atoms. 

"  Secondaries  of  a  brown-black,  having  three  red-ringed  spots  on  the 
outer  margin,  proceeding  from  the  anal  angle,  of  which  the  middle  one 
is  carried  up  to  the  base  through  the  lower  median  interspace;  in  pass- 
ing through  the  discoidal  cellule  it  is  cut  by  a  bifid  white  nervure. 
Below,  the  primaries  are  as  above.  The  secondaries  the  same  as  in  the 
male,  that  is,  with  the  three  outermost  rings  open,  whilst  the  fifth  spot 
extends  towards  the  base,  as  on  the  upper  surface;  whereas  in  the  male 
this  is  most  commonly  interrupted. 

'•Manilla,  (Coll.  Boisd  )  "—i?o/sf/. 

My  specimens  diifer  somewhat  from  the  above  description. 

Male. — Body  brownish,  pale  underneath ;  femora  have  white  hairs 
on  the  side ;  the  anal  spot  is  a  lunule.  Below  it  has  five  spots  at  the 
base  of  the  secondaries,  the  last  extending  some  distance  along  the  anal 
margin  ;  there  are  seven  spots  on  the  outer  margin,  pupilled  with  black, 
the  four  outermost  being  imperfect ;  on  the  first  and  seventh,  above 
the  black  center,  and  on  the  sixth,  between  the  two  black  pupils,  small 
groups  of  pink  white  atoms.     Emarginations  of  the  hind  wings  whitish. 


1864.]  •  »  449 

a  projeetinji'  tooth  in  the  lower  half  of  the  outer  margin  ;  expanse  5.18 
inches. 

Female. — On  the  secondaries  four  marginal  annulose  spots;  the  pro- 
longation of  the  second  becomes  pink  and  white  above  the  first  black 
spot,  as  far  as  the  median  nervure,  above  that,  it  again  turns  to  bright 
red;  some  bluish  atoms  near  the  outer  margin. 

Below,  the  marginal  red  basal  spot  is  not  near  so  long  as  in  the  male, 
and  the  extension  of  the  second  marginal  ring  is  continued  only  to  the 
discoidal  cellule.     Body  brown  ;  expanse  5.22  inches. 

Hiibner  gives  a  good  figure  of  the  male,  but  the  divergent  striae  on 
the  posterior  wings  are  more  greenish  than  he  represents. 

Gray's  figure  of  the  9  gives  for  its  expanse  6  inches.  It  also  differs 
from  my  specimen.  .He  gives  the  body  a  row  of  lateral  oehreous  spots, 
of  which  I  can  see  nothing  in  my  specimen;  not  near  so  much  red  on 
the  upper  surfece,  that  at  the  base  being  mixed  with  white ;  only 
three  marginal  annulations,  the  third  being  very  indistinct.  The  pink 
band,  from  the  margin  to  the  base,  almost  obsolete,  and  represented  by 
but  two  whitish  lines. 

Below,  the  only  perceptible  difference  is  in  the  size  of  the  basal  spots, 
and  the  length  of  the  sixth  marginal  spot,  which,  in  mine,  extends  to 
the  discal  cell,  whilst  that  of  the  Brit.  Mus.  does  not  proceed  so  far. 

Eijtjs,  extracted  from  the  body  of  the  female,  round,  white. 

Hab. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Manilla,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

4.  Pap.  Memnon.  Linne. 

%  Pap. Memnon.  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  747.  n.  13.     (1767). 
Cram.,  I.  t.  91.  f.  c.     (1775). 
Herbst,  Pap.  I.  t.  6.  f.  2,  ?,.     (1783). 
Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  12.  n.  36.     (1793). 
Godt.  Eneyc.  IX.  p.  29.  n.  10.     (1819). 
Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  20.  f.  3.     (1801). 
Swainson,  Zool.  111.,  2nd  ser.  t.  95.     (1832). 
Boisd.,  Spec.  Gen.  I.  p.  192.  n.  6.     (1836). 
De  Haan.  Verb.  Naturl.  Gescb.  p.  23.  t.  3.  f.  1.     (1839). 
E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  pt.  1.  p.  2.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  10.  n.  30.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  pt.  1    p.  13.  n.  47.     (1852). 
Nat.  Library.  XXXI.  Duncan,  p.  97.     (i852). 
G.  R.  Gray.  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  pt.  I.  p.  14.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  99.  n.  202.     (1857). 


450  •    [December 

Iliades  Me>nnon  Hiibn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  89.     (1816). 

Pap.  Arbates.  Zinken  Sommer.  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  XV.  p.  151.     (IS.'Sl). 

Male. — Wings  black  ;  upper  surface  with  a  greenish  reflection  ;  an- 
terior wings  with  long  grayish  striae,  the  posterior  wings  with  greenish  ; 
the  upper  wings  have  a  triangular  red  or  ochreous  spot  at  the  base  on 
the  under  side,  and  there  are  likewise  five  small  red  marks  on  the  same 
part  of  the  inferior  wings;  the  latter  are  deep  black  anteriorly  and  dark 
cinereous  behind ;  the  cinereous  portions  containing  two  rows  of  deep 
black  rounded  spots,  that  next  the  angle  encircled  with  yellow.  Under 
surface  of  fore  wings  marked  with  whitish-gray  rays.  Body  black, 
dusted  sparsely  with  blue  and  golden  green  atoms.     Expanse  5.25  inches. 

Hab. — Java,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.  and  E.  I.  Co.) 
Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Var.  a.  %.  Pap.  Androgeos.  Cram.  I.  t.  91.  f.  A.  B.     (1775). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  193.  n.  6.     (IS.'je). 

E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  pt.  1.  p.  2.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  10.  n.  30.     (1846). 

G.  E.  Gray,  Pap.  Memnon,  var.  a.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus. 

Pt.  I.  p.  13.  n.  47.     (1852). 
Nat.  Library,  XXXI.  Duncan,  p.  98.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  p.  I.  p.  14.    (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co..  var.  a.  p.  99.  n.  202.     (1857). 
Pap.  Memnon.  Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  8.  f.  1.     (1801). 
niade.'i  Mestor.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  89.     (1816). 
"This  variety  of  the  ordinary  male  differs  from  it,  in  having  the 
black  spots  of  the  first  row  on  the  posterior  wings,  preceded  by  bluish 
lunules,  and  the  two  inner  spots  of  each  row,  surrounded  by  reddish 
violet." — Boisd. 

In  my  specimens,  the  reddish  violet  extends  to  three  spots  on  the 
marginal  row,  and  only  partly  covers  those  of  the  internal.  Expanse 
5.75  inches. 

Hub. — Philippines,  China,  (In  my  collection.) 
China,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Pinang  and  Darjeeling,  (Coll.  E.  I  Co.) 

Borneo,  Northern  India,  China,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.)  • 

The  variations  of  the  female  are  much  more  numerous  than  those  of 
the  male,  and  more  interesting,  inasmuch  as  they  have  changed  so 
greatly  as  to  scarcely  retain  a  vestige  of  their  normal  condition ;  not 
only  in  color,  but  in  outline  also  do  they  differ. 


1864.]  451 

Dr.  Boisduval  says,  "  that  very  rarely,  there  are  some  found  in  Java 
which  resemble  the  male.  If  it  were  not  for  this  rarity,  we  should  be 
apt  to  consider  them  as  the  normal  type." 

Var.  a.  9  .  Fap.AncetM.  Cram.  III.  t.  222.  f.  A.  B.     (1780). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Geii.  I.  p.  IStli.  n.  6.     (18.36). 
E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  p.  2.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt,  I.  p.  10.  n.  'M).     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray.  P.  Mem.  var.  b.  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  13.  n.  47.  (1852). 
Nat.  Library,  XXXI.  Duncan,  p.  98.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  14.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.  var.  b.  L  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 
Hiades  A^icaeus  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Sehmett.  p.  88.     (1816). 
"  Similar  to  the  male,  but  with  an  orange  body,  and  a  triangular 
white  spot  on  the  upper  surface,  at  the  base  of  the  fore  wings;  the  anal 
•tiigle  ochreous  on  both  sides." — Boisd. 

Huh. — Sumatra,  (Coll,  Boisd.  and  Brit.  Mus.) 

Var./i.  9  •  Pap-  Laomcdon.  Cram.,  1. 1.  50,  f.  A.  B.     (1775). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  (Ten.  L  p.  19:5.  n.  6.     (1836). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  L  p.  10.  n.  30.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  P.  Memnon,  var.  c.  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  p. 

13.  n.  47.     (1852). 
Nat.  Library,  XXXL  Duncan,  p.  98.     (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  14.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  var.  c.  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 
Pap.  Memnon  (pt.)  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  IIL  1.  p.  12.  n.  36.     (1793). 
Hiades  Laomedon  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Sehmett.  p.  89.     (1816). 
•'  Has  a  triangular  red  spot  at  the  base  of  the  superior  wings,  and 
the  black  spots  of  the  second  row,  on  the  margin  of  the  hind  wings 
below,  are  more  or  less  encircled  by  ochreous." — Boisd. 
Hah. — Java,  Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Java.  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

9  .  Pap.  Laomedon.  var.  A. 

G.  R.  Gray,  Pap.  Memnon.  var.  d.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  13. 

n.  47.     (1852). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.  var.  d.  L  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 
''  Like  P.  Laomedon  in  form  and  general  appearance,  but  the  pri- 
mary wings  are  marked  on  the  inner  margin  by  a  space  of  white.     The 
secondary  wings  black,  speckled  between  the  nervules  with  pale  blue 
scales."— (?.  R.  Gray. 

Hah. — Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Cherra  Poonjee,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 


452  [Decemukr 

9 .  Pap.  Laomedon.  var.  B. 

De  Haan,  Verb.  Nat.  Gesch.  ji.  24.  t.  .3.  f.  2.     (18391. 

G.  R.  Gray,  P.  Memnon,  var.  e.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  13.  n. 

47.     (1852). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  var.  e.  I.  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 
Hah. — •'  Eastern  Archipelago,  (Padang)" — De  Haan. 
9  .  Pap.  Laomedon.  var.  C. 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  P.  Memnon  var.  f.  \i.  13.  u. 

47.     (1852). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  var.  f.  L  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 

"  Like  the  former,  but  without  the  buff  space  at  the  anal  angle  of 
the  secondary  wing,  while  bene:ith,  at  the  same  part,  there  is  a  large 
space  of  yellowish  red,  spotted  with  black." — G.  R.  Gray. 

//ai.— Penang,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Var.  y.  9  .  Pap.  Agenoi:  Clerck.  Icon.  t.  15.     (1759). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  IL  p.  747.  n.  14.     (17G7). 

Cram.  I.  t.  32.  f.  A.  b.     (1775). 

Herbst,  Pap.  t.  8.  f.  3.     (1784). 

Fab.  Eut.  Syst.  IIL  i.  p.  13.  n.  39.     (1793). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Schnaett.  t.  26.  f.  1.     (1801). 

Donovan,  Ins.  of  Cbina,  pi.  24.  f.  2.     (1805). 

Godt,  Encyc.  IX.  p.  28.  n.  9.     (1819). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  194.  n.  6.     (1836). 

E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  p.  2.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  10.  n.  30.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Grav,  P.  Memnon.  var.  g.  Cat.  Lep,  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I. 

p.  13.  n.  47.     (1852). 
Nat.  Library.  XXXI.  Duncan,  p.  97.  t.  2.  f.  1.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  14.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 
Iliades  Agenor.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  89.     (1816). 

"  Upper  wings  blackish,  marked  with  numerous  longitudinal  rays  of 
a  grayish-ash  color,  each  of  the  wings  having  a  large  blood-red  or  ochrey- 
yellow  triangular  patch  at  the  base.  The  inferior  wing-s  are  waved  on 
the  hinder  margin,  and  narrowly  edged  with  white  in  the  eraargina- 
tions,  the  disk  almost  entirely  occupied  by  a  broad  white  band  divided 
by  the  dark  nervures.  the  hinder  portion  dusky  with  a  series  of  deep- 
black  spots  of  an  ovate  or  rounded  form;  that,  placed  on  the  anal  angle. 
smaller  than  the  rest  and  encircled  with  fulvous,  which  color  extends 
to  the  extremity  of  the  internal  border;  on  the  under  side,  as  above, 
and  spotted  with  red  or  ochre-yellow  at  the  base;  body  black,  the  pro- 
thorax  marked  with  several  white  points." — Duncan. 


1804.]  453 

In  my  specimen  the  discal  white  band  is  surmountefl  by  scattered 
))liiish-gTeea  atoms.     Expanse  O.i-1  inches. 

Tidb. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Java,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Y:ir.  !:  9 .  Pap.  Achates.  Cram..  II.  182.  f.  a.  n.  t.  243.  f.  a.     (1777). 

Herbst,  Pap.  t.  15.  f.  1.     (1784). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  9.  ii.  24.     (1793). 

Esper.  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  28.  f.  1.     (1801). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  64.  n.  107.     (1819). 

Boisd.  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  194.  u.  6.     (18.35). 

E.  Doubled..  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  10.  n.  30.     (184(i). 

G.  R.  Gray,  P.  Memnon,  var.  i.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1. 
p.  14.  n.  47(     (1852). 

G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  j..  14.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  var.  i.  I.  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 
Pap.  Achatiade-s.  Esper,  Ausl.  Sehraett.  t.  28.  f.  3,  t.  29.  f.  1.     (1801). 
Achlllides  Achates.  Hiibn.,  Verz.  bek.  Sebmett.  p.  85.     (1816). 

"  Inferior  wings,  ending  in  a  large  black  tail.  Fore  wings  resembling 
those  of  Agenor,  with  the  basal  spot  sometimes  red,  sometimes  fulvous. 
Hind  wings  black ;  disc  white,  divided  by  black  nervules  into  eight 
unequal  spots;  emarginations  of  a  grayish-white,  except  the  two  outer- 
most and  that  on  the  anal  angle,  which  are  ochry-yellow  or  brownish-red. 
Below,  as  above,  with  three  little  yellow  or  red  marks  at  the  base  of  the 
hind  wings.  Body  black,  with  a  broad  lateral  yellow  band  on  the  ab- 
domen, and  several  white  spots  on  the  prothorax." — Bomi. 

Hab. — Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Java,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Soc.) 

9  Pitp.  Achates,  var.  A. 

De  Haan,  Verb.  Natural  Gescb.  p.  24.  t.  3,  f.  3.     (1839). 

G.  R.  Gray,  P.  Memnon,  var.  h.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  p.  13.  n. 

47.     (1852). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  var.  h.  I.  p.  100.  n.  202.     (1857). 

Hab. — "  Eastern  Archipelago." — Dt^  Ilaaii. 

9  Pap.  Achates,  var.  B. 

G.  R.  Gray,  P.  Memtion,  var.  j.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  p.  14.  n. 

47.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray.  List.  Lcj).  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  p.  14.     (1856). 

■'  Like  P.  Achatcii  in  foi'm  and  general  appearance,  but  without  the 


454  [Decembk.r 

red  triangular  spot  at  the  base  of  the  primaries.     The  secondary  wings 

are  marked  in  the  place  of  the  red,  as  in  P.  Achates,  with  ochraceous." — 

G.  R.  Gray. 

Hah. — Java,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Var.  £.  9  Pap.  Alcanor.  Cram.,  II.  t.  16ti.  f.  A.     (1776). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  34,  f.  2.     (1801). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  194.  n.  fi.     (1836). 

E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  10.  n.  30.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  P.  Memnon,  var.  k.  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I. 

p.  14.  n.  47.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  1.  p.  14.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  var.  k.  I.  p.  101.  n.  202.     (1857). 
Pap.  Alphenor.  Fab.  Sp.  Ins.  II.  p.  4.  n.  11.     (1781). 

Herbst,  Pap.  t.  16.  f.  1.     (1784). 
Pap.  Achates  p.  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  9.  n.  24.     (1793). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  64.  n.  107.     (1819). 
Achillides  Alcanor.  Hiibn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  85.     (1816). 

Fore  wings  cinereous,  striated  with  brown  rays ;  costal  half  of  basal 
patch,  blood  red,  posterior  portion  deep  black.  Posterior  wings  tailed. 
black;  a  row  of  four  sagittate  spots  on  the  disc,  white  anteriorly,  chang- 
ing; to  pink  in  their  hind  part;  a  small  pink  spot  at  the  extremity  of 
the  cell,  and  another  above  the  first  discal  mark.  Emarginations  wide, 
fulvous ;  the  two  outer  edged  with  white ;  the  two  inner  very  large, 
and  reddish-brown.  A  large  reddish-brown  anal  spot  containing  a 
large  black  pupil. 

Below,  the  fore  wings  become  whitish-gray  with  black  rays.  Hind 
wings  deep  black,  four  ferruginous  spots  at  the  base ;  the  transverse 
macular  band  becomes  pure  white,  the  extremities  of  the  third  and 
fourth  spots  produced,  until  they  unite  with  the  two  large  inner  mar- 
ginal lunules.     Expanse  6.38  inches. 

Body  black,  with  a  broad  yellow  band  on  the  sides  of  the  abdomen ; 
prothorax  marked  with  white. 

Hab. — China,  (In  my  collection.) 

Cherra  Poonjee,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit,  Mus.) 

Swainson,  Zool.  111.  2nd  series  t.  95.     (1832). 
Larva.  Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  195.  n.  6.  t.  1.  f.  2.     (1836). 
Pupa.  Nat.  Library,  XXXI.  Duncan,  p.  98.     (1852). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  t.  11.  f.  1.  la.     (1857). 


1864.]  455 

The  anterior  part  of  the  body  is  considerably  attenuated,  somewhat 
resembling  the  larva  of  the  genus  Darapsa,  the  first  segments  a  little 
retractile.  Green,  with  a  white  ocelliform  lateral  mark,  black  pupilled. 
on  the  third  segment,  and  a  transverse  white  band ;  a  band  of  pale 
green  between  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments,  and  an  obliqixe  whitish- 
green  stripe  on  the  eighth  and  ninth;  an  irregular  triangle  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  tenth  segment,  and  the  anal  segment  of  the  same  color. 
Larva  feeds  on  difierent  kinds  of  Citrus.  Chrysalis  green  ;  whitish- 
green  on  the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen ;  reddish-yellow  on  the  back. 

This  description  is  taken  from  the  figure  in  the  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I. 
Co.,  and  illustrates  the  preparatory  stages  of  a  Javanese  variety. 

"This  butterfly  is  very  active,  and  diflScult  to  catch,  flying  in  and 

out  of  deep  forest  shades  with  great  velocity,  and  generally  high." — 

Capt.  Mortimer  Shters  ''Azotes,"  p.  420. 

5.  Pap.  Antiphus,  Fab. 

Pap.  Antiphus.  Fab.,  Syst.  Ent.  III.  i.  p.  10.  n.  28.     (179.3). 
Donovan,  Ins.  India,  t.  15,  f.  2.     (1800-1803). 
Godt.  Encyc,  IX.  p.  71.  n.  129.     (1819). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  266.  n.  89.     (18.36). 
E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  9.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  9.  n.  21.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  11.  n.  37.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray.  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  12.     (1856), 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  94.  n.  191.     (1857). 
Pap.  Polygim,  Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  Sup.  p.  8.  n.  11.  129-130.     (1823). 
9  Pap.  Antiphus,  De  Haan,  Verb.  Nat.  Gesch.  p.  49.  t.  8.  f.  2.     (1839). 
9   Pap.  Theseus.  Cram.,  II.  t.  180.  f.  A.  B.     (1776). 
Herbst,  Pap.  t.  14.  f.  3.     (1784). 
Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  2.  n.  4.     (1793). 
Esper.  AusL  Schmett.  t.  36.  f.  3.     (1801). 
Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  71.  n.  127.     (1819). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  276.  n.  99.     (1836). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.  I.  p.  II.  n.  63.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  11.  n.  37.     (1852). 
Cat.  Lep;  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  95.  n.  191.     (1857). 
9  Menelaides  Theseus  Htlbn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  84.     (1816). 

Male. — Thorax  black,  a  red  collar  on  the  prothorax,  a  row  of  red 
points  below,  at  the  base  of  each  wing;  abdomen  red,  a  dorsal  macular 
black  band,  the  spots  diminishing  in  size  from  the  base,  and  a  row  of 
transverse  black  spots  underneath.     AntennjB  and  legs  black. 

Wings,  upper  surface  deep  black,  the  fore  wings  marked  with  cine- 


456  [December 

reous  rays,  an  obsolete  row  of  six  red  luiiules,  the  last  of  which  only 
is  visible,  and  a  red  anal  point.  Below,  the  fore  wings  are  light  brown, 
striated  with  whitish-gray;  the  secondaries  deep  black,  with  six  mar- 
ginal lunules.  and  a  waved  red  line  confluent  with  the  anal  spot,  ex- 
tending from  the  middle  of  the  interior  margin  to  the  extremity  of  the 
discoidal  cellule.     Expanse  3.75  inches. 

Female. — The  same  as  the  male  with  the  exception  of  the  white  rays 
on  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings,  which  are  dark  brown,  striate  with 
black,  and  all  the  angles  of  the  wings  are  much  more  rounded.  Ex- 
pause  3.90  inches. 

Hah. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 
Java,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Vnr.  a.  %  .  Pap.  Kotzebuce.  Eschsch.,  Voy  Kotzebue,  t.  1.  f.  2.     (1830). 

% .  Pap.  Aniiphm.  De  Ilaan,  Verh.  Nat.  Gesch.  p.  5.  p.  40.     (1839). 
Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  I.  p.  9.  n.  21.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  11.  n.  37.    (1852). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  95.  n.  191.     (1857). 
y/r<6.— Java,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 
•'  Manilla,"  Eschscholtz. 

Var.  li.  -J, .  Pap.  Antiphm.  G.  R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  11.  n.  37.  (1852). 

G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  12.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  L  p.  95.  n.  191.     (1857). 
"  With  short  caudal  appendages,  that  are  of  equal  width  throughout 
their  length." — G.  R.  Grai/. 

//a/..— Borneo,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.  and  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.) 

6.  Pap.  Alcinous.  Klug. 

Pap.  Alcinou.s.  Klug,  Neue  Schmett.  p.  1.  t.  1.     (1836). 

De  Haan,  Verh.  Nat.  Gesch.  p.  26.     (1839). 
Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  L  p.  9.  n.  19.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  12.  u.  45.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray.  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  14.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  L  p.  95.  n.  193.     (1857). 
Ilab. — ''  Japan-" — Siebold. 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Alcinous.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  12.  n.  45.  t.  4.  f.  2. 

^.f.  .3.9.  (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  14.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.,  L  p.  96.  u.  193.     (1857). 
'•  Male. — The  primary  wings  brownish-black,  glossed  with  purple, 
havius  streaks  of  darker  color  between  the  nervules  and  in  the  discoidal 
cell.     The  secondary  wings  brownish-blackj  having  the  base  glossed 


1804.]  457 

with  purple,  with  four  luues  along  the  outer  margin  of  a  red  color  with 
scattered  black  scales. 

"  The  under  surface  of  the  primary  wings  is  pale  brownish-black, 
with  streaks  of  darker  color  between  the  nervules  and  in  the  discoidal 
cell.  The  under  surface  of  the  secondary  wings  is  deep  brownish- 
black,  with  five  rosy  red  lunes  along  the  outer  margin ;  and  at  the  anal 
angle  there  is  an  abbreviated  broad  band  of  rosy  red,  which  is  paler  in 
part.     Expanse  4.60  inches. 

"  Female. — The  primary  wings  pale  hair-brown,  with  a  purplish  gloss. 
and  the  anterior  and  outer  margins  brownish-black;  the  discoidal  cell 
and  the  spaces  between  the  nervules  are  marked  with  black  streaks. 

The  secondary  wings  pale  hair-brown,  with  a  satiny  gloss  at  the  base, 
while  posteriorly  they  are  black  with  a  velvety  appearance;  five  narrow 
lunes  of  pinkish  white,  with  scattered  black  scales,  run  along  the  outer 
margin,  those  towards  the  anterior  angle  decreasing  in  size. 

"  The  under  surface  of  the  primary  wings  is  pale  hair-brown,  slightly 
tinged  with  purple,  with  the  streaks  as  seen  on  the  upper  side.  The 
under  surface  of  the  secondary  wings  is  entirely  black,  more  or  less  with 
a  velvety  appearance ;  six  rosy  red  lunes  are  placed  along  the  outer 
margin,  and  at  the  anal  angle  there  is  a  large  spot  of  the  same  color. 

•'  This  species  is  called  '  Chentih '  by  the  Chinese." — G.  R.  Gray. 

Hah. — China,  (In  my  collection.) 

Northern  China,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Bootau,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Larva;  I  have  described  from  fig.  6,  Plate  II.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I. 
Co.,  which  was  copied  from  De  Haan's  published  drawing. 

Fawn  color,  deepest  on  the  back,  a  transverse  reddish  brown  baud 
on  the  third  segment,  with  a  red  ocellus  at  each  extremity ;  a  lateral 
black  band,  rising  upwards  between  the  fourth  and  fifth  rings  and 
uniting  across  the  dorsum  ;  a  transverse  oblique  band  on  the  eighth 
and  ninth  segments,  and  another  between  the  anal  and  preceding  ring. 
Below  the  lateral  line,  brown;  stigmata?  pale  fawn  encircled  with  black, 
the  first  three  are  round,  the  remainder  oblong. 

7.  Pap.  Bianor,  Cram. 
Pap.  Bianor.  Cram.,  II.  t.  103,  f.  c.     (1776). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  1.  n.  2.     (179.3). 
Esper.  Ausl.  Schraett.  t.  .35,  f.  2.     (1801). 


~^^^  [Decembkr 

,i  Boisd.,  Sp.  Geu.  I.  p.  205.  n.  17.     (1836). 

/  De  Haan,  Verh.  Nat.  Gesch.  p.  28.  t.  5.  f.  1.  -^  .  f.  2.  9 .  (I839J. 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  .S.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  I.  p.  11.  n.  45.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  16.  n.  64.     (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  20.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.,  L  p.  110.  n.  220.     (1857). 
Achillides  Bianor.  Hubn..  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  85.     (1816). 
Papilio  Parish .  Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  67.  n.  116.     (1819). 

Wings  thickly  sprinkled  with  golden  green  atoms,  brown,  the  atoms 
becoming  blue  on  the  anterior  margin  of  the  wings  and  the  tail.  The 
outer  margin  divided  by  lunulas,  of  which  the  three  or  four  interior 
ones  are  violet,  and  the  others  formed  by  blue  atoms ;  the  anal  eye  as 
in  the  similar  species.  Posterior  nervules  of  the  fore  wings  clothed 
with  long  brown  hairs. 

Under  surface,  base  of  anterior  wings  brown,  outer  half,  whitish- 
gray,  nervules  and  eight  longitudinal  striae  between  them,  brown. 
Posterior  wings  deep  brown  ;  base  of  both  pair  of  wings  powdered  with 
green  atoms. 

Six  lunules  on  the  outer  margin,  reddish  brown,  each  containing  a 
violet  arc;  a  large  reddish-brown  anal  spot  containing  a  large  black 
pupil,  having  a  violet  ray  above  it.  Emarginations,  above,  white; 
below,  white  with  a  little  fulvous.     Expanse  5^  inches. 

The  female  does  not  essentially  differ  from  the  male. 

Hah. — China,  (In  my  collection.) 
China,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 

Northern  India,  China,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Northern  India,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

8.  Pap.  Ganessa,  E.  Doubleday. 

Pap.  Ganessa.  E.  Doubled.,  Gray's  Zool.  Misc.  p.  73.     (1842). 

"  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  4.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.  L  p.  11.  n.  48.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  16.  n.  66.  t.  3.  f.  5.  -^  .    (1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  20.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  L  p.  108.  n.  214.     (1857). 
Pap.  Arcturus.  ( Westw.)  Erichs.  Wiegm.  Archiv.  fur.  Naturg.  II.  p.  248.  (1843). 

3fale. — "Above:  All  the  wings  black,  irrorated  with  golden  green 
atoms;  anterior  wings,  with  the  termination  of  the  radial  and  of  the 
first  branches  of  the  median   nervures,  clothed  with  a  cottony  down ; 


1864.]  459 

cilia  white ;  posterior  wings  glossed  anteriorly  with  blue ;  this  portion 
irrorated  with  blue  atoms ;  near  the  external  angle  is  a  large  brilliant 
blue  patch,  slightly  sinuated  anteriorly,  deeply  so  posteriorly,  not  con- 
nected by  any  sinuous  line  with  the  abdominal  margin ;  near  the  mar- 
gin is  a  series  of  from  three  to  five  red  lunules,  the  one  at  the  anal 
angle  divided  by.  the  others  margined  with,  a  slender  light  blue  line; 
indentations  margined  with  white;  tail  broad,  spatulate  irrorated  with 
green  along  the  nervure. 

"  Below :  anterior  wings  black  at  the  base,  whitish  beyond  the  dis- 
coidal  cell;  the  nervures,  eight  longitudinal  striae  between  the  nervures. 
and  the  margin  itself,  fuscous;  posterior  wings  black,  more  intense  than 
above,  irrorated  over  the  basal  half,  and  sometimes  beyond,  with  whitish 
atoms;  near  the  margin  is  a  series  of  six  red  lunules,  each  divided  lon- 
gitudinally by  a  slender  light  blue  line;  indentations  margined  with 
white,  a  little  fulvous  at  the  base;  anal  angle  with  an  imperfect  ocellus, 
of  which  the  pupil  is  black,  the  iris  red,  marked  with  a  blue  crescent. 

"  Head,  thorax  and  abdomen,  black,  irrorated  with  golden  green. 
(Exp.  alar.  5  unc.)'' — E.  Douhleday. 

"Most  probably  only  a  variety  of  Pap.  Poli/ctot\  Boisd." — G.  K. 
Gray. 

Hnh. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Northern  India,  Darjeeling,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Var  <i.  Pap.  Ganessa.  E.  Doubleday. 

Pap.  Aliacmon,  Boisd.  MSS. 
ILih. — Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

y.  Pap.  Paris.  Linne. 

Pap.  Paris.  QXercV.  Icoiies,  t.  13.  f.  1.     (1759). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  745.  n.  3.     (1767). 

Drury,  I.  t.  12.  f.  1,  2.     (1770). 

Cram.,  II.  t.  103.  f.  A.  B.     (1779). 

Herbst,  Pap.  t.  14.  f.  1,  2.     (1784). 

Fab.  Ent,  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  1.  n.  1.     (1793). 

Donovan,  Ins.  China,  t.  23.     (1798). 

Esper.  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  2.  f.  1.     (1801). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  67.  n.  116.     (1819). 

Boisduval,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  208.  n.  22.     (1836). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lej).  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  4.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.  I.  p.  11.  n.  52.     (1846). 


-160  [December 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  17.  n.  68.     (1S52). 
Nat.  Library,  XXXI.  Duncau,  p.  102.  t.  3.  f.  2.     (1852^. 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  21.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.  p.  107.  n.  213.     (1857). 
AchiUides  Paris.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  85.     (1816). 

Upper  surface,  brownish  black,  irrorated  with  golden  green  atoms ; 
some  of  these  are  grouped  together  near  the  extremity  of  the  inner 
margin  of  the  anterior  wings,  forming  transverse  fasciae,  sometimes 
•obsolete. 

Posterior  wing,  with  a  brilliant  azure  blue  spot,  sinuated  posteriorly, 
near  the  anterior  angle  and  connected  with  the  abdominal  margin,  by 
two  lines  of  condensed  green  atoms,  the  space  between  which  is  some- 
times devoid  of  green  atoms,  and  enclosing  at  the  anal  angle,  an  ocel- 
late  spot  having  a  reddish  brown  iris,  surmounted  by  a  very  narrow 
violet  arc ;  tail  black  and  spatulate ;  indentations,  white,  on  the  hind 
wings. 

Below :  brown,  base  of  the  wings  irrorated  with  greenish-white  atoms, 
a  grayish-white  transverse  band,  divided  by  the  black  nervures,  on  the 
apical  half  of  the  anterior  wings;  more  or  less  distinct  in  different  spe- 
cimens. Posterior  wing  with  a  marginal  row  of  seven  ocelliform  spots; 
usually,  all  are  imperfect  except  the  anal,  though  sometimes  the  second 
is  also  complete ;  these  have  a  yellowish-red  iris  divided  anteriorly  by  a 
slender  violet  arc;  body  black,  powdered  with  particles,  in  the  same 
manner  a.s  the  wings. 

Female. — Differs  only  in  the  ground  color  being  a  little  darker,  and 
in  having,  on  the  superior  wings,  a  transverse  ray  of  condensed  parti- 
cles, which  reaches  from  the  internal  margin  almost  to  the  middle. 
Expanse  3.88 — 4.56  inches. 

Hah. — Philippines,  China,  (In  ray  collection.) 
China.  (Coll.  Boisd.) 

China,  Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Cherra  Poonjee,  Darjeeling,  N.  India,  Canara,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co. ) 

The  Larva  is  probably  very  similar  to  that  of  Pap.  Arjuna,  which 
will  be  described  in  its  proper  place. 

10.  Pap.  Arjuna,  Horsfield. 
Pap.  Arjuna.  Horsfield,  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.  t.  1.  f.  4.     (1828). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  p.  209.  n.  23.     (1836). 
E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  4.     (1844). 


1864.]  461 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  11.  n.  5.3.     (184fi). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  17.  n.  67.     (1852)-  . 

G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  21.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  107.  n.  212.     (1857). 
Pajt).  Paris,  var.  Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  67.  n.  116.     (1819). 
Pap.  Paris.  Zinken-Sominer.  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  XV.  p.  142.     (1831). 

Much  the  appearance  of  Pap.  Paris.  Expanse  4.38  inches.  The 
shining  spot  is  much  larger,  more  sinuated  posteriorly,  nearly  touching 
the  outer  margin,  and  produced  interiorly  in  a  point,  reaching  almost 
to  the  abdominal  margin.  The  violet  arc  in  the  iris  of  the  anal  ocellus 
is  much  more  distinct  than  in  Paris ;  tail,  much  less,  and  the  large 
brilliant  patch  on  the  hind  wings,  has  a  changeable  green  tinge ;  in- 
dentations, yellowish-white. 

Below,  the  transverse  fasciae  of  the  fore  wings  are  not  so  broad,  and 
become  yellowish.  Hind  wings  have  the  violet  arcs  of  the  marginal 
oeellate  spots  much  larger,  and  situated  anterior  to,  instead  of  within 
the  iris,  as  in  Paris. 

Hah.— JiiYd,  (Coll.  Boisd :  Brit.  Mus. :  E.  I.  Co.) 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Arjuna.  Horsf. 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  17.  n.  69.     (1852), 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  21.     (1856). 

"  Larger  in  size,  and  more  distinctly  spotted  with  golden  green,  and 
without  the  line  that  runs  along  the  outer  margin  of  the  primary 
wings." — Gray. 

Hah. — Java,  (In  my  collection.) 
Borneo,  (Coll,  Brit.  Mus.) 

Larva  :   "  Feeds  on  a  species  of  Oitrm,  December." — Horsf. 

Pea  green,  covered  with  bluish-white  spots;  a  lateral  white  line  ex- 
tending from  the  head  to  the  middle  of  the  fourth  segment,  uniting 
across  the  back  at  each  extremity ;  a  bright  red  spot  near  this  line,  on 
the  third  segment;  a  transverse  black  line  edged  with  blue  between  the 
fourth  and  fifth  .segments;  pale  blue  transverse  lines,  between  each  of 
the  following  rings,  uniting  with  a  sub-lateral  line  of  the  same  color ; 
four  oblique  transverse  bluish-white  lines,  bordered  inferiorly  with  red- 
dish-brown on  the  five  terminal  segments,  the  first  extendino-  throuy-h 
two  segments.     Length  about  2 — 2.25  inches. 

Pupa  greenish;  wing-cases  outlined  with  red;  some  red  spots  on  the 
breast;  much  curved;  head  bifid. 


462  [Decembkr 

The  description  of  both  Larva  and  Pupa  I  have  taken  from  the 
figures  in  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E  I.  Co.  I.  t.  3.  f.  7.  7a.;  so  that  if  incor- 
rect, the  fault  is  not  in  the  descriptions,  but  in  the  figures,  from  which 
they  were  made. 

11.  Pap.  Lorquini.  nov.  sp. 

Female. — Body  dark  brown ;  thorax  powdered  with  golden  green 
atoms. 

Fore  wings  dark  brown,  thickly  sprinkled  with  light  yellowish-green 
dots;  a  broad,  sub-marginal  light  brown  band,  near  the  exterior  mar- 
gin, of  equal  width  throughout  its  entire  length ;  the  brown  space,  be- 
tween it  and  the  margin,  containing  no  greenish  atoms;  indentations 
whitish. 

Hind  wings,  black,  irrorated  with  shining  particles;  those  on  the 
anterior  portion,  blue ;  on  the  posterior,  bright  green ;  a  marginal  row 
of  six  large  lunules,  and  an  anal  ocellus  ;  the  two  upper,  violet  blue ;  the 
four  following,  reddish-brown,  each  containing  an  indistinct  violet  arc ; 
anal  eye  of  the  same  color,  but  fulvous  posteriorly ;  tail,  broad,  spatu- 
late,  a  few  scattered  blue  atoms;  emarginations,  white,  very  small,  ex- 
cepting the  two  nearest  the  anal  angle,  which  are  very  large,  and  3'el- 
low.     Kxpanse  4.81  inches. 

Below,  brownish-black,  base  of  the  wing-s  powdered  with  greenish- 
white  atoms;  a  grayish  sub-marginal  band  on  the  fore  wings,  corres- 
ponding in  position  to  that  above,  but  much  narrower;  hind  wings 
having  six  reddish-brown  sub-marginal  lunes,  the  first  of  which  is  a 
quadrant;  the  three  following  very  irregular,  being  recurved  exteriorly, 
and  the  fifth  and  sixth  confluent  with  each  other,  the  last  touching 
the  anal  ocellus,  which  is  the  same  as  above ;  indentations  very  large, 
fulvous,  edged  with  white  on  the  margin. 

Hah. — Philippines.  (In  my  collection.) 

I  take  pleasure  in  naming  this  fine  species  after  Mr.  E.  F.  Lorquin, 
who  sent  it  to  me  as  the  female  of  Pan's,  but  from  which  it  is  entirely 
difi"erent.  Its  nearest  ally  is  Pap.  Bianor,  but  it  is  separated  from  this 
by  the  transverse  band  on  the  fore  wings,  both  above  and  below,  by  the 
style  of  irroralion  in  the  hind  wings,  by  its  lunules,  and  by  the  small 
size,  and  color  of  the  emarginations;  below,  by  the  sub-marginal  lu- 
nules and  the  indentations ;  and  by  the  want  of  those  brown  hairs  on 


1864.]  463 

the  posterior  nervules  of  the  fore  wings,  found  upon  the  upper  surface 
of  P.  Bid  nor. 

]2.  Pap.  Palinurus,  Fabr. 

Pap.  Pulimirus  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  5.  u.  12.     (1793). 
Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  66.  n.  112.     (1819). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  207.  n.  21.     (1836). 
De  Haan.  Verb.  Natural  Gesch.  p.  28  ?     (1839). 
Guerin.  Rev.  Zool.  t.  1.  f.  2.     (1840). 
E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep   Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  4.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  11.  n.  51.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  17.  n.  70.     (1852). 
"  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  21.     (1856). 

Pap.  Crino.  p.  Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  66.  n.  113.     (1819). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Ge'n.  I.  p.  207.  n.  20.     (1836). 
Pap.  Regulus  Stoll,  t.  41.  f.  1.  \h.    (1791). 
Laertias  Regulus  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  84.     (1816). 

Upper  surface  brown,  densely  powdered  with  shining  green  atoms, 
within,  a  continuous  bluish-green  transverse  band,  broad,  and  extending 
from  the  middle  of  the  costal  margin  of  the  anterior  wings  to  the  anal 
margin  of  the  posterior  wings ;  on  the  primaries,  it  gradually  widens 
towards  the  inner  margin;  on  the  secondaries,  it  is  widest  in  the  middle, 
tapering  towards  the  extremities;  beyond  this  band,  on  the  fore  wings, 
the  green  atoms  become  fewer,  and  there  are  none  on  the  hind  wings  save 
a  submarginal  row  of  five  crescents,  composed  of  very  bright  green  atoms, 
the  first  of  these  in  some  specimens  is  partly  whitish ;  a  large  white 
lune  at  the  outer  angle ;  anal  spot  ferruginous,  the  upper  part  of  the 
iris  separated  from  a  black  arc  by  some  green  atoms.  Indentations 
white ;  that  on  the  anal  margin,  fulvous.  Expanse  4.13  inches ;  tail 
brown,  spatulate. 

Below,  brown,  irrorated  with  greenish-white  dots,  outer  half  of  fore 
wings  ash-gray;  a  marginal  cinereous  band  on  the  hind  wings,  contain- 
ing a  large  white  lunule,  haviug  a  black  spot  immediately  posterior  to  it; 
five  oblong  reddish  brown  spots,  each  compressed  between  two  deep  black 
lines,  the  upper  of  which  lines  is  irrorated  by  an  arc  of  blue  atoms? 
more  or  less  distinct;  and  an  anal  ocellus,  the  pupil  of  which  is  black, 
the  upper  part  of  the  iris  reddish,  surmounted  by  some  blue  atoms  and 
a  black  spot,  and  the  lower  part,  fulvous;  the  first  sub-marginal  oblong 
spot  has  sometimes  a  white  mark  above  it. 


■^^■^  "  [December 

Hdh. — Philippines.  (In  my  collection.) 
''  India,"  (G.  R.  Gray.) 
•'  Tranquebar,"  (Fabricius.) 

l;^.  Pap.  Helenus,  Linne. 

Pap.  Helenus.  Clerck,  Icon.  t.  13.  f.  2.     (1759).«- 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  754.  n.  4.     (1767). 

Cram.  II.  t.  153.  f.  A.  B.     (1779). 

Herbst,  t.  14.  f.  2.     (1784). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  2.  n.  3.     (1793). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  2.  f.  2.     (1801). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  68.  n.  117,     (1819). 

Lucas,  Pap.  E.xot.  p.  24.  t.  15.  f.  2.     (1835). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  211.  n.  25.     (1836). 

De  Haan.  Verb.  Nat.  (xeseh.  p.  30.     (1839). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lej).  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  4.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  I.  p.  11.  n.  57.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  18.  n.  77.     (1852). 

List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  2.3.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  101.  n.  205.     (1857). 
Achillides  Helenm.  Hul)n..  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  85.     (1816). 

Upper  surface,  brown-black ;  some  dark  longitudinal  rays  visible  in 
the  discoidal  cellule,  and  towards  the  extremity  of  the  superior  wings- 
Inferior  wings  with  a  large  white  spot  near  the  outer  angle,  rounded 
within,  indented  externally,  and  divided  by  two  nervules  into  three 
unequal  parts;  a  red  anal  lunule,  more  or  less  indistinct;  tail  krue. 
black  and  spatulate;  crenulations  white.     Expanse  5.81  inches. 

]ielow,  a  row  of  sub-marginal  obloug  grayish-white  dashes  on  the 
fore  wings;  the  hind  wings  have,  in  addition  to  the  large  white  spot. 
a  marginal  row  of  seven  spots,  rusty  red,  of  which  the  five  outer  are 
lunulate.  the  two  inner  ocelliform;  that  at  the  anal  angle  is  confluent 
at  its  upper  extremity  with  a  luuule  of  the  same  color,  both  being 
crossed  by  a  violet  ray.     Body  black,  studded  with  white  points. 

®In  order  to  guard  against  the  possibility  of  any  supposition  that  I  liave  er- 
roneously assigned  to  Linne,  species  belonging  to  Clerck.  in  this,  and  other  in- 
stances, I  must  state  that  the  precedence  given  him  in  the  synonymy,  is  in  the 
order  of  the  date,  and  not  due  to  any  priority  of  nomenclature:  for  though  he 
figured  the  species,  their  methodical  classification  was  reserved,  intact,  for 
Linn:eus. 


1864.]  465 

HdJ). — -I'hilippines,  fin  my  collection.) 

Northern  India,  China,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
China,  Java,  vSumatra,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Java,  Darjeelina-,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 
The  following  descriptions  of  the  Larva  and   Pupa  are  taken   from 
l*late  III.  f.  '1.  2(1.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  illustrative  of  the  species 
from  Canara,  where  they  were  discovered  by  S.  N.  Ward,  Esq. 

Larva,  three  inches  long;  dark  green  above,  brownish,  below;  a 
short  transverse  light  green  band  on  the  third  segment,  marked  with 
some  irregular  black  lines,  and  having  a  pink  ocellus,  the  pupil  of 
which  is  black,  at  each  end;  a  transverse  brownish  line,  extending  clear 
across  the  back  on  the  fourth  segment,  containing  some  dark  brown 
spots ;  an  irregular  oblique  transverse  white  band  on  the  seventh  and 
eighth  segments ;  on  the  ninth  segment  an  irregular  transverse  white 
line,  having,  when  viewed  laterally,  the  appearance  of  an  L  with  its 
base  turned  in  the  opposite  direction ;  anal  segment  partly  white. 

Chrysalis^  very  much  curved,  head  bifid  ;  wing  cases  dark  brown, 
with  black  lines;  lower  part  of  abdomen,  reddish;  above,  bluish,  with 
some  prominent  reddish-brown  points ;  thorax,  yellowish-red. 

Lucas'  figure  of  the  imago  is  without  a  tail. 

14.  Pap.  varasi,  nov.  sp. 

Upper  surface,  blackish-brown;  five  deep  black  rays  in  the  discoidal 
cellule ;  hind  wings  with  a  large  white  spot  towards  the  outer  angle,  as 
in  Helenus,  but  is  divided  by  three  nervules  into  four  unequal  spots ; 
two  bright  ferruginous  lunules,  one  on  the  abdominal  margin,  the  other 
in  the  next  interspace  near  the  exterior  margin  ;  indentations  white, 
narrow ;  tail  black,  spatulate,  not  so  large  as  Helenus.  Expanse  4.75 
inches. 

Under  surface  brown-black ;  transverse  grayish  fasciae  on  the  fore 
wings,  as  in  the  analogous  species ;  discoidal  cells  on  both  anterior  and 
posterior  wings  are  striated  with  whitish  rays;  the  nerves,  also,  near 
the  base,  are  white ;  base  of  posterior  wings  powdered  with  grayish 
atoms ;  a  sub-marginal  row  of  seven  whitish  and  fulvous  spots  and  lu- 
nules, each  preceded  by  a  large  lunate  indentation  on  the  margin,  all 
white  excepting  the  two  last,  which  are  slightly  fulvous  and  united  to 
the  sub-marginal  spots;  that  at  the  anal  angle  is  reddish-brown,  very 


466  [December 

large,  and  united  with  another  lune,  still  larger,  sepirated  from  the 
large  white  spot  by  one  interspace  only ;  these  two  lunes  contain  a  com- 
mon violet  ray ;  the  first  sub-marginal  spot  is  a  round  whitish  dot.  the 
the  three  following,  oblong  dashes,  and  the  three  terminal,  lunules. 

Body  black,  prothorax  pointed  with  white. 

Hah. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Closely  allied  to  Fap.  Iswara,  White,  but  is  considerably  smaller. 

15.  Pap.  Pammon.  Linne. 

Pap.  Pammon.  Clerck,  Icon.  t.  14.  f.  2. -^  .  (1759). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  740.  n.  8.     (1767). 

Cram.,  II.  t.  141.  f.  B.     (1779). 

Herbst,  t.  19.  f.  4.     (1788). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  7.  n.  20.     (1793). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  4.  f.  1;  t.  40.  f.  1.     (1801). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  74.  n.  1.39.     (1819). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  272.  n.  9(5.     (1836). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mas.  Pt.  I.  p.  10.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt..  I.  p.  11.  n.  62.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  19.  n.  82.     (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  24.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  104.  n.  209.     (1857). 
L(zrtias  Pammon.  Hiibn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  84.     (1816). 
Princeps  Heroicus  Pammon.  Hiibn.,  Samml.  E.xot.  Schmett.  I.  t.  108.     (1806). 

Upper  surface  black ;  a  row  of  small  marginal  spots,  white,  increasing 
in  size  towards  the  inner  margin,  on  the  fore  wings.  On  the  hind 
wings  a  narrow  macular  band,  composed  of  seven  white  spots;  the  anal 
spot,  which  is  sometimes  yellowish,  is  divided  by  a  black  nervure.  and 
is  followed  by  a  small  group  of  blue  atoms.  Expanse  3.75 — 4.13  inches. 
Body  black,  some  grayish  spots  on  the  prothorax  and  at  the  base  of  the 
wings. 

R.  Templeton,  Esq.,  states  in  Ent.  Trans.  V.  p.  44:  -'The  male  of 
P.  Pammon  has  a  little  white  mark  near  the  anal  angle  of  the  poste- 
rior wing;  the  female,  an  ocellus  resembling  that  of  P.  PoJt/tts;  all  the 
other  markings  are  the  same  in  both  (sexes)  except  in  the  females,  they 
are  larger  and  longer."  I  have  failed  to  perceive  this  ocellus  in  my 
female  ;  perhaps  local  and  climatal  influence  have  had  their  force  in 
abroiiatinir  this  distinction;  the  insects  from  which  he  has  taken  his 
notes  were  from  Ceylon,  mine  from  China  and  the  I'hilippines. 


1864.] 


46"; 


& 


Hub. —  l  .  Philippiues,  Java,  $  Chiua,  (la  my  collection^ 
Indian  Archipelago,  Asia,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Penang,  N.  India,  Chiua,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.j 
Java,  N.  India,  Chusan,  (Coll.  K.  I.  Co.) 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Pammon.  G.  R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  jj.  19.  n.  82.     (1852). 
Pap.  CyruH.  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  7.  n.  19.     (1793). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  273.  n.  96.     (1836). 
Lmrtias  Cyrus.  Hubn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Sehmett.  II.  t.  96.  (1806—1824). 

Boisduval  says  "this  variety  differs  from  the  ordinary  male  in  having 

the  marginal  lunules  on  the  under  surface  of  the  secondaries  of  a  red. 

dish-yellow,  instead  of  white  or  yellowish." 

Pap.  Pammon.  var   Stoll,  t.  33.  f.  1.  la.     (1791). 

"  Another  variety,  in  which  the  fore  wings  are  deprived  of  the  mar- 

inal  white  spots." — Boisd. 

Hah.—''  India."  (Fabricius.) 

Var.  /?.  Pap.  Pavimon.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  19.  n.   82.     (1852). 
Caudal  appendages  very  short 
Hib.— Java,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Var.  y.  Pap.  Pammon.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  19.  n.  82.  (1852). 

Pap.  Ledcbouria.  Esehseholtz.  Voy.  Kotzebue.  III.  t.  3.  f.  7.  (1830). 
Pap.  Ledeboii,rus.  De  Haan. 

Pap.  Ali^henor.  (Boisd.)  %  De  Haan,  Verb.  Nat.  Gescb.  p.  41.  (1839). 

"  Superior  wings,  as  in  Pammon  %  .  Inferior  wings,  without  tail,  the 
hindmost  tooth  being  only  a  little  produced;  eniarginations  more  white, 
and  larger  than  in  Pammon  %  ,  preceded  by  a  sub-marginal  row  of 
small  white  lunules;  the  central  transverse  band  a  little  longer,  formed 
of  oval  spots.  Below,  the  marginal  lunules  of  greater  size ;  the  anal 
spot  colored  yellow. 

u  Hab.—Ce\ehes,  (Coll.  M.  Payen.)  ''—Boisd 
"Manilla." — Esehseholtz. 

Pap.  Pammon  "  at  Chusan,  was  observed  from  July  to  September, 
inclusive." — (Dr.  Cantor's  Notes.) 

■■This  is  the  most  common  species  of  the  genus,  being  sometimes 
seen  in  dozens  in  the  same  field  at  Raj  pore,  and  elsewhere  in  the  Dhoon, 
dui-ing  the  months  of  August  and  September;  nor  are  they  uncommon 
in  the  glens  of  the  mountains." — Capt.  T.  Hutton,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Y. 
p.  50. 


468  [December 

Larva,  Tat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  Plate  III.  f.  4.  4a.     (1857). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  274.  n.  96.     (18.3G). 

Dark  green;  a  narrow  transverse  band  on  the  third  segment,  marked 
with  white,  and  having  a  round  bhick  spot  at  the  extremity;  a  grayish- 
brown  transverse  band  on  the  fourth,  uniting  with  the  brown  of  abdo- 
men below.  An  obli(]ue  transverse  brown  band  on  the  seventh  and 
eighth  segments;  another,  incomplete  on  the  ninth  ring,  above  which 
there  is  a  round  spot;  length  about  1.75  inches. 

Pupa,  much  curved ;  head,  bifid ;  some  spinous  processes  on  the 
back,  grayish-brown,  marked  with  bhick  and  a  little  brown. 

Larvd  "  feeds  on  a  species  of  Citrus,  bearing  the  native  name  of 
Jwnk,  November  to  April." 

"Note. — Every  variety  of  Juruk  or  Orange  (^Gulog,  K!na,  Pichet, 
&c.)  produces  a  different  butterfly,  although  scarcely  any  difference  ap- 
pears in  the  caterpillar." — Jlorsfield. 

"  Larvse  particularly  destructive  to  the  lime  trees  in  Ceylon,  as  are 

also  those  of  J\  Poli/mnesfor,  Poljjdorus  and  Hfctor.''' — R.  Tem,j}lf:fon, 

Esq. 

16.  Pap.  Polytes,  Liuue. 

Pap.  Folytes.  Clerck.  Icon.  t.  14.  f.  1.     (1759). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  746.  n.  5.     (1767). 

Cram.,  III.  t.  255.  f.  A.  B.  C.     (1782). 

Herbst,  t.  15.  f.  2  f  .  t.  20:  f.  3,  4  ^ .  (J  784). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  2.  n.  5.     (1793). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  3.  f.  1:  t.  12.  f.  1.     (1801). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  20.  n.  83.     (1852). 

List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  25.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  103.  n.  208.     (1857). 
Menelaides  Polytes.  Hiibn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  85.     (1816). 
Menelaides  Alphenor.  pt.  Hiibu..  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  85.     (1810). 
Princeps  Heroicus  Stichius.  Hiibn..  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  I.  t.  3.     (1806). 
Pap.  Pammon.  J  Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  272.  n.  96.     (1836). 

De  Haan,  Verb.  Naturl.  Geseli.  p.  41.     (1839). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  11.     (1S44). 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  I.  p.  11.  n.  62.     (1846). 

Wings,  blackish-brown.  Priinaries  light  brnwn  on  the  outer  half, 
divided  by  longitudinal  dai-k  rays ;  exterior  margin  dentate ;  indenta- 
tions white. 

Secondaries  have  a  large  white  or  yellowish-white  spot  in  their  mid- 
dle, palmated  and  divided  by  the  nervules  into  three,  four  or  five  parts. 


1864.]  409 

i)f  which  the  two  inner  are  more  or  less  confluent  posteriorly,  with  an 
oblong  spot  of  reddish-brown  situated  upon  the  anal  margin  ;  six  sub- 
marginal  luues,  reddish-brown;  an  anal  oblong  mark  of  the  same  color, 
containing  a  round  black  dot ;  all  the  red  parts  irrorated  with  violet 
atoms ;  indentations  reddish-yellow  and  whitish  ;  expanse  4.25 — 4.38 
inches;  tail  short,  blackish,  spatulate. 

Below,  as  above,  the  sub-marginal  lunules  sometimes  preceded  by 
small  groups  of  violet  atoms. 

Body  brownish;  prothorax  pointed  with  white,  and  some  white  spots 
at  the   base  of  the  wings  and  insertion  of  the  abdomen ;    two  lateral 
white  lines,  enclosing  a  row  of  yellow  dots  on  each  side  of  the  abdomen. 
n<(h. —  %  Philippines,  9  China,  (In  my  collection.) 
Indian  Archipelago,  Asia,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
%   9  Java.  Calcutta,  N.  India,  Chusan,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

China,  Ceylon,  N.  India,  Java,  Gulf  of  Martaban,   N. 
China,  Sandwich  Islands,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Polytes.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  20.  n.  83.     (1852). 
Pap.  Numa.  Weber.  Observ.  Entom.  Kiel.  p.  106.     (1801). 
Pap.  Pohjtes.  var.  De  Haaii,  Verb.  Naturl.  Gescb.  p.  41.     (18.39). 

Ilah. — Indian  Archi])elago. 

In  a  specimen  which  I  have,  from  China,  there  are  two  rays,  com- 
posed of  violet  atoms,  extending  from  each  extremity  of  the  sixth  sub- 
marginal  lunule  to  the  palmate  white  spot. 

"  Not  uncommon  in  the  Dhoon  during  the  rainy  season,  and  at  Kajpore, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Hills,  it  is  frequently  met  with."     (Capt  T.  Iluttou.) 

'•At  Chusan,  the  perfect  insect  appears  during  August  and  Septem- 
ber."    (Dr.  Cantor's  Notes.) 

Larva.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co..  I.  t.  III.  f.  3.     (1857). 

Not  (juite  so  large  as  that  of  P.  Pammon,  and  light  green  ;  trans- 
verse bands  on  the  third  and  fourth  segments,  as  in  that  species,  the 
second,  however,  being  dark  brown;  a  white  stigmated  line,  bordered 
posteriorly  with  brown,  and  a  white  oblique  transverse  lin^  on  the  se- 
venth and  eighth  segments.  Anterior  portion  of  the  body,  below  the 
white  lateral  line,  dark  brown;  posterior  segments  nearly  white,  or  light 
brownish-yellow. 

"  In  Java,  the  larva  feeds  on  a  species  of  Citrna.  bearing  the  native 
name  of  Juntk.  from  January  to  May.'' — II(>f!<jirhJ . 


^'^-  [December 

Pupa.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  t.  III.  f.  3a.     (1857). 

Not  SO  much  arched  as  in  Fap.  Fammon  ;  of  a  greenish  brown,  min- 
gled with  darker  spots;  prominent  processes  on  all  of  the  abdominal 
segments,  while  in  Pammon  they  are  found  only  upon  the  first  two  rings. 

17.  Pap.  Alphenor,  Cram. 
Pap.  Alphenor.  Cram.,  I.  t.  90.  f.  B.     (1779). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  37.  f.  1.     (ISOI). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  274.  n.  97.     (1830). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  12.  n.  65.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  20.  n.  85.     (1S52). 
Pap.  Poft/te-s.  var.  Godt.  Enoyc.  IX.  p.  71.  n.  126.     (1819). 
Menelaides  Alphenor.  pt.  Hubn.,  Verz.  belv.  Schmett.  p.  85.     (1816). 

Rather  smaller  than  P.  Poli/tes ;  the  longitudinal  rays  on  the  outer 
half  of  the  primary  wings  of  that  species  become  whitish  in  this,  espe- 
cially towards  the  internal  angle.  Inferior  wings  tailed,  long  and  spa- 
tulate;  disc  contains  a  white  spot,  not  palmate,  divided  by  very  narrow 
grayish  nervures,  into  four  parts ;  the  posterior  and  inner  portions  of 
which  are  in  conjunction  with  a  large  reddish-brown  spot,  divided  into 
three  parts  by  black  nervules ;  that  on  the  anal  margin  containini:  a 
large  round  black  dot ;  the  middle  one  is  much  the  longest,  touching 
inferiorly  the  last  of  a  row  of  six  sub-marginal  reddish-brown  lu- 
nules,  which  are  rather  larger  than  those  of  Pohjtes ;  indentations  of 
both  anterior  and  posterior  wiogs  white,  excepting  the  anal,  which  is  a 
little  fulvous;  expanse  4.13  inches;  the  red  parts  near  the  anal  margin 
are  powdered  with  violet  atoms. 

Below,  the  same  as  above,  but  the  white  indentations  on  the  posterior 
wings  are  much  larger  and  fulvous  at  the  base.  Body,  the  same  as 
Polytes,  with  the  addition  of  a  ventral  white  band. 

Hah. —  9  Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

•'Celebes,  (Coll.  M.  VajQn.y'—Bohd. 

•'  Amboina." — Cram. 

^'  China  ?"     Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  3Ius. 

Boisduval  says,  it  is  not  tailed,  but  that  the  posterior  wings  are  sim- 
ply produced  in  a  short  tooth.  This  is,  then,  either  a  .sexual  distinc- 
tion, or  the  tail  was  excised  in  the  specimens  which  he  examined,  for 
in  mine,  which  agrees  with  his  description  in  every  other  particular,  it 
is  not  only  very  distinct,  but  also  a  little  longer  than  that  of  Paj).  Fo- 
lates. 


1S04.]  471 

IS.  Pap.  Demoleus.  Linne. 
Pap.  Demolem.  Eoesel,  lus.  Add.  t.  1.  f.  2,  3.     (1746).* 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  I.  p.  753.  n.  46.     (1767). 

Cram.,  III.  t.  231.  f.  A.  B.     (1782j. 

Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  34.  n.  101.     (1793). 

Herbst,  Pap.  t.  36.  f.  3.  4.     (1796). 

Donov.,  Ins.  China.  PI.  29.  f.  1.     (1798). 

Pal.  de  Beauv.  Ins.  Afr.  et.  Araer.  t.  2.  b.  f.  2.     (1805). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  43.  n.  52.     (1S19). 

Boisd.  Faune.  de  Madag.  p.  12.     (1834). 

Lucas,  Pap.  Exot.  p.  t.  9.  f.  2.     (1835). 

Boisd..  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  237.  n.  60.     (1836). 

E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  6.     (1844). 

Westw.,  Are.  Ent.  p.  148.     (1845). 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  I.  p.  12.  n.  70.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  21.  n.  91.     (1852). 
Orpheides  Demoleua.  Hiibn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  86.     (1816). 
Princeps  dominans Demoleus.  Hiibn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  1. 1. 115.  (1806-1824). 
Papilio  Demodocus.  Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  51.  f.  1.     (1801). 

Wings  black,  thickly  powdered  with  yellow  atoms ;  the  anterior 
wings  have  a  number  of  une({md,  irregular  and  scattered  yellow  spots 
on  the  disc;  a  double  row  of  yellow  mai'ks  on  the  exterior  margin,  of 
which  the  marginal  are  much  the  smallest,  and  are  situated  upon  the 
indentations;  the  base  and  costal  margin  are  marked  with  yellow 
points. 

Posterior  wings  are  travei'sed  above  the  middle  by  a  nearly  straight 
yellow  line,  having  an  ocellus  trpon  each  extremity;  that  infringing  on 
the  costal  border  is  slightly  reddish,  and  surrounded  by  a  blue  iris;  that 
on  the  abdominal  margin  has  the  superior  half,  blue,  the  inferior,  red- 
dish-brown ;  the  outer  margin  is  obtusely  dentate,  and  furnished  with 
the  double  row  of  marginal  lunules,  as  in  the  fore  wings;  expanse  3.75 
inches. 

Under  surface  paler  than  above,  and  possessing  all  its  characteristics, 
with  the  addition  of  having  the  base  rayed  with  yellow. 

The  posterior  wings  also  present  upon  a  deeper  ground  color  than  the 
rest  of  the  surface,  six  reddish  spots,  inwardly  edged  with  blue,  of 
which  one  is  at  the  extremity  of  the  discoidal  cellule ;  the  other  five 
forming  an  irregular  transverse  band  beyond  it,  upon  the  disc.      Fol- 


*The  remarks  made  upon  the  synonymy  of  Pap.  Polytes,  are  equally  appli- 
cable in  this  and  similar  cases. 


472  [December 

lowing  these  are  the  large  yellow  sub-marginal  luuules,  separated  from 
the  emarginate  spots  by  a  series  of  black  arches. 

Body  black,  with  a  yellow  line  on  each  side  of  the  head  and  thorax ; 

yellow  below,  with  longitudinal  bla'ck  streaks;  antennfe  black,  speckled 
with  reddish  towards  the  club. 

Hah. — Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Madagascar,  (In  my  collection.) 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Coast  of  Guinea,  Senegal,  Madagascar, 

(Coll.  Boisd.) 
South  and  West  Africa,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
"  In  Senegal,  the  larva  has  been  reared  upon  a  Citrus." — BoIkiI. 

19.  Pap.  Erithonius,  Cram. 
P.  Eriihonius.  Cram.,  III.  t.  232.  f.  A.  B.     (1780). 
Herbst,  Pap.  t.  36.  f.  5,  6.     (1796). 
Diurnal  Lepidojit.,  I.  jj.  12.  n.  71.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  21.  n.  92.     (1852). 

List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  28.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.  L  p.  105.  n.  211.     (1857). 
Princeps dominans  Erithonius.  Hiil).,  Saniral.  Ex.  Schmett.  I.t.  116.    (1806-1824). 
Pap.  Epius.  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  35.  n.  102.     (1793). 
Douov.,  Ins.  of  China,  PL  29.  f.  2.     (1798). 
Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  43.  n.  53.     (1819). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  238.  n.  61.     (1836). 
E.  Doubled..  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  7.     (1844). 
Orphcides  Epius.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  86.     (1816). 
Pap.  Demoleus.  apud.  Esper,  Ausl.  Schmett.  t.  50.  f.  1,  4.     (1801). 

Wings  black;  primaries  thickly  dotted  with  yellow  at  the  base,  form- 
ing transverse  lines ;  a  great  number  of  irregular  yellow  spots  on  their 
middle,  scattered  and  unequal  in  size;  a  sub-marginal  row  of  yellow 
spots;  and  another  row,  much  less,  situated  upon  the  indentations;  ex- 
cepting the  first,  which  is  oblong,  the  spots  of  the  sub-marginal  line 
gradually  increase  towards  the  inner  angle.  These  two  rows  are  con- 
tinued on  the  secondaries  to  the  anal  angle,  becoming,  however,  much 
larger  and  more  lunate. 

A  broad  transverse  yellow  band  across  the  upper  portion  of  the  hind 
wings,  very  irregular  posteriorly,  and  varying  considerably  in  the  size, 
shape  and  number  of  the  spots ;  having  at  either  end  a  colored  spot. 
that  on  the  costal  margin  being  black,  (in  one  specimen  I  have,  dark 
reddish-brown,)  containing  a  blue  arc;  that  on  the  abdominal  margin 
bright  reddish-brown,  with  a  blue  luiiule  above  it,  sometimes  obsolete. 


1S64.]  473 

••  The  male  of  P.  Erifhoinus  is  without  the  blue  luuule,"  uot  entirely 
wanting  in  my  specimens.  "The  female  has  it;  and  both  sexes  vary 
in  having  or  not  having  one  or  two  spots  outside  the  closing  vein  of  the 
discoidal  cell  of  the  lower  wing ;  beneath,  the  markings  in  both  are 
nearly  identical,  lunule  and  all."  * 

Below,  same  general  markings  as  above,  on  the  fore  wings,  but  rather 
paler;  base  covered  with  yellowish-white  i-adii ;  a  sinuous  line  of  ful- 
vous atoms  near  the  apex.  Hind  wings,  anterior  part,  entirely  yellow- 
ish-white, crossed  by  a  transverse  black  line,  and  divided  into  spots  by 
the  black  nervures.  Posterior  portion  of  wings  black,  containing  in  its 
upper  portion  six  orange  spots,  margined  anteriorly  with  blue,  five  form- 
ing a  sinuous  transverse  line,  and  the  sixth,  a  lunule  in  the  discoidal  cell  J 
the  costal  black  spot  contains  a  blue  lunule,  bordered  with  fulvous  in- 
wardly ;  anal  spot  the  same  as  above ;  the  sub-marginal  lunules  and 
marginal  indentations  are  much  larger  than  on  the  upper  surface;  ex- 
panse 3.5 — 3.88  inches. 

Body,  black  above,  powdered  with  yellow  atoms,  with  a  yellow  line 
on  each  side  of  the  head  and  thorax  ;  below,  yellowish. 

Hah. — (^hina,  India,  Phillippines,  (In  my  collection.) 
China,  Bengal,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Canara,  Calcutta,  Penaug,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 
Northern  India,  Penang,  Ceylon,  (Coll.  Brit.  3Ius.) 

"  Occurs  in  the  Deyrah  Dhoon,  and  likewise  in  the  Hills  during  sum- 
mer. I  have  received  it  from  Madras,  and  frequently  took  it  at  Nee- 
much,  in  Western  India."  -f 

This  species  is  subject  to  considerable  variation,  even  in  what  is 
usually  considered  its  normal  condition.  I  have  already  referred  to  the 
diiFerences  in  the  transverse  band  of  the  hind  wings  on  the  upper  surface, 
and  there  is  also  some  in  the  shape  and  size  of  some  of  the  spots  on  the 
fore  wings ;  but  it  is  on  the  under  surface  that  we  see  the  greatest  va- 
riations ;  the  fore  wings  are  comparatively  uniform,  with  the  exception 
that  there  are  two  yellow  spots  near  the  extremity  of  the  cell,  which 
are  sometimes  united ;  on  the  hind  wings  there  is  great  difference  in 
the  size  of  the  sub-marginal  lunules,  sometimes  being  so  large  as  to 


«R.  Templeton,  Esq.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  V.  p.  44.     (1847). 
t<'apt.  T.  Hutton,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  V.  p.  48.     (1847). 


474  [December 

give  the  idea  that  the  wing-  is  yellowish-white,  with  transverse  and 

sinuate  black  bands  upon  it;  also  in  the  size  of  the  orange  spots,  which 

are  sometimes  bordered  on  both  sides  with  blue. 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Eriihonius  G.  R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  21.  n.  92.     (1852). 
Paj).  Sthenelus.  McLeay,  King's  Surv.  of  Aus.  App.  p.  457.  n.  133.     (1827). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Geu.  I.  p.  239.  n.  62.     (1836). 

"  This  species  closely  resembles  P.  Brkhonius,  and  is  to  be  distin- 
guished from  it  only  by  a  large  yellow  spot  near  the  middle  of  the  inner 
margin  of  the  fore  wings,  which  in  En'thonius  and  DrmoUus  is  divided 
into  two  parts;  and  by  one  little  yellow  spot,  joined  to  the  outer  edge 
of  the  transverse  band  of  the  hind  wings,  whilst  in  Erifhonius  there 
are  two  or  three. 

"  This  species  replaces  En'.fhoiiiiis  on  the  west  coast  of  Australia." — 
Boisd. 

//a6.— Australia,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Var.  fi.  Pap.  Erithoniu.s.  nov.  var. 

This  differs  from  the  normal  state  in  having  the  upper  surface  densely 
powdered  with  very  fine  yellow  atoms;  in  the  absence  of  a  yellow  spot 
just  within  the  line  of  the  sub-marginal  spots;  and  in  the  shape  of  the 
lower  spot  in  the  cell,  which  has  the  appearance  of  an  inverted  comma. 
On  the  hind  wings  the  sub-marginal  spots  are  nearly  square;  the  trans- 
verse yellow  band  is  not  near  so  irregular  as  in  the  typical  condition ; 
the  projecting  yellow  spots  are  so  reduced  in  size  as  to  be  nearly  in  a 
straight  line,  though  not  so  much  as  in  Pap.  Demoleus;  and  the  red- 
dish-brown anal  spot  contains,  in  its  upper  portion,  a  deep  velvety 
black  round  dot,  surmounting  which  there  is  a  light  blue  lunule. 

Below,  as  on  the  upper  surface,  with  the  addition  of  a  long,  fulvous, 
sinuate  band  near  the  apex  of  the  primaries ;  and  that  the  sub-margi- 
nal lines  on  the  secondaries  are  all  united,  forming  a  broad,  pale  yellow 
sinuate  band. 

Hah. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Larva.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  106.  t.  III.  f.  6.  6a.     (1857). 

The  Caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  Lime  Orange,  Citron  and  "Bel"  trees, 
arrives  at  maturity  in  the  early  part  of  July  (1st — 8th),  and  transforms; 
the  imago  emerging  in  from  eight  to  ten  days. 

"Green,  with  a  reddish  or  orange  colored  head;  the  fourth  segment 
of  the  body  is  also  bordered  with  the  same  color,  and  there  is  a  lateral 


1864.]  475 

oblique  stripe  on  the  hinder  parts,  which  is  bhickish  and  edged  with 
white ;  the  spiracles  are  black ;  there  are  two  short  tentacular  horns 
projecting  from  the  anterior  segment  and  two  others  from  the  anal  seg- 
ment, beneath  which  latter  is  a  whitish  stripe,  running  obli<iuely  for- 
wards and  downwards;  a  white  lateral  stripe  above  the  legs,  which  are 
yellowish."* 

"Very  common  throughout  the  Bengal  presidency;  the  larva  has 
two  processes  (above  the  head)  very  pliable  and  completely  retractile. 
The  scent  of  tliese  processes  is  that  of  very  rotten  oranges,  and  is  over- 
powering in  the  extreme,  and  does  not  leave  the  hand,  when  once  in- 
fected, for  many  hours,  even  after  several  washings.  The  larva,  when 
touched,  shrugs  up  its  head,  and  only  displays  the  nauseous  filiments 
when  much  or  repeatedly  irritated,  and  then  it  endeavors  to  smear  the 
irritating  body  by  dragging  them  over  and  about  it."f 

"  The  eggs  are  laid  singly  on  the  tips  of  the  leaves,  and  generally  on 
the  upper  side.  The  larva  is  at  first  of  a  greenish  brown." — iMrs.  Ha- 
milton. 

This  description  is  so  very  different  from  that  given  by  Fabricius, 
and  from  the  drawings  of  Esper,  and  that  in  the  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I. 
Co.,  that  I  shall  append  all  three,  leaving  to  future  investigators  the 
task  of  discovering  which  corresponds  to  the  true  larva  of  this  species. 

"  Yelluwish-green,  with  the  head  brick-red,  and  two  short  horns  at 
the  extremity  of  the  body." — Fah. 

''  Caterpillar  of  a  reddish  color,  with  the  openings  upon  the  middle 
of  a  pale  yellow,  pointed  with  black;  that  which  separates  the  fourth 
from  the  fifth  segment  is  black,  embroidered  with  yellow ;  beyond  this 
there  are  some  very  obscure  marblings  on  the  side,  and  a  red  ocellate 
spot  on  the  middle  of  the  third  segment. — Esper." — Bolsd. 

The  figures  from  which  the  following  description  is  taken,  were 
drawn  from  Larv?e  and  Pupa3,  discovered  in  Madras  by  S.  N.  Ward, 
Esq.,  whose  accuracy  in  entomological  delineations  is  well  known. 

Dark  green;  head  brownish;  a  white  lateral  stripe  above  the  legs, 
which  are  also  brownish ;  a  short  transverse  line  on  the  third  ring, 
brownish,  pointed  with  red;  and  another  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  seg- 


■Mlapt.  T.  Hutton,  Proo.  Eut.  Soc.  V.  p.  48.     (1847 
t  Capt.  Mortimer  Slater,  MS.  '•  Notes."  p.  4X,8. 


476  [December 

ment,  of  the  same  color,  serrated  anteriorly ;  stigmatae  red ;  anal  seg- 
ment slightly  furcated  at  its  extremity. 

Pupa  grayish-brown,  with  darker  lines,  more  especially  on  the  abdo- 
minal segments  and  on  the  prothorax  5  wing  cases  shaded  with  black. 
20.  Pap.  Horsfieldii,  nov.  sp. 

Upper  surface  black ;  a  row  of  white  marginal  spots,  increasing  in 
size  towards  the  inner  angle.  Secondary  wings  have  a  broad  transverse 
macular  white  band  on  the  disc,  composed  of  seven  spots;  that  on  the 
anal  margin  being  somewhat  yellow ;  indentations  white,  narrow ;  ex- 
])anse  4.25  inches. 

Under  surface  of  fore  wings  same  as  the  upper;  the  hind  wings  have, 
in  addition  to  the  macular  transverse  band,  which  is  here  entirely  white, 
a  small  fulvous  lune  on  the  abdominal  margin,  just  below  the  last  spot 
of  the  band;  and  a  sub-marginal  row  of  oblong  white  dashes,  preceding 
the  white  indentations. 

Body  black ;  thorax  beneath  marked  with  white  spots. 

Female  differs  in  having  the  anal  lunule  bright  red,  surmounted  by 
a  narrow  violet  line ;  a  group  of  white  atoms  posterior  to  the  sixth 
macular  spot;  and  in  having  the  sub-marginal  spots  and  lunules,  yel- 
lowish; expanse  4.39  inches. 

Hah. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Allied  to  Pap.  Phestus,  Boisd. 

I  take  pleasure  in  naming  this  species  after  Thomas  Horsfield,  Esq., 
who  has  contributed  almost  all  the  knowledge  that  we  possess  of  the 
metamorphoses  of  eastern  exotic  Lepidoptera,  by  his  indefatigable  ex- 
ertions in  that  most  difficult  and  tedious  branch  of  Lepidopterology. 

■21.  Pap.  Erectheus,  Donovan. 

Pap.  Erectheus.  Donov.  Ins.  New  Holl.  PI.  15.     (1805). 
Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  .31.  n.  15.     (1819). 
Lucas,  Pap.  Exot.  p.  17.  t.  9.  f.  1.     (1835). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  215.  n.  .31.     (1836). 
E.  Doubled.,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mas.  Pt.  I.  p.     (18-14).      ' 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  12.  n.  77.     (1846). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  22.  n.  99.     (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  29.     (1856). 
Nestorides  Erectheus.  Hiibn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  II.  t.  108.     (1806—1824). 
<^  Pap.  ^geus.  Donov.,  Ins.  New  Holl.  PI.  14.     (1805). 
Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  31.  n.  17.     (1819). 
Nestorides  ^geus.  Hubn..  Samnil.  Exot.  Schmett.  II.  t.  107.     (1806—1824). 
%  ^  Pap.  Gambrisius.  De  Haan,  Verli.  Nat.  Gesch.  p.  30.     (1839). 


1864.]  477 

M<ih\ — Anterior  wings  black;  a  transverse  yellow  band  near  the 
apex,  composed  of  six  spots,  of  which  the  first  two  are  small  oblong- 
dashes  ou  the  costa,  at  about  two-thirds  its  length  from  the  base,  the 
three  following  irregular,  and  the  sixth,  just  above  the  middle  of  the 
outer  margin,  is  sagittate;  beyond  this  baud,  longitudinal  lines  are 
produced  to  the  outer  margin,  of  fine  yellow  atoms;  indentations  white. 

Posterior  wings  black,  with  a  broad  greenish-gray  band  on  the  disc, 
partially  divided  by  the  black  nervules,  and  very  deeply  indentate  ex- 
teriorly ;  abdominal  margin  marked  with  a  brick-red  spot,  containing 
a  violet  arc;  below  the  anal  sections  of  the  transverse  band,  some  tine 
blue  atoms,  forming  two  nearly  obsolete  arcs;  indentations  white;  ex- 
panse 4.  inches. 

Body  brown;  some  yellow  spots  on  the  prothorax,  and  the  first  joint 
of  the  palpi. 

Below,  the  fore  wings  colored  as  above,  with  the  addition  of  another 
spot  to  the  apical  b:ind,  the  spots  of  which  are  also  larger.  On  the 
hind  wings  there  are  three  rows  of  lunules  :  the  first,  sub-marginal, 
contains  seven  lunes,  those  on  the  costal  and  anal  margin  being  much 
the  largest,  the  others  gradually  enlarging  towards  the  costal  margin ; 
the  anal  contains  a  violet  arc  :  the  second  row  is  composed  of  six, 
formed  of  blue  atoms,  of  which  the  three  nearest  the  costa  are  some- 
times obsolete ;  the  third  of  six  of  the  same  color  as  the  transverse 
band  above,  of  which  the  two  central  are  very  large.  Indentations 
not  so  long  as  on  the  upper  surface. 

Female. — Basal  half  of  fore  wings  dark  blackish-brown ;  exterior 
half  grayish-white,  shading  into  dark  brown  along  the  costa  and  outer 
margin,  and  traversed  by  dark  nervules  and  longitudinal  lines,  the 
latter  on  the  apical  half  only  ;  wings  sinuate,  slightly  dentate,  the  in- 
dentations occupied  by  semi-lunes,  white,  becoming  fulvous  towards  the 
inner  angle;  extremity  of  the  discoidal  cell  marked  with  a  large  black 
crescent. 

Hind  wings  blackish-brown,  a  central  transverse  band  of  pure  white, 
widest  in  the  middle,  and  tapering  towards  either  margin.  Posterior 
to  this,  three  rows  of  luuules;  the  first,  large,  are  formed  of  blue  atoms, 
of  which  the  two  nearest  the  abdominal  margin  are  the  only  constant 
ones,  the  others  being  most  frequently  obsolete ;  these  are  followed  by 
a  row  of  six  large  blood-red  lunes;  and  those  of  the  third  row  are  situ- 


'^'^°  [December 

ated  oil  the  indentation.s,  fulvous,  bordered  with  white  exteriorly ;  be- 
tween the  fourth  and  fifth  indentations,  the  wing  is  produced  into  a 
a  short,  obtuse,  rounded  tooth ;  an  anal  spot,  blood  red,  surmounted  by 
a  violet  blue  arc ;  expanse  5. 88  inches. 

Below,  the  fore  wings  as  above ;  the  hind  wing-s  have   the  blue  lu- 
nules,  complete,  the  red  and  marginal  crescents  also  much  larger;  that 
.  one  of  the  latter  situated  on  the  anal  indentation,  rises  as  a  short  ful- 
vous dash  into  the  first  median  interspace;   nervules,  ti'aversino-  the 
central  white  band,  black. 

Body  black  ;  yellow  spots  on  the  prothorax,  first  joint  of  palpi  yel- 
low; abdomen  underneath  rayed  with  yellow;  anus,  fulvous. 
Ilab. — Australia,  (In  my  collection.) 
Australia,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Australia,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
"Australia,  (Coll.  Lacordaire.)  "     Boisd. 
"New  Guinea,  (Coll.  Jarden  des  Plantes.)"     Boisd. 
"Arrou  Islands,  (Coll.  M.  Payen.)"     Boisd. 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Erectheus.  G.  E.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  22.  n.  99.     (1S52). 

"  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.     (1866). 

With  the  marginal  spots  on  the  under  surface  of  the  secondary  wings 
deep  orange,  and  the  lunules  of  blue  and  buff,  fewer  in  number. 
Hah. ?  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Var.  p.  Pap.  Erectheus.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  22.  n.  99.     (1852). 
Pap.  Erectheus.  var.  Voy.  au  Pole  Sud.  Lep.  t.  1.  f.  1,  2. 

The  under  surface  of  the  secondary  wings  with  only  a  deep  orange 
spot  at  the  anal  angle. 

Hah. ?  4 

Var.  y.  Pap.  Erectheus.  Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  L  p.  215.  n.  .31.     (1836). 

"  Differs  in  having  the  red  lunules  much   less,   and  also   preceded 
by  some  blue  atoms." — Boisd. 

Hah. — "Australia,  (Laplace.)  " — Boisd. 

22.  Pap.  Agamemnon,  Linne. 

Pap.  Ayaincmnon.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  748.  n.  22.     (1767). 
Herbst,  Pap.  t.  48.  f.  1,  2.     (1788). 
Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  33.  n.  98.     (1793). 
Esper,  Ausl.  Schraett.  t.  46.  f.  1,  2.  f.  3.  var.     (1801). 
Donovan,  Ins.  of  China,  t.  27.  f.  2.     (1805). 
Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  46.  n.  63.     (1819). 


1864.]  479 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  230.  n.  49.     (ISU). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  5.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera.  I.  p.  14.  n.  109.     (1S46). 

G.  R.  Gray.  ("at.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  27.  n.  1.^.0.     (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  .37.  n.  i;30.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co..  p.  114.  n.  229.     (1857). 
Paj).  Agatnemnon.  Cram.,  j).  151.  fig.  as  Pap.  JEgistus.  II.  1. 106.  f.  C.  D.    (1777). 
Iphiclides  Agamemnon.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Sclimett.  jj.  82.     (1816). 

Wings  black,  marked  with  a  number  of  greenish-yelluw  or  sea-green 
spots,  oval  or  puuctiform,  excepting  those  at  the  base  of  the  seconda- 
ries, which  are  linear  and  parallel  with  the  axis  of  the  body ;  of  the 
others,  eight  are  contained  in  the  discoidal  cellule  of  the  anterior  wings, 
the  outer  margin  of  which  is  sinuate,  and  the  remainder  may  be  consi- 
dered as  forming  two  transverse  rows  upon  the  disc  on  both  primaries 
and  secondaries;  those  upon  the  secondaries  being  of  nearly  equal  size, 
but  the  inner  row  on  the  primaries  is  much  the  largest,  the  spots,  ex- 
cepting the  two  nearest  the  inner  margin,  which  are  again  contracted, 
dilating  considerably  towards  the  middle  of  the  disc;  the  two  terminal 
spots  in  this  line  are  each  divided  into  two  parts,  more  or  less  separated 
by  the  nervures  or  a  black  line,  though  in  some  specimens  they  are 
confluent.  Posterior  wings  have  a  short  acute  tail,  varying  somewhat 
in  length  ;  indentations  white  or  yellowish. 

"Below,  brownish,  with  the  greatest  part  of  the  spots  of  a  paler  hue. 
On  the  primaries,  the  origin  of  the  costal  nervure,  the  middle  and  apex 
of  the  wings,  together  with  the  base  of  the  secondaries,  are  irrorated 
with  reddish-violet ;  the  posterior  wings  have  near  the  costal  edge,  a 
little  black  spot,  preceded  anteriorly  by  a  carmine-red  lunule,  and  a  little 
behind  this,  on  the  border  of  the  discoidal  cell,  a  similar  spot;  the  mid- 
dle of  a  deeper  color  than  the  rest  of  the  surface;  a  red  spot  in  the  fe- 
male only,  near  the  anal  angle. 

"  Body  black,  with  two  grayish-green  rays  upon  the  thorax  and  ab- 
domen; white  below,  with  rosy  or  white  hairs  upon  the  breast." — Boisd. 

Hah. — Philippines,  India,  Java,  (In  my  collection.) 

China,  Bengal,  Java,  Maluccas,  Philippines,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
N,  India,  Penang,  Gulf  of  Martaban,  Ceylon,  Java,  Borneo, 
(Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Java,  Silhet.  Dukhun,  (Cull.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Of  four  specimens  which  I  have,  no  two  exactly  resemble  each  other. 


4'^^  [December 

That  from  India  has  the  spots  of  a  yellowish  color,  which  also  differ  some- 
what in  shape  from  the  insular  specimens.  The  male  from  Java  has 
the  two  terminal  spots  of  the  inner  transverse  macular  band  of  the  pri- 
maries entire,  whilst  in  the  others  they  are  each  distinctly  subdivided; 
the  color  of  the  spots  is  also  much  deeper  than  in  any  of  the  others ; 
expanse  3.32  inches. 

Expanse  of  Indian  specimen  3.75  inches. 

Those  from  the  Philippine  Islands  have  the  fore  wings  broader  than 
either  of  the  others,  whilst  the  configuration  and  color  of  the  the  upper 
surface  resembles  that  from  Java,  with  the  exception  of  the  terminal 
spots,  which  are  here  separated.     Expanse  %  3.35  inches;  9  4.19  inches. 

Their  tails  are  also  longer  than  in  either  of  the  others. 

It  is  on  the  under  surface,  however,  that  we  find  the  greatest  differ- 
ence. 

The  Indian  variety  is  of  a  beautiful  rich  umber  brown,  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  fore  wings  covered  with  a  reddish-violet  shade ;  the  spots 
of  the  same  color  as  above ;  those  of  the  sub-marginal  line  obsolete  to- 
wards the  apex,  and  in  common  with  the  hind  ones  of  the  second  row. 
white  on  the  inner  margin;  an  oblong  black  spot  on  the  costa,  near  the 
apex.  Basal  half  of  posterior  wings  light  brown,  having  a  large  white 
space  on  the  middle  of  the  costal  margin,  containing,  in  its  upper  ex- 
tremity, a  double  lunule  of  carmine  and  jet-black;  immediately  behind 
this,  a  round  white  dot.  surmounted  by  an  indistinct  black  lunule ;  the 
transverse  spots  are  of  a  dark  greenish-brown,  and  very  obscure. 

The  Javanese  specimen  differs  in  having  the  ground  color  darker 
and  more  dull;  spots  on  fore  wings  and  base  of  hind  wings  bright 
green  ;  those  of  the  outer  row  being  more  distinct. 

On  the  hind  wings  there  are  two  carmine  lunules,  and  the  transverse 
spots  are  not  so  dark. 

In  those  from  the  Philippines  the  ground  color  is  very  dull,  and  the 
spots  very  plainly  marked ;  scarcely  any  reddish-violet  irrorations.     In 
the  %  the  black  lunules  on  the  posterior  wings  are  small,  surmounted 
with  fulvous ;  in  the  $  very  large,  a  rosy  lunule  above. 
Larva.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co..  I.  PI.  III.  f.  9.  9a.     (1857). 

•■  In  Java,"  from  a  figure  of  which  insular  variety  the  following  de- 
scription is  drawn,  "  it  feeds  on  a  species  of  U'oaria,  bearing  the  native 
name  of  Kalak,  December." — Horsjiell. 


1864.]  481 

"  Smooth,  slightly  attenuated  towards  the  extremities,  somewhat 
arched  iu  the  middle,"  having;  two  projecting  points  from  the  anal  seg- 
ment, and  a  lateral  green  line,  containing  the  black  stigmatre,  above 
which  it  is  yellowish-brown,  striped  longitudinally  with  bands  of  a 
lighter  color;  the  segments  marked  also  with  a  number  of  short  oblique 
transverse  brown  lines,  three  sub-dorsal  green  points  on  the  first  three 
rings.     Below  the  lateral  line,  pink  and  fulvous. 

Chrysalis  brownish,  with  two  greenish  lines  on  the  back,  uniting  to- 
wards the  head;  wing  covers  outlined  in  black.  Not  so  much  arcuated 
as  in  the  preceding  species. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  the  Philippines. 

23.  Pap.  Eurypylus,  Linne. 

Pap.  Eurypylus.  Clerck,  Icon.  t.  28.  f.  2.     (1759). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  754.  n.  49.     (1767). 

Cramer,  II.  t.  122r  f.  C.  D.     (1777). 

Herbst,  Pap.  t.  37.  f.  5,  6.     (1788). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  20.  n.  61.     (1793). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Sehmett.  t.  33.  f.  1.     (1801). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  28.  n.  133.     (1862). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  38.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  113.  n.  227.     (1857). 
Zeiides  Eurypylus.  Hiibn.,  Verz.  bek.  Sehmett.  p.  86.     (1816). 

"       Samral.  Exot.  Sehmett.  II.  t.  10(3.     (1806—1824). 
Pap.  Eurypilus.  Godt.  Encye.  IX.  p.  45.  n.  61.     (1819). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  233.  n.  54.     (1836). 

De  Haan,  Verb.  Naturl   Gesch.  p.  33.     (1839). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  6.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  14.  n.  113.     (1846). 
Pnp.  Jason.  Esper,  Ausl.  Sehmett.  t.  58.  f.  5.     (1801)., 

Upper  surface  black,  traversed  by  a  central  pale  green  1)and,  narrow- 
ing at  its  extremities,  and  separated  on  the  primaries  into  spots  of  une- 
qual size.  The  discoidal  cell  of  the  anterior  wings  contains  four  oblong 
dashes  ;uid  a  spot  of  the  same  color ;  several  spots  also  on  the  costa, 
near  the  apex  ;  a  sub-marginal  row  of  sixteen  irregular  spots,  varying 
in  size  and  form,  extends  from  the  apex  of  the  primaries  to  the  anal 
angle  of  the  secondaries.  Fore  wings  sinuate ;  indentations  of  hind 
wings  greenish-white;  expanse  3.5 — 3.63  inches. 

Below,  brown  ;  the  same  general  arrangement  of  the  markings ;  the 
spots,  however,  becoming  larger,  of  a  paler  hue,  and  having  a  pearly 
lustre.     Those  on  the  fore  wings  vary  somewhat  in  different  specimens. 


'^'^-  [December 

being  sometimes  confluent ;  there  are  two  nacreous  dashes  inserted  be- 
tween the  first,  second  and  third  sub-marginal  spots  on  the  posterior 
wings.  Six  lunulate  carmine  spots  on  the  hind  wings,  of  which  one  is 
situated  at  the  extremity  of  a  short  black  band,  arising  on  the  costa  at 
about  one-third  its  length  from  the  base,  and  running  to  the  sub-costal 
nervure;  the  others  are  below  the  trarsverse  band,  extendin"-  from  the 
first,  which  is  in  the  lower  part  of  the  cell,  and  is  bordered  interiorly 
with  a  narrow  white  or  fulvous  line,  to  the  anal  margin,  and  above  the 
last  of  which  there  arises  a  broad  black  band  proceeding  to  the  costti, 
and  disconnected  with  the  short  black  band  previously  spoken  of;  on 
the  abdominal  side  of  which  there  is  a  red  line;  abdominal  margin 
fringed  with  white  hairs. 

Body  blackish;  greenish-white  below,  with  two  subdorsal  whitish 
lines  on  the  black  part  of  the  abdomen. 

Female  ? — Expanse  3.6:^  inches.  Brown ;  transverse  band  and  spots 
pale  yellowish-green  on  the  primaries,  greenish-white  on  the  seconda- 
ries;  the  two  black  bands  are  united  near  the  base  of  the  secondary 
wings  on  both  surfaces,  enclosing  underneath  a  lemon-yellow  patch ; 
the  base  is  also  yellow ;  the  red  spot  near  the  costal  margin  is  very 
small ;  five  red  lunate  marks  below  the  band,  diSereutly  shaped  from 
in  the  male,  and  the  red  sub-marginal  line  is  wanting.  The  nacreous 
spots  are  much  larger  than  in  the  male,  increasing  on  the  anterior  wings 
from  the  inner  angle  to  the  apex,  and  assuming,  on  the  posteriors,  the 
form  of  very  large  lunes.     Body  as  in  the  male. 

Ifah. — Philippines  S  .  9  ?  Java  S  ,  (In  my  collection.) 

"Amboina,  Celebes,   Philippines,    Papua,  (Coll.    M.    Lacor- 

daire.)"     Boi,sd. 
India,  X.  India.  Singapore,  Ceylon,  Java.  ((!oll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Java,  Silhet,  Northern  India,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Eurypylus.  G.  R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  28.  n.  133.  (1852). 

List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  38.     (1856). 
Pap.  Lycaon.  Boisd..  MSS. 

Westwood,  Arc.  Erit.  IL  p.  15.     (1845). 
Diurual  Lepidopterii.  L  p.  14.  n.  112.     (1846). 

'•  A  new  species,   very  closely  allied  to  Pap.  Eurijpijlus  of  Clerck's 
Icoues,  and  Pap.  Evemon  of  Boisduval." — Westwood. 
//a/^.— Australia,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 


1864.]  '  483 

V:ir./i.  Pap.  Eurypylus.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  28.  n.  13.S.  (18.i2). 

"  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  38.     (1856). 

Pap.  EurypyluH.  var.  De  Haan,  Verh.  Naturl.  Gesh.  p.  33.     (1839). 
Pap.  Evemon.  Boisd..  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  234.  n.  55.     (1836). 

E.  Doubled..  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  6.  (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  L  p.  14.  n.  114.  (1846). 
'•  A  third  le8S  than  Pap.  Euri/pilm,  which  it  much  resembles.  The 
green  band  is  proportionally  larger  upon  the  internal  margin  of  the  fore 
wings ;  three  of  the  linear  dashes  in  the  discoidal  cellule  are  replaced 
])}'  spots  of  the  same  color ;  abdominal  margin  of  the  secondaries  fur- 
nished with  brown  hairs.  Below,  the  inferior  wings  invariably  have 
the  red  lunule  on  the  costal  margin  obsolete ;  the  marginal  spots  of  the 
hind  wings  much  larger  than  above,  and  almost  cuniform.  Otherwise, 
as  in  Euri/pilus.'' — Boisd. 

Hah. — "Java,  Sumatra."     Boisd. 

?  Borneo,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

Larva.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.,  L  PI.  XIL  f.  10.  10a.     (1857). 
Qreenish-brown ;  two  short  tentacular  horns  on  the  first  segment ; 
anal  segment  forked  as  in  Agamemnon^  an  ocellus,  black  and  white, 
upon  the  third  ring ;  dark  stigmatte,  and  a  sub-lateral  white  line,  above 
the  feet,  which  are  yellowish-brown. 

Chri/sniis;  general  color  greenish,  with  a  strongly  developed  dorsal 
protuberance. 

24.  Pap.  Sarpedon,  Linne. 

Pap.  Sarpedon.  Roesel.  Ins.  IV.  t.  6.  f.  1.     (1761). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  IL  p.  747.  n.  15.     (1767). 

Cram.,  fl.  t.  122.  f.  D.  E.     (1777). 

Herbst,  t.  10.  f.  4.  5.     (1784). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  14.  n.  41.     (1793). 

Esper,  Ausl.  Schraett.  t.  8.  f.  2.     (1801). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  46.  n.  62.     (1819). 

Lucas,  Pap.  Exot.  p.  9.  t.  5.  f.  1.     (1835). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  235.  n.  57.     (1836). 

De  Haan,  Verh.  Naturl.  Gesch.  p.  34.     (1839). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  6.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidopt..  I.  p.  14.  n.  115.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  28.  n.  135.     (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  39.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co..  I.  p.  113.  n.  226.     (1857). 
Zetides  Sarpedon.  Hilbn.  Verz.  bek.  Schraett.  p.  85.     (1816). 

Samnil.  Exot.  Schraett.  III.  t.  471.     (1806—1824). 
Chloris.'ies  Sarpedon.  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  2ud  series,  t.  89.     (1831 — 1832). 


■^^■i  [December 

Ujiper  surface  brownish-black ;  a  broad  transverse  bluish-green  band, 
common  to  both  wings,  narrowed  at  the  extremities,  and  separated,  to- 
wards the  apex  of  the  primaries,  into  rounded  spots. 

Secondaries  obtusely  dentate,  a  sub-marginal  row  of  five  irregular 
bluish-green  lunes ;  expanse  4.13  inches. 

Below,  paler,  with  the  band  and  spots  as  above,  and  having  a  nacre- 
ous reflection ;  six  red  dashes  on  the  posterior  wings ;  one  transverse, 
near  the  base,  separated  from  the  common  band  by  a  deep  black  line ; 
four  lunulate,  on  a  darker  ground  color  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  mid- 
way between  the  common  band  and  the  sub-marginal  lunules;  the  sixth, 
on  the  anal  margin,  extends  from  it  to  the  end  of  the  bluish-green  band. 

Body  black  above ;  cinereous  below. 

Hah. — China,  9  (In  niy  collection.) 

China,  Moluccas,  Papua,  Java,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
India,  Penang,  Sandwich  Islands,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Northern  India,  Java,  Canara,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Boisduval  remarks  "that  specimens  from  Java  are  always  much  less 
than  those  from  the  Moluccas." 

"  At  Masuri  this  is  one  of  the  commonest,  but  not  the  least  beautiful, 
of  our  butterflies;  it  appears  early  in  May,  and  is  found  till  the  end  of 
the  rains  in  September.  It  usually  frequents  the  top  of  oak  trees, 
where  it  flits  about  with  a  jumping  or  jerking  flight,  and  is  somewhat 
difiicult  to  capture  from  its  quickness,  and  the  height  at  which  it  keeps."  * 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Sarpedon.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  28.  n.  135.  PI.  4.  f.  1. 

(1852). 
G.  R.  Gray,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  39.     (1856). 
"  With  the  oblique  band  on  all  the  wings  narrower." — Gray. 
//./?>.— Ceylon,  (Coll.  Brit.  .AIus.) 

Var.  /i.  Fap.  Sarpedon.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  28.  n.  135.     (1852). 

"  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  39.     (1856). 

Westw.  Partingt.  in  Brit.  Encyc.  Butt.     (1837). 
"  With  the  oblique  band  on  all  the  wings  extremely  broad  in  the 
middle."— (z'.  R.  Gray. 

The  figure  of  this  diflFers  also  from  my  specimen  in  having  a  black 
anal  spot  encircled  with  a  white  iris.  Lucas'  figure  is  much  less  than 
my  specimen,  and  has  but  four  sub-marginal  lunules  instead  of  five. 

«Capt.  T.  Hutton.  Pruc.  Ent.  Soc.  V.  p.  51.     (184b). 


1864.]  485 

Larva.  Cat.  Lep.  Mas.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  t.  III.  f.  8.     (1857).     Copied  from  De  Haan. 

Green;  segments  somewhat  square,  tapering  from  the  third  to  the 
head ;  spiracles  black ;  three  lateral  black  dots  on  the  three  anterior 
rings,  the  last  being  ocellate. 

•'In  Ceylon  it  feeds  on  the  Cinnamon  and  Sour-sop." — E.  L.  Layard. 

Pupa.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  t.  III.  f.  8a.  (1857).  Copied  from  Mr.  E.  L. 
Layard's  drawing,  taken  in  Ceylon. 

Green,  with  some  longitudinal  yellowish  rays;  the  most  striking  pe- 
culiarity is  the  abrupt  termination  of  the  hend ;  it  is  reduced  to  the 
level  of  the  protuberance  on  the  thorax. 

25.  Pap.  Moorei,  nov.  sp. 

Male — Upper  surface  pale  yellowish-white ;  seven  transverse  black 
bands  on  the  primaries;  all  arising  from  the  costal  margin,  the  first 
extends  to  the  inner  margin ;  the  second,  as  far  only  as  the  sub-median 
nervure :  the  three  following  are  bounded  by  the  median  nervure,  and 
are  contained  within  the  disc,  the  fifth  being  at  its  extremity;  the 
sixth  and  seventh,  which  last  is  marginal,  are  continued  to  the  inner 
angle,  becoming  confluent  beyond  the  third  sub-median  nervule;  the 
space  confined  between  these  latter  two,  and  the  fifth,  is  of  a  deeper 
yellow  than  the  rest  of  the  surface,  and  sub-divided  into  spots  by  the 
black  nervules. 

Base  of  wing  somewhat  greenish. 

Secondary  wings,  of  the  same  color,  but  so  very  thin  that  the  mark- 
ings of  the  lower  surface  can  be  plainly  seen  above;  area  near  the 
exterior  margin  and  tail,  thickly  powdered  with  dark  gray  atoms;  a 
marginal  row  of  seven  black  lunate  spots,  situated  above  the  white  in- 
dentations ,  an  obscure  sub-marginal  row  of  the  same  at  the  upper  part 
of  the  grayish  area,  of  which  the  two  outer  are  the  most  distinct;  anal 
indentations  yellow;  tail  very  long  and  narrow;  length  1.08  inches; 
ciliae  white;  expanse  3.75  inches. 

Body  yellowi.sh-white.  with  a  black  dorsal  and  two  lateral  bands. 

Under  surface:  fore  wings  same  as  above,  with  the  exceptions  that 
the  second  band  is  produced  a  little  farther  than  the  sub-median  nervure, 
and  the  sixth  and  seventh  are  not  confluent. 

Posterior  wings  yellowish;  three  principal  transverse  bands,  one  very 
narrow,  extends  along  the  sub-median  nervure ;  the  other  two,  much 
broader,  arise,  one  at  about  a  fourth,  the  other  at  half  the  lenuth  of 


-^i^O  [December 

the  costa;  all  these  are  thrown  into  a  large  sub-triangular  black  spot, 
situated  ou  the  abdominal  margin,  and  divided  by  two  narrow  white 
lines;  beyond  the  third  transverse  band  a  row  of  seven  large  black 
rounded  spots,  arising  also  from  the  costa ;  of  whict  the  first  three  are 
confluent:  the  three  following;  are  arrana-ed  in  the  form  of  a  triangle, 
the  one  which  forms  the  apex  being  within  the  cell ;  and  the  seventh  at 
the  extremity  of  the  third  transverse  band;  the  marginal  and  sub-mar- 
ginal lunules  very  distinct,  that  one  on  the  anal  angle  throwing  off  a 
broad  grayish-black  prolongation,  nearly  touching  the  seventh  spot, 
and  the  large  black  patch  on  the  anal  margin;  enclosing  between  these 
three,  a  large  orange  spot;  some  orange  atoms  on  the  lower  side  of  this 
offshoot,  and  also  in  the  third  median  interspace;  tail  has  a  v,hitish 
ray  down  the  middle. 

Hah. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

I  take  pleasure  in  dedicating  this  fine  species  to  Mr.  Frederick  Moore, 
who  has  contributed  very  largely  to  our  knowledge  of  Eastern  Lepi- 
doptera. 

26.  Pap.  Xuthus.  Linne. 
Pap.  Xuihm.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  751.  n.  34.     (1767). 

Drury,  II.  t.  9.  f.  2.     (1773). 

Cram.  I.  t.  73.  f.  A.  B.     (1775). 

Herbst.  Pap.  t.  49.  f.  3,  4.     (1788). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  32.  n.  92.     (1793). 

Godt.  Enc^c.  IX.  p.  58.  n.  90.     (1819). 

Lucas,  Pap.  E.xot.  p.  36.  t.  19.  f.  1.     (1835). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  327.  n.  170.  t.  1.  f.  1,  2.     (1836). 

De  Haan.  Verb.  Naturl.  (Tesch.  p.  41.     (1839). 

Herr.  Scbjeff.  Sui)pl.  t.  86.  f.  411—413.     (1843). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  15.     (1844). 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  I.  p.  16.  n.  157.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  36.  n.  178.     (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  49.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  L  p.  111.  n.  223.  (1857). 
Jasoniades  Xuthus.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Scbraett.  p.  83.  (1816). 
Upper  surf;\ce,  fore  wings  black;  discoidal  cellule  contains  two  trans- 
vei'se  pale  yellow  dashes  near  its  extremity;  farther  up,  foui-  interrupted 
rays,  of  the  same  color,  converging  at  the  base ;  two  broad  lines  below 
the  median  nervure,  one  very  near  the  inner  margin,  and  the  upper  is 
bent  at  a  very  obtuse  angle;  a  mesial  band  of  sagittate  spots,  the  two 
upper  containing  a  black  pupil ;  above  these,  and  nearer  the  margin. 


1864.]  487 

an  oblong  dash  of  grayish-blue  atoms,  and  a  rectangular  yellow  spot;  a 
sub-marginal  row  of  yellow  lunules ;  indentations  marked  with  narrow 
yellow  lines. 

Posterior  wings,  basal  half  yellow,  divided  into  spots  by  the  nervules, 
black  and  dilated;  a  large  black  spot  above  the  sub-costal  nervure,  just 
touching  the  midille  of  the  cell ;  exterior  balf  black,  containing  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  large  yellow  lunules,  of  which  one  limb  of  the  fifth 
extends  part  way  down  the  tail,  which  is  long  and  tapering,  but  blunt 
at  the  extremity ;  some  obscure  lunules,  formed  of  bluish-gray  atoms, 
just  below  the  yellow  basal  half;  and  a  yellow  anal  spot,  containing  a 
black  pupil ;  expanse  4.08  inches. 

Body  :  thorax,  above  black,  with  two  sub-dorsal  yellow  bands  ;  abdo- 
men yellowish-brown  above,  with  an  incomplete  dorsal  black  band  co- 
vering the  first  two  segments  only ;  yellow  below. 

Under  surface,  primaries,  paler  than  above ;  general  markings  the 
same,  though  the  spots  and  dashes  are  much  larger ;  the  sub-marginal 
lunules  are  confluent,  and  separated  only  by  pale  brown  nervules ; 
between  these  and  the  central  band  there  is  a  waved  grayish  line,  ex- 
tending nearly  the  length  of  the  wing. 

Posterior  wings,  yellow  space  larger,  veins  not  so  much  dilated;  upper 
part  of  the  black  portion  marked  with  seven  bluish  lunules,  the  fourth 
and  fifth  surmounted  by  two  red  spots ;  the  sub-marginal  lunules  are 
very  large,  the  first  three  containing  some  red  atoms,  the  fourth  as- 
suming a  quadrilateral  shape ;  anal  ocellus  has  the  iris  orange-red. 

H<ih. — China,  (In  my  collection.) 

"  China,  Thibet,  Persia,  Siberia."     Boisd. 
China,  Northern  Australia,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Northern  India,  Chusan,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

■'At  Chusan  the  perfect  insect  appears  during  August  and  Septem- 
ber."— Dr.  Cantor  s  JVotes. 

Larva,  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  PI.  IV.  f.  1.     (1857).     Copied  from  De  Haan's 
figure. 

Green,  with  a  velvety  black  band  across  each  segment;  some  of 
these  bands  are  divided  laterally,  the  portions  excised  on  some  of  the 
central  segments  have  the  form  of  an  irregular  sigma^  with  the  curves 
reversed ;  towards  the  anal  segment  the  bands  are  undivided ;  towards 
the  head,  the  part  cut  oft"  is  simply  a  black  dot;  two  long  orange-colored 


488  [December 

retractile  processes  ia  the  head ;  stigmatae  black ;  lower  part  of  abdo- 
men yellowish. 

Boisduval  says  it  feeds  upon  umbelliferous  plants. 

27.  Pap.  Machaon,  Linne. 

Pap.  Machaon.  Roesel,  Ins.  I.  ii.  t.  1.     (1746). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  750.  n.  3.3.     (1767). 

Herbst,  Pap.  t.  45.  f.  1,  2.     (1788). 

Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  30.  n.  87.     (1793). 

Hubn.,  Eur.  Schmett.  f.  390,  391.     (1805-1824). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  57.  n.  89.     (1819). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  328.  n.  171.     (1836). 

Kollar.  in  Hiigel's  Kaschmir.  Pt.  II.  p.  406.     (1842). 

Herrich-Schaffer.  Eiirop.  Schraett.  t.  116.     (1843). 

E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  15.     (1844). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Lep.  Ins.  of  Nepaul.  p.  fi.  t.  3.  f.  1.     (1846). 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera.  I.  p.  16.  n.  158.     (1846). 

G.  R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep   Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  37.  n.  180.     (1852). 

Nat.  Library,  XXIX.  Duncan,  p.  94.  PI.  4.  f.  1.     (1855). 

G.  R.  Gray.  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  50.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co..  I.  p.  111.  n.  224.     (1857). 
Picris  Machaon.  Schrank. 

Ja.wniades  Machaon.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  83.     (1816). 
Amari/ssus  Machaon.  Dalm.  Konigl.  Vel.  Acad.  Holm.  XXXVII.  p.  85.    (1S16). 

Upper  surface,  fore  wings,  base  black,  powdered  with  yellow;  abroad 
marginal  band  of  the  same  color,  sinuate  internally,  and  containing 
eight  semi-circular  yellow  spots,  preceded  by  yellow  atoms,  parallel  with 
the  outer  margin,  which  is  narrowly  edged  with  yellow;  central  portion 
of  wing  yellow,  having  three  large  black  patches  on  the  costal  margin, 
one  within  the  discal  areole,  one  at  its  extremity,  and  the  third  just 
beyond  ;  nervules  broadly  bordered  with  black. 

Posterior  wings  yellow ;  abdominal  margin  dusky,  clothed  with  long 
yellow  hairs ;  a  very  broad  marginal  black  band,  sinuate  and  sharply 
dentate  interiorly,  containing  six  large  yellow  lunules,  which  are  pre- 
ceded by  a  row  of  the  same,  very  imperfectly  defined,  formed  of  blue 
atoms,  and  followed  by  a  marginal  series  of  yellow  crescents  placed 
on  the  indentations;  a  large  round  red  spot  on  the  anal  angle,  surmounted 
by  a  violet-blue  arc  anteriorly,  and  almost  encircled  by  a  black  line ; 
nervules  dusky,  and  disco-cellular  nervules  marked  with  a  black  streak  ; 
tail  black,  linear;  expanse  3.5 — i  inches. 

Under  surface  resembles  the  upper,  the  most  considerable  differences 


1864.]  4S9 

being  in  the  marginal  yellow  border  of  both  wings,  and  in  the  presence 
of"  two  or  three  faint  red  spots  behind  the  discoidal  cell  of  the  posterior 
wings,  and  another  upon  their  outer  angle;  the  blue  luniiles  of  the 
upper  surface  are  much  narrower ;  nervules  are  all  broadly  black ;  and 
the  general  color  is  lighter. 

A  broad  black  dorsal  band  upon  the  body,  the  rest  of  which  is  mostly 
yellow,  with  the  exception  of  four  short  narrow  ventral  black  lines  near 
the  anus. 

Hab. — Europe.      Himalayas.     (In  my  collection.) 
Europe.     N.  India.     (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Europe,  Siberia,   Syria,  Egypt,  Coast  of  Barbary,  Nepaul, 

Cashmere.     (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Himalaya,  N.  India.  Kumaon,  Bootan.     (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 
"  California."     (Rev.  J.  G.  Morris.) 
The  above  description  was  taken  from  an  European  insect ;  my  Hima- 
layan  specimen  9  diifers  in  the  following  respects  : — it  is  much  less, 
expanse  being  but  3  inches.    On  the  upper  surface,  the  black  veins  are 
more  dilate ;  the  marginal  black  band  of  the  fore  wings  narrows  to- 
wards the  apex,  whilst  in  the  European  specimens  it  is  of  equal  width 
throughout,  and  the  yellow  marks  contained  within  are  oblong  dashes, 
instead  of  semicircular  spots.    On  the  secondaries,  the  black  band,  sinu- 
ate only  within,  is  separated  from  the  black  discal  arc  by  but  a  very 
small  yellow  dot. 

Underneath,  the  chief  difference  is.  that  the  submarginal  yellow  bor- 
der on  the  hind  wings,  is  not  continuous,  but  divided  into  lunate  spots 
as  above. 

The  body  is  totally  destitute  of  any  black  ventral  lines. 

Var.  a.  Pap.  Machaon.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  pt.  I.  p.  37.  n.  180.  (1852). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  Ill   n.  224.     (1857). 
Fap.  Sphyrus.  Hubn.  Europ.  Schmett.  f.  776.  777.     (1805—1824). 
Boisd.  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  329.  n.  171.     (1836). 
Boisduval  says,  '•  this  is  simply  a  smaller  insect,  in  which  the  black 
is  more  predominant." 

Mab. — "  Europe." — Hiibner, 
Var.  (i.  9  .  Pap.  Machaon.  G.R.  Gray.  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  pt.  L  p.  37.  n.  180.   (1852). 

DeHaan.  Verb.  NaturL  Gesch.  p.  42.  t.  5.  f.  2.  (1839). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  L  Co.  L  p.  111.  n  224.     (1857). 
Hab. — •'  Japan." — DeHaan. 


490  [December 

"  P.  Machaon  is  seen  on  the  wing  at  Deyrab,  in  the  valley  of  the 

Dhoon,  as  early  as  February,  and  in  April  its  larvae  are  abundant  there 

upon  the  Carrot.     At  Masuri,  in  the  Hills,  it  appears  in  the  latter  end 

of  March,  and  continues  till  October.     It  is  abundant  about  Simla, 

and  extends  far  into  the  interior."  * 

Larva.  Nat.  Library  Duncan.  XXIX.  p.  94.  t.  3.  f.  1.     (1855). 
Cat.  Lep   Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  t.  IV.  f.  2.  2a.     (1857). 

•'  The  larva  is  green,  with  a  black  velvety  transverse  band  across  each 
segment,  bearing  four  spots  of  bright  orange ;  it  possesses  the  orange- 
colored  retractile  process  in  the  head,  from  which  exudes  a  liquid  drop 
of  a  strong  aromatic  scent,  when  the  insect  is  touched,  precisely  as  in 
the  European  larva.  The  food  is  the  wild  and  garden  Carrot,  and  the 
leaves  and  flowers  of  the  Radish.  I  have  taken  the  larvae  at  Masuri 
early  in  May,  and  the  pupa  on  the  18th  May."* 

Pupa  "  is  green,  with  a  streak  of  yellow  on  each  side,  and  an  irregu- 
lar row  of  yellow  spots  on  the  back." — Duncan. 

In  England  the  imago  appears  from  May  to  August. 

28.  Pap.  dissimilis.  Linne. 

%  .  Pap.  dissimilis.  Clerck.  Icon.  t.  16.  f.  2.     (1759). 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  782.  n.  195.     (1767). 

Cram.  L  t.  82.  f.  C.  D.     (1775). 

Sulz.  Gesch.  PI.  18.  f.  6.     (1776). 

Rcemer,  Gen.  Ins.  Pt.  18.  f.  6.     (1789). 

Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  IIL  I.  p.  38.  n.  113.     (1793). 

Herbst.  Pap.  t.  126.  f.  2.  3.     (1793). 

Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  175.  u.  143.     (1819). 

Lucas.  Pap.  Exot.  p.  46.  t.  23.  f.  2.     (1835). 

Boisd.  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  377.  n.  224.     (1836). 

E.  Doubled.  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  19.     (1844) 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  I.  p.  21.  n.  263.     (1847). 

G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  71.  n.  330.    (1852). 

List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  84.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co..  I.  p.  91.  n.  187.     (1857). 
Glytia  dissimilis.  Swainson.  Zool.  111.  2d  series,  t.  120.     (1832—1833). 

Male. — Wings.  Upper  surface  black,  marked  with  a  number  of 
white  rays  and  spots,  separated  chiefly  into  two  transverse  rows,  of 
which  the  inner  is  composed  of  long  rays,  and  the  outer,  much  less  in 
length,  of  lunulate  spots  and  dashes ;  the  cell  also  has  white  lines  ra- 
diating from  the  base,  and  three  rounded  white  spots  near  its  extremity. 


»  Capt.  T.  Hutton,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  V.  p.  47. 


1864.]  491 

Fore  wings  sinuate,  with  small  white  spots  upon  the  positions  of  the 
obsolete  indentations.  Hind  wings,  dentate,  deeply  so,  in  some  speci- 
mens; indentations,  white,  sometimes  deep  yellow,  more  particularly  at 
the  outer  and  anal  angles ;  a  fulvous-yellow  lune  at  the  anal  angle ;  all 
the  white  parts  are  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  fine  black  atoms  j  ex- 
panse 4 — 4j  inches. 

Under  surface  very  similar  to  the  upper,  but  the  white  area  is  much 
enlarged,  and  the  small  indentations  of  the  posterior  wings  expand  into 
a  marginal  row  of  large  yellow  lunules,  edged  on  the  margin  with  a 
narrow  white  line. 

Body  blackish,  with  the  head,  palpi,  breast  and  thorax  spotted  with 
white,  abdomen  striped  with  whitish  lateral  rays. 

Hah. — Philippines,  Java.     (In  my  collection.) 
China,  Bengal,  Nepaul.     (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Northern  India,  Canara.     (Coll.  Mus.  K.  I.  Co.) 
N.  India,  Ceylon,  Australia,  Hong  Kong.  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

The  Javanese  %  is  larger,  and  the  sub-marginal  lunules,  are  thrown 
back  much  further  from  the  outer  margin  than  in  the  Philippine  spe- 
cimens. On  the  under  surface,  the  chief  difference  is  the  conversion 
of  the  white  lunules  of  the  posterior  wings  into  orange  yellow,  whilst 
those  on  the  margin  are  very  much  larger ;  the  hind  wings  are  also 
very  strongly  dentate. 

Var.  a.  Pap.  dissimilis  -^  .  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  72.  n.  330.    (18.52.) 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  92.  n.  187.    (18.57). 
Pap.  Echidna.  De  Haan,  Verb.  Naturl.  Gesch.  p.  42.  t.  8.  f.  6.     (1839). 
Boisd.  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  378.  n.  224.     (1836). 

Differs  from  the  normal  type  in  having  the  longitudinal  rays  a  little 
shorter,  and  the  lunules  on  the  under  surface  of  the  secondaries,  to- 
gether with  the  anal  spots,  and  the  indentations,  white. 

Hub.— Timor.     (Coll.  Boisd.) 

9  Pap.  di.Hsimilis. 
Pap.  Panopc.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  IL  p.  782.  n.  195.     (1767). 
Cram.  IIL  t.  295.  f.  E.  F.     (1780). 
Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  59.     (1793). 
Godt.  Eneyc.  IX.  p.  75.  n.  142.     (1819). 
Boisd.,  Sp.  Ge'n.  I.  p.  37.3.  n.  218.     (1836). 
Kollar,  in  Hilgel's  Kaschmir.  Pt.  II.  p.  406.    (1842). 
E.  Doubled.,  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  19.     (1844). 


-t^^  [December 

Princeps  Dominans  Panope.  Hubn..  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  I.  t.  132.  (ISOfi 

—1824). 
Arisbe  Panope.  Hubn.,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  89.     (1816). 
Pap.  Panopes.  Godt.,  Encyc.  IX.  p.  75.  n.  142.     (1819). 
Pap.  Clytia.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II.  p.  781.  n.  189.     (1767). 

Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  127.  n.  387.     (179:!). 

Female. — Uppei'  surface  brownish-black,  liiihter  towards  the  outer 
margin.  Anterior  wings  present  a  sub-marginal  row  of  lunulate  white 
sjx>ts;  that  one  at  the  apex,  however,  is  a  large  oblong  dash;  the  place 
of  the  indentations  marked  with  small  white  spots. 

Posterior  wings  have  two  rows  of  white  marks;  the  inner  sagittate 
and  indistinct,  the  outer  white  and  lunate,  excepting  the  anal  spot, 
which  is  bright  orange-yellow ;  indentations  same  as  in  the  male ;  ex- 
panse 4.25  inches. 

Below,  rich  chocolate-brown ;  white  spots  on  the  fore  and  hind  wings 
are  more  brilliant;  and  in  addition  to  the  two  rows  of  white  marks  on 
the  hind  wings,  there  is  a  marginal  row  of  yellow  spots,  as  in  the  male, 
above  the  indentations. 

Body  as  in  the  male. 

JIab. — The  same  as  the  male. 
Var.  a.  Pap.  dissimilis  J  Moore,  Oat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  92.  n.  187.     (1857). 

"Anterior  wings  wholly  brown." 

Hah. ?  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

Vav.H.  9  Pap.  dissimilis.  G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  72.  n.  330.     (1832). 

List.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  84.     (1856). 
Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  92.  n.  187.     (1857). 
Pap.  Pahphates.  Westw.,  Arc.  Ent.  p.  127.  t.  79.  f.  1.     (1845). 

E.  Doubled..  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  19.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  21.  n.  265.     (1847). 

'•  Closely  allied  to  P.  Panope.,  Linn.,  of  which  it  will  probably  prove 
only  a  geographical  variety,  differing  from  the  typical  Continental  indi- 
viduals in  the  large  pale  patch  near  the  tip  of  the  fore  wings,  and  in 
the  hind  wings  beneath,  having  the  veins  margined  with  pale  buff.  In 
the  disposition  of  the  markings  it  otherwise  accords  with  P.  Panope 
but  its  fore  wings  are  more  ovate,  the  apical  margin  being  a  little 
rounded ;  they  are  of  a  rich  brown  color,  with  a  large  whitish  patch, 
formed  of  three  confluent  oblong  spots  near  the  apex  of  the  wing,  fol- 
lowed by  a  single  small  oval  spot  close  to  the  apex;  and  beneath  these 
are  several  small  conical  spots,  which  become  united  with  the  marginal 


1864.]  493 

spots,  of  which  there  are  only  six,  the  apical  portion  of  the  wing-  Udt 
possessing  them;  besides  these  there  are  three  oval  or  round  spots  pre- 
ceding them,  towards  the  anal  angle.  The  hind  wings  are  brown,  with 
five  cuneated  pale  patches  extending  from  the  anal  margin,  succeeded 
by  six  lunate  pale  spots  extending  from  the  outer  angle,  and  with  five 
fulvous  incisural  spots,  the  anal  angle  bearing  a  larger  oval  fulvous  spot, 
in  which  is  a  black  dot.  The  fore  wings  on  the  under  side  are  of  a 
paler  brown  color,  but  similarly  marked  beyond  the  middle ;  the  base 
also  with  several  pale  dashes.  The  hind  wings  have  the  veins  from 
the  base  to  beyond  the  middle  edged  with  pale  bufi";  halfway  between 
the  discoidal  cell  and  the  hind  martrin  of  the  wing  is  a  row  of  five  white 
crescents,  shaded  off  into  the  grounrl  color  of  the  wing,  and  separated 
by  brown  arches  from  a  row  of  white  horse-shoe  marks,  within  which 
are  six  large  fulvous  incisural  marks :  the  base  of  all  the  wings  with 
small  round  white  spots ;  the  body  and  abdomen  are  also  spotted  with 
black." —  Westv-ood. 

Huh — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

"  Manilla.  (Mus.  Nat.  Paris.)"      Westwood. 

"  Occurs  in  warm  glens,  as  well  as  in  the  Dhoon,  but  it  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  very  numerous." — Hutton. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  the  Philippines. 
Larva.  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  t.  II.  f.  3.  3«.     (IS.iT). 

Cylindrical,  fleshy  and  smooth  on  the  surface ;  bluish ;  from  the  se- 
cond to  the  sixth  segment,  inclusive,  each  ring  is  furnished  with  a  dou- 
ble pair  of  lateral  spines,  short,  black,  and  curved  backwards;  beyond 
this,  a  simple  latei'al  spine;  three  yellow  bands  on  the  anterior  portion, 
confluent  at  the  head  and  seventh  segment,  whence  the  united  dorsal 
band  extends  to  the  end  of  the  ninth  segment;  two  sub-dorsal  bands  on 
the  three  following  rings,  disconnected  from  the  dorsal,  and  terminating 
on  the  anal  segment  in  two  round  yellow  dots,  separated  from  the  band 
by  a  narrow  black  line.  Surface  spotted  with  black,  and  marked  with 
red  tubercles;  length  about  three  inches. 

Chriysalis  straight,  cylindrico-conical ;  brown,  wing  covers  and  head 
drab ;  head  truncate  and  indented. 

This  description  was  taken  from  the  figures  mentioned  above,  which 
were  copied  from  the  drawings  of  General  Hardwicke,  now  deposited 
in  the  Library  of  the  British  Museum. 


^^•^^  [December 

"This  species  has  been  also  reared  in  Ceylon  by  E.  L.  Layard,  Esq. 
Its  transformations  were  observed  by  Mrs.  Hamilton  in  Moulmein. 
They  were  also  observed  by  Lady  Gilbert,  among  whose  drawings  figures 
are  given.  Her  ladyship  states  that  '  it  feeds  on  a  plant  called  by  the 
natives  Maike.  The  larva  was  obtained  on  the  26th  of  July;  two  days 
after  it  commenced  its  transformation,  and  on  the  following  day  the 
chrysalis  resembled  a  dried  twig,  adhering  to  the  frame  only  by  the 
extremity  of  the  tail,  and  supported  on  each  side  by  two  fine  threads; 
in  this  state  it  died.'  "  * 

LEPTOCIRCXIS,  Swainson. 
29.  Leptocircus  Meges,  Zinkeu-Sommer.  sp. 

Fap.  Meges.  Zinken-Sominer.  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Cur.  Nat.  XV.  p.  161.     (18:51).. 
Leptocircus  Megcs.  E.  Doubled..  Zoologist.  III.  jJ.  2.3.  fig.     (1843).- 

List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  20.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  23.  n,  2.     (1847). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.  Pt.  L  p.  73.  n.  337.     (1852) 

"  List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  86.     (1856). 

Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.,  I.  p.  85.  n.  173.     (1857). 
Erycina  Curius.  Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  827.  n.     (1819). 
Iphiclides  Curius.  Hiibner  Zutrage.  f.  645-fi.     (1818). 
Leptocircus  Curius.  Swains.  Zool.  111.  2nd  series,  t.  106.     (1832-33). 

Boisd.,  Sp.  Gen.  L  p.  381.  t.  3.  B.  f.  1,  t.  1.  C.  f.  3.  (1836). 
Upper  surface,  wings  black,  traversed  between  the  base  and  middle 
by  a  common  green  band,  and  suddenly  contracting  on  the  disc  of  the 
secondaries,  where  it  terminates  in  a  white  streak;  apical  half  of  prima- 
ries hyaline,  edged  by  a  narrow  black  border  and  crossed  by  black  veins ; 
tail  very  long,  recurved  at  the  extremity,  and  bordered  externally  with 
white;  expanse  1.75  inches. 

Below,  the  band  changes  to  a  greenish-white  on  the  fore  wings;  na- 
creous on  the  hind  wings,  which  are  marked  on  the  abdominal  margin 
by  three  curved  white  streaks,  chevron-shaped.  Baseof  wings  also  whitish. 
Body  black;  a  green  sub-dorsal  line  on  the  thorax;  white  below,  with 
a  lateral  and  sub-lateral  row  of  black  dots. 
Antennaj  black,  under  part  of  club,  reddish. 
Hah. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

Northern  India,  (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
Java,  Siam,  (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Java,  (Coll.  E.  I.  Co.) 

»Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  I.  p.  92.     (1857). 


1864.]  495 

My  single  specimen  ("S  )  is  in  such  poor  conrlition  that  I  am  still 
doubtful  whether  it  should  be  placed  under  this  title,  or  that  of  (hirius. 
I  located  it  temporarily  under  this  species,  though  the  other  would  have 
answered  equally  as  well,  for  the  purpose  of  contrasting  it  with  the 
following  new  and  very  distinct  species.  It  may  perhaps  be  L.  Corion. 
(jray,  of  which,  however,  1  have  seen  neither  figure  nor  description. 

30.  Leptocircus  Wilsonii,  nov.  sp. 

Upper  surface  black;  abdominal  margin  of  posterior  wings  chocolate- 
brown,  fringed  with  long  hairs;  apical  half  of  fore  wings  hyaline,  and 
bordered  as  in  Mcges ;  common  pale  green  band  on  the  wings,  termi- 
natin"-  on  the  disc  of  the  secondaries  in  a  white  streak  as  in  Mcqea ;  but 
that  part  on  the  primaries  is,  in  the  nude,  simply  a  narrow  pale  green 
line;  in  the  /hnale,  it  is  half  the  width  of  the  band  on  the  posterior 
wings;  the  lower  half  of  which,  together  with  the  tail,  is  irrorated  with 
brilliant  white  atoms;  this  last,  which  is  not  recurved  at  its  extremity, 
and  the  indentations  above  it,  are  bordered  with  white,  as  in  Meges. 
Expanse  1.50  inches,  %  ;  1.62  inches,  9  . 

Under  surface,  the  common  band  is  shining,  pearly  white  on  both 
wings ;  base  greenish-white.  In  the  male,  a  white  lunule  on  the  anal 
margin,  followed  by  a  small  dot,  and  an  oblong  dash  of  the  same  color; 
in  the  femaU^  the  white  luue  is  followed  by  two  small  dots,  the  last 
situated  anteriorly. 

Body  black,  with  two  lateral  white  lines  on  each  side  of  the  abdo- 
men; palpi  whitish;  antennae  black,  club  white  at  the  tip;  claws  bifid. 

Hah. — Philippines,  (In  my  collection.) 

I  have  dedicated  this  pretty  little  species  to  Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson,  of 
Philadelphia. 

This  genus  is  certainly  well  represented,  and  considering  its  compa- 
rative rarity,  appears  to  be  quite  common  in  the  Philippines.  It  is 
with  regret  that  I  cannot  give  a  diagnosis  of  the  larva,  as  it  would 
enable  us  to  determine  with  certainty  its  position,  at  present  very  ano- 
malous, in  the  family  PapiUonulse. 

EUEYCUS,  Boisd. 

31.  Eurycus  Cressida.  Fabr.  Sp. 

%  .  Papilio  Cressida.  Fab.  Eut.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  20.  u.  62.  (1793)  ■ 
Donovan,  Ins.  New.  Holl.  p.  12.  f.  2.  (1805). 
Godt.  Encyc.  IX.  p.  76.  n.  l-to.     (1819). 


49G  [Decemrkr 

Nestorides  Cressida.  Hiibn.,  Zutr.  t.  841,  842.     (1818). 
Cressida  Heliconides.  Swains.  Zool.  111.  2nd  ser.  t.  94.     (1832). 
9 .  Papilio  Harmonia.  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  20.  n.  63.     (1793). 
Donov.,  Ins.  of  N.  Holl.  PI.  12.  f.  1.     (1805). 
Papilio  Harmonides.  Godt.  Encyc.  IX.   p.  76.  n.  146.     (1819). 
Eiirycus  Harmonia.  Boisd.  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  393.  n.  2.     (1836). 
%  9  Eurycm  Cressida.  Boisd.  Sp.  Gen.  I.  p.  393.  n.  1,  2.     il836). 

E.  Doubled..  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.     (1844). 
Diurnal  Lepidopt.,  I.  p.  24.  n.  1.     (1847). 
G.  R.  Gray,  Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  73.  n.  338.  (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  86.    (1856). 

Malr. — Upper  surface:  fore  wiogs,  oblong,  diaphanous;  the  base. 
and  two  rounded  areolar  transverse  spots,  black,  the  costal  and  exterior 
borders,  blackish.  Inferior  wings  slightly  dentate,  black  ;  a  white  cen- 
tral band,  deeply  dentate,  especially  on  the  exterior  border,  divided  into 
a  number  of  spots  by  the  black  veins;  disco-cellular  nervules,  marked 
by  a  black  luuule  ;  a  sub-marginal  row  of  five  vermillion-red  round  spots, 
all  nearly  or  quite  obsolete,  with  the  exception  of  that  one,  nearest  the 
angle,  which  is  always  very  distinct ;  indentations  narrowly  edged  with 
\vhite  ;  expanse  o.86  inches. 

Under  surface,  fore  wings  as  above;  hind  wings  not  so  black  as  above; 
the  red  spots  are  all  very  distinct,  and  on  the  margin  five  large  whitish 
spots,  placed  upon  the  indentations. 

Body  black,  with  the  anus,  two  spots  on  each  side  of  the  thorax,  and 
the  sides  of  the  pro-thorax  red  ;  palpi,  white. 

Fem,ale. — "  A  little  less  than  the  male.  Superior  wings  oblong, 
semi-transparent,  yellowish-white  ;  costa  and  apex,  brownish,  and  a 
small  deep  black  spot  at  the  extremity  of  the  discoidal  cellule.  Infe- 
rior wings  slightly  dentate,  or  the  same  color  as  the  primaries,  with  a 
broad  brownish  border,  containing  a  row  of  five  yellowish  white  spots, 
very  small,  and  rounded  ;  indentations  of  a  yellowish-white. 

''  Under  surface  similar  to  the  upper. 
.  "Body,  black;    anus    red,  and  prothorax    spotted  with  white." — 
Boisd. 

Hah. — Australia.  %  .     (In  my  Collection.) 
Australia.  %  .      (Coll.  Boisd.) 
Australia.  S  ?  .     (Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 
"  Van  Dieman's  Laud."     Swainson. 


1864.]  .  497 

SERIGINUS. 
32.  Sericinus  Montela.  Gray. 

%  Sericinus  Monte/a.  G.  R.  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  p.  71.     (1852). 

Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  78  n.  361.  t.  XIII. 

f.  1,2.     (1852). 
List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.    Pt.  I.  p.  9.3.     (1856). 
Sericinus  Telemon.  Diurnal  Lepidopt.  p.  530.     Suppl.  PI.  f.  1.     (1852). 

31alc. — Upper  surface,  yellowish-white.  Primary  wings  have  a  large 
sub-triangular  black  spot  at  the  base,  which  is  divided  into  three  spots 
by  the  nervures  ;  a  large  black  sub-costal  patch  in  the  middle  of  the  cell ; 
two  interrupted  transverse  lines,  on  the  disc ;  a  marginal  black  band, 
obsolete,  towards  the  inner  angle ;  costA  faintly  lined  with  black,  and 
some  black  atoms  near  the  apex. 

Hind  wings  have  a  broad  areolar  transverse  black  band ;  a  broad 
band  obliquely  across  the  costal  area ;  and  a  large  black  anal  patch, 
extending  inwardly  as  far  as  the  discal  nervure,  and  being  connected 
with  the  costal  band,  by  a  narrow  black  line ;  this  anal  patch  contains 
anteriorly,  a  crimson  band,  posterior  to  which  there  are  two  lunes,  com- 
posed of  blue  atoms ;  head  and  thorax  black,  with  a  red  collar ;  abdo- 
men yellow,  having  a  black  dorsal  band,  a  lateral  row  of  large  black 
dots,  and  some  ventral  longitudinal  rays  ;  tail  long,  linear,  yellow  at 
base  and  extremity,  and  black  in  the  middle ;  expanse  of  wing  8.13 
inches;  length  from  head  to  tip  of  tail  2.5  inches. 

Below  the  only  perceptible  difference,  though,  as  usual  the  markings 
are  much  paler,  is  in  the  presence  of  a  red  spot,  in  the  black  costal 
patch  of  the  posterior  wings. 

Hab. — China.     (In  my  collection.) 

Northern  China.     (Coll.  Brit   Mus.) 

"  This  species  was  brought  by  Mr.  Fortune,  who  says  that  they  are 
found  in  the  valleys  among  the  hills." — G.  R.  Gray. 

Gray's  figures  differ  somewhat  from  the  specimens.  Expanse  %  ,  2.75 
inches — 3.10  inches.  Markings  vary  in  size  and  number,  the  largest 
being  the  darkest,  and  also  having  the  crimson  band  much  brighter. 
In  my  %  ,  there  is  an  indistinct  black  lune,  near  the  inner  angle  of  the 
anterior  wings,  observable  in  neither  of  his  figures;  also,  the  blue 
marks  on  the  posterior  wings  are  distinctly  lunate,  instead  of  being- 
dots,  as  he  represents. 


498  [December 

9  Sericinus Fortunei,  G.R.Gray,  Proe.  Zool.  Soc.  p.  72.     (1852). 

"        Cat.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  I.  p.  79.  n.  363.  t.  XIII. 
f.  5.    (1852). 

"        List.  Lep.  Brit.  Mus.  Pt.  \.  p.  93.     (1856). 
Sericinus  fasciatus.  Brem.  &  Grey.  Beitr.  Schm.  des  Noerd.  China,  p.  5.  (1853). 

Female. — "  The  primary  wings  yellowish-white,  with  many  irregular 
black  spots  which  vary  in  size,  some  of  them  are  so  placed  that  they  appa- 
rently form  five  bands  across  the  wing,  and  the  exterior  margin  is  also 
black.  The  secondary  wings  are  also  yellowish  white,  with  a  basal  band 
and  three  irregular  curved  bands  of  black  spots;  the  second  band  from 
the  base  is  broadest  at  the  anterior  angle,  and  marked  with  a  small 
crimson  spot;  while  that  portion  towards  the  anal  angle  is  margined 
exteriorly  by  an  irregular  crimson  band,  which  extends  from  the  angle 
to  the  second  sub-costal  nervule ;  the  third  or  marginal  band  is  orna- 
mented on  the  deep  black  below  the  crimson  by  a  series  of  pale  blue 
lunes.  The  caudal  appendages  are  slender,  of  about  one  inch  in  length, 
the  base  and  apex  yellowish-white,  with  the  intermediate  part  black. 

"  The  under  surface  of  all  the  wings  is  less  prominently  marked  ; 
otherwise  they  are  similar  to  the  upper  side ;  except  that  on  the  pri- 
mary wings  there  are  two  crimson  spots,  one  on  the  band  near  the  costal 
area,  and  the  other  on  the  posterior  margin. 

"  The  specimens  brought  by  Mr.  Fortune  were  found  on  the  sides  of 
the  hills."— r?.  R.  Grarj. 

Expanse  2.87  inches. 

Hah. — China.      (In  my  collection.) 

Northern  China.     (^Coll.  Brit.  Mus.) 

There  is  certainly  great  incongruity  between  Mr.  Gray's  description 
and  his  figure  representative  of  the  same  sex.  Neither  are  wholly  correct, 
in  comparison  with  the  specimen  in  my  possession.  In  the  figure, 
there  is  but  one  blue  lune  on  the  posterior  wings,  instead  of  "  a  series," 
whilst  in  mine  there  are  three.  The  caudal  appendages,  in  the  figure, 
are  not  very  slender,  and  by  no  means  an  inch  in  length,  as  stated  in 
the  description,  but  only  about  .63  inch,  neither  is  it  at  all  yellow  at 
the  tip.  In  my  specimen  they  are  .iJo  inch  in  length,  otherwise  agree- 
ing with  his  description. 

Below,  there  is  not  the  slightest  vestige  of  red  spots  upon  the  ante- 


1864.]  499 

vior  wings,  and  there  are  two  red  spots  on  the  costal  margin,  instead  of 
heing  "  similar  to  the  upper  side." 

I  have  described  a  species  below,  which,  if  it  does  not  prove  to  be 
«listinct  from  this,  is  at  least  a  remarkable  variation  from  either  Mr. 
Crray's  figure  or  description.  I  have  named  it  after  my  friend.  Mr. 
E.  T.  Cressou,  of  Philadelphia : — 

:'•''>.  Sericinus  Cressonii,  nov.  sp. 

Fi'nmJe. — Differs  from  Sen'cinua  Forfiuiei  (Montela.  9  )  in  the  follow- 
ing particulars : — 

Fore  wings,  have  the  fifth  transverse  black  band  connected  with  the 
margin  by  dilated  black  nervules,  forming  a  sub-marginal  row  of  small 
yellow  lunes. 

Hind  wing's,  have  the  crimson  band  wider,  and  the  two  last  sections 
are  lunate,  and  separated  from  each  other,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
band  by  intervening  black  lines,  below  this,  four  pale  blue  lunes :  a 
very  hirge  yellow  patch  on  the  costal  margin  near  the  outer  angle;  a 
large  lune  of  the  same  color,  situated  on  the  angle  :  tail,  yellow  at  ba.se 
and  tip,  intermediate  portion  black,  very  long,  1.25  inches  and  nar- 
rower than  in  any  other  species  of  the  genus ;  expanse  o.lo  inches. 

Below;  the  primaries  have  four  red  spots,  two  just  beyond  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  discoidal  cell,  and  the  others  on  the  inner  margin. 
►Secondaries,  have  two  red  spots  on  the  costal  border,  and  the  space 
posterior  to  the  crimson  band  is  irrorated  with  blue  atoms,  not  formed 
into  distinct  figures  Hut  covering  the  whole  surface. 

Thorax  and  head,  black,  a  yellow  line  on  each  side  of  the  thorax, 
below  yellow,  with  red  spots.  Abdomen  yellow,  a  broad  dorsal  band, 
two  rows  of  lateral  dots,  and  two  ventral  rays,  all  black. 

Hub. — China.     (In  my  collection.) 

Eggs,  extracted  from  the  body,  resemble  a  flattened  spheroid,  great- 
est diameter,  .042  inch,  least,  .025  inch,  white,  with  a  double  black 
ring  around  the  middle,  parallel  with  the  direction  of  compression. 


I  have  now  finished  the  family  Papiliunidse  as  far  as  possible  in 
relation  to  my  own  collection,  but  before  closing  this  paper,  I  desire  to 
present  a  few  remarks  of  Thos.  Horsfield,  Esq.,  treating  of  what  may 


500  [December 

be  emphatically  called  the  natural  system  of  classification,  in  which  the 
natural  history  of  the  whole  insect  is  considered,  from  the  ovum  to  the 
imago,  in  contradistinction  to  the  artificial,  which  considers  only  the 
characters  of  the  perfect  insect. 

I  kive  here  followed  the  latter,  not  because  I  think  it  is  most  correct, 
but  simply  because,  like  all  artificial  systems,  it  is  much  the  most  con- 
venient for  reference,  and  for  the  more  important  reason  that  I  was 
totally  unac((uainted  with  the  metamorphoses  of  these  exotic  butterflies, 
which  play  such  a  prominent  part  in  the  formation  of  the  natural  sys- 
tem, but  was  entirely  dependent  upon  the  statements  and  figures  of 
others,  which,  however  correct,  can  never  be  so  fully  relied  upon  as 
persona]  observation. 

Without  proceeding  too  extensively  into  the  elaboration  of  Dr.  Hori*- 
field's  views,  who  distributes  the  butterflies  with  especial  reference  to 
the  characters  of  the  insect  in  all  its  stages,  we  find  that  the  following 
points  form  the  basis  of  his  system  : 

"  First.  That  the  series  of  afiinities  in  groups  of  the  Animal  Kingdom 
is  progressive,  and  that  it  returns  into  itself  3  and  thus  the  groups  form 

circles." 

"  Secondly.  That  the  primary  groups  of  those  departments  of  the  Ani- 
mal Kingdom,  which  have  hitherto  been  investigated,  have  been  as- 
certained to  be  limited  to  five." 

■•  Thirdly.  That  each  group  in  a  circle  is  analogically  represented  by 
the  corresponding  group  in  the  other  circles." 

These  are  the  essential  considerations;  he  also  enumerates  several 
others,  but  which  are  subordinate  to  these. 

According  to  the  second  law,  '-the  whole  Animal  Kingdom  has  been 
divided  into  quinary  groups,  which  are  again  subdivided  into  groups  of 
consecutively  descending  value  ;  thus  the  Animal  Kingdom  is  divided 
in  descending  order  into  Sub-Kingdom,  Class,  Order,  Tribe  and  Stirps." 

With  reference  to  Tribe  I,  FaptVones,  of  the  Order  Lepidoptera — 
the  one  with  which  we  are  immediately  connected — upon  the  axiom, 
•  that  in  groups  of  consecutive  minor  value,  the  same  principles  are 
found  to  prevail,"  he  has  divided  it  into  five  stirpes,  each  supposed  to 
be  connected  with  the  two  adjoining,  and  the  terminal  to  be,  in  like 
manner,  allied  to  the  first,  so  as  to  form  a  circle.     These  have  been 


1864.]  501 

named  according  to  the  form  of  the  larva,  from  their  resemblance  to 

the  five  t3'pica   groups  of  the  AniPtaholn. 

First  Stirps,  Vermiform. 

Second    "       Juliform  or  Ohilognathiform. 

Third      "       Scolopendriform  or  Chilopodiform. 

Fourth  "       Thysanuriform. 

Fifth       "       Anopluriform. 

To  prevent  any  misapprehension  of  the  application  of  these  terms, 
Mr.  Macleay  says  (H.  E.  p.  423.):  "The  distinction,  however,  between 
affinity  and  analogy,  is  perhaps  nowhere  in  Entomology  more  necessary 
to  be  attended  to  than  here;  since,  in  terming  larvae,  Chiloynathi formes 
or  Chllopodlformes^  it  is  not  meant  that  they  are  Scolopendrse^  or  Juli. 
or  even  near  to  them  in  affinity,  but  only  that  they  are  so  constructed 
that  certain  analogical  circumstances  attending  them  strongly  remind 
us  of  these  Ametahola.'' 

Id  the  second  stirps,  the  typical  division  of  which  (the  fjimily  Papi- 
lioniJse  of  Leach,)  we  have  just  completed,  the  following  characteris- 
tics are  especially  prominent: 

'^Larva  of  a  cylindrical  form,  generally  swelled  or  thickened  at  the 
fourth  or  fifth  section  of  the  body,  attenuated  towards  the  head  and 
posterior  extremity;  in  the  typical  genera  naked,  or  covered  with  short, 
obtuse,  fleshy  protuberances ;  in  the  extreme  genera  at  the  boundary 
of  the  neighboring  groups,  covered  with  a  close  silky  down,  or  with 
short  scattered  hairs,  most  remarkably  distinguished  by  a  furcula  or 
forked  tentaculum,  situated  between  the  head  and  neck,  which  may  be 
drawn  back  or  thrust  forward  at  pleasure." 

"/^wyuo,  angulated  and  mostly  tuberculated ;  in  the  typical  genera, 
and  in  those  at  the  confines  of  the  first  group,  attached  by  the  posterior 
extremity,  braced  and  vertically  suspended  with  the  head  upwards;  in 
the  genera  approaching  the  third  stirps,  perpendicularly  suspended, 
according  to  the  habits  of  that  stirps.  Representing  the  ChUognathi- 
form  or  Juliform  Amefabala." 

The  genus  Papilio  (including  Ornithoptera  and  Atrophaneura,)  is 
at  present  very  unwieldy;  species  are  associated,  which,  except  in  their 
nervular  arrangement,  have  but  little  generic  relation  with  each  other, 
yet  sufficient  to  unite  them  under  this  system,  provided  that  they  were 
also  agreed  in  their  preparatory  stages;  but,  according  to  the  third  law, 
cited  above,  we  should  naturally  expect  analogical  divisions  in  the  genus, 


^^^  [December 

corresponding  with  those  of  the  tribe,  and  such,  indeed,  appears  to  be 
the  fact,  so  far  as  incomplete  and  sectional  investigation  will  verify  it. 
The  Eastern  Lepidoptera,  as  examined  by  Dr.  Horsfield,  furnish  three 
sub-typical  divisions,  all  well  marked  by  diiferences  in  the  anteunjij  and 
metamorphoses,  and  probably  in  the  neuration,  but  this  will  require 
further  investio-ation. 

Thus,  then,  a  division  or  genus  of  the  stirps  having  Chilognathiform 
larvae,  contains  within  itself  species,  which,  though  the  larva  be  Juli- 
form,  present  a  certain  analogical  affinity  to  the  larva  of  the  other  four 
stirpes,  while  in  each  of  these  separate  groups  the  imago  manifests  a  cha- 
racter which  reciprocally  confirms  the  distinct  character  of  these  divisions. 

We  have  already  discovered  the  resewibling  forms  of  the  third  and 
fourth  stirpes ;  perhaps,  in  collections  of  greater  extent  and  from  more 
extensive  regions,  the  Vermiform  and  Anopluriform  representatives 
may  be  found,  and  it  would  not  be  strange  if  one  or  both  would  be 
represented  by  American  types.  It  would  be  interesting  to  determine 
whether  this  sub-representation  of  all  the  stirpes  took  place  in  each 
stirps,  and  also  in  its  several  genera,  and,  imperfectly,  of  course,  in  the 
species  composing  these  genera.  This  subject  I  will  discuss  more  fully 
in  a  future  paper. 

These  analogical  divisions  form  then,  very  natural  sub-genera,  into 
which  the  present  genus  Papilio  (FapUio,  Ornithoptera,  Atropha- 
neurd)  may  be  appropriately  divided. 

The  sub-generic  characters  are  : — 

"  First.  Anteanfe,  filiform  at  the  base,  marked  along  their  entire 
length,  with  prominent  annular  rings,  and  terminated  by  a  cylindrical 
club,  which  is  attenuated  at  both  ends." 

'•  The  larva  of  this  division  is  characterized  by  a  smooth  surface,  and 
by  a  swelling  or  intumescence  of  the  fourth  or  fifth  segment  of  the  body, 
from  which  it  tapers  more  abruptly  to  the  head,  and  in  a  gradual  man- 
ner to  the  anal  extremity." 

This  division  is  exemplified  by 

Pap.  Memnon.  Pap.  Polytes.  Pap.  Machaon. 

"  Emalthion.  '•  Paminon.  "  Turiius. 

"  Aleinoiis.  "  Demolion.  ••  Troilus. 

"  Polymnester.  "  Erithoniiis.  "  Asterias. 

"  Heleiius.  ••  DeiiKjleus.  •■  Thoas. 

"  Iswara.  "  Arjuna.  ••  C'resphontes. 

"  Varasi.  •'  Xuthus. 

and  also  by  their  metamorphoses,  as  far  as  known. 


1864.]  503 

To  this  division,  as  it  is  typical  not  only  of  the  genus,  but  also  of  tht; 
whole  stirps,  and  exhibits  the  most  perfect  production  of  the  order. 
Lepidoptcru,  V  would  reserve  the  Linna^an  name  FnpiUo. 

"  Secondli/.  The  antennae  agree  in  form  and  outline  with  those  of 
the  first,  but  the  annuli,  or  rings,  along  their  entire  length,  are  com- 
paratively obscure." 

"  The  larva  is  cylindrical,  very  slightly  attenuated  at  the  ends,  some- 
what thick  and  fleshy,  smooth  on  the  surface  and  provided  with  short 
obtuse  tubercles  along  its  entire  length." 

This  is  the  Chilopodiform  modification  of  the  genus  Papiliu.  and  to 
which  I  have  assigned  the  name  of  Pacldiopta. 

It  is  represented  by  the  following  species : — 

Ornithop.  Darsius.  Pap.  Hector. 

"         Pompeus.  "     Diphilus. 

"         Rhadamanthiis.  "     Philenor  ? 

"         Priamiis.  "     Polydamus? 

Paj").  dissimilis. 

"  Thirdhj.  The  antennae  are  slender,  filiform  at  the  base,  but  ter- 
minated by  an  oval,  comparatively  enlarged,  compressed  club,  on  which 
the  annuli  are  closely  arranged  and  crowded." 

"  The  larva  is  smooth,  slightly  attenuated  towards  the  extremities, 
somewhat  broader  or  arched  in  the  middle,  and  marked  with  regular 
transverse  bands ;  but  its  chief  character  consists  in  two  projecting 
points  from  the  abdomen." 

It  is  exemplified  by  the  following  species : — 

Pap.  Sarpedon.  Pap.  Marcellus. 
"     Agamemnon.  "     Ajax. 

"     Eurypylus.  "     Podalirius? 

"     Antiphates.  "     Siiion. 

These  form  the  Thysanuriform  division  of  the  genus  Papillo,  and 
which  I  have  called  Pathysa. 

The  names  which  I  have  here  proposed  are  not  arbitrary,  but  have 
been  derived  from  the  union  of  the  first  syllable  of  the  generic  name, 
with  those  commencing  the  analogical  name  of  the  larval  form  :  to 
complete  the  series  in  all  its  forms,  we  should  then  call  the  first  sub- 
genus, as  yet  unknown.  Pavermia,  and  the  fifth,  Panopluia. 


504 


[December 


A  tabular  arrangement  would  present  the  following  form 


3 
4) 

Form  of  Larva. 

Typical  Species. 

Sub-Genera. 

I,  Vermiform. 

Unknown. 

;    Pavermia. 

I  have  been  unable  to 
find  any  larval  form 
correspondinGC  to  this 
stirps,  so  that  the  name 
is  hypothetical,  and  do- 
pendent  upon  the  fu- 
ture discovery  of  such 
a  form.  That  such  ex- 
ists, may  be  reasoned 
from  the  existence  of 
the  three  other  types. 

2.  Juliform    or 
^Chilognathi- 

form. 

3.  Scolopendri- 
form  or  Chi- 
lopodiform. 

Pap.  Memnon. 
Pap.  Machaon. 
Pap.  Thoas. 
Pap.  Turnus. 

Papilio 

Typical  of  the  whole 
stirps,  and  the  most  per- 
fect form  of  the  order. 

o 

M 
< 

Orn.  Pompe.us. 
Orn.  Rhadamanihus. 
Pap.  dissimi/is. 
Pap.  Philenor/ 

1                         [ 
Pachliopta. 

[     Pathysa.     - 

!  Name  indicative  of 
analogical  resemblanci' 
to  the  larval  form  of 
the  third  stirps. 

4.  Thysanuri- 
form. 

Pap.  Agatnemnon. 
Pap.  Eurypylus. 
Pap.  Antiphates. 
Pap.  Marcellus. 

Shows  the  analogical 
resemblance  to  the  lai'- 
val  form  of  the  fourth 
stirps. 

5.  Anopluri- 
form. 

1 

Unknown. 

1    Panopluia.    -j 

Name  hypothetical. 
but  created*  in  the  be- 
;lief  that  the  same  prin- 
ciple prevails  in  regard 
to  the  fifth  stirps  as  that 
whicla  we  already  know 
exists  in  relation  to  the 
sec  on  d,  t  h  i  r  d  a  n  d 
fourth  stirpes. 

The  truth  of  this  analogical  arrangement  will  be  proven,  as  we  be- 
come better  acquainted  with  the  preparatory  stages  of  the  insects  ;  and, 
to  further  this  purpose,  I  would  suggest  to  all.  the  great  importance 
and  necessity  of  making  the  larval  form  a  subject  of  equal  magnitude 
with  the  imago;  and  thus  by  patient  study  and  attention  we  may 
finally  be  enabled  to  realize  a  truly  natural  system  of  this  most  beauti- 
i'ul  division  of  the  Animal  Kingdom. 


18(34.]  50o 


NORTH    AMERICAN    MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY    HRACKENRIDlit:    CLEMJ:NS,    M.  D. 

BRENTHIA  Clemens. 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  May  1860,  p.  172. 

Brenthia  Virginiella  n.  s. — Fore  wings  dark  brown,  tinged  with  oolireous 
between  tlie  markings  toward  the  tip,  with  an  oblique,  somewhat  violet-hued 
silvery  line,  from  the  oosta  at  the  apical  third,  directed  toward  tlie  anal  angle: 
a  line  of  the  same  hue  from  the  tip  of  the  wing,  parallel  to  the  hinder  margin, 
and  a  white  costal  streak  equidistant  from  the  two  silvery  lines.  C)n  the  inner 
margin,  a  little  interior  to  the  anal  angle,  is  a  silvery,  somewhat  violet-hued 
spot.  Cilia  whitish  beneath  the  tip  of  the  wing,  with  a  dark  intercilial  line. 
Hind  wings  dark  brownish,  with  a  silvery  spot  near  the  hinder  margin  above 
the  anal  angle. 

A  single  specimen.      Virginia.      0)11.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  * 

GRACILARIA  Zeller.  ^ 

Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  March  1863,  p.  9. 

Gracilaria  Blandella  n.  s. — Fore  wings  yellow,  dark  purple  along  the  dorsal 
margin  from  near  the  base  to  the  tip  of  the  wing.  Near  the  tip  is  a  projection 
from  the  dorsal  stripe  extended  to  the  costa,  and  a  little  interior  to  the  middle 
of  the  wing,  the  dorsal  stripe  is  excavated,  and  presents  a  blunt  projection  to- 
ward the  costa.  Near  the  base  is  a  broad,  dark  purple  band  from  the  costa, 
which  forms  the  interior  limit  of  the  excavation.  The  costa,  from  the  band  to 
the  base  of  the  wing,  and  the  base  of  the  inner  margin,  is  dark  jiurplish.  Ex- 
treme base  of  the  wing,  yellow.  Cilia  purplish,  with  an  intercilial  paler  line. 
Hind  wings  and  cilia,  pale  fuscous. 

Face  yellowish  ;  head  above  tinted  with  purplish.  Antennee  yellowish,  an- 
nulated  with  purplish.  Labial  palpi  yellowish,  with  a  brownish  spot  on  the 
end  of  the  middle  joint  and  the  tip  of  the  terminal  joint  brownish. 

A  single  specimen.     Virginia.     Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila. 

TINEA. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Sept.  1859,  p.  257. 
Tinea  tapetzella  Lin. — Fore  wings  blackish  at  the  base,  extended  further 
along  the  costa  than  the  inner  margin  ;  the  remainder  of  the  wing  is  yellowish- 
white.  The  whitish  jrortion  of  the  wing  is  marked  with  numerous,  interrupted 
transverse  blackish  stria;  and  at  the  base  of  the  nervules,  in  the  middle  of  the 
wing,  is  a  blackish  spot  and  two  or  three  small  ones  at  the  apex  of  the  wing. 
Cilia  whitisli,  at  extreme  apex  fuscous.  Hind  wings  dark  grey,  with  paler  cilia. 


506  [Decembkr 

Head  and  face  white.  Palpi  white:  second  joint  externally  dark  fuscous. 
Antennae  fuscous. 

This  is  an  European  insect,  and  does  not  differ  from  the  descriptions 
and  figures  of  European  authors.  I  have  never  before,  however,  met 
with  a  specimen  of  it  and  do  not  know  the  circumstances  of  its  capture. 

A  single  specimen.     Virginia.     Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila. 

COLEOPHORA  Zeller. 
Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  March  186.3,  p.  6. 
Coleophora  cratipennella  n.  s.— Fore  wings  white,  striped  along  the  veins 
with  dark  ochreous.  From  the  base  of  the  wing  are  three  stripes,  one  along  the 
submedian.  median  and  a  rather  broad  one  between  the  costal  and  subcostal  vein. 
In  the  middle  of  tne  disk  is  another  strijie,  and  about  the  middle  of  the  wing, 
begins  a  stripe  along  the  subcostal  vein  which  subdivides  into  two  branches, 
terminating  on  thecosta;  beneath  these  are  two  other  stripes,  one  along  the 
inner  margin  from  the  tip,  the  other  in  the  middle  of  the  wing.  Cilia  ochreous. 
Hind  wings  fuscous,  cilia  yellowish-fuscous. 

Antenna  white,  annulated  with  dark  ochreous.  Labial  palpi  white,  diirk 
ochreous  along  the  sides. 

A  single  specimen.     Virginia.     Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila. 

GELECHIA. 

Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  March  186.3,  p.  10. 
GelecMa  gallaegenitella.  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  May  1864,  p.  420. 

Since  the  description  of  this  insect  was  given,  Mr.  Benj.  D.  Walsh 
has  forwarded  to  me  another  specimen,  under  the  impression- that  it 
was  a  distinct  species.  The  differences  in  ornamentation  between  the 
two.  and  another  in  the  collection  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
Philadelphia,  deserve  critical  notice. 

The  original  description  of  gallxgintdia  ought  to  be  so  modified  as 
to  read,  instead  of  "  Fore  wings  white,  but  so  freely  dusted  with  black 
as  almost  to  obscure  the  ground  color,  especially  between  the  bands": 
Fore  wings  black,  freely  dusted  with  white. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  specimen  last  received  from 
Mr.  Beuj.  D.  Walsh,  the  larva  of  which  mines  the  same  gall  as/inu/i- 
i-orc/lu,  the  cabbage-like  gall,  /jramcov-V/es,  peculiar  to  S<ili.rlon</i/"/ni. 

Fore  wings  dark  gray,  dusted  with  wliite.  At  the  base  of  the  wing  is  nn 
oblique,  blackish-brown  band,  which  terminates  on  the  fold  in  a  little  tuft  of 
brown  scales.  The  band  is  margined  exteriorly  with  whitish,  and  the  wing 
along  the  base  of  the  inner  margin  is  pale  gray.     The  middle  of  the  wing  has 


1864.]  507 

a  large  dark  brown  shade,  which  is  divided  by  a  pale  grayish,  costal  spot  jilaced 
about  the  middle  of  the  costa  ;  in  this  shade  is  an  oblique,  blackish-brown  band, 
which  is  parallel  to  the  basal  band  and  beneath  it,  in  the  middle  of  the  wing 
are  two  small  tufts  of  brown  scales.  At  the  base  of  the  fold,  is  a  black  dot,  and 
one  just  above  its  termination,  the  latter  encircled  with  white.  The  apical  por- 
tion of  the  wing  is  somewhat  dotted  and  streaked  with  whitish  and  at  the  base 
of  the  costal  cilia  are  a  few  blackish  dots.  Cilia  grayish  fuscous.  Hind  wings 
grayish  ;  cilia  grayish  fuscous. 

A  single  specimen  from  ^Ir.  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  Rock  Lsland. 

The  following  specimen  differs  somewhat  in  distinctness  of  ornamen- 
tation of  the  fore  wings  from  the  typical  one  in  my  possession,  but  I 
attribute  this  to  the  fact,  that  it  is  not  in  so  good  a  state  of  preser- 
vation. 

The  fore  wings  are  blackish-brown,  without  distinct  markings,  and  dusted 
with  yellowish-white.  The  inner  margin  along  the  base  is  whitish  :  cilia,  pale 
ochreous-gray.     Hind  wings  pale  grayish  ;  cilia  pale  ochreous  gray. 

Antennae  annulated  with  blackish  and  white.  Head  whitish  dusted  with 
dark  fuscous.  Palpi,  middle  joint  dark  brown,  white  at  the  extreme  tip  ;  apical 
joint  white,  witli  two  blackish-brown  rings,  one  near  the  base,  the  other  at  the 
tip,  leaving  the  extreme  ajjex,  white. 

A  single  specimen.     Virginia.     GoU.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila. 

Gelechia  nigratomella,  Proc.   Ent.  Soc.   Phila.,  March   1863,  p.  11. 

Differs  from  the  previously  described  specimen  in  the  general  hue 
of  the  fore  wings.  The  specimen  under  description  has  the  fore  wings 
ochreous,  and  whitish  along  the  costa  at  the  base.  There  are  five  black- 
ish-brown costal  spots  beginning  on  the  middle  of  the  costa,  with  inter- 
mediate white  costal  spots,  the  second  being  an  oblique  white  line  In 
the  middle  of  the  wing,  at  the  apex,  is  a  white  spot,  with  a  blackish- 
brown  dot  beneath  it.  At  the  base  of  the  fold  is  a  brownish  dot  and 
another  about  its  middle. 

A  single  specimen.     Virginia.      Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila. 

Gelechia  fungivorella  n.  s. — Fore  wings  roseate  white,  freely  dusted  with  tes- 
taceous-bniwn.  along  the  inner  margin  from  the  base  to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  the 
costal  half  of  the  wing  being  banded  with  alternate  roseate-white  dusted  with 
brownish,  and  testaceous  brown  bands.  Near  the  base  of  the  wing  is  an  oblique 
testaceous  band  extended  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing,  margined  ex- 
ternally by  a  roseate  white  band  liaving  a  central  line  of  brownish  atoms. 
Another  testaceous  liand  placed  about  the  basal  third  of  the  costa.  is  oblique, 
extends  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing;  its  dorsal  edge  is  convex  and 


50^  [December 

the  costal  edge  concave  :  it  is  broadest  in  the  middle  of  the  wing  and  termi- 
nates in  a  point,  just  beneath  which  is  a  black  or  dark  brown  dot  encircled 
with  white  or  roseate  white.  Towards  tlie  apex  of  the  wing  is  a  semicircular, 
testaceous,  costal  patch,  margined  with  white  or  roseate  white.  The  apical 
portion  of  the  wing  is  dusted  freely  with  testaceous,  and  at  the  base  of  the 
cilia,  near  the  anal  angle  are  one  or  two  black  dots.  Cilia  testaceous,  with  a 
white  j)atch  beneath  the  tip  having  a  central  dark  brownish  cilial  line,  and  a 
white  or  roseate  white  patch  at  the  anal  angle. 

Antennse  dark  brown,  slightly  annulated  with  shining  white.  Head  whitish, 
tinted  with  fuscous.  Labial  palpi  white;  second  joint  with  three  blackish 
rings,  one  at  the  base,  one  in  the  middle  and  one  near  the  tip;  terminal  joint 
with  four  blackish  rings,  one  at  base,  two  in  the  middle  and  one  at  the  ex- 
treme tip. 

.My  fViend  Mr.  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  i)f  Rock  Island,  Illinois,  writes  to 
lue  that  •'  the  larva  mines  a  cabbage-like  gall,  brassicoides^  peculiar  t(t 
Sallx  lowjifolla,  and  a  pine-cone-like  g.iU  on  S'llix  cordata  named 
atrobiloidcn  by  Osten  Sacken."  The  ornamentation  of  the  imago  is 
similar  to  that  ot"  G.  roiieosuffusrjla  the  larva  of  which  inhabits  the 
fruit-panicles  of  Sumach.      Imago  occurs  August  1st,  15th. 

Bred  by  Mr.  B.  D.  Walsh,  Rock  Island,  111. 

Gelechia  Salicifungiella  n.  s. — Fore  wings  red,  irregularly  marked  with  whit- 
ish. Near  tlie  base  is  a  whitish  band  pDWilered  with  dark  fuscous,  which  curves 
across  the  fold,  including  the  inner  margin,  and  reaches  the  middle  of  the 
wing;  the  part  beneath  the  fold  is  tinged  witli  reddish  and  sometimes  with 
pale  brownish.  Adjoining  this  band  exteriorly,  is  a  dark  brownish-red,  curved 
band,  which  does  not  cross  the  fold.  On  the  costa  are  three  small  white  spots, 
one  near  the  tip,  one  about  the  middle  and  one  exterior  to  the  brownish-red 
band.  The  margin  of  the  wing  is  powdered  with  dark  fuscous.  Cilia  red. 
Hind  wings  dark  gray,  cilia  grayish  fuscous. 

Head  reddish.  Antennse  black,  annulated  with  white.  Labial  palpi  pale  red; 
second  joint  with  two  blackish  rings;  terminal  joint  with  three  black  rings 
and  a  black  dot  at  base,  extreme  tip  black. 

The  larva  mines  the  same  gaW,  brassicoulea,  as  G.  fungivorfJlu.  Mr. 
Walsh  bred  six  specimens,  of  which  he  was  kind  enough  to  send  me 
three.  Although  /itiujivorena  is  tinged  with  roseate  in  the  white 
markings,  I  can  perceive  no  tendency  in  the  eight  specimens  of  this 
imago,  that  ^Ir.  Walsh  has  so  liberally  sent  me,  to  merge  into  the  or- 
namentation of  S(dlcifun(jidla.  Certainly  the  character  of  the  mark- 
ings is  the  same  in  each,  and  it  is  possible  that  we  have  here  but  a 
single  species.     The  imago  occurs  August  3d — 13th. 

Bred  by  Mr.  B.  D.  Walsh. 


1864.] 


509 


TORTRICID.E. 

ANCHYLOPERA  Stephens, 
icad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  Aug.  ISfiO,  p.  348. 

This  >>enus  can  be  divided  into  very 
well  niiirked  groups.  The  first  group, 
of  which  A.  Spiresefoliona  may  be 
taken  as  the  type,  has  the  median  vein 
of  the  hind  wings  3-branched  and 
the  apex  of  the  fore  wings  acutely 
produced. 

The  second  group  of  which  A.  ore/- 
lana  may  be  taken  as  the  type,  ha,s 
the  median  vein  of  the  hind  wings 
4-branched,  the  two  central  branches 
arising  from  a  common  stalk,  and  the 
apex  of  the  fore  wings  acutely  pro- 
duced as  in  the  first  group. 

The  third  group  is  represented  by 
A.  costomacufana,  in  which  the  apex 
of  the  fore  wings  is  not  acutely  pro- 
duced, but  the  hinder  margin  is  fal- 
cate and  the  tip  sometimes  bluntly 
produced.  The  median  vein  of  the 
hind  wings  is  4-branched,  the  central 
bi-anch  being  furcate.  The  disk  of 
the  fore  wings  has  a  secondary  cell 
and  a  false  nervure  running;  throutrh 
1,  w„„  1  ^f  J       7,     7         T^  -c      it  from  one  of  the  branches  of  the 

la  Mead  ol  A.  nubeculana.   lb  Fore  _  v,      »<  .v. 

wing,  Ic  Hind  wing— 2a  Head  of  ^.  ^ledian  vein.  The  structural  illus- 
oceUana.  2b  Fore  wing.  2e  Hind  wing  trations  which  accompany  this  paper 
-?,^U^^AoiA.mediofasciana.  .3b  Fore  ^jn  g^^ve  to  give  a  definite  notion  of 
wing.     3c  Hind  wing.  ,  ^    p     ^^■  i     • 

The  palpi  of  .1.  oceUana  have  been  ^^'^'^^.  P'^^P'^  ^""^  facilitate  their  re- 
partially  denuded  by  mites.  cognition. 

The  members  of  the  genus  arranged  in  groups,  will  therefore  stand 
thus  : 

GROUP  I. 
Hind  wings  with  median  vein  3-branclied. 
i^  Tiji  of  fore  wings  acutely  produced. 


•^^0  [Decbmbeh 

.4.  Spireafoliana,  jyulchellana,  fuscocUiana,  duhiana,  Lamiana,  nubeculana.  I'lu- 
tanana. 

'0^  Tip  of  fore  wings  not  acutely  produced. 

A.  striatana. 

GROUP  II. 
Hind  wings  with  median  vein  4-branched. 

g  Tip  of  fore  wings  acutely  produced. 

^4.  ocellana. 

GEOUP  III. 
Hind  wings  with  median  vein  4-branehed. 

^  Tip  of  fore  wings  not  acute,  sometimes  bluntly  produced. 

A.  costomaculana,  Virginiana,  mediofasciana,  fasciolana,  striatana,  Packardiana. 
A.  striatftna  appears  to  be  a  connecting  link  between  the  groups,  as 
the  structure  of  its  wings  is  by  no  means  constant.  In  some  speci- 
mens the  median  vein  is  o-branched ;  in  others  4-branched,  the  two 
central  branches  arising  from  a  common  stalk;  and  again  it  is  3- 
branched  with  the  central  branch  furcate  at  the  extreme  tip.  This  is 
the  first  example  I  have  ever  noticed  of  variability  of  wing  structure 
in  a  species.  The  species  may  be,  so  to  speak,  in  a  transition  state  and 
it  would  be  interesting  in  the  future  to  know  which  wing  type  it  will 
ultimately  assume.  I  have  seven  specimens  before  me,  in  one  of  which 
the  median  vein  is  simply  3-branched,  in  three  others  the  central  branch 
is  furcate  at  the  extreme  tip  and  in  three  others  it  is  furcate  from  the 
middle.  Have  we  an  instance  of  a  forming  species  in  this  insect,  or  is 
this  variation  of  structure  accidental  and  of  no  significance  ? 

Anchylopera  ocellana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  brownish,  with  pure  brown  towards 
the  tip.  The  costa  is  geminated  with  dark  brown  from  the  base  to  near  the  tip 
and  thence  with  four  or  tive  white  streaks.  Beneath  the  tip,  is  a  laro-e,  con- 
spicuous ocelloid  spot,  which  is  white,  somewhat  varied  with  brownish  and 
having  a  few  dark  central  dots,  sometimes  indistinct.  Cilia  along  the  hinder 
margin  white?     Hind  wings  grayish. 

The  specimens  before  me  are  worn  and  imperfect  and  it  is  scarcely 
prudent  to  draw  a  description  from  them,  but  the  species  is  markedly 
characterized  by  the  white  patch  beneath  the  tip  of  the  fore  wings. 
The  labial  palpi  are  almost  entirely  denuded  and  appear  to  me  not  to 
correspond  to  those  of  the  genus  in  which  I  have  placed  the  species. 
I  do  not  however  entei-tain  any  doubt  that  the  insect  is  improperly  lo- 
cated. The  fore  wings  are  very  acutely  pointed  and  deeply  excised 
beneath  the  tip.  The  neuration  of  the  wings  is  normal.  In  the  hind 
wings  the  costal  and  subcostal  veins  are  free  to  the  base.    The  branches 


1864.]  511 

of  the  subcostal  are  not  connivent  at  their  orioin,  but  divergent.  The 
discal  arises  much  posterior  to  the  bifurcation  of  the  subcostal.  Me- 
dian vein  4-branched,  the  central  branches  on  a  common  stalk. 

1  have  two  specimens  received  from  Mr.  A.  8.  Packard,  Jr.,  collected 
at  New  Brunswick,  Maine,  and  numbered  by  him  SlG. 

Anchylopera  mediofasciana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  dark  brownish  beneath  the 
suboostal  vein,  white  along  the  costa.  From  the  middle  of  the  costa  arises  an 
oblique  dark  brown  band,  which  runs  into  the  dark  portion  of  the  wing  and 
encloses  a  semi-oval,  white  spot  on  the  costa  near  the  tip,  having  a  few  costal 
brown  dots.  The  costa  is  dotted  with  blackish  from  the  base  to  the  tip  of  the 
wing  and  a  few  blackish  dots  are  disposed  over  the  surface  of  the  wing.  The 
ocelloid  patch  is  white,  and  contains  two  round  grayish  brown  spots.  Hind 
wings  pale  brownish. 

I  have  a  single  specimen  before  me  received  from  Mr.  A.  S.  Pack- 
ard, Jr..  in  bad  condition  and  numbered  H{)-i:. 

Anchylopera  fasciolana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  shining  white,  with  dark  brown 
markings,  having  a  slight  golden  hue.  From  the  middle  of  the  costa  arises  a 
rather  broad,  oblique  dark  brown  band,  with  irregular  edges.  The  costa  is 
streaked  with  dark  brown  from  the  base  to  the  tij).  At  the  extreme  tip  is  a 
brown  dot  and  along  the  hinder  margin  an  irregular  streak  of  the  same  hue. 
which  forms  a  squarish  spot  over  the  diseal  nervules.  The  ocelloid  patch  is 
white  with  central,  wavy  brownish  line.  The  white  portions  of  the  wing  is 
dotted  with  brownish.    Hind  wings  grayish,  brownish  towards  the  outer  angle. 

I  have  a  single  specimen  not  in  good  condition.     It  is  possible  it 

may  be  a  variety  of  ^f.  medio/asciano. 

From  Mr.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  New  Brunswick,  Maine. 

Anchylopera  pulchellana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  ferruginous  brown,  varied  with 
ochreous-white.  The  costa  is  ochreous-white  from  the  base  to  the  middle  of 
the  wing,  and  at  this  point  a  whitish  fascia  curves  across  the  wing  towards  the 
anal  angle,  enclosing  a  semi-oval  ferruginous-brown  patch  on  the  base  of  the 
inner  margin.  Above  the  anal  angle  is  a  whitish  ocelloid  patch,  somewhat 
silvery,  having  in  its  middle  a  ferruginous  brown  spot  and  into  which  runs  the 
curved  whitish  fascia.  The  costa  from  the  base  to  the  middle  is  dotted  with 
blackish  and  thence  to  the  tip  are  four  or  five  white  geminations  with  ferrugi- 
nous brown  centres,  the  one  nearest  the  base  of  the  wing  extended  into  a  very 
oblique  line  and  bordered  above  with  a  slender  blackish  line.  Beneath  the  tip 
in  the  tiilia  are  two  divergent  white  streaks.     Hind  wings  rather  pale  fuscous. 

A  single  specimen.  From  the  Collection  of  the  Entomological  So- 
ciety of  Philadelphia,  collected  in  Virginia. 

It  is  possible  this  insect  may  be  a  variety  of  A.  Spircae/oliana,  but 
in  the  latter  species  the  semi^oval  dorsal  patch  at  the  base  of  the  inner 


512  [December 

margin  is  almost  blackish-brown,  while  in  pulche.Uana  it  is  ferruginous- 
brown,  and  the  white  portion  of  the  fore  wing  of  Spirese/ofidjia  is  more 
conspicuous  than  in  pulchpUana.  The  ornamentation  of  the  exterior 
portion  of  the  fore  wings  is  much  the  same  in  both,  except  that  the 
abbreviated  central  fascia  is  well  marked  iu  Si>iri'8e,foJiaiia  and  the 
ocelloid  patch  has  two  or  three  short  blackish-brown  striae. 

Ancliylopera  fuscociliana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  ferruginous-brown,  wliite  .along 
thecosta  at  the  base.  The  semi-oval  dorsal  patch  at  the  base  of  the  wing  is  dark 
brown,  and  is  but  indistinctly  separated  from  the  ferruginous  portion  of  the 
wing,  which  is  the  external  half.  The  apical  half  of  the  costa,  from  the  middle 
to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  is  occupied  by  a  dark  ferruginous,  semi-oval  patch,  ex- 
cavated near  the  tip  by  the  ocelloid  patch,  which  is  rather  indistinct  and  of  an 
ochreous  hue.  The  costal  striae  near  the  tip  are  white,  short  and  separated  by 
dull  leaden  hued  streaks,  the  most  interior  of  which  is  extended  very  obliquely 
nearly  to  the  hinder  margin,  beneath  the  tip.  and  just  beneath  it  are  two  black- 
ish strife.     Cilia  reddish-brown.     Hind  wings  dark-brown,  cilia  wliitish. 

From  the  Collection  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

collected  in  Virginia. 

Anchylopera  dubiana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  white  with  ochreous-brown  mark- 
ings. The  dorsal  semi-oval  patcli  is  ochreous-brown  and  is  not  so  abruptly 
curved  on  its  exterior  margin  as  in  Spireccfo/iana  and  pulchel/ana.  The  central 
fascia  is  ochreous-brown  and  distinct,  and  the  costa  exterior  to  it  is  striated 
alternately  with  white  and  ochreous-brown.  This  portion  of  the  wing  beneath 
the  central  fascia  and  the  costal  striae  are  tinted  with  ochreous.  and  has  two 
dark  brown  striae.     Hind  wings  pale  fuscous. 

This  specimen  is  very  like  Sj)irese/oli(iiia  except  in  the  hue  of  the 
semi-oval  patch  and  the  curvature  of  its  outline.  I  very  much  doubt 
its  distinctness  specifically,  and  have  so  described  it  only  after  much 
hesitation. 

A  single  specimen.  From  the  collection  of  the  Entomological  Soci- 
ety of  Philadelphia,  collected  in  Virginia. 

Anchylopera  Virginiana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  gray,  tinted  with  brownish,  and 
marked  with  deep  brown.  The  basal  portion  of  the  wing  is  dusted  and  striated 
with  brown.  The  half  of  the  costa  from  the  middle  to  the  tip  contains  a  large 
dark  patch,  which  extends  to  the  fold  of  the  wing  in  an  obtuse  point  and  is 
deeply  excavated  by  the  ocelloid  patch  ;  this  is  of  the  general  hue  and  contains 
a  transverse,  slender,  wavy  line.  Hind  wings  fuscous.  Labial  palpi,  head  and 
tliorax  fuscous. 

In  ornamentation  this  species  is  very  like  A.  cosfonKtcuhoid.  but  the 
liencral  hue  in  the  latter  is  white,  tinted  with  ochreous. 


1864.]  518 

A  sins'le  specimen.  From  the  collection  of  the  Entomological  Soci- 
ety of  Philadelphia,  collected  in  Yiri>inia. 

Anchylopera  Lamiana. — Fore  wings  brown,  marked  with  whitish.  From  the 
base  to  the  niidiUe  of  the  wing  the  costa  is  whitish,  and  from  the  middle  of  the 
wing  the  white  stripe  curves  across  to  the  inner  margin  :  this  transverse  stripe 
is  more  or  less  varied  with  brownish,  and  the  costa  from  the  base  to  the  middle 
of  the  wing  is  striped  with  dark  brown.  The  dorsal  patch  is  pure  dark  brown. 
The  central  fascia  is  very  distinct  and  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing  is  en- 
larged into  a  triangular  patch.  The  ocelloid patch  is  very  distinct,  lohite,  and  con- 
tains a  brown  round  patch  at  the  anal  angle.  The  apical  portion  of  the  wing  is 
brown  and  on  the  costa,  from  the  central  fascia  to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  are  four 
white  geminations,  separated  by  brown  streaks :  the  white  streak  nearest  the 
central  fascia,  is  continued  very  obliquely  to  tlie  hinder  margin  beneath  the 
tip.  where  there  is  a  white  gemination  in   the  cilia.     Hind  wings  dark  fuscous. 

The  ornamentation  of  this  imago  resembles  strongly  that  of  Spirese- 
follaiia  and  jtnlrhillana,  but  differs  from  both  in  the  character  of  its 
marking. 

Two  specimens.     From  A.  J.  Packard.  Jr.,  Brunswick,  Maine. 

HEDYA  Kiibner. 
Troc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  Aug.  1860.  p.  357. 
Hedya  deludana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  gray,  marked  irregularly  with  blackish- 
brown  patches  and  streaks,  and  leaving  a  rather  indistinct  gray  patch  on  the 
middle  of  the  inner  margin.  Tlie  costa  is  geminated  with  gray  from  the  base 
to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  with  intermediate  blackish-brown  streaks,  and  one  of 
these  near  the  tip  is  curved  and  extended  to  the  middle  of  the  hinder  margin. 
The  middle  of  the  wing  is  clouded  with  blackish-brown  and  shows  only  a  slight 
indication  of  the  basal  patch.  The  ocelloid  jjatch  is  indicated  by  two  slightly 
leaden  hued  streaks  above  the  anal  angle.  Hind  wings  fuscous.  Head  and 
labial  jialpi,  grayish  freely  dusted  with  dark  brown. 

In  another  specimen  the  markings  of  the  fore  wings  were  of  a  more 
pronounced  blackish-brown,  especially  in  the  middle  of  the  wing  and 
the  curved  streak  near  the  tip  of  the  wing  is  somewhat  obscured  by  a 
blackish-brown  patch  that  adjoins  it. 

From  the  collection  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
collected  in  A^irginiu. 

Hedya  spoliana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  dark  gray  slightly  lustrous,  varied  with 
pure  brown  and  dark  brown.  The  basal  patch  is  distinct,  angulated  and 
dark  brown.  The  central  fascia  is  dark  brown,  narrow  on  the  costa,  angulated 
in  the  middle  and  increases  in  width  to  the  inner  margin.  Between  the  cen- 
tral fascia  and  the  basal  patch  is  a  grayish  patch  on  the  inner  margin,  ex- 
tended to  the  costa  and  divided  above  the  middle  of  the  wing  by  a  dark  brown 


^l"!  [DKOEMTiER 

line  and  somewhat  varied  with  dark  beneath  the  middle  of  the  wint;.  The 
costa  is  distinctly  geminated  with  a  lustrous  gra3\  from  the  basal  patch  to  the 
tip  of  the  wing,  separated  by  dark  brown  streaks,  which  are  touched  with  dark 
hrown.  The  ocelloid  patch  consists  of  two  leaden  hued  streaks,  with  a  dark 
brown  centre  touched  with  brown,  and  a  large  patch  of  the  same  hue  betwee  i 
it  and  the  dorsal  patch  and  a  small  one  between  it  and  the  hinder  margin. 
Cilia  dark  ochreous  touched  on  the  ends  with  dark  brown.  Hind  wings  shin- 
ing, pale  fuscous.     Head  and  labial  palpi  dark  grayish-brown. 

From  the  coUectioa   of  the  Entomological   Society  of  Philadelphia, 
collected  in  Virginia. 

Hedya  Cressoniana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  blackish-brown,  the  portion  of  the  wing 
exterior  to  the  basal  patch  freely  dusted  with  gray.  The  basal  patch  is  dis- 
tinct, angulated  and  blackish-brown.  The  central  fascia  is  ungulated  olitusely. 
narrow  on  the  costa,  widening  as  it  approaches  the  inner  margin  and  is  black- 
ish-ljrown.  Between  the  basal  patch  and  central  fascia,  is  a  gray  dorsal  patch 
extended  to  the  costa.  containing  an  indistinct  blackish-brown  line  on  the  cos- 
tal side.  The  ocelloid  patch  has  t.vo  transverse  leaden  hued  stripes  and  the 
apical  portion  of  the  wing  above  it  has  several  small  spots  of  the  same  hue. 
The  costa,  from  the  base  to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  is  white  marked  with  blackish- 
brown  streaks,  of  which  that  forming  the  central  fascia  is  the  most  pronounced. 
Cilia  grayish,  tipped  with  dark  brown.  Hind  wings  fuscous.  Head  and  palpi 
dark  brownish. 

From  the  collection  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
collected  in  Virginia. 

Hedya  signatana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  white,  marked  with  dark  brown.  The 
basal  patch  is  distinct,  dark  brown  and  consists  of  three  or  four  angulated  lines, 
the  exterior  being  the  broadest.  The  dorsal  patch  is  white,  extended  to  the 
costa.  contracted  in  the  middle  of  the  wing  and  is  traversed  by  a  few  broken, 
indistinct,  brownish  lines.  The  central  fascia  is  dark  brown,  rather  indistinct, 
and  contains  three  black  dashes  opposite  the  ocelloid  patch,  which  is  white  and 
rather  indistinct.  The  costa  is  marked  with  dark  brown  streaks  and  near  the 
tip  are  three  or  four  geminated  white  spots,  the  dark  brown  streak  which  sepa- 
rates the  two  nearest  the  tip  of  the  wing  is  extended  along  the  hinder  margin 
lo  the  ocelloid  patch.  At  the  extreme  tip  is  a  black  semicircle  in  tlie  cilia, 
upon  a  dark  brown  ground.     Hind  wings  darlc  fuscous. 

A  single  specimen.     From  the  collection  of  the  Entomological  Soci- 
ety of  Philadelphia,  collected  in  Virginia. 

Hedya  salicicolana  n.  s. — -Fore  wings  blackish-brown,  with  dark  leaden  mark- 
ings lustrous  and  tinted  with  bluish.  The  basal  patch  has  its  posterior  elge 
slightly  rounded,  scarcely  angulated.  The  central  fascia  is  oblique,  nearly  of 
e  (ual  breadth  and  is  blackish-brown.  Between  the  central  fascia  and  the  basal 
patch  is  a  dark  leaden  band  having  a  bluish,  lustrous  tinge,  and  tlie  apical  por- 
tion of  the  wing  is  of  the  same  hue.  varied  with  blackish.  Tlie  ocelloid  patch 
is  not  distinct  and  is  marked  by  a  few  streaks  of  black  and  a  small  patch  of 


1864.]  ,  515 

brownish  and  white  scales.  The  costa  is  slightly  geminated  with  white  from 
the  basal  patch  to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  with  intermediate  blackish  brown 
stripes,  one  of  which  is  extended  to  the  hinder  margin  beneath  the  tip.  Hind 
wings  dark  fuscous. 

Mr.  B.  D.  Walsh,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  a  suite  of  specimens, 

says  respecting  its  larval  life,  that  "  it  mines  a  gall  like  a  rose,  on  a 

dwarf  upland  willow,  Sali.r  humilh,  which  I  call  salicis  rhxIoldcK^  and 

swarms  in  it,  several  being  found   in  each  gall.     I  have  bred  over  a 

hundred,  but,  as  is  the  case  with  the  other  specimens  sent  herewith,  it 

varies  but  little,  I  send  only  a  few."     The  larvae  are  found  from  Aug. 

1st  to  the  24th. 

Hedya  saliciana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  brown,  slightly  testaceous,  marked  with 
white  clouded  witli  brownish.  The  basal  patch  has  its  posterior  edge  strongly 
angulated.  The  central  fascia  is  often  illy  marked,  oblique  and  of  the  general 
hue.  Between  the  central  fascia  and  the  basal  patch  is  an  angulated  band 
which  is  whitish  on  the  inner  margin  and  towards  the  costa  is  clouded  with 
brownish  or  testaceous-brown ;  the  apical  portion  of  the  wing  is  of  the  same 
hue  as  the  central  band  and  is  varied  with  brownish,  and  at  the  ocelloid  patch 
with  a  few  black  stripes.  The  costa  is  slightly  marked  with  white  from  the 
basal  patch. 

Variety  a.  The  ornamentation  is  the  same,  except  that  the  basal  patch  is 
reddish-brown  and  the  wing  exterior  to  the  basal  patch  is  suffused  with  dark 
reddish,  leaving  however  on  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin  a  whitish  patch 
more  or  less  sufl'used  with  reddish. 

Variety  P.  The  basal  patch  is  dull  reddish-brown  and  the  wing  exterior  to  it 
is  nearly  uniform  ochreous-gray,  without  distinct  markings. 

Mr.  Walsh  informs  me  that  H.  saliciana  mines  a  cabbage-like  gall 

peculiar  to  Sa/ix  loiigif<jlia.     Variety  «,  mines  a  pine-cone-like  gall  on 

Salix  cordata,  and  I  suppose  variety  fi  inhabits  the  same  gall. 

DITULA  ? 

Costa  broadly  folded,  closely  aj^pressed  and  rounded.  Apical  vein  of  fore 
wings  simple.     Antennae  ciliated,  not  subserrate  and  plumose. 

Ditulal  blandana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  reddish  ochreous,  with  the  central  fascia 
reddish-brown,  oblique,  and  somewhat  diffuse  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing. 
On  the  costa  exterior  to  the  central  fascia,  is  a  conspicuous,  triangular  white 
spot,  having  on  the  side  next  the  hinder  margin  a  rounded,  reddisli  brown 
spot  projecting  into  the  costal  white  spot.  The  whitish  portion  of  the  wing, 
exterior  to  the  central  fascia  is  striated  with  redtlish-brown.  Hind  wings  pale 
fuscous.     Head  and  labial  palpi  reddish-ochreous. 

A  single  specimen,  not  in  good  condition,  from  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. 

of  Brunswick,  Maine. 


516  I  [December 

CNEPHASIAT  Curtis. 

Cnephasia?  maculidorsana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  shining,  ashen  gray,  markpii 
with  lirown.  Near  the  base  of  the  wing,  on  tlie  fold,  is  a  patch  hhiekish-l)rowii 
above  the  fold,  and  russet-brown  beneatii  it.  The  central  fascia,  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  costa  is  russet-brown,  margined  interiorly  witli  dark  brown.  Near 
the  costal  origin  of  the  central  fascia,  arises  a  verv  obli(iue.  russet-colored  line, 
wliich  runs  into  a  russet-colored  subterminal  line,  containing  a  series  of  dark 
brown  dots:  neither  of  these  lines  are  very  distinctly  marked,  but  this  may  be 
owing  to  the  imperfect  condition  of  the  specimen  under  description.  Hind 
wings  fuscous. 

Two  imperfect  specimens  from  A..  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  Maine. 

PERONEA  Curtis. 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Aug.  1860,  p.  .347. 
Peronea  flavivittana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  dark  brown,  slightly  marked  witli 
blackish.  Along  the  dorsal  margin  is  a  yellow  streak  limited  towards  the  costa, 
by  the  fold  of  the  wing.  In  the  middle  of  the  wing  is  an  oblique  line  of  ele- 
vated scales  and  two  yellow  tufts  on  the  fold  of  the  wing,  one  near  the  middle 
and  the  other  near  the  end  of  it.  Hind  wings  pale  fuscous.  Head  ochreous: 
labial  palpi  dark  ochreous. 

Resembles  the  European  variety  of  P.  HasfiaiKi  named  romhusfanfi. 
A  sintile  specimen.      From  collection  of  the  Entomological  Society 
of  Philadelphia,  collected  in  Virginia. 

Peronea  gallicolana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  dull  ochreous  or  whitish  tinted  with 
ochreous.  Near  the  middle  of  the  costa  is  a  semi-oval  blackish-brown  spot  con- 
taining blackish  dots,  and  sometimes  a  whitish  spot  on  the  costa.  Along  the 
interior  edge  of  this  costal  spot  are  a  few  tufts,  and  near  the  base  of  the  fold  of 
the  wing  is  a  single  black  one.  The  costa  near  the  base  is  slightly  marked 
with  blackish  and  the  apical  portion  of  the  wing  is  clouded  with  reddish-ochre- 
ous-reddish.     Hind  wings  shining,  rather  dark  gray. 

Mr.  Benj.  D.  Walsh  has  bred  thirteen  specimens  of  this  imago  from 
the  gall  s<ilicis  i^trohilouhs  and  s.  hi-dsst'coufes,  from  Aug.  27th  to  Sept. 
11th.     I  am  indebted  to  him  for  four  specimens. 

CRCESIA?  Hubner. 
Troc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Aug.  1860,  p.  .352. 

Croesia'?  unifasciana  n.  s. — Fore  wings,  fine  deep  yellow,  marked  with  dark 
red.  The  costa  at  the  base  is  touched  with  deep  red.  and  from  the  basal  tliird 
of  the  costa  starts  an  oblique,  i-atlier  narrow  band  of  the  same  hue.  interrupted 
over  the  fold  of  the  wing,  leaving  a  spot  on  the  inner  margin  a  little  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  wing.  Near  the  tip  are  two  deep  red  spots,  one  on  the  costa 
behind  the  tip,  the  other  nearer  the  hinder  margin  beneath  the  tip.  Hind 
wings  pale  fuscous-yellow. 

Croesia T  fulvoroseana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  golden  yellow.  At  the  base  of  the 
costa  is  a  roseate  or  pale  red  spot,  and  at  the  basal  and  apical  third  of  the  costa 


1HG4.]  517 

are  two  spots  of  the  same  hue,  which  are  connected  by  a  Y  shnperl  mark,  that 
starts  from  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin.  The  apical  mars^in  of  the  wing  is 
roseate,  Init  the  cilia  are  yellowish.     Hind  wings  fuscous-yellow. 

Head  yellowish  touched  with  reddish.     Labial  palpi  reddish. 

Length  of  fore  wing  3.50  lines. 

This  imago  may  be  identical  with  imi/asciana  and  the  differences 
between  them  in  ornamentatioti  may  be  either  sexual  or  the  conse- 
(juence  of  variation. 

A  single  specimen  not  in  good  condition,  from  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. 

CroesiaT  Virginiana  n.  s. — Female'  P^'ore  wings  bright  shining  yellow.  The 
Y-like  mark  that  arises  from  a  small  patch  on  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin, 
is  sanguineous;  the  branch  nearest  the  base  of  the  wing  is  entire,  rather  broad 
and  reaches  the  costa  at  the  basal  third:  the  branch  towards  the  hinder  mar- 
gin is  interrupted  at  the  post-apical  vein  and  on  the  costa  above  it  is  an  iso- 
lated, nearly  round  sanguineous  spot.  Between  the  exterior  branch  of  the  Y- 
like  mark  and  the  hinder  margin,  are  free  reticulations  of  the  same  hue,  the 
transverse  markings  of  which  are  broad  and  one  of  these  beneath  the  tip  of 
the  wing  forms  a  spot.  Similar  reticulations,  although  not  so  heavy,  exist  be- 
tween the  branches  of  the  Y-like  mark.  Towards  the  base  of  the  wing,  the 
reticulations  are  fainter.     Hind  wings  dark  fuscous. 

Male?  Fore  wings  rather  pale  yellow.  The  Y-like  mark  is  of  a  brownish- 
red  hue.  The  exterior  branch  is  less  distinctly  interrupted  and  is  connected 
with  the  costal  spot  by  a  slender  line,  and  at  the  point  opposite  the  costal  spot, 
it  is  bent  towards  the  hinder  margin  beneath  the  tip,  where  it  forms  a  small 
roundish  spot.  The  wing  is  less  reticulated  than  in  the  female.  Hind  wings 
blackish-brown. 

Length  of  fore  wing  9  ^  lines;  %  3  lines. 

From  the  collection  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
collected  in  Virginia. 

Croesia?  gallivorana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  of  a  rich,  deep  straw  color,  reticu- 
lated with  reddish-orange.  The  Y-like  mark  is  replaced  by  a  purplish-red 
patch  near  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  slightly  produced  towards  the  apex 
of  the  wing,  a  spot  of  the  same  hue  on  the  basal  third  of  the  costa.  and  a  small 
one  of  the  same  hue  near  the  tip  of  the  wing,  extended  along  the  hinder  mar- 
gin, and  witli  which  the  patch  on  the  inner  margin  is  more  or  less  connected 
by  its  short  exterior  branch.  Cilia  yellowish.  Hind  wings  whitish,  tinted  with 
fuscous.  Thorax  yellow,  with  a  reddish-orange  stripe  on  each  side.  Patagi.i 
yellow,  touched  in  front  with  reddish-orange.  Antennse  fuscous,  reddish- 
orange  at  base.   Head  yellow.     Palpi  reddish-orange,  yellow  above. 

Length  of  fore  wing,  3  lines. 

Mr.  Benj.  ]).  Walsh,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  male  specimen 
above  described,  makes  the  following  remarks  respecting  it :  "  Bred 
August  24th  from  the  gall    0.  brassicoides  Walsh  MS.      On   August 


518 


[Decemreh 


24th  I  bred  a  9  1  which  only  differs  from  the  %  in  being  considerably 
larger  (expanse  .77  inch),  and  in  the  dark  costal  spot  being-  eon- 
fluent  with  the  discoidal  dark  markings,  so  as  to  form  an  elbow. 
I'erhaps  Mr.  Walsh  intends  thus  to  describe  the  Y-like  mark  of 
the  fore  wings,  which  probably  exists  in  the  female,  while  in  the 
male  its  branches,  both  the  exterior  and  interior,  are  almost  want- 
ing. He  continues :  "  I  have  two  captured  species  in  my  collec- 
tion, colored  and  marked  very  like  gallicolana,  but  differing  from  it  in 
the  front  wing  being  proportionally  shorter  in  comparison  with  its 
breadth,  and  fiom  each  other  in  their  markings.  I  have  bred  but  a 
single  S  9  of  this  species." 

I  have  described  these  various  forms  as  distinct  for  the  reason  that 
the  eye  detects  differences  in  them,  without  however  believing  that 
they  are  all  specifically  distinct.  If  I  should  make  a  conjecture,  I 
should  say  that  G?  gallicolana  is  the  true  species  and  that  Virgiaiaiut 
and  fulvoroseana  are  most  probably  variations  of  it.  There  is  amongst 
the  Tortrices  greater  specific  variation  than  in  any  other  group  of  lepi- 
doptera,  and  some  of  the  European  variations  would  be  readily  pro- 
nounced from  their  ornamentation  to  be  true  species. 

PTYCHOLOMA?  Leach. 

Hind  wings,  costal  and  subcostal 
veins  with  independent  origins.  The 
branches  of  the  subcostal  slightly 
connivent.  The  median  4-branched 
the  posterior  much  sepai-ated  from 
the  other  branches,  which  are  aggre- 
gated. The  cell  is  closed  by  a  discal 
vein  without  branches. 

FoitJ  wings,  the  costa  is  broadly 
folded  in  the  S  and  regularly  arcuated  in  the  9  ;  the  tip  of  the  wing- 
is  rounded  and  obtuse,  hinder  margin  oblique,  the  length  rather  more 
than  twice  the  breadth. 

Head  and  eyes  small.     Antenn;^  in  the  S  minutely  ciliated  ;  in  the 

9  simple.  Palpi  as  long  as  the  head,  rather  slender,  slightly  curved  and 

ascending  to  the  middle  of  the  face  and  clothed  with  sfiort  scales;  the 

apical  joint  minute  and  ovoid ;  the  middle  joint  appears  to  be  truncate 


4a  Head  of  P  ?  semifuscana  9  • 
4b  Fore  wing.     4c  Hind  wing. 


1864.] 


519 


from  its  clothing  which  consists  of  dense^  short  scales,  and  is  three  or 
four  times  longer  than  the  apical  joint. 

The  abdomen  in  the  S  is  tufted. 

The  fold  of  the  fore  wings  is  not  closely  appressed  to  the  surface  and 
has  the  appearance  of  being  rolled.-  The  surface  of  the  fore  wings  has 
a  rough,  peculiar  appearance,  without,  however,  having  any  raised  scales 
upon  them.  I  cannot  determine  whether  it  is  the  same  as  the  furry 
appearance  described  as  peculiar  to  Ptijcholoma  Leclteana  of  Europe. 

Ptycholoma  ?  semifuscana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  wliite  along  the  costa  and  hinder 
margin,  marked  with  testaceous-brown,  ochreous  and  tarnished  silvery  stripes 
and  spots.  The  wing  from  about  tlie  middle  of  the  disk  to  the  inner  margin  is 
a  dark  brown  or  testeceous-brown  varied  with  ochreous  ;  at  the  base  is  an  och- 
reous-brown  patch  containing  a  few  tarnished  or  dull  silvery  spots,  and  at  the 
anal  angle  is  a  large,  somewhat  obliquely  p'aced,  quadrate,  testaceous-brown 
patch,  margined  with  ochreous,  and  this  and  the  basal  patch  are  separated  by  a 
dull  silvery  stripe.  The  quadrate  patch  contains  numerous,  dull  silvery  spots. 
On  the  costa  uear  the  tip  is  a  dark  spot  of  tarnished  scales,  having  on  each  side 
an  ochreous  stripe  forming  a  V,  throwing  off  from  its  lower  part  another  stripe 
along  the  hinder  margin.  With  these  stripes  alternate  others  of  a  dull  silvery 
hue.  Cilia  whitish.  Hind  wings  dark  fuscous.  Head  brown,  somewhat  ochre- 
ous in  front.     Palpi  dark  ochreous.     AntennsB  dark  fuscous. 

I  have  before  me  three  males  and  one  female,  all  in  bad  condition, 
except  one  of  the  former.  The  specimens  are  from  the  collection  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  collected  in  Virginia,  and 
Mr.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.  of  Maine 

STEGANOPTYCHA  ?  Stephens. 

Hind  wings,  the  branches  of  the  subco.stal  vein 
are  very  connivent  towards  their  origin,  the  lower 
branch  giving  origin  to  the  discal  vein,  which  is 
short  and  augulated.  The  median  vein  is  four- 
branched,  the  central  branch  being  furcate  from 
tlie  middle  or  near  its  tip  and  the  superior  branch 
receiving  the  discal  vein  at  an  angle;  posterior 
vein  not  remote. 

Fore  wings,  rather  narrow  in  proportion  to 
width  ;  tip  rather  acute,  the  hinder  margin  beneath 
it  slightly  excavated,  anal  angle  rounded  obliquely. 


ja  Head  of  8  '  ochre- 
ana.  5b  Fore  wing. 
5c  Hind  wing.* 


The  veins   to  the    hinder  margin  are    somewhat 


*The  artist  has  represented  the  last  branch  of  the  median  vein,  furcate  at 
the  tip;  it  should  have  beeu  the  middle  branch. 


•3-0  [December 

ajigregated    and    the    branches   of  the   mediau   vein    are   turned   up- 
ward . 

Head  and  eyes,  rather  small.  Labial  palpi  a  little  longer  than  the 
head;  densely  clothed  with  long  scales,  beneath  and  towards  the  tip, 
conrcalin(j  the  apical  joint  or  almost  concealinf/  it ;  rather  slender  to- 
wards the  basal  joint;  on  the  upper  edge,  curved  from  the  base  almost- 
to  the  tip  and  ordinarily  applied  to  the  face. 

Steganoptycha  ?  ochreana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  pale  yellowish,  the  portion  of 
the  wing  clouded  with  pale  ochreous-brown.  The  costa  from  the  middle  of  the 
wing  to  the  tip,  is  streaked  with  ochreous-brown.  The  oeelloid  patch  is  white 
and  contains  two  ochreous-brown  streaks  and  two  black  dots.  The  hinder 
margin,  at  the  base  of  the  cilia  is  dusted  with  black.  Cilia  ochreous.  Hind 
wings  whitish  tinged  with  yellowish. 

Collection  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  from  Vir- 
ginia. 

Steganoptycha  variana  n.  s. — Fore  wings  white,  with  numerous  blackish- 
lirown  spots  and  i)atches,  marbled  with  interrupted  streaks  and  dusted  with 
the  same  hue.  Near  the  base  of  the  wing,  over  the  fold,  is  a  somewhat  trian- 
gular blackish-brown,  dorsal  patch,  another  smaller  one  near  the  anal  angle 
over  the  fold  and  an  irregular  patch  above  it  over  the  nervules,  of  the  same 
hue.  The  inner  margin  is  spotted  with  blackish-brown  from  the  base,  and  the 
costa  is  marked  with  oblique  streaks  of  the  same  hue,  leaving  between  them, 
white,  geminated,  oblique  streaks,  which  near  the  tip  have  a  blackish,  central 
dot.  The  third  blackish  streak  from  the  tip,  is  extended  into  an  oblique  mar- 
ginal patch,  that  reaches  along  the  hinder  margin  beyond  its  middle.  The  ex- 
treme tip  is  blackish-brown.  The  oeelloid  patch  is  indistinctly  silvery,  divided 
in  the  middle  by  a  faint  blackish  line.  Cilia  white  dusted  with  blackish.  Hind 
wings,  grayish  fuscous. 

Head  and  paljii  whitish,  the  latter  with  an  exterior  blackish-brown  spot  on 
the  middle  joint. 

From  A.  S.  Packard.  Jr.  of  Maine,  and  Easton.  Pennsylvania. 


1864.]  521 


Descriptions  of  North  American  LEPIDOPTERA— No.  5. 
BY    AUG     R.    GROTE, 

Curator  of  Entomology,  Buffalo  Society  Natural  Sciences. 

ALYPIA,  Hubner. 
Alypia  Ridingsii,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  5,  fig.  1.  %.) 

Anterior  winj^s  black,  with  a  slight  sub-cyaiieous  metallic  tinge,  apex 
produced,  rounded,  costa  swelled  at  base.  A  large  basal  sub-triangular 
very  pale  yellow  spot  on  the  median  vein,  beyond  which  is  a  small 
rounded  similarly  colored  spot  on  the  disc.  In  the  terminal  space  is  a 
series  of  five  paler  elongate  spots,  neatly  separated  by  the  black  veins. 
Posterior  wings  black,  a  single  moderate  pale  yellow  rounded  discal 
spot,  beyond  which,  in  the  terminal  half  of  the  wing,  is  a  large,  some- 
what ovate,  pale  yellow  spot,  divided  inferiorly  twice  by  the  black  veins. 
Fringes  on  all  the  wings  black,  except  on  the  apices  of  anterior  wings, 
where  they  are  marked  Avith  white ;  under  surface  resembling  upper. 
Head,  palpi,  orbits  of  the  eyes,  black;  prothorax  whitish;  teguh^,  tho- 
rax, abdomen  and  legs  black,  with  a  bluish  metallic  tinge  ;  middle 
tibiae  with  bright  orange  tufts  on  their  upper  surface,  not  reaching  the 
apex  of  the  joint.    %  .  Exp.  1.30  inch. 

ffahifaf.—Qohrado  Territory,  Mr.  Ridings.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 
Resembles  .-1.  MacCidlochii.  Kirby,  from  Canada,  but  difters  from 
Kirby's  figure  and  description  as  follows: — The  basal  spot  on  the  ante- 
rior wings  is  more  triangular,  not  elongated  outwardly,  nor  divided  by 
a  black  line,  the  vein  being  covered  with  identically  colored  scales;  the 
terminal  band  is  broader,  composed  of  five  instead  of  six  spots;  the 
"whitish  longitudinal  one"  of  the  under  surface,  "on  the  costal  area" 
is  wanting;  the  spots  on  the  posterior  wings  are  quite  diiferent,  there 
being  but  two  spots  in  our  species,  the  basal  one  small,  rounded,  undi- 
vided and  differently  placed;  the  "costal  streak"  is  also  wanting. 
Judging  from  Kirby's  figure,  the  costa  of  the  anterior  wings  in  our 
species  is  more  excavated,  apex  more  produced  and  rounded ;  the  teg- 
ulse  are  black,  not  white,  as  are  also  the  orbits  of  the  eyes.  Mr.  Walk- 
er's description  contradicts  Kirby's  in  giving  the  middle  tibiae  only 
orange  tufts,  a  character  1  have  given  to  the  present  species  with  some 
hesitation,  the  legs  in  the  single  specimen  1   have  being  imperfect, 


522  [December 

while  Kirby  describes  A.  MdcCullorhi!  as  having  orange  tufts  on  ante- 
rior and  middle  tibiae  like  A.  orfom'irit/nfa. 

I  name  this  species  after  its  discoverer,  Mr.  James  Ridings,  whose 
valued  labors  have  added  greatly  to  our  knowledge  of  North  American 
Lepidoptera. 

HEPIALUS.  Fabricius. 
Hepialus  pulcher.  n.  sp.  (Plate  5,  fig.  3.  % .) 

Anterior  wings  pale  brownish,  with  a  salmon  colored  tinge,  especially 
on  the  fringe  and  margins,  with  irregular  shaped  spots  and  bands  of 
silvery  white.  One  of  these  on  the  costa  at  base,  and  two  more  at  in- 
ternal margin  ;  along  the  center  of  the  wing  runs  an  irregular  baiul 
which  joins  within  internal  angle  an  oblique  sub-terminal  uneven  baud, 
which  latter  emerges  from  the  apex ;  a  sub-costal  discal  spot  joined  to 
the  central  band,  and  another  smaller  sub-costal  spot  before  the  apex; 
a  terminal  series  of  five  small  spots  extending  half  way  up  the  wing 
from  internal  ano;le  alon";  external  mar";in  ;  under  surface  immaculate. 
Posterior  wings  pale  blackish,  immaculate,  with  similarly  colored  fringes 
and  costa  as  anterior  wings.  Tborax  and  head  pale  soft  sable  brown, 
legs  and  antennje  darker ;  abdomen  somewhat  similarly  colored  with 
posterior  wings.    %  .  pjxp.  1.50  inch. 

Httbifat. — Colorado  Territory,  Mr.  J.  H.  Ridings.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.) 

Resembles  the  Labradorian  Hipiahis  Ju/pcrhoreus  Mlischler;  judg- 
ing from  the  figure  of  the  latter,  (W.  E.  M.  Vol.  6,  PI.  1,  fig.  1.)  our 
species  is  larger  and  the  coloration  different. 

Hepialus  gracilis,  nov.  sji.  (Plate  5,  fig.  4.  % .) 

Anterior  wings  cinereous,  with  very  sparse  squammation.  crossed 
obliquely  by  paler  undulate  bands,  of  which  the  best  defined  runs  from 
the  apex,  where  it  bi-oadly  bifurcates,  enclosing  a  small  costal  sub-apical 
dark  spot,  to  internal  margin  within  internal  angle,  with  a  double  inter- 
nal undulate  cinereous  line.  The  terminal  space  bordering  this  band 
is  covered  with  bronze  and  blackish  scales,  knd  a  space  below  the  me- 
dian vein  is  similarly  colored,  bordered  with  paler  scales  and  constricted 
before  internal  margin  ;  similarly  colored  scales  on  costa,  and  the  median 
space  beyond  the  disc  is  also  covered  with  them.  Posterior  wings  pale 
cinereous,  with  very  sparse  squammation,  a  small  sub-apical  costal  darker 
spot,  otherwise  without  markings.     Under  surfiice  of  both  pair  pale  ci- 


1864.]  523 

nereous,  reflecting  faintly  the  markings  of  the  upper  surface.  Head 
and  thorax  covered  with  dull  blackish  hairs,  those  on  metathorax  pale 
cinereous;  abdomen  cinereous.    %  .  Exp.  1.35  inch. 

ffahifat.—CauAdii  (Quebec),  Mr.  Bowles.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.;) 
This  delicate  species  is  very  fragile  in  appearance,  the  wings  being 
very  thinly  covered  with  scales,  more  so  than  any  species  of  the  genus 
known  to  me. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  J.  O.  Bowles,  of  Quebec,  for  the  typical  speci- 
men of  this  hitherto  undescribed  species. 

ARCTIA,  Schrank. 
Arctia  Blakei,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  5,  tig.  2.  9  •) 

Anterior  wings  blackish,  bands  very  pale  creamy  white.  A  mode- 
rately broad  band  runs  from  the  base  of  the  wing,  below  the  median 
vein,  longitudinally  to  internal  angle,  where  it  becomes  furcate,  and 
upon  which,  in  the  terminal  half  of  the  wing,  rests  a  series  of  similar 
bands  resembling  the  letter  K,  with  the  straight  stroke  turned  towards 
the  base  of  the  wing  and  the  upper  limb,  not  attaining  the  external 
margin,  reflexed  very  obliquely  to  costa ;  a  narrow  perpendicular  stripe 
runs  from  the  costa  across  the  disc,  joining  the  longitudinal  band,  some- 
times appearing  in  the  interspace  below  it;  two  costal  spots,  the  outer 
the  larger,  and  from  which  latter  a  very  narrow  stripe  runs  interrupt- 
edly to  the  longitudinal  band  and  appears  below  it,  broader,  distinct, 
and  continued  to  internal  margin.  Median  and  sub-median  veins  at 
base  striped  with  same  color  as  the  bands;  internal  margin  and  fringes 
l«ale  creamy  white,  costa  striped  with  the  same  color  except  for  a  nar- 
row space  before  the  apex ;  under  surface  reflecting  the  ornamentation 
of  the  upper  surface  with  a  few  yellowish  scales  at  base.  Posterior 
wings  deep  yellow,  with  a  dull  red  tinge;  a  series  of  terminal  black 
spots  becoming  fu,sed  at  costal  angle,  the  one  at  anal  angle  the  largest; 
discal,  costal,  sub-costal  and  super-anal  spots,  present,  black ;  under  surface 
resembling  upper,  but  greatly  paler.  Abdomen  creamy  white,  shaded 
with  yellowish  red  on  its  upper  surf:ice  and  at  ba.se,  with  a  broad  dor- 
sal segmentary  series  of  black  maculations,  and  lateral  ones  reduced ; 
beneath  largely  marked  with  black.  Head  and  palpi  creamy  white ; 
orbits  of  the  eyes  black;  a  black  spot  on  the  vertex  between  the  anten- 
na?, which  latter  are  moderate,  bi-serrate,  blackish,  whitish  on  their 
outer  surface  except  at  extreme  tip.     Thorax  rather  deeper  creamy 


524  [December 

white,  with  two  prothoracic  auci  three  thoracic  black  inacuhitions ;  legs 
black,  marked  with  whitish;  posterior  tibia?  and  tarsi  distinctly  striped 
with  whitish  on  their  upper  surface.    9  .  Exp.  1.20  inch. 

Hahifaf. — Colorado  Territory,  Mr.  James  Ridings.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil) 

This  very  elegaut  and  distinct  little  species  resembles  A.  virgo  some- 
what in  the  coloration  and  ornamentation  of  the  posterior  wings,  as  also 
A.  lyliijUra  in  the  disposition  of  the  terminal  bands  on  anterior  pair, 
while  it  is  abundantly  distinct  from  either. 

I  dedicate  this  species  to  Charles  A.  Blake,  Esq..  of  Philadelphia, 
the  Entomologist,  and  my  kind  friend. 

LAGOA.  Harris. 
Lagoa  cretata,  nov.  sp. 

Anterior  wings  straighter  along  the  costa  than  in  L.  crispata,  Pack- 
ard MSS..  smooth,  silky,  milk  white,  immaculate;  fringes  concolorous. 
Posterior  wings  and  fringes  similar.  Thorax  clothed  with  long  pure 
white  hair ;  head  clear  pale  lemon-yellow  between  the  antennae,  black- 
ish beneath ;  antenna;  pale  fulvous  brown,  stem  white  at  base,  shorter 
and  less  deeply  pectinate  than  in  the  allied  species;  abdomen  white, 
marked  with  fulvous  on  the  segments  as  in  L.  crittjKita ;  dorsal  hairs 
white,  except  a  large  pale  lemon-yellow  tuft  at  base.  S  .  Exp.  1.20 
icch. 

Hahifaf. — Southern  States,  (Louisiana.)  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 
Readily  distinguished  from  the  already  described  species  of  the  genus 
by  the  pure  white  smooth  immaculate  anterior  wings,  with  straighter 
costal  margin.  The  glossy  wings  of  this  species  recall  those  of  the  ge- 
nus Porthesia,  with,  however,  ditt'ering  scjuammation,  showing  the  po- 
sition of  Lagoa  among  the  Liparidtc.  In  the  event  of  more  material 
rendering  a  generic  separation  of  the  present  species  necessary,  I  pro- 
pose the  name  of  Ulosota  for  the  new  genus. 

NOCTTJA,  Linnaeus. 
Noctua  brunneicoUis,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  5,  fig.  5.  %.) 

Anterior  wings  narrow,  cinereous,  with  a  uniform,  more  or  less  de- 
termined, reddish  shade;  ordinary  lines  dark,  distinct  but  interrupted. 
Basal  half-line  blackish,  distinct,  straight;  transverse  anterior  blackish, 
geminate,  nearly  straight,  forming  three  even  curves.  Ordinary  spots 
large,  distinct,  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  wing,  annulated  with  a 


1864.]  525 

darker  line,  the  reniform  broad,  but  slightly  excavated  externally; 
transverse  posterior  line  sub-obsolete,  forming  black  dots  on  the  veins, 
between  each  of  which  the  line  forms  an  inward  undulation  ;  sub-ter- 
minal line  diffuse,  blackish,  broadly  marked  at  the  costa,  immediately 
below  which  it  is  interrupted,  thence  with  a  single  outward  inclination 
it  is  continued  distinct  to  internal  margin  ;  fringes  long,  darker  than 
the  rest  of  the  wing.  Posterior  wings  broad,  very  pale  grayish  testa- 
ceous, immaculate,  concolorous,  very  slightly  darker  shaded  along  ex- 
ternal margin.  Under  surface  of  anterior  wings  reddish  along  the 
costa,  rest  of  the  wing  blackish  cinereous,  paler  along  terminal  margin ; 
under  surface  of  posterior  wings  similar  to  upper  surface  except  along 
the  costa.  where  they  are  powdered  with  reddish  and  grayish  scales ; 
both  pair  crossed  by  a  very  indistinct  blackish  line.  Palpi  and  head 
reddish  brown,  latter  darker  ou  the  vertex  ;  collar  very  dark  reddish 
brown,  distinctly  contrasted  with  the  thorax  and  togulaj  which  share  ^ 
the  coloration  of  anterior  wings.  Abdomen  somewhat  flattened,  dark 
grayish  testaceous  above,  beneath,  with  anal  tuft,  of  a  more  reddish  hue. 
Legs  dark  grayish,  becoming  brown  ou  the  tibite  and  tarsi,  latter 
marked  with  testaceous  at  base.    %  .  <i  .  Exp.  1.40  to  1.50  inch. 

Habitat.— mdd\e  States.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

Allied  to  Noctua  clandentiiin,  Harris  ( Graphlphora  lubruans.  Walk.) 
and  belonging  to  the  genus  Graphiphora  of  some  Authors.  It  is,  how- 
ever, to  this  and  allied  forms  that  Linnseus'  generic  term  Noctua  is  at 
present  restricted  and  should  be  applied.  My  correspondence  with  Mr. 
Walker  has  elicited  the  information  that  the  present  species  has  not 
been  hitherto  described. 

Noctua  cupida,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  5,  fig.  7.  % .) 

Anterior  wings  uniform  reddish  ferruginous,  very  spar.sely  sprinkled 
with  blackish  scales,  darker  shaded  in  the  sub-terminal  space,  ordinary 
lines  dark,  indistinct.  Basal  line  very  fiiint,  geminate ;  transverse  an- 
terior geminate,  faint,  dentate  below  the  costa,  thence  regularly  undu- 
late to  internal  margin;  ordinary  spots  distinct,  annulated  with  a  paler 
shade,  the  orbicular  very  slightly  oblique,  concolorous  with  the  rest  of 
the  wing,  reniform  moderate,  with  an  evenly  blackish  center,  of  the 
normal  shape.  Transverse  posterior  line  geminate,  very  faint,  surmount- 
ed by  two  pale  costal  spots,  nearly  straight,  but  slightly  arcuated  at  the 


526  [Decembkr 

disc.  Sub-terminal  space  of  an  even  dull  brownish  color;  sub-terminal 
line  broadly  marked  with  blackish  at  costa,  forming  slightly  darker 
points  on  the  veins.  Terminal  space  concolorous  with  medinn  and 
basal  spaces;  fringes  blackish.  Posterior  wings  uniformly  blackish 
cinereous,  hardly  darker  shaded  along  external  margin,  silky,  immacu- 
late ;  fringes  paler,  with  a  central  darker  line.  Under  surface  of  an- 
terior wings  reddish  along  the  costa,  apex  and  fringes,  rest  of  the  wing 
blackish  cinereous,  with  a  median  blackish  transverse  line  indistinct 
except  at  costa ;  under  surface  of  posterior  pair  paler  than  the  upper 
surface,  shaded  with  reddish  along  the  costa,  irrorate  with  black  scales, 
and  with  a  faint  blackish  transverse  band  and  discal  spot.  Head, 
prothorax  and  thorax  reddish  ferruginous,  concolorous  with  anterior 
wings,  palpi  darker  laterally.  Abdomen  flattened,  pale  cinereous,  red- 
dish along  the  sides  and  at  the  anus.  Exp.  %  1.3U  inch. 
Rab  if  at. —mdd\e  States.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

This  would  aprear  to  resemble  Graphiphora  e.ipansa  and  G.  Jucun- 
da  of  Mr.  Walker  by  the  description  of  these  latter  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum Lists,  but  I  cannot  reconcile  the  diagnoses  with  the  present  spe- 
cies. 

Noctua  alternata,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  5,  fig.  8.  9-) 

Anterior  wings  pale  dull  ochraceous,  .slightly  olivaceous,  sub-termi- 
nal space  brownish,  with  a  purplish  lustre,  terminal  space  very  pale 
ochraceous,  ordinary  lines  geminate,  distinct,  brownish.  ]3asal,  sub- 
basal  and  median  spaces,  uniform  dull  dark  ochraceous,  slightly  paler 
at  extreme  base  and  toward  the  costa,  median  space  partially  shaded 
with  a  purplish  lustre.  Basal  half-line  geminate,  distinct,  brownish ; 
transverse  anterior  oblique,  geminate,  with  a  simple  sub-costal  denta- 
tion, thence  undulate  to  internal  margin.  Ordinary  spots  very  distinct, 
surrounded  by  paler  annuli,  with  brownish  centers,  the  reniform  slightly 
shaded  with  ferruginous;  transverse  posterior  line  geminate,  interrupted, 
nearly  straight,  but  little  arcuated  at  the  disc,  followed  by  minute  black 
dots  on  the  veins,  which  latter  are  paler  in  the  sub-terminal  space. 
Sub-terminal  space  dark  brownish,  with  a  purplish  luster,  distinctly  re- 
lieved from  the  terminal  space  by  the  sub-terminal  darker  marginal 
line,  which  is  lo.st  inwardly,  owing  to  the  dark  color  of  the  sub-terminal 
space.     Terminal  space  paler  than  the  median  and  basal  spaces,  with  a 


1864.]  527 

series  of  terminal  blackish  dots  between  the  veins,  fringes  dark.  Pos- 
terior wings  uniform  blackish  cinereous,  hardly  darker  shaded  along 
external  margin,  immaculate  ;  fringes  paler  with  a  blackish  central  line. 
Head  and  prothorax  rather  bright  ochraceous;  tegulae  and  thorax  con- 
colorous  with  anterior  wings;  abdomen  cinereous  above,  with  reddish 
anal  tuft  and  shaded  with  the  same  color  beneath.  Under  surface  of 
anterior  wings  reddish  along  the  costa  and  external  margin,  rest  of  the 
wing  blackish  cinereous,  with  a  median  transverse  blackish  line  nearly 
straight  and  quite  distinct;  under  surface  of  posterior  wings  irrorate 
with  black  scales,  shaded  with  reddish,  especially  on  the  costa,  and 
with  a  median  transverse  distinct  black  line  and  discal  spot.  Exp.  %  . 
1.40  inch. 

Habitat.— Middle  States.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

On  examining  the  ornamentation  of  this  species  it  is  seen  to  be  very 
similar  to  that  of  H.  ctipida,  while  the  coloration  is  very  diiferent.  It 
is  a  slightly  larger  and  more  robust  species,  the  reniform  spot  is  rela- 
tively larger  and  nearly  concolorous  with  the  orbicular,  while  the  ordi- 
nary spots  are  dissimilarly  colored  in  JV.  i-upida. 

Noctua  vittifrons,  nov.  sjj.  (Plate  5,  fig.  6.  9  ■) 

Anterior  wings  blackish,  ordinary  lines  interrupted,  pale;  a  broad 
costal  dull  cream-colored  band;  ordinary  spots  sub-obsolete.  Trans- 
verse anterior  line  undulate,  indistinct;  orbicular  spot  wanting,  reniform 
irregular,  dark  cream  color;  transverse  posterior  line  very  slightly  bent 
at  the  disc,  followed  by  a  series  of  similarly  colored  spots  on  the  veins, 
which  latter  are  darker  shaded  in  the  terminal  space;  sub-terminal  line 
undulate,  continued',  broadly  marked  at  costa ;  fringes  somewhat  paler 
than  the  wing.  Under  surface  whitish,  with  a  blackish  sub-terminal 
shade,  broadest  at  co>sta.  Posterior  wings  whitish,  immaculate,  with 
pale  brownisli  scales  along  the  veins ;  fringes  whitish.  Under  surface 
whitish,  sprinkled  with  pale  brownish  along  the  costa  and  at  costal 
angle.  Collar  concolorous  with  the  costal  band  of  anterior  wings,  but 
with  a  deeper  tint  at  the  center;  head  blackish,  paler  on  the  front; 
palpi  blackish,  terminal  joint  pale;  thorax  and  tegulae  blackish;  abdo- 
men cinereous  above,  paler  underneath ;  legs  cinereous,  tarsi  paler. 
Exp.  9  .  1.35  inch. 

/7a6iVa<.— Colorado  Ter.,  Mr.  J.  Ridings.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 


528  [December 

With  JVoctua  pJecfa  Linn,  and  ^V.  ochrogaster  Gruenee  belonging  to 
Boisduval's  genus  Chersofis  (Ocliropleura  Hiibn.)  It  is  a  more  robust 
and  darker  colored  species  than  these,  and  with  them  cannot  be  gene- 
rically  separated  from  the  other  species  of  the  genus  JVoctua. 

ANTHCECIA,  Boisduval. 
Anthoecia  jaguarina,  Guenee. 

Mr.  Ridings  has  collected  many  %  and  9  specimens  of  this  fine  spe- 
cies in  Colorado  Territory,  which  were  taken  with  the  following  new 
species  of  the  genus  on  flowers  during  the  month  of  August. 

As  I  have  never  seen  specimens  of  this  species  from  the  Eastern  or 
Middle  States,  and  it  would  seem  to  occur  frequently  in  Colorado,  it  is 
probable  that  a  more  Western  Habitat  should  be  given  to  this  species 
than  is  understood  by  the  one  accorded  to  it  by  M.  Guenee. 

The  specimens  do  not  vary  materially  from  M.  Guenee's  figure  and 
description,  or  from  each  other.  The  general  color  is  paler,  the  mark- 
ings less  distinct  than  in  M.  Guenee's  somewhat  disproportionate  figure, 
and  the  markings  of  the  under  surface  are  in  certain  specimens  nearly 
obsolete. 
Anthoecia  mortua,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  6,  fig.  1.  % .) 

Anterior  wings  evenly  and  entirely  pale  yellowish  ochraceous,  all  the 
markings  obsolete ;  certain  paler  undefined  marks  on  the  costa  indicate 
the  position  of  the  median  lines  which  are  not  perceptible ;  terminal 
space  a  little  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  wing.  Posterior  wings  yellow, 
without  markings  except  a  terminal  black  band  interrupted  with  yellow 
on  the  terminal  margin  at  about  the  middle.  Under  surface  of  both 
wings  paler  than  upper  surface  of  anterior  wingSj  with  a  terminal  dis- 
continued blackish  shade  band,  and,  on  anterior  wings,  a  faint  discal 
spot  and  a  few  yellowish  hairs  at  base.  Head,  palpi,  thorax,  legs  and 
abdomen,  pale  yellowish  ochraceous ;  of  these  the  thorax  is  a  little  the 
darkest.     Exp.  %  .  1.10  inch. 

Habitat.— Colorado  Territory,  Mr.  James  Ridings.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.) 

The  anterior  tibiae  in  the  present,  as  in  A.  Jaguarina  and  all  the 
species  about  to  be  described,  are  furnished  with  a  terminal  series  of 
stout  short  black  regularly  diminishing  spines. 

Anthoecia  Packardii,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  6,  fig.  2.  9  .) 

Anterior  wings-  produced  at  apex,  obscure  olivaceous  ochraceous, 


1864.]  .  529 

darker  in  sub-terminal  space,  all  the  lines  narrow,  very  indistinct  and 
paler.  Basal  half-line  faint ;  median  space  lighter  shaded ;  median 
lines  more  distinctly  marked  at  costa,  the  transverse  anterior  angulated 
at  median  vein  thence  straight  to  internal  margin,  transverse  posterior 
arcuated  at  the  disc,  the  point  of  reflection  approximate  to  the  lower 
outer  corner  of  the  squarish  dark  colored  reniform  spot;  sub-terminal 
line  dark,  marked  at  costa,  interrupted,  indistinct.  Posterior  wings 
with  a  very  broad  terminal  black  band,  straightly  margined  inwardly ; 
a  very  narrow  pale  yellow  median  band,  constricted  greatly  in  the  mid- 
dle by  the  large  lunate  discal  spot,  which  is  absorbed  inwardly  by  the 
black  color  of  the  base  so  as  not  to  be  readily  separated  from  it;  fringes 
whitish  with  a  distinct  cinereous  line.  Thorax  and  head  colored  as 
anterior  wings,  abdomen  paler,  sprinkled  with  reddish  underneath,  as 
are  also  the  legs  on  the  outside.  Under  surface  of  anterior  wings  pale 
yellow,  with  a  large  basal,  and  rounded  discal,  black  spots;  terminal 
band  black,  very  wide,  tapering  to  costa,  leaving  the  apex  and  apical 
terminal  margin  ochraceous;  costa  with  reddish  scales.  Under  surface 
of  posterior  wings  yellowish,  the  broad  terminal  black  band  is  continued 
a  little  over  half  the  width  of  the  wing  from  anal  angle;  costa,  and  termi- 
nal margin  below  the  apex,  sprinkled  with  reddish  scales;  base  with  a 
black  spot  more  or  less  divided  by  yellowish  scales,  widely  separated  from 
costal  margin  ;  internal  margin  marked  with  blackish.  9  9  Exp.  1.10 
inch. 

Habitat. — Colorado  Territory,  Mr.  James  Ridings.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.) 

Larger  and  sufficiently  distinct  from  A.  li/nx^  of  our  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  which  it  somewhat  resembles. 

I  name  this  fine  species  after  Mr.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  whose  ento- 
mological writings  I  very  greatly  appreciate. 

Anthoecia  nobilis,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  6,  fig.  3.  9  •) 

Very  much  resembling  A.  Packardii;  the  coloration  of  the  anterior 
wings  is  difiierent,  the  basal  and  sub-terminal  spaces  being  strongly 
tinged  with  reddish;  the  median  lines  are  distinct,  white;  the  transverse 
anterior  more  undulate ;  the  median  yellow  band  of  the  posterior  wings 
is  slightly  broader.  The  thorax  shares  the  reddish  tinge  of  the  basal 
and  sub-terminal  spaces  on  anterior  wings.  Notwithstanding  these 
differences,  it  has  much  the  same  general  appearance,  and  I  look  for 


530  •  .      [December 

more  material  from  the  locality  with  interest,  the  more  so  as  I  have  an 
individual  in  poor  condition  which  appears  intermediary.  Exp.  1.10 
inch. 

Habitat. — Colorado  Territory,  Mr.  James  Ridings.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.) 
Anthoecia  brevis,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  6,  fig.  4.) 

Thorax  robust;  wings  short;  abdomen  slender.  Anterior  wings  dark 
olivaceous,  shaded  with  dark  brown  in  basal  and  sub-terminal  spaces, 
ochraceous  in  median  and  terminal ;  median  lines  whitish,  distinct. 
Basal  half-line  obsolete;  transverse  anterior  line  forming  three  outward 
curves,  of  which  the  costal  one  is  a  simple  tooth ;  median  space  ochra- 
ceous, shaded  with  ohvaceous;  median  shade  undulate,  distinct,  bor- 
dering the  darker  ill-defined  reniform  spot;  transverse  posterior  line 
regularly  sinuate,  as  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  spreading  a  little 
on  the  veins  in  the  sub-terminal  space,  which  are  afterwards  marked 
with  blackish.  Sub-terminal  space  wide,  constricted  shortly  below  the 
costa  and  again  more  slightly  above  internal  angle,  owing  to  the  course 
of  the  sub-terminal  line  which  is  indistinct  but  somewhat  darker  than 
the  s.  t.  space  which  it  margins  outwardly;  terminal  space  narrow,  some- 
what darker  than  median ;  fringes  dark  ochraceous,  broadly  and  dis- 
tinctly interrupted  with  dark  olivaceous.  Posterior  wings  black,  with 
a  sub-basal  macular  band  of  three  small  dark  yellow  spots,  the  one  on 
the  costa  extending  along  the  same  to  base ;  fringes  whitish,  their  base 
yellowish,  internal  margin  lined  with  yellow  hairs.  Under  surface  of 
anterior  wings  yellowish ;  a  large  black  basal  spot  and  a  broad  sub-ter- 
minal black  band,  leaving  the  terminal  margin  entirely  yellowish  and 
absorbing  the  discal  spot;  costa  reddish.  Posterior  wings  largely 
marked  with  reddish  along  the  costa,  which  shade  tinges  superiorly  a 
sub-median  line  which  is  blackish  at  and  above  anal  angle,  where  it  is 
absorbed  by  the  wide  blackish  terminal  demi-band  which  it  borders 
internally ;  discal  spot  blackish  tinged  with  reddish,  base  blackish  in- 
feriorly.  Thorax  and  head  dark  ochraceous,  shaded  with  bright  ferru- 
ginous; abdomen  blackish  on  the  segments  above,  beneath  reddish  ochra- 
ceous, as  are  also  the  legs  and  under  surface  of  thorax.    %  S  .  Exp.  1  inch. 

A  9  specimen  (Plate  6.  fig.  5),  differs  by  the  pale  more  ochraceous 
thorax ;  the  abdomen  is  blackish  above  and  below  except  on  the  anal 
seo-ment.  the  under  surface  is  almost  entirely  blackish  while  the  upper 


& 


brevis,  Grote. 
Spraguei,  Grote. 
arcifera,  Guenee. 
marginata,  Haworth. 
rivulosa,  Guenee. 


1864.]  •  531 

surface  of  posterior  wings  is  entirely  black,  wanting  the  yellow  spots,  as 
well  as  the  yellow  hairs  along  internal  margin.  This  may  be  a  variety ; 
I  have  insufficient  material  to  determine  its  position ;  such  sexual  dif- 
erences  have  not  been  met  with  as  yet  in  the  genus. 

Hah  if  at. —Colorado  Territory,  Mr.  J.  Hidings.    (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 
The  present  species  presents  some  resemblances  to  the  description  of 
Anfhoecia  bina,  Guenee,  but  I  infer  that  that  species  is  generically  dis- 
tinct. 

If,  in  arranging  the  genera  of  the  subfamily  to  which  Anthoecia  be- 
longs, we  precede  this  genus  by  Heliothis  and  allies,  the  following 
seems  to  be  the  natural  order  of  its  species,  all  of  which  are  known  to 

me  in  nature. 

ANTHCECIA,  Boisd. 

jaguarina,  Guenee. 
mortua,  Grote. 
Packardii,  Grote. 
nobilis,  Grote. 
lynx,  Guenee. 

I  separate  from  this  genus  Meltcleptria  tuherculum,  Hiibner,  and 

Anthoecia  hina  Guenee,  joining  to  them  a  third,  hitherto  undescribed, 

from  Colorado  Territory,  under  the  generic  name  under  which  Hiibner 

described  the  first  species,  and  which  term  is  used  in  the  "  Verzeic- 

hniss"  for  the  species  o^  Heliothis. 

MELICLEPTRIA,  Hubner. 
Melicleptria  tuberculum,  Hubner. 

Melicleptria  tubercuium  Hiib.,  Zutr.  No.  259.  fig.  517,  518. 
Anthoecia  tuberculum  Guenee,  Noet.  II.  p.  185. 

Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Noet.  p.  695. 
Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  2.  p.  343. 
Habitat. — "  Pennsylvania,"  (Hubner.) 
Unknown  to  me. 

Melicleptria  bina. 

Anthoecia  bina  Guenee,  Noct.  II.  p.  186. 

Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Noct.  p.  695. 
Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  2.  p.  344. 
Habitat. — "  North  America,"  (Guenee.) 
Unknown  to  me. 

Melicleptria  villosa,  uov.  sp.  (Plate  6,  fig.  6.  9-) 

Wings  blackish ;  the  anterior  pair  evenly  covered  with  olivaceous 


^^2  [December 

yellow  hairs,  giving  them  a  paler  appearance  than  the  secondaries,  and 
in  certain  lights  a  somewhat  golden  reflection.  A  single  line,  the 
transverse  posterior,  present,  whitish,  arcuated,  distinct;  reniform  spot 
large,  whitish,  rounded,  prominent ;  terminal  space  paler  than  the  rest 
of  the  wing.  Posterior  wings  black,  with  a  median  macular  band  cor- 
responding to  the  transverse  posterior  line  of  the  anterior  wings,  con- 
sisting of  two  disconnected  whitish  spots;  fringes  whitish.  Under 
surface  prominently  marked :  anterior  wings  black  at  base,  along  the 
costa,  and  on  terminal  space  except  the  apex  which  is  whitish,  median 
space  white,  with  a  large  black  discal  spot ;  posterior  wings  with  the 
internal  margin,  base,  a  discontinued  broad  terminal  demi-band  and 
large  discal  spot,  black;  costa  and  rest  of  the  wing  white.  Thorax  and 
abdomen  blackish,  former  covered  with  olivaceous  hairs,  which  become 
paler  on  the  prothorax  and  underneath ;  terminal  abdominal  segment 
whitish,  ovipositor  exerted.    $  .  Exp.  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Colorado  Territory.  Mr.  James  Ridings.     (Coll.  Ent  Soc 
Phil.) 

CATOCALA,  Ochsenheimer. 
Catocala  piatrix.  Grote. 

Catocala jnatrix,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  3.  p.  88.  PI.  ,3.  fig.  3.  -J,. 
%  9  .  Anterior  wings  slightly  silky,  dark  brownish,  sparsely  pow- 
dered with  greenish  gray  scales  along  the  veins  in  the  terminal  space, 
and  shaded  undefinedly  with  blackish  brown  in  the  sub-basal  space,  on 
the  costa  above  the  discal  space,  and  obliquely  sub-apically  in  the  ter- 
minal space.  Basal  half-line  black,  with  a  single  tooth,  terminating 
With  an  outward  inclination.  Sub-basal  space  brownish  darker  shaded 
contiguous  to  transverse  anterior  line.  Transverse  anterior  line  o-emi- 
nate,  blackish,  with  the  outer  line  indistinct,  with  an  obsolete  sub-costal 
tooth,  irregularly  undulate.  A  paler  costal  shade  spread  obliquely  from 
the  costa  over  the  sub-reniform  spot.  Reniform,  brownish,  tino-ed  with 
black,  thrice  excavated  externally,  followed  by  a  blackish  roundedly 
defined  shade,  which  in  some  specimens  obscures  the  external  defining 
line  of  the  reniform  spot;  sub-reniform  obliquely  elongated,  surrounded 
by  the  transverse  posterior  line,  (in  a  single  specimen  open),  pale,  well 
defined.  Transverse  posterior  line  black,  distinct,  of  equal  width,  with 
prominent  terminal  inflections,  the  tooth  acute,  prominent,  shaded  with 
black  and  of  a  nearly  equal  size. 


1864.]  533 

Sub-terminal  space  narrow,  of  a  more  or  less  decided  reddish  brown 
tinge ;  the  sub-tei*minal  line  geminate,  the  two  lines  enclosing  a  paler 
shade ;  terminal  line  black,  distinct,  regularly  undulate ;  terminal  mar- 
gin strongly  marked;  fringes  brownish.  Posterior  wings  slightly  silky, 
deep  yellow,  internal  margin  and  extreme  base  clothed  with  long  brown- 
ish hairs;  median  band  black,  not  much  constricted  on  the  disc,  taper- 
ing suddenly  to  internal  margin.  Terminal  band  black,  wide,  nowhere 
deeply  constricted,  terminating  ordinarily  a  little  before  anal  angle. 
Under  surfice  of  both  pair  pale  grayish  ochraceous,  iridescent,  irrorate, 
basally  and  sub-discally  tinged  with  an  orange  shade ;  anterior  wings 
crossed  by  three,  posterior  pair  by  two  black  transverse  bands.  Thorax 
concolorous  with  anterior  wings ;  tegulae  with  an  internal  bordering 
darker  line;  a  dark  brown  line  on  the  prothorax;  abdomen  above  dull 
brownish,  below,  with  under  surface  of  thorax  and  legs  of  a  pale  gray- 
ish ochraceous  shade;  upper  surface  of  legs  brownish,  tarsi  annulated. 
Exp.  2.70  to  3  inches. 

Habitat. — Eastern  and  Middle  States.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

Of  common  occurrence. 

I  allow  the  present  description  to  supercede  the  one  given  by  me  on 
page  88  of  the  present  volume,  having  received  a  fine  series  of  this 
very  distinct  species  from  which  I  have  perfected  its  specific  descrip- 
tion. My  figure  represents  a  specimen  in  which  the  pasterior  discal 
shade  obscures  the  external  defining  line  of  the  reniform  spot,  which 
latter  receives  a  much  larger  rounded  shape  in  consequence. 

As  I  have  elsewhere  stated,  the  specimen  of  this  species  in  the  Bri- 
tish Museum  was  determined  as  C.  palseogama;  Guenee's  species  is, 
however,  perfectly  distinct  and  difierent  from  the  present. 

SYNEDA,  Hiibner. 
Syneda  Howlandii.  nov.  sp.  (Plate  6,  fig.  7.  9-) 

Anterior  wings  brown,  wanting  the  purplish  shade  of  S.  yraphica^ 
Hiib.,  which  the  present  species  resembles  in  ornamentation,  but  is 
much  more  robust.  The  transverse  anterior  line  is  bi-undate,  the  me- 
dian shade  oblique,  regular,  not  undulate  as  in  .S'.  graphica.  The 
transverse  posterior  line  is  similar,  but  the  sub-terminal  is  quite  distinct, 
brownish.  The  posterior  wings  are  pale  brick  red,  thus  differing  greatly 
from  the  yellow  ones  of  S.  graphica^  while  the  black  bands  are  much 
narrower,  the  terminal  one  linear,  except  at  the  center,  where  it  forms 


534  [December 

a  black  blotch,  coloring  also  the  fringes.  Thorax  stouter,  paler  than 
in  S.  graphica,  with  two  dark  tergal  lines;  abdomen  testaceous  brown; 
under  surface  of  body  clothed  with  whitish  hairs  much  as  in  S.  gra- 
phica.  Under  surface  of  wings  pale  reddish ;  anterior  pair  paler,  with 
a  very  oblique  blackish  incomplete  median  band,  as  also  a  sub-terminal 
one  broadest  at  costa,  shortly  discontinued ;  posterior  pair  with  a  black 
discal  lunula  and  interrupted  sub-terminal  band.    $  .  Exp.  1.40  inch. 

Habitat. — Colorado  Territory,  Mr.  James  Ridings.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.) 

1  dedicate  this  species  to  my  friend  Theodore  Howland,  Esq.,  of  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y.,  as  the  sense  of  my  appreciation  of  his  'abors  in  behalf  of  the 
Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sciences. 

AMPHIDASYS  Treitschke. 
AmpMdasys  cupidaria,  nov.  sp.  (Plate  6,  fig.  8.  % .) 

Anterior  wings  dull  brownish,  with  yellowish  white  blotches  along 
the  costa,  at  apex  and  base.  Median  shade  line  distinct,  angulated  at 
the  disc,  thence  straightly  oblique  to  internal  margin.  Transverse  pos- 
terior line  black,  irregular,  bordered  outwardly  with  whitish,  originating 
at  the  costa  from  a  large  diffuse  yellowish  white  blotch ;  sub-terminal 
space  marked  with  whitish.  Posterior  wings  resembling  anterior,  the 
median  black  line  is  bordered  externally  with  whitish.  Thorax  and 
vertex  yellowish  white ;  abdomen  brown,  crested,  marked  with  whitish ; 
head  and  thorax  underneath  dull  brownish;  legs  dull  brownish,  marked 
with  white.  Under  .surfxce  of  wings  evenly  testaceous  yellowish,  mark- 
ings brownish ;  both  surfaces  are  sparsely  covered  with  indistinct  irro- 
rations.     Exp.  1.80  inch. 

Habitat. — Middle  States,  Mr.  J.  Meyer,  Brooklyn,  L.  I. 

This  is  perhaps  a  variable  species.  I  have  a  %  specimen  before  me, 
for  which,  as  well  as  for  the  type  before  me,  I  am  indebted  to  the  kind 
offices  of  Mr.  S.  Calverley,  which  is  almost  entirely  dull  brownish,  with 
merely  three  costal  spots  on  the  anterior  wings,  one  apical,  a  second 
bordering  externally  the  origin  of  the  t.  p.  line  and  one  bordering  the 
t.  a.  line  at  the  costa,  which  latter  line  is  not  perceivable  in  the  speci- 
men I  have  just  described,  and  is  discontinued  in  the  present  individual 
shortly  below  the  costa.  The  abdomen  and  thorax  are  entirely  brown 
except  a  few  whitish  hairs  on  the  collar.  If  this  is  a  variety  of  A.  cu- 
pidaria, it  will  eventuate  that  the  species  will  be  found  exposed  to  great 


18G4.]  535 

variation.     I  am  inclined  to  believe  it  distinct,  however,  and  wait  the 
discovery  of  fresh  material  to  confirm  me  in  this  opinion. 

From  A.  cognataria  Guenee,  our  commonest  species,  the  present  is 
easily  recognisable ;  from  A.  panvidat<tria  Grote,  which  I  have  some- 
what inade(|iiately  illustrated,  the  present  species  diifers  in  the  orna- 
mentation of  the  anterior  wings,  and  wants  the  large  distinct  irrorations 
and  black  collar.  It  is  possible  that  A.  sperataria  Walker  is  identical 
with  this  latter  species,  of  which  I  cannot  be  certain,  from  the  some- 
what short  diagnosis  in  the  B.  M.  Cat.,  and  at  the  time  I  published  the 
species  I  was  uninformed  of  the  existence  of  Mr.  Walker's  description. 


Notes  on  Certain  Species  of  North  American  LEPIDOPTERA. 

BY    AUG.    R.    GROTE. 

Gorgopis  4-guttatus,  Grote. 

In  response  to  my  query,  Mr.  Walker  kindly  informs  me  that  the 
specimen  referred  to  in  the  Lep.  Cat.  B.  M.  as  Hepialus  argcntcomac- 
ulatus  var.  ?  belongs  to  the  present,  and  not  to  Dr.  Harris'  species,  and 
I  conjecture  that  the  $  specimen  mentioned  by  Dr.  Harris  in  Agassiz's 
•'  Lake  Superior,"  as  coming  from  that  latter  region,  should  also  be  re- 
ferred to  this  species,  which  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  Eastern 
argcnfeomacu/atus,  Harris,  by  the  smaller  white  guttations  of  the  ante- 
rior wiugs,  surrounded  by  black  annuli,  and  the  grayish  pink  or  pale 
salmon  color  of  the  metathorax,  abdomen  and  posterior  wings. 

Lithosia  argillacea,  Packard. 

My  specimen,  a  female,  the  abdomen  distended  with  eggs,  was  taken 
by  Mr.  Robert  Kennicott  on  the  Athabasca  River,  and  suffered  during 
the  transportation,  the  under  surface  becoming  discolored  through  some 
extraneous  substance,  giving  the  specimen  a  concolorous  appearance, 
which  I  erroneously  accepted  as  the  proper  coloration  of  the  species ; 
on  submitting  the  specimen  to  certain  tests,  the  small  palpi  are  plainly 
yellow  except  at  their  tips,  coxae  and  terminal  abdominal  segment 
clothed  with  hairs  of  the  same  color,  so  that  notwithstanding  the  dif- 
ferent latitude  of  occurrence  and  smaller  size  of  L.  bico/or,  Grote,  I 
consider  it  identical  with  the  species  from  the  Eastern  States.  Although 
the  name  I  proposed  for  this  species  would  apparently  have  the  priority, 


536      ,  [December 

under  the  circumstances  I  prefer  to  retain  the  one  proposed  by  Mr.  A. 

S.  Packard,  Jr. 

Halisidota  tessellaris,  Abbot  and  Smith. 

From  Mr.  Benj.  D.  Walsh's  description  of  Halesidota  Anttphola. 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  February,  1864,  p.  288,  I  am  enabled  to 
refer  it  as  a  synonym  to  the  present  species.  That  the  imago  is  en- 
tirely identical  with  Abbot  and  Smith's  species  is  conceded  by  Mr. 
Walsh  in  the  first  lines  of  his  description :  "  The  imago  of  this  species 
is  utterly  undistinguishable  from  that  of  H.  tessellaris^  Sm.  Abb.  and 
Harr."  The  validity  of  the  supposed  species  rests  upon  a  stated  differ- 
ence of  larval  structure  affecting  the  location  of  the  "'  hair  pencils,"  a 
differing  coloration  of  the  latter  and  a  varying  food-plant.  Subsequent 
investigation,  I  am  informed,  has  contradicted  the  first  of  these  asserted 
differences,  which,  indeed,  on  the  supposition  that  it  existed,  would  ra- 
ther indicate  a  generic  than  a  specific  character,  and  I  consequently 
omit  any  further  remarks  upon  it.  There  remains,  then,  a  differing 
coloration  of  the  larval  "  hair  pencils"  and  a  differing  food-plant  as  the 
totality  of  specific  characters  which  are  to  constitute  the  new  species. 
Analogous  instances  of  larval  variation  in  the  coloring  of  the  "hair" 
among  members  of  the  present  family  have  been  discovered  without 
having  been  made  the  basis  for  the  description  of  a  new  species,  and 
may  be  correctly  regarded  as  simple  variations  within  the  "  well  defined 
limits  of  the  species,"  while  the  habits  of  the  differing  larva  as  to  the 
food-plant,  especially  in  such  an  essentially  polyphagous  family  as  the 
Arctiidae,  can  with  difficulty  be  drawn  in  as  a  specific  character,  even 
upon  much  more  detailed  and  perfect  evidence  than  Mr.  Walsh  has 
offered  in  the  present  instance.  Should  my  views  on  this  description 
of  Mr.  Walsh's  obtain,  and  more  especially  on  a  second  to  be  hereinaf- 
ter mentioned,  it  will  ensue  that  the  "Entomological  Speculations" 
based  upon  the  view  of  the  validity  of  these  of  Mr.  Walsh's  species, 
and  given  in  so-called  "gradations"  on  page  298,  1.  c.  will  of  them- 
selves fall  to  the  ground.  It  is  not  the  most  inconsistent  part  of  Mr. 
Walsh's  Paper,  that  while  H  AnfijjJiola  is  published  as  ■'  n.  sp.,"  it  is 
regarded  on  page  298  as  merely  in  process  of  "formation;"  no  sucb 
forms  have  been  hitherto  announced  in  Entomological  Science,  and  a 
specific  name  in  its  present  acceptation  is  only  improperly  to  be  applied 
to  them. 


1864.]  537 

T  find  in  the  "  Verzeichniss  bekannter  Schmetterlinge,"  1816,  the 
generic  term  written  HalkUlota;  I  do  not  know  why  hiter  Authorities, 
in  transcribing  the  same,  should  have  altered  it  to  Halesidota. 

Euprepia  americana,  Harris. 

Auf  Seite  74  dieses  Bandes  habe  ich  gezeigt  dass  diese  Art  mit 
dem  Europiiischen  Euprepia  caja,  Linn.,  von  Herrn  Walker  und 
Moschler  verwechselt  wird.  Zu  den  von  mir  angegebenen  Merkmalen 
fiigt  Herr  Packard  auf  Seite  114  dieses  Bandes  noch  Weitere.  Jiin 
Theil  der  angegebenen  Merkmale  sind  jetzt  von  Moschler  auf  Seite 
196,  Band  8,  der  Wiener  Entomologischen  Monatschrift  auch  aufgefiihrt, 
aber  inimer  noch  den  falschen  Namen  bei  behalten.  Diese  Art  wurde 
von  Herrn  Walker  als  Arctia  cujii  determinii't  und  der  Name  ameri- 
cana von  Pr.  Harris  fiir  Arctia  parthe.nos  Harris,  unrechter  weise 
gebraucht,  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1.  c.)  Zu  der  wirklichen  Arctia  par- 
thenos  Harris,  habe  ich  (1.  c.)  Arctia  borealis,  Moschler,  gezogen,  spater 
ist  diese  Art  von  der  Harrisschen  von  Herrn  Packai'd  g-etrennt. 
Meine  Exemplare  dieses  Spinners  zeigen  grosse  Veranderlichkeit  in 
der  Zeichnung  beider  Fliigel  und  bleibe  ich  der  Meinung  dass  beide 
Namen  sichauf  eine  Artbeziehen.  Immerhin  scheintes  Herrn  Moschler 
unbewust  dass  ahnliche  iVrten  hier  zu  Lande  langst  beschrieben  wurden. 
Auf  Seite  195  1.  c.  hat  Moschler  eine  Arctia  speciosri  veroifentlicht 
welche  mit  Arctia  virguncula,  Kii'by,  eine  grosse  Ahnliehkeit  hat 
nur  sind  die  von  Moschler  gegebeneu  Abbildungen  etwas  kleiner  als 
die  hiesigen  Exemplare  dieser  Art,  welches  vielleicht  die  weiter  nbrd- 
liche  Herkunft  seiner  Exemplare  veranlasst;  jedenfalls  hatte  es  mit  Kir- 
by's  Art  verglichen  werden  sollen.  Ich  habe  mich  in  einer  fremden 
Sprache  ausgedriickt,  fiirchtend  dass  H.  Moschler  in  Kronforstchen 
bei  Bautzen  das  Englische  nicht  versteht,hoffentlich  aber  mein  Deutsch, 
welches  wahrscheinlich  nicht  so  rein  ist  wie  meine  Absicht. 

CLISIOCAMPA,  Curtis. 
Clisiocampa  disstria, 
Phalcena  neustria,  Abbot  and  Smith,  Lep.  Ga.  p.  117.  PL  59.     (1797). 
Not  P.  neustria,  Linn.,  Syst.  Phal.  35. 

Malacosoma  disstria,  Hilbner,  Verz.  bek.  Sch.  p.  192.     (1816). 
Clisiocampa  sylvatica,  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.     (1841). 

3rd  Ed.  p.  375-378.  Pi.  7.  fig.  18-19.     (1862). 
Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  A.  p.  236.     (1862). 


538  [December 

It  will  be  seen  tliat  Hiibner,  as  early  as  1816,  detected  the  error  of 
Abbot  and  Smitb  iu  regarding  our  species  as  identical  with  the  Euro- 
pean C.  neustria^  the  name  proposed  by  him  should  thus  be  retained, 
having  priority  over  subsequent  descriptions.  Fabricius'  B.  americana 
being  now  entirely  unknown,  I  propose  that  Dr,  Harris'  name  be  re- 
tained for  the  second  N.  Am.  species  of  the  genus — Clisiocampa  ame- 
ricana, Harris. 

ADELOCEPHALA,  Boisduval. 
Adelocephala  bicolor. 

Dryocampa  bicolor,  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.  Mas3.     (1841). 
"       3rd  Ed.  p.  401.     (1862). 
Walsh,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  p.  293.     (1864). 
Sphingicain-pa  distigma,  Wal«h,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  p  290.     (1864). 
Anisota  bicolor,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  93.     (1864). 

From  Anisota  the  present  species  differs  by  the  pectinations  of  the 
2  antenna3,  among  other  sufficiently  distinctive  generic  characters. 
After  having  seen  Mr.  Walsh's  material  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  spe- 
cimens he  describes  as  Dryocampa  bicolor  and  Spliingicampa  distigma 
belong  to  one  and  the  same  species.  I  am  indebted  to  the  kind  offices 
of  F.  Gr.  Sanborn,  Esq.,  for  the  information  that  no  specimens  of  this 
species  remain  in  Dr.  Harris'  collection  at  the  present  day,  but  have 
no  doubt  that  the  identification  of  Dr.  Harris'  description  by  Mr.  Walsh, 
and  with  which  specimens  in  the  Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  correspond,  is 
the  correct  one.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Walsh  for  the  discovery  and 
lucid  description  of  the  larva  of  this  interesting  and  fine  species,  differ- 
ing remarkably  structurally  from  the  larvae  of  the  nearly  allied  species 
of  Anisota.  Judging  from  the  figures  of  Dr.  Herrich-Schfeffer,  our  spe- 
cies is  generically  identical  with  the  South  American  forms  which 
are  figured  in  Lep.  Exot.  fig.  77-78,  306-307,  and  perhaps  fig.  304-305, 
and  for  which  Adelocephala  Boisd.  is  retained.  Should,  on  an  ex- 
amination of  actual  specimens,  our  species  be  found  generically  dis- 
tinct, the  name  proposed  by  Mr.  Walsh  will  prevail,  and  our  species  be 
known  as  Sphingicampa  bicolor. 

Notodonta  basistriens,  "Walker. 

I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Walker  that  my  identification  of  this  species 
on  page  93,  PI.  1,  fig.  1,S  huj.  scrip.  (1864),  is  correct,  corresponding 
with  the  typical  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  Collection. 


1864.]  539 

Notodonta  stragula,  Grote. 

Unnamed  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  found  by  Mr.  Walker 
in  the  Brit.  Mus.  Coll.  Specimens  taken  in  Pennsylvania  have  since 
been  received  by  the  Phil.  Entomological  Society ;  it  will  probably  oc- 
cur throughout  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States. 

Edapteryx  bilineata.  Packard  MSS.,  (Plate  6,  fig.  9.  9  .) 

This  graceful  North  American  Platypterid  genus  and  species  has 
been  communicated  to  me  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Packai-d,  Jr.,  its  discoverer. 
Subsequently  the  9  specimen  from  which  the  accompanying  figure  was 
made,  was  taken  in  Pennsylvania,  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the 
Entomological  Society. 

Heterocampa  subalbicans,  Grote. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Bowles  has  sent  me  a  9  specimen  of  this  species,  taken 
near  Quebec,  Canada. 

PSEUDOTHYATIRA,  Grote. 
Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides. 

Thyatira  cymatophoroides  Gueuee,  Noct.  1.  p.  13.     (1852). 

Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  Noct.  p.  8.     (1856). 
Lacinia  cymatophoroides  Grot-,  Rev.  N.  A.  Gym.  P.  E.  S.  P.  p.  58.     (186.S). 

Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  134,  larva.     (1863). 
"       Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  337.     (1863). 
Habitat. — Eastern  and  Middle  States,  and  Canada.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.) 

Pseudothyatira  expultrix. 

9  Thyatira  cymatophoroides  Guenee,  Noc.  1.  p.  14.     (1852). 
Var./?.    "  "  Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  Noct.  p.  8.     (1856). 

Lacinia  expultrix  Grote,  Rev.  N.  Am.  Cym.  P.  E.  S.  P.  p.  58.  PI.  2.  fig.  6.  9 .  (1863). 
"      Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  134,  larva.     (1863). 
"      Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  337.     (1863). 

Hahitat. —  Mastern  and  Middle  States,  and  Canada.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.) 

I  propose  the  present  generic  name  instead  of  Lacinia^  which  might 
lead  to  some  confusion,  owing  to  its  having  been  used  in  the  Mollusca. 
I  have  %  specimens  of  both  these  species,  quite  distinct  generically 
from  lliyatira  as  I  have  already  shown,  from  Mr.  Russell,  of  Quebec, 
Canada. 

I  find  in  C.  B.  M.  the  following  expression  of  Mr.  Walker's  relating 
to  T.  cijmatoplioroidcs: — "This  species  diff"ers  much  from  the  other 
Thi/atirse,  and  will  probably  be  separated  from  that  genus." 


540  [December 

Leucania  unipuncta,  Haworth. 

This  species  has  occurred  to  me  very  plentifully  in  New  York 
State,  and  I  have  seen  it  in  very  nearly  every  collection  submitted  to 
me,  from  both  Eastern  and  Middle  States.  The  assertion  that  it  is  not 
found  in  these  localities,  made  by  Mr.  Walsh  in  the  "  Trans,  of  the  Illi- 
nois Ag.  Soc,"  is,  therefore,  as  incorrect  as  the  premises  on  which 
the  statement  is  founded  are  inadequate  to  support  it. 

ACHATODES,  Guenee. 
Achatodes  zese. 

Gortyna  zece  Harris,  Et.  Ins.  Mass.     (1841). 

"        3rd  Ed.  p.  4.39.  PI.  7.  fig.  9.     (1862). 
Achatodes  sandix  Guenee,  Noct.  1.  p.  132.  PI.  6.  fig.  4.     (1852). 

Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  Noct.  p.  166.     (1856). 

H-S.,  Con.  Blatt.  p.  73.     (1860). 

On  page  432,  Proc.  Ent,  Soc,  Phil.,  1864,  I  noted  of  Dr.  Harris' 
Gortyna  zese,  that  I  did  not  believe  it  correctly  placed  under  Gorti/na^ 
not  recognizing  the  species  from  either  Dr.  Harris'  description  or  the 
figure  in  the  8rd  Edit,  of  Ins.  Mass.,  which  latter,  while  well  drawn,  is 
quite  wrongly  colored,  so  as  to  mislead  the  student  as  to  the  species 
intended.  I  am  again  much  indebted  to  F.  Gr.  Sanborn,  Esq.,  for  an 
opportunity  of  examining  the  specimens  of  Dr.  Harris'  species,  and 
which  prove  to  belong  to  Adiatodes  sanrUx,  Guenee.  This  genus  is 
readily  distinguished  from  Grortyna  by  its  non-falcate  anterior  wings. 
The  habits  of  the  larva  of  the  single  species  known,  being  an  internal 
feeder  in  the  stems  of  the  Indian  corn  plant,  induced  Dr.  Harris  to 
I'efer  it  to  the  genus  Gortijna.  M.  Guenee  refers  Achatodes  to  his 
family  Apamid^,  where  it  is  disadvantageously  placed,  I  must  think. 
The  genus  shows  more  affinity  with  the  Glottulidse  of  the  same  Author, 
a  group  of  Gortynld  genera,  with  brilliant  colors  and  rounded  apices  of 
anterior  wings,  of  which  the  larvae  are  internal  feeders,  and  is  allied  to 
Euthisanotia  Hiibner.      (^Philochrysa  Grote.) 

Catocala  Clintonii,  Grote. 

Mr.  Walker  informs  me  that  a  specimen  of  this  species  is  contained 
in  the  Brit.  Mus.  Coll.,  and  referred  to  in  the  Cat.  as  0.  neogama  A. 
and  S.  The  latter  species  is,  however,  quite  distinct  and  much  larger. 
I  am  unaware  that  specimens  of  Abbot  and  Smith's  species,  taken  in 
the  Southern   States,  have  been  compared  with  our  more   Northern 


1864.]  541 

specimens,  which  are  described  by  Gruenee  as  G.  neogama,  as  may  be 
readily  inferred  by  the  expression  "  Ailes  infer,  d'un  jaune  d'ochre 
fouce,"  our  species  differing  in  this  respect  from  Abbot's  figure,  which 
represents  the  posterior  wings  of  a  very  bright,  rather  light,  yellow. 

Catocala  palaeogama.  Guenee. 

This,  as  I  have  elsewhere  stated,  is  not  the  British  Museum  species 
registered  by  Mr.  Walker  under  this  name.  The  B.  M,  specimens  be- 
long to  G.  piatrix,  Grrote. 

ANOMIS,  Iliibner. 
Anomis  xylina,  Say. 

Noctua  xylina  Say.     (1827). 

Say,  LeConte,  Vol.  1.  p.  .370.     (1859). 
Anomis  bipunctina  Guenee,  Noct.  II.  p.  401.     (1852). 

Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  Noct.  p.  988.     (1856.) 

This  is  the  species  which  infests  the  cotton  plant,  a  very  distinct  in- 
sect from  Leucania  unlpuncta  Haw.,  the  so-called  "army  worm"  of 
the  Northern  States.  I  regret  not  having  specimens  of  this  species, 
but  have  no  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  above  references  after 
comparing  the  descriptions. 

Philomma  henrietta,  Grote. 

Dr.  Morris,  of  Baltimore,  kindly  communicates  to  me  the  circum- 
stance that  this  species  has  occurred  to  him  in  Maryland.  Specimens 
have  been  shown  to  me  as  having  been  taken  in  New  York  State,  so 
that  the  Habitat  of  this  species  will  have  to  be  extended  to  include 
these  localities. 

Plusia  sereoides,  Grote. 

A  specimen  of  this  interesting  species  has  been  sent  to  me  by  Mr. 
Bowles,  taken  near  Quebec,  C  This  species  has  occurred  to  me  in 
New  York  State,  and  I  have  hitherto  received  specimens  from  both 
Eastern  and  Middle  States.  It  constantly  differs  from  P.  se,rea^  Hiibner, 
its  congener  and  nearest  ally,  by  its  straight  median  lines,  the  trans- 
verse posterior  followed  by  a  golden  metallic  shade  band  tapering  to 
costa,  and  distinct  discal  spots.  Its  general  coloration  is  paler,  while 
very  similar  to  that  of  P.  serea  Hiib.,  than  which  it  appears  to  be  more 
uniform  in  size,  while  it  is  very  probably  as  universally  distributed  on 
this  continent. 


542  [December 

Eriopus  monetifera,  Guenee. 

A  specimen  of  this  beautiful  species  has  been  sent  to  me  also  by 
Mr.  Bowles,  taken  near  Quebec.  Specimens  have  occurred  also  to  Mr. 
C.  A.  Blake,  in  New  Jersey. 

Baptria  albovittata,  Guenee. 

A  %  specimen  of  this  interesting  species  has  been  sent  to  me  by  Mr. 
Russell,  taken  near  Quebec,  C,  and  differs  from  my  figure  (Proc.  Ent. 
Soc.  Phil.  Vol.  II.  PI.  8.  fig.  3  9  .)  by  the  absence  of  the  three  white 
dots  near  the  costa  posterior  to  the  band  on  anterior  wings,  and  the 
presence  of  an  accessory  dot  near  internal  angle. 

ERATEINA.  Doubleday. 
Erateina  infulata. 

Baptria  infulata,  Grote,  Proc.  Phil.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  2.  p.  67.  PI.  3.  f.  4.  '^  .   (1863). 

Habitat.— Yh-gmia.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

Erateina  elaborata. 

Baptria  elaborata,  Grote,  Proc.  Phil.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  2.  p.  67.  PI.  3.  f.  5.  -^  .   (1863). 

Habitat. — Virginia.     (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 

Following  Dr.  Herrich-Schaeffer  I  referred  these  two  species  to  Bap- 
tria, Hiib.,  which  is  now  restricted  on  this  Continent  to  Baptria  albo- 
vittata, (^Odezia  albovittata,  Guenee.)  Subsequently  Dr.  Herrich- 
Schaeffer's  species,  figures  75,  76  and  320 — 321  Lep.  Exot.,have  been 
placed  in  the  present  genus  to  which  I  now  refer  the  only  described 
species  found  North  of  Mexico^  and  which,  resembling  Erateina  erota, 
Cramer,  from  Surinam,  differ  from  the  numerous  other  described  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  by  the  bluish  metallic  exterior  transverse  lines,  broadly 
marked  in  Cramer's  figure,  narrower  in  our  species  where  they  are  ob- 
servable only  in  certain  lights,  and  are  not  indicated  on  my  Plate.  I 
do  not  perceive  on  the  posterior  wings  in  the  males  of  our  species  the 
exaggeration  of  the  fold  along  the  abdominal  margin  mentioned  by  M. 
Guenee. 

The  South  American  species  contained  in  Group  1,  Guenee,  in  which 
the  posterior  wings  are  produced  at  anal  angle  into  tail-like  appendages, 
should  perhaps  be  separated  generically. 


1864.]  543 

On  the  Insects.  COLEOPTEROUS,   HYMENOPTEROUS  and   DIPTEROUS,   in- 
habiting the  Galls  of  certain  species  of  Willow. 

Part  1st.— DIPTERA. 
BY    BENJ.    D.    WALSH,    M    A. 

I  propose  in  the  following  pages  to  name  and  describe  the  Galls, 
which  I  have  found  on  several  species  of  Willow  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Rock  Island,  Illinois,  and  also  the  insects  which  produce  those 
galls,  not  only  in  the  imago  state,  but  in  all  their  states  so  far  as  known 
to  me.  I  propose  at  the  same  time  to  name,  and,  so  far  as  they  are 
hitherto  undescribed,  to  describe  several  other  insects,  which  habitu- 
ally breed  in  the  galls  formed  by  the  true  gall-makers,  and  which,  as 
they  feed  on  the  substance  of  the  gall  itself  and  only  occasionally  or  inci- 
dentally destroy  the  gall-making  insect,  may  be  appropriately  considered 
as  Inquilines  or  Guest-flies.  Besides  these  last,  there  is  a  great  variety 
of  true  Parasites,  mostly  Chalcididae,  which  prey,  not  on  the  gall,  but 
solely  and  exclusively  on  the  body  of  the  Gall-maker  or  on  that  of  some 
of  the  Inquilines,  and  which  I  shall  only  refer  to  so  far  as  they  are 
concerned  with  the  other  subjects  herein  discussed.  The  field  thus 
opened  to  our  view,  though  very  extensive,  is  almost  an  untrodden  one; 
for  out  of  the  great  multitude  of  N.  A.  willow-galls,  but  two,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  have  been  up  to  this  day  named  and  described,  viz.  SaUcis  Fitch 
{  =  rigiJse  0.  S.)  and  strohiloides  0.  S.;  and  in  the  case  of  the  latter,  the 
insect  that  produces  it  has  hitherto  been  totally  unknown  in  all  its  states. 

As  in  my  other  published  descriptions,  I  have  wherever  possible  de- 
scribed from  a  large  number  of  specimens  and  carefully  given  all  the 
variations,  so  as  to  define  the  species  itself  and  not  merely  the  indi- 
vidual, stating  in  every  case  the  number  of  specimens  as  a  measure  of 
the  value  of  the  description.  I  have  also,  as  heretofore,  aimed  at  mak- 
ing the  descriptions  as  accurate  and  definite  as  possible,  and  with  this 
object  in  view  have  uniformly  sacrificed  brevity  to  precision.  To  the 
moi'e  advanced  student,  perhaps,  this  is  not  always  desirable ;  but  to 
the  neophyte  what  information  does  it  convey  to  say,  for  example, 
"  Antennal  joints  spherical,  pedicels  short,  verticils  long,"  when  he 
knows  not  how  long  the  pedicels  and  verticils  usually  are  ?  Whereas 
if  we  say,  "  Antennal  joints  spherical,  pedicels  I  as  long  as  the  spherical 
part  of  each  joint,  verticils  as  long  as  the  two  entire  joints  from  which 


544  [December 

they  spring,"  lie  can  form  in  his  mind's  eye  a  complete  idea  of  the  an- 
tenna, and  an  artist  might  even  draw  a  very  tolerably  accurate  picture 
of  it  from  the  description  alone.  In  a  Synopsis,  indeed,  of  species 
already  described,  such  diffuseness  is  not  necessary,  for  we  know  where 
to  go  for  the  full  description ;  but  he  that  undertakes  to  describe  new 
species  should  endeavor  to  describe  them  in  so  full,  definite  and  precise 
a  manner,  as  to  comprehend  every  variety  that  can  possibly  come  under 
the  notice  of  the  student,  and  to  separate  his  new  species  effectually 
from  all  species  already  described  or  hereafter  to  be  described. 

I  regret  much  that,  from  the  almost  total  lack  of  scientific  facilities 
in  the  Great  West,  I  have  been  unable  to  compare  the  Willow-galls 
now  described  with  the  published  Willow-galls  of  Europe,  so  as  to 
decide  the  interesting  question  whether  any  of  them  are  identical.  To 
the  Eastern  Pjutomologist,  who  lives,  not  in  the  backwoods  but  in  a 
civilized  community,  this  would  be  comparatively  an  easy  task  and  in- 
deed almost  a  matter  of  course.  To  the  Western  Entomologist  it  is  an 
impossibility.  Illinois,  as  the  last  Census  shows,  produces  now  more 
maize  and  more  wheat  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union  j  and,  as  the 
New  York  Market  Reports  show,  she  also  produces  more  beef  cattle 
than  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  But  she  has  hitherto  failed  to 
produce  a  single  Public  Scientific  Library  worthy  of  her  wealth  and 
her  great  and  growing  resources. 

It  is  well  known  to  Botanists  that  the  genus  Salix  (willow)  is  a  very 
extensive  and  difficult  one,  and  that  authors  have  differed  greatly  as  to 
whether  certain  forms  are  true  species  or  mere  varieties.  I  am  in- 
debted to  M.  S.  Bebb,  Esq.,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  who  has  paid  special 
attention  to  this  Botanical  group,  for  naming  the  species  found  in  this 
vicinity  from  specimens  which  I  had  prepared  for  that  express  purpose. 
The  accurate  determination  of  the  species  of  our  Willows  is  the  more 
valuable  and  important  here,  because  I  find  it  to  be  a  very  general,  though 
probably  not  a  universal  rule,  that  each  gall-making  insect  confines  itself 
to  a  particular  species  of  Willow.  As  to  the  larger  and  more  abun- 
dant and  more  conspicuous  galls,  such  as  Salicis  brasslcoides  n.  sp., 
S.  rhodoides  n.  sp.,  S.  strohiloides  0.  S,,  S.  senigma  n.  sp.  and  S. 
pomum  n.  sp.,  I  am  quite  certain  from  long,  close  and  continued  obser- 
vation, that  the  rule  holds  good  universally  so  fiir  as  regards  the  seve- 
ral species  of  Willow  found  near  Rock  Island.     I  have  repeatedly,  for 


1864.]  545 

instance,  noticed  a  willow-bush  bearing  apparently  numerous  specimens 
of  both  S.  brassicnides  and  S.  sti-ohi'loides,  but  on  examining  the  foliage 
I  have  always  found,  that  the  two  different  willows  that  bear  these  two 
galls  were  here  growing  promiscuously  from  the  same  spot  of  ground,  and 
that  each  branch  of  each  species  bore  its  appropriate  gall,  and  never  the 
gall  peculiar  to  the  other  species  of  willow.  The  instances  where  these  two 
willows  grew  side  by  side,  or  only  removed  a  short  distance  from  each 
other,  and  where  I  found  each  bearing  exclusively  its  appropriate  gall,  are 
almost  innumerable.  This  feet  is  the  more  remarkable,  because  the  Wil- 
lows form  a  very  extensive  genus,  with  the  species  often  separated  from 
each  other  by  very  minute  distinctions.  We  meet,  however,  with  an  analo- 
gous case  in  the  gall-making  Hymenopterous  genus  Oj/mps,  where  with 
occasional  exceptions  each  species  is  confined  to  a  distinct  species  of 
Oak  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  gall-making  Cecidomj/ia  of  the 
Hickory  are  said  by  Osten  Sacken  to  be  "  found  indifferently  on  the 
various  species  of  that  tree."     {Synopsis  Dipt.  M.  A.,  p.  191.) 

It  does  not  follow,  however,  bec;mse  certain  galls  are  found  exclu- 
sively on  particular  species  of  willow  near  Rock  Island,  that  the  iden- 
tical same  gall  may  not  occur  in  other  localities  on  other  species  of 
willow  which  do  not  grow  near  Rock  Island.  A  willow-gall  (SaUcis 
Fitch,  which  being  preoccupied  has  been  changed  by  Osten  Sacken  to 
rigid se)  closely  resembling,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  Dr.  Harris's 
brief  description,  my  S.  siliqua,  which  is  found  on  Salix  humilis  Mar- 
shall, is  said  by  Dr.  Fitch  to  be  found  on  S.  rigida  and  S.  lucida;  and 
I  have  found  a  gall  which  differs  only  in  some  few  slight  characters 
from  that  found  on  S.  humilis,  and  which  for  the  present  I  consider  as 
identical  with  it,  to  occur  sparingly  on  S.  cordata  Muhl.;  and  though 
I  could  not  succeed  in  breeding  the  imago  from  this  gall,  yet  the  larvae 
of  the  two  galls  were  absolutely  undistinguishable.  S.  rigida,  one  of 
the  two  willows  on  which  Dr.  Fitch  found  his  gall,  is  regarded  now  by 
most  botanists,  according  to  Mr.  Bebb,  as  a  mere  variety  of  S.  cordata 
on  which  I  found  one  of  my  two  galls.  I  have  also  found  a  single  spe- 
cimen of  what  for  the  present  I  regard  as  the  same  gall  on  S.  discolor, 
So  that  if  the  four  galls  be  in  reality  identical,  we  have  here  a  case  of 
the  same  gall  growing  on  four  distinct  species  of  willow,  S.  rigida 
(  =  S.  cordata),  S.  lucida,  S.  humilis  and  S.  discolor. 

The  species  of  willow  which  grow  near  Rock  Island,  all  of  them  in 


546  [December 

great  abundance,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  first,  which  is  exceed- 
ingly rare,  are  named  by  Mr.  Bebb  as  follows  : — 1st.  Salix  discolor  Muhl. 
2nd.  S.  cordata  Muhl.  Srd.  S.  longifolia  Muhl.  4th.  S.  nigra  Mar- 
shall. 5th.  S.  humilis  Marshall.  The  first  species  produces  one  very 
distinct  gall.  No.  6,  and  two  that  are  apparently  identical  with  Nos.  8  & 
12,  which  occur  on  S.  humilis.  The  second  produces  four  very  distinct 
galls,  Nos.  2,  10,  17  &  20,  besides  varieties  of  the  very  same  two  galls, 
Nos.  8  &  12,  of  which  varieties  occur  on  S.  discolor.  The  third  three 
galls,  Nos.  1,  9  &  19.  The/owr^/i  two  galls,  Nos.  14  &  15.  And  the 
fifth  and  last  the  astonishing  number  often  distinct  galls,  Nos.  4,  5,  7, 
8,  11,  12,  13,  16,  18  &  21.  Mr.  Bebb  observes  that  "  the  tendency  of 
this  species  to  produce  a  remarkable  number  of  galls  was  observed  by 
Muhlenberg,  and  he  therefore  called  it  S.  conifera."  Besides  the  above. 
I  have  also  described  a  gall  (No.  3)  growing  on  S.  rostrata,  a  northern 
species  which  does  not  occur  so  far  south  as  Rock  Island,  and  a  coleop- 
terous gall  or  rather  pseudo-gall,  (No.  22,)  which  grows  on  S.  longi- 
folia, and  also,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  gall  alone,  on  a 
species  of  the  allied  genus  Populus,  P.  angulata  the  common  cotton- 
wood.  In  addition  to  the  five  species  of  willow  catalogued  above,  I 
noticed  in  the  woods  a  single  large  tree  of  what  I  believe  is  a  sixth 
distinct  species,  but  too  late  in  the  season  to  obtain  specimens  of  the 
inflorescence.  From  the  foliage  and  a  portion  of  the  fruit  forwarded 
to  Mr.  Bebb,  he  decides  that  it  must  be  either  S.  nigra,  which  I  am 
pretty  sure  it  is  not,  or  some  foreign  species.  Since  however  this  tree 
bore  no  galls  whatever,  the  question,  in  an  entomological  point  of  view, 
is  of  no  manner  of  interest,  except  so  far  as  it  may  illustrate  what  I  rather 
believe  to  be  a  general  law,  that  exotic  willows  bear  no  galls.  So  far  as 
my  very  limited  observation  goes,  exotic  Willows  (S.  babylonica  and  S. 
alba)  bear  no  galls  at  all ;  which  is  collateral  proof  of  the  theory,  that 
generally  each  distinct  gall  is  peculiar  to  a  distinct  species  of  Willow, 
for  if  it  had  been  otherwise,  the  indigenous  gall-makers  would  have 
immediately  attacked  them  when  they  were  imported. 

Of  the  above  twenty-one  galls,  excluding  the  Coleopterous  pseudo- 
gall  and  the  doubtful  galls  on  S.  discolor  and  S.  cordata,  twelve  (Nos. 
1-15)  are  made  by  Dipterous  insects  belonging  to  the  family  (pA-idomj/- 
idae,  and  six  (Nos.  16 — 21)  by  Hymenopterous  insects  belonging  to  the 
family  Tenthredlnidse.     In  addition  to  a  great  number  of  insects  which 


1864.]  547 

occasionally  inhabit  these  galls,  there  are  of  true  Inquilines  which  seem 
to  inhabit  them  exclusively,  but  without  always  confining  themselves  to 
one  particular  species  of  gall,  seven  cecidomyidous  species,  two  tenthre- 
dinidous  species,  and  at  least  one  and  probably  four  or  five  Coleoptera, 
besides  seven  species  of  Microlepidoptera,  which  Dr.  Clemens  has  kindly 
undertaken  to  name  and  describe  from  specimens  with  which  I  have 
furnished  him.  Each  of  the  above,  with  the  exception  of  the  last,  will 
be  noticed  below  under  the  head  of  the  Order  to  which  it  belongs. 

From  the  great  number  of  these  Inquilines,  it  must  be  obvious  that 
there  is  considerable  dano;er  of  mistakino-  them  for  the  true  authors  of 
the  gall.  For  example,  any  one  who  examines  the  Tenthredinidous  gall 
*S'.  pomum  n  sp.  in  the  middle  of  the  summer,  will  find  nearly  half  of 
them  to  contain  Anthonomus  scuteUatus  Schonh.  either  in  the  larva, 
pupa  or  imago  state,  unaccompanied  by  any  Tenthredinidous  larva ; 
whence,  as  I  myself  formerly  did,  he  would  be  very  likely  to  jump  to 
the  conclusion  that  it  was  that  insect  that  made  the  gall.  A  more  ex- 
tensive knowledge,  however,  of  the  galls  of  the  willow  will  soon  show 
him,  that  this  same  beetle  occurs  in  great  numbers  in  several  other 
galls,  some  of  them  of  a  totally  difi"erent  structure ;  and  hence  he  will 
properly  infer  that  the  same  insect  cannot  make  two  totally  different 
kinds  of  gall,  and  consequently  that  it  must  be  a  mere  inquiline  in 
S.  pomum.  There  is  another  criterion  which  will  be  found  very  useful 
in  determining  the  question,  which  of  two  insects  bred  from  a  given 
gall  is  the  true  Gall-maker  and  which  the  Inquiline.  In  all  monotha- 
lamous  galls,  whether  Cecidomyidous  or  Cynipidous,  there  is  always  a 
centi'al  cell  or  nucleus,  in  which  the  gall-maker  resides,  the  inquilines 
either  residing  outside  the  central  cell,  or,  as  I  believe  to  be  often  the 
case,  and  as  must  be  the  case  with  the  Snout-beetle  just  now  referred 
to,  destroying  the  tenant  of  the  central  cell  and  occupying  his  place. 
If  then  non-parasitic  pupae  taken  from  the  central  cell  of  a  gall  are 
isolated  in  one  vial,  and  non-parasitic  pupa?  taken  from  outside  the 
central  cell  are  isolated  in  another  vial,  and  the  former  always  produce  the 
imago  A,  and  the  latter  always  produce  the  imago  B,  it  must  be  evident 
that  A  is  in  all  probability  the  gall-maker  and  B  beyond  all  doubt  an 
inquiline.  In  this  manner  I  ascertained  that  the  pine-cone  like  gall 
S.  strohiloides  0.  S.  is  not  made  by  the  cecidomyidous  larva,  which 
was  observed  by  Osten   Sacken  to  live   in  great  numbers  under  the 


548  [December 

scales  of  the  pine-cone,  but  by  a  distinct  and  much  larger  Cecidomyia, 
hitherto  unobserved,  which  inhabits  the  very  heart  or  centre  of  the 
pine-cone,  the  smaller  Cecidomyia  being  mere  inquilines.  (See  Osten 
Sacken  apud  Loew,  St/nops.  Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  203.)  We  may  also  in 
some  cases  get  useful  hints  on  this  subject  from  the  structure  of  the 
gall  itself.  For  instance,  in  many  Tenthredinidous  galls,  e.  g.  .S*.  ovidum. 
n.  sp.,  on  laying  them  bare  to  their  foundation,  the  slit  cut  by  the  saw 
of  the  mother  insect  may  be  plainly  seen.  Hence,  even  if,  as  I  have 
actually  done,  we  should  breed  a  Cecidomyia  from  such  a  gall,  we  may 
know  that  it  must  be  a  mere  inquiline,  because  the  Cecidomyidous 
oviduct  is  not  capable  of  cutting  such  a  slit.  Still,  with  every  possible 
precaution,  mistakes  will  sometimes  be  made,  as  to  the  character  of  the 
insect  that  really  makes  the  gall.  For  example,  because,  from  the  gall 
quercus  pihdse  Walsh,  I  had  bred  %  9  of  an  Inquilinous  Cynipide,  I 
jumped  to  the  conclusion  that  the  gall  itself  must  be  the  work  of  some 
unknown  Psenidous  Cynipide.  {Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  II.  pp.481 — 2.) 
Whereas  I  have  since  become  aware  that  it  is  the  work  of  a  Cecido- 
myia known  at  present  only  in  the  larva  state,  and  that  it  had  been 
briefly  described,  but  not  named,  by  Osten  Sacken.  {Syn.  Dipt.  JV.  A. 
p.  201.)  No  other  instance  is  on  record,  as  Baron  Osten  Sacken  has 
obligingly  informed  me,  of  a  true  Cynipide  being  inquilinous  in  a  Ceci- 
domyidous gall. 

Some  groups  of  insects  that  are  commonly  inquilinous  in  galls  have 
no  true  gall-making  insects  belonging  to  the  same  family  as  they  do,  of 
which  case  I  believe  that  we  find  an  example  in  the  Coleopterous  Cur- 
cidionidse.  (See  below  under  No.  15.)  But  the  great  majority  of  them, 
e.  g.  the  inquilinous  Gall-flies,  the  inquilinous  Saw-flies,  and  the  inqui- 
linous Grall-gnats,  have  many  true  gall-making  species  belonging,  not 
only  to  the  same  family,  but  in  the  case  of  the  Grall-gnats  and  Saw-flies 
even  to  the  same  genera,  viz.  Cecidomyia  and  Nematus,  that  they  them- 
selves belong  to.  Hence  an  observation  of  Osten  Sacken's  with  regard 
more  especially  to  the  Gall-flies,  which  I  formerly  quoted  and  relied  on, 
that  "  it  seems  hardly  probable  that  species  of  the  same  genus  should 
sometimes  be  true  Gall-producers  and  sometimes  Parasites  [i.  e.  inqui- 
lines]" must  be  taken  cumgrano  salis  so  far  as  it  may  apply  to  the  Gall- 
gnats  and  Saw-flies,  though  it  seems  perfectly  correct  as  limited  to  the 
Gall-flies.   {Pi-oc.  Ent.  Soc.  PhU.  I.  p.  49.)    What  is  very  remarkable 


1864.]  549 

about  these  inquilinous  insects,  whicli  have  true  gall-makers  closely 
allied  to  them,  is  that  they  do  not  invariably  confine  themselves  to  the 
galls  of  their  allies,  but  occasionally  inhabit  galls  made  by  insects  that 
even  belong  to  different  Orders.  For  example,  the  Cecidomyidous 
gall  Q.  pilulse  Walsh,  as  was  just  now  stated,  is  inhabited  by  a  Cyni- 
pide,  Ceroptres*  (amblynotus)  inermis  Walsh,  and  conversely  from  the 
Cynipidous  gall  Q.  petiliocoJa  0.  S.,  I  bred  July  11th  two  specimens  of 
a  Lasioptera  (^Cecidomyidae)  resembling  somewhat  L.  solidaginis  0.  S. 
but  perfectly  distinct  from  that  species.  Again,  numerous  instances 
are  given  in  this  Paper,  where  Saw-flies  are  inquilinous  in  the  galls  of 
Gall-gnats,  and  Gall-gnats  are  inquilinous  in  the  galls  of  Saw-flies,  as 
may  be  readily  seen  from  the  lists  of  Inquilines  under  Diptera  and 
Hymenoptera.  But  in  all  such  cases  this  appears  to  be  the  exception 
and  not  the  rule.  It  should  be  remembered,  that  the  same  gall  is  often 
inhabited  by  several  different  species  of  inquilines,  sometimes  belong- 
ing to  widely  distinct  groups,  as,  for  example,  the  Cynipidous  gall  Q. 
petlolirola  0.  S.  is  inhabited  not  only  by  the  Guest  Gall-gnat  mentioned 
above,  but  by  a  Guest  Gall-fly,  Ceroptres  (^amhlynotus)  petioh'cola  O.S.; 
(Froc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  T.  p.  67  and  II.  p.  487,)  and  that  many  species 
of  these  Guests  habitually  live  in  the  galls  of  several  different  species 
of  Hosts,  many  instances  of  which  will  be  found  below.  It  is  even 
occasionally  the  case,  that  one  and  the  same  species  is  sometimes  inquili- 
nous in  the  galls  of  other  insects,  and  sometimes  attacks  natural  sub- 
stances which  are  in  nowise  connected  with  galls,  of  which  one  in- 
stance is  apparently  found  in  the  Dipterous  Drosoplula  cmioena  Lw., 
and  another  notable  one  occurs  in  the  common  Curculio  {Conotrache- 
Ivs  ne7iuj}har  Hbst.),  one  brood  of  which  attacks  the  fleshy  part  of  the 
Plum,  Peach,  &c.,  and  another  brood  habitually  lives  in  what  will  be 
shown  below,  to  be  in  all  probability  a  true  Cecidomyidous  gall — the 
well-known  "  Black-knot"  on  the  Plum-tree.     (See  under  No.  15.) 

Nothing  gives  us  a  better  idea  of  the  prodigious  exuberance  of  Insect 
Life,  and  of  the  manner  in  which  one  insect  is  often  dependent  upon 
another  for  its  very  existence,  than  to  count  up  the  species  which  haunt, 

*  Baron  Osten  Sacken  tells  me  that  he  has  learned  from  Dr.  Eheiuhardt  of 
Germany,  that  the  insects  provisionally  referrel  by  him  to  Hartig's  imper- 
fectly defined  genus  Amblynotus  belong  in  reality  to  Hartig's  genus  Ceroptres, 
or  at  all  events  must  form  a  new  genus  closely  allied  to  Ceroptres. 


550  [December 

either  habitually  or  occasionally,  one  of  these  Willow-galls,  and  live 
either  upon  the  substance  of  the  gall  itself  or  upon  the  bodies  of  other 
insects  that  live  upon  the  substance  of  the  gall.  In  the  sino-le  o-all 
S.  hrassicoides  n.  sp.  there  dwell  the  Cecidomyia  which  is  the  maker 
of  the  gall  —  four  inquilinous  Cecidomyia  —  an  inquilinous  saw-fly 
(Hymenoptera) — five  distinct  species  of  Microlepidoptera,  some  feed- 
ing on  the  external  leaves  of  the  gall,  and  some  burrowing  into  the 
heart  of  the  cabbage,  but  scarcely  ever  penetrating  into  the  central 
cell,  so  as  to  destroy  the  larva  that  provides  them  with  food  and  lod"- 
ing — two  or  three  Coleoptera — a  Psocus  (Pseudoneuroptera) — a  Hete- 
ropterous  insect  found  abundantly  in  several  other  willow-galls — an 
Aphis  which  is  also  found  on  the  leaves  of  the  willow,  but  peculiarly 
afiects  this  gall — and  preying  on  the  Aphides  the  larva  of  a  Chrysopa 
(Neuroptera)  and  the  larva  of  a  Syrphide  (Diptera) — besides  four  or 
five  species  of  Chalcididfe,  one  Braconide  Ichneumon  (Hymenoptera) 
and  one  Tachinide  (Diptera),  which  prey  on  the  Cecidomyia  and 
the  Microlepidoptera — making  altogether  about  two  dozen  distinct 
species  and  representing  every  one  of  the  eight  Orders,  if  with 
Sieboldt,  Erichson  and  Hagen  we  refer  Pseudoneui-optera  to  Orthop- 
tera.  If  this  one  little  gall  and  the  insect  that  produces  it  were 
swept  out  of  existence,  how  the  whole  world  of  insects  would  be  con- 
vulsed as  by  an  earthquake  !  How  many  species  would  be  compelled 
to  resort  for  food  to  other  sources,  thereby  grievously  disarranging  the 
due  balance  of  Insect  Life  !  How  many  others  would  probably  perish 
from  off  the  face  of  the  earth,  or  be  greatly  reduced  in  numbers  !  Yet 
to  the  eye  of  the  common  observer  this  gall  is  nothing  but  an  unmean- 
ing mass  of  leaves,  of  the  origin  and  history  of  which  he  knows  noth- 
ing and  cares  nothino' ! 

The  Dervise  in  the  Eastern  Fable  claimed  to  have  discovered  the 
language  of  birds,  while  to  the  vulgar  their  notes  were  mere  inarticu- 
late sounds  without  passion  and  without  meaning.  The  Entomoloo-ist 
does  not  indeed  pretend  to  understand  the  language  of  Insects,  for,  as 
they  all  breathe  through  spiracles  or  brauchite,  their  mouths  are  ever- 
lastingly dumb.  But  from  signs  and  tokens  well  known  to  him  he  can 
interpret  their  actions,  and  recognize  at  a  glance  what  object  they  are 
pursuing,  whether  sport,  or  love,  or  war.  or  food  for  themselves,  or  food 
for  their  future  progeny,  or  the  construction  of  habitations  either  for 


1864.]  551 

themselves  or  for  that  future  progeny  which  they  are  doomed  never  to 
behold.  Under  every  stone,  under  every  clod,  and  even  under  the 
most  despised  substances,  there  is  a  little  world  in  miniature  opened  to 
his  eyes.  And  there  scarcely  grows  a  plant  but  what  contains,  in  Na- 
ture's own  hieroglyphs,  a  whole  volume  of  Natural  History  written  by  • 
the  finger  of  the  Great  Author  of  our  being. 

DIPTERA. — Family  Cecidomyid^. 

Many  years  ago,  before  the  science  of  Entomology  had  any  exist- 
ence, the  old  herbalist  Grerard,  noticing  a  rose-like  gall  very  abundant 
on  a  British  species  of  willow,  concluded  that  it  was  a  purely  vegetable 
production,  and  that  the  willow  which  bore  it  formed  a  distinct  species, 
which  he  accordingly  named  "  the  Rose-willow"  ;  and  even  Swammer- 
dam,  who  ought  to  have  known  better,  fell  into  the  same  error.  (Kby  & 
Sp.  Litr.  Letter  14,  p.  254.  Westw.  Intr.  II.  p.  519.)  Up  to  a  very  re- 
cent date,  from  some  unaccountable  cause,  entomologists  who  recognized 
this  gall  as  the  work  of  injects,  attributed  it,  not  to  a  gall-gnat  nor  even  to 
a  saw-fly,  but  to  a  Cj/nij^s.  (K.hy&  Sip.  ibid.)  Westwood,  however,  clearly 
recognizes  the  gall  of  the  "  Rose-willow"  as  the  work  of  a  Cecidomyia, 
{Introd.  II.  p.  519,)  and  I  am  indebted  to  Baron  Osten  8acken  for  the  fol- 
lowing quotations  from  Dr.  Hartig  in  reference  to  this  matter.  "  There 
are  no  Gi/nipldse  on  the  willow,  and  the  galls  ascribed  to  Ct/nips  vimi- 
nalis,  G.  caprex,  C.  amerinse  and  G.  salicis  strobili  belong  either  to 
Cecidomi/ise,  or  Aphides."  (Germ.  Zeitsch.  II.  p.  176.) — "  I  doubt  very 
much  whether  other  than  parasitical  Gall-flies  [Figitidse  ?]  occur  on  the 
willow."  {Ibid.  IV.  p.  421.)  To  which  it  is  added  that  "  three  species 
of  Xystus  (  =  the  Figitide  genus  Allotria)  are  described  by  Hartig  as 
being  bred  from  the  willow-gall  of  the  Tenthredo  Nematus  ValUs- 
nieriir 

As  already  stated,  all  the  true  Willow-galls  I  have  so  far  met  with 
are  the  work  either  of  gall-gnats  or  of  saw-flies,  and  none  that  I  have 
seen  are  produced  by  Aphidae.,  as  seems  to  be  asserted  above  of  certain 
European  willow-galls  by  Hartig.  I  once,  indeed,  found  a  colony  of  a 
species  of  Aphis,  that  inhabits  S.  cordata,  surrounded  by  what  at  first 
sight  looked  like  a  large,  subspherical  gall ;  but  on  breaking  it  open  I 
saw  at  once  that  it  was  the  work  of  the  attendant  ants,  and  composed 
of  particles  of  dry  vegetable  matter  agglutinated  together,  in  the  man- 


552  [December 

ner  described  by  Mr.  Wm.  Couper,  (Proc.  Enf.  Soc.  Phil.  I.  p.  373.) 
May  it  not  be  possible  that  the  Willow-galls  attributed  to  Aphides  by 
Hartig  are  of  a  similar  nature  ?  Whenever  a  particular  genus  of  plants, 
common  to  both  N.  A.  and  Europe,  is  infested  by  a  particular  genus  of 
■  gall-making  insects,  it  is  generally  the  case  that  the  same  genus  of  In- 
sects occurs  upon  the  same  genus  of  plants  both  in  the  Old  and  New 
World.  Now  if  there  really  exist  in  the  U.  S.  Aphidse  that  produce 
galls  on  our  willows,  I  can  scarcely  believe  that  they  should  have  all 
managed  to  escape  my  notice.  Still,  like  all  other  negative  arguments, 
such  reasoning  as  this  is  not  entitled  to  much  weight. 

The  genus  Cecidoini/ia  diifers  from  most  other  genera  of  gall-pro- 
ducing insects,  in  that  it  occurs  on  very  numerous  and  widely  distinct 
genera  of  plants.  In  Osten  Sacken's  excellent  Memoir  on  this  Family, 
without  the  assistance  of  which  I  should  not  have  ventured  upon  this 
Paper,  N.  A.  Cecidomyidse.^  many  of  them  known  only  in  the  larva 
state,  are  enumerated  as  occurring  on  Hickories  (Carya)  of  different 
kinds,  on  the  red  Maple  (Acer),  on  the  Ash  (Fraxinus),  on  Oaks  of 
different  kinds  (Quercus),  on  the  Hornbeam  (Carpinus),  on  the  Tulip 
tree  (Liriodendron),  on  the  Willow  (Salix),  the  Grape-vine  (Vitis),  the 
Locust  (Robinia),  the  Alder  (Alnus),  the  Gooseberry  (Ribes),  the 
Blackberry  (Rubus),  and  the  Pine  (Pinus),  besides  Vaccinium,  (or  Gay- 
lussacia?),  Solidago,  Impatiens,  Agrostis,  Chrysopsis,  and  the  cereals 
wheat,  rye,  &c.,  {Dipt.  JY.  A.  188—190.)  Even  the  twelve  N  A. 
species  referred  to  the  genus  Cecidomj/ia^  where  the  perfect  insect  is 
known  as  well  as  its  larva,  occur  on  eight  distinct  genera  of  plants. 
{Ibid.)  What  a  contrast  with  Ci/nips^  of  which  there  are  now  about  a 
score  described  N.  A.  species,  all  found  on  different  species  of  Oak  I 
We  may  observe,  however,  that  as  in  the  Cynips  of  the  Oak,  so  also  in 
the  Cecidomyia  of  the  Willow,  it  is  a  very  general  rule  that  the  galL 
when  it  grows  on  a  twig,  kills  that  twig  unless  it  is  pretty  large,  so  that 
the  presence  of  either  of  these  two  genera  operates  here  as  Nature's 
own  pruning-knife. 

But  the  most  remarkable  feature  about  the  Cecidomj/idai  is  the  gene- 
rally dull,  monotonous  character  of  their  coloration  and  ornamentation, 
the  extreme  similarity  of  many  species,  and  the  apparent  identity  of 
others,  which  we  yet  know,  from  the  wide  difference  of  the  galls  pro- 
duced by  them,  must  be  distinct  species.     Hence  Loew  has  remarked 


1864.]  553 

that  "  Grall-gnats  cannot  be  recognizably  described  from  single  dried 
specimens,  unless  they  are  distinguished  by  some  striking  peculiarities;  " 
{Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  187;)  and  Osten  Sacken  observes  as  follows: — 

It  is  a  peculiarity  of  the  family  of  Cecidomyidoe,  that  its  natural  history  has 
always  been  studied  in  close  connection  with  its  classification.  This  is  owing 
chiefly  to  the  fact  that  the  gall,  the  produce  of  the  insect  in  its  first  stage  of  life, 
is  generally  a  more  striking  object  in  nature  than  the  insect  itself.  The  latter, 
small,  tiny,  difficult  to  preserve  on  account  of  their  extreme  delicacy,  still  more 
difficult  to  distinguish  from  their  congeners  on  account  of  the  uniformity  of  their 
appearance  and  coloring,  would  affijrd  a  very  unsatisfactory  object  of  study, 
unless  in  connection  with  the  varied  deformations  which  their  larvae  produce 
on  plants.     {Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  173.) 

I  find  it  utterly  impossible  in  one  case  to  distinguish  from  each 
other  the  dried  9  imagos  of  two  undoubtedly  distinct  species,  which 
form  distinct  galls  of  a  perfectly  distinct  structure  on  different  parts  of 
the  same  Willow,  and  the  pupal  integuments  of  which  are  structurally 
very  distinct,  viz.    Crc.  s.  rhodoides  n.  sp.    and    CW-.  s.  siliqua  n.  sp.  ? 
I  had  hoped  that,  by  taking  descriptions  of  numerous  specimens  of  re- 
cent Cecido}ni/ia,  and  especially  of  the  abdomen  which  often  loses  its 
coloration  almost  entirely  when  dried,  some  sharply-defined  distinctive 
characters  might  be  arrived  at.     But  T  have  found  from  these  descrip- 
tions that  the  same  species,  and  even  the  same  living  individual  of  the 
same  species,  varies  greatly  in  the  coloration  of  the  abdomen  according 
to  the  degree  of  its  maturity,  and  that  what  was  at  an  early  period  in 
its  existence  yellowish  or  reddish,  gradually  becomes,  in  the  course  of 
a  day  or  two,  and  sometimes  even  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours,  brown 
or  blackish.     I  have  even  repeatedly  placed  the  recently  killed  9  O 
produced  from  the  above  two  galls  side  by  side,  and  have  found  myself 
utterly  unable  to  discover  any  constant  distinctive  character  whatever 
though  it  is  barely  possible  that  the  structure  of  the  %  antennae  may 
differ.    In  solitary  individuals  indeed  it  is  easy  enough  sometimes  to  point 
out  distinctive  characters ;  but  on  comparing  many  individuals  belono-ino- 
to  the  same  species,  such  characters  are  very  generally  found  to  be  in- 
constant and  worthless.     Lest  it  should  be  assumed  that  the  characters 
in  my  specimens  might  have  been  changed  by  chemicals,  such  as  chlo- 
roform, &c.,  used  to  deprive  them  of  life,  it  is  proper  to  state  here,  that 
I  kill  all  tlies  by  simply  immersing  the  vial  or  bottle,  in  which  they  are 
confined,  into  hot  water  up  to  the  cork. 


554  [December 

Under  these  circumstances  the  mind  naturally  reverts  to  the  idea, 
that  the  diiFerence  in  the  gall  is  caused  by  the  difference  in  its  location, 
whether  in  the  bud,  or  in  the  wood,  or  on  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  of 
the  same  species  of  willow,  and  that  the  two  supposed  distinct  species 
of  Cpci<lom,)/ia  are  in  reality  identical.  But  on  the  very  same  species  of 
Willow,  S.humilis,  there  occur  two  galls,  *S'.  rhodoides  n.  sp.  and  S.gna- 
pJmlioides  n.  sp.,  differing  indeed  in  size,  but  constructed  upon  precisely 
the  same  principle,  both  of  them  always  solitary,  both  of  them  monotha- 
lamous,  and  both  of  them  formed  by  a  similar  deformation  of  the  ter- 
minal bud  of  a  twig.  Although  each  of  these  two  galls  may  be  recog- 
nized at  the  first  glance,  and  no  two  galls  can  be  more  clearly  distin- 
guished by  several  sharply-defined  characters  without  any  intermediate 
u-rades  connecting  them,  and  I  have  examined  hundreds  of  each  to 
satisfy  myself  of  their  perfect  distinctness,  yet  the  $  imagos  proceeding 
from  these  galls,  and  which  are  undoubtedly  the  authors  of  the  galls, 
because  the  larva  and  pupa  live  in  the  central  cell,  and  1  have  actually 
bred  them  from  pupae  extracted  from  the  central  cell,  are  undistinguish- 
able  when  placed  side  by  side,  except  by  a  slight  difference  in  size,  though 
the  average  number  and  structure  of  the  joints  of  the  %  antenna  may 
possibly  be  different.  The  larvae,  too,  are  alike  even  when  placed  side 
by  side  ;  the  pupje  are  precisely  alike,  even  when  placed  side  by  side,  and 
the  only  characters,  that  1  can  discover,  to  distinguish  the  two  species  are 
their  size,  their  widely  distinct  galls,  and  the  fact  that  the  pupal  cocoon 
of  the  first  is  about  2  h — 3  times  as  long  as  the  mature  larva,  and  the  pupal 
cocoon  of  the  second  is  from  «  as  long  again  to  twice  as  long  as  the 
mature  larva.  Whence  we  may  draw  the  general  conclusion,  that  in 
order  to  separate  satisfactorily  what  are  undoubtedly  distinct  species  of 
Ct'cidom^ia,  it  is  necessary  to  study  them,  not  only  in  the  imago  state, 
but  also  in  all  their  preparatory  states,  and  to  describe  the  galls  with 
the  greatest  precision. 

On  reviewing  the  value  of  the  characters  to  be  drawn  from  all  these 
sources,  with  especial  reference  to  the  Gall-gnats  of  the  Willow,  which 
are  the  only  ones  that  I  have  carefully  studied,  I  have  arrived  at  the 
following  results : — 1st.  The  egg  in  all  species  where  I  have  observed 
it  is  uniform  in  shape,  being  constructed  precisely  as  Osten  Sacken  de- 
scribes it,  but  instead  of  being  ''orange-yellow  or  whitish"  it  is  always 
sanguineous,  {Dipt.  K  A.  p.   180  )     Hence  it  appears  that  the  egg 


1864.]  555 

does  not  vary  in  the  same  species  in  the  G-all-gnats  of  the  Willow,  but 
on  the  other  hand  it  does  not  diiFer  in  different  species,  except  of  course 
in  its  proportional  size ;  so  that  it  is  of  no  service  hei'e  towards  distin- 
guishing species.  2nd.  The  larva  varies  very  considerably  in  its  colora- 
tion, and  becomes  more  deeply  colored  after  it  has  reached  maturity 
and  formed  its  cocoon,  as  it  approaches  the  period  when  it  tranforms 
into  the  pupa  state;  but  the  "  breast-bone"  (See  Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  182,) 
is  tolerably  constant  in  the  same  species.  Unfortunately,  however,  this 
last  character  does  not  differ  materially,  there  being  only  two  distinct 
forms,  the  Y-shaped,  varying  in  the  same  species  by  a  considerable  cur- 
tailment or  prolongation  of  the  lower  (or  posterior)  arm  of  the  Y  and 
the  clove-shaped  breast-bone.  I  thought  at  first  that  this  curtailment 
or  prolongation  might  be  due  to  the  greater  or  less  degree  in  which  the 
joint  bearing  the  breast-bone  is  overlapped  by  the  following  joint;  but 
on  carefully  examining  at  the  same  hour  26  larvae  belonging  to  5  dif- 
ferent but  closely  allied  species,  and  distending  the  fore  part  of  their 
bodies  by  pressure  so  as  to  obviate  any  such  overlapping,  I  satisfied 
myself  that  it  was  a  honn  fide  variation,  and  that  it  occurs  in  at  least  4 
out  of  the  5  species.  The  comparative  length  and  breadth  of  the  larva 
is  somewhat  inconstant;  for  although  C.  s.  siliqua  n.  sp.  (?)  is  always, 
so  far  as  I  have  observed,  (9  specimens)  elongate,  yet  others  (e.  g.  C. 
s.  brassicoides  n.  sp.  and  C  s.  strobiloides  n.  sp.)  are  generally  short, 
but  occasionally  as  elongate  as  C.  s.  siliqua.  ord.  The  pupa  varies  very 
considerably  in  coloration,  becoming  much  darker  before  it  transforms. 
On  the  other  hand  the  coloration  of  the  empty  pupal  integument  is 
very  constant,  and  presents  a  few  very  remarkable  differences  in  differ- 
ent species,  even  when  the  pupae  themselves  are  undistinguishable  in 
their  coloration.  The  characters  drawn  from  the  structure  of  the  horns 
at  the  base  of  the  antennae  and  the  thoracic  bristle  (ibid.  p.  185-6)  are 
invariable,  but  do  not  differ  much  in  different  species,  no  less  than  five 
species  being  precisely  identical  in  these  respects.  It  is  remarkable  that 
I  could  not  find  in  any  species  the  bristle  behind  the  base  of  the  an- 
tenna, which  is  stated  by  Osten  Sacken  to  occur  in  most  Cecidomyide 
pupse.  Ath.  The  structure,  shape  and  comparative  dimensions  of  the 
cocoon,  which  the  larva  of  most  species  constructs  in  the  autumn,  and 
in  which  it  lies  through  the  winter,  not  transforming  into  the  pupa  till 
a  few  weeks  before  it  is  ready  to  assume  the  imago  state  in  the  follow- 


556  [December 

iag  spring,  aiFord  some  pretty  good  characters.  Although  there  is 
nearly  as  much  room  for  a  long  cocoon  in  the  gall  *S'.  hrassivoides  as  in 
the  gall  S.  strobiloides,  yet  in  the  former  the  cocoon  invariably  envelops 
the  larva  so  tightly  that  it  is  difficult  to  be  detached,  and  in  the  latter 
it  is  invariably  about  long  enough  to  hold  three  larvae  packed  length- 
ways, the  larva  of  this  and  other  allied  species  being  always  found 
lying  in  the  basal  end  of  the  cocoon  with  its  head  towards  the  empty 
tip.  5th.  As  already  stated,  the  coloration  of  the  imago  varies  asto- 
nishingly, not  only  in  the  dried,  but  also  in  the  living  specimen,  as  will 
be  shown  in  detail  in  the  case  of  almost  every  species  where  I  have  ob- 
tained the  imago.  In  the  case  of  the  abdomen  9  ,  the  more  or  less 
deep  sanguineous  color  is  due  to  the  color  of  the  included  egrirs  showino- 
more  or  less  through  the  more  or  less  transparent  integument,  as  is  also 
the  egg-yellow  color  in  the  abdomen  of  many  9  Ephemerina.  (See  my 
Paper  Froc.  Ac.  iVat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Sep.  1862,  pp.  374, 375,  377.)  When 
these  eggs  are  partially  extruded,  it  will  be  seen  that  in  the  inquilinous 
Cec.  alhovittata  n.  sp.  the  abdomen,  instead  of  fulvous  or  sanguineous, 
becomes  in  the  empty  part  luteous  like  the  abdomen  of  the  S  .  A  precisely 
similar  thing  occurs  in  the  abdomen  of  many  9  Ephemerina.  (Ibid.) 
In  a  few  9  Cecidom^ia,  when  dried — and  I  have  noticed  the  same  thing 
in  many  living  9  9  — several  eggs  remain  still  attached  to  the  oviduct, 
and  I  suspect  that  the  "  two  small  oval  lamels,"  stated  by  Winnertz  to 
be  attached  to  the  oviduct  of  the  J^uropean  C.  {diphsis)  pin!  DeG., 
are  nothing  but  two  eggs  thus  protruding.  {Dipt.  N.  A.  pp.  177-8.) 
On  the  other  hand  the  color  of  the  hairs  of  the  thorax,  but  nut  of  the 
abdomen  I  find  to  be  a  constant  character  both  in  the  living;  and  the 
dried  specimen,  and  to  diifer  in  some  species;  and  the  same  is  true  of 
the  arrangement  of  the  hairs  on  the  thorax,  whether  in  rows  or  irregu- 
larly scattered.  As  regards  other  structural  characters,  the  length  of 
the  oviduct  varies  greatly,  according  to  the  degree  in  which  it  is  re- 
tracted, as  has  been  observed  by  Say,  (Sai/'s  Works,  II.  p.  5,)  but  the 
average  length  differs  considerably  in  some  few  species.  The  number 
of  joints  in  the  %  antenna  varies  by  2,  or  3,  or  perhaps  even  4  joints  in 
the  same  species,  according  to  the  general  rule  in  Natural  History,  that 
multiple  parts,  like  the  vertebrae  of  a  snake  and  the  stamens  of  polyan- 
drous  flowers,  are  inconstant  in  number.*     Specimens  not  uufrequently 

*Most  Coleoptera  have  11-jointecl  antennae,  and  the  number  of  joints  is  inva- 


1804.]  557 

occur  where  the  right  and  left  antenna  of  the  same  individual  %  vary  by 
one  joint,  as  has  been  noticed  by  Loew  of  C.  ehrynopsidls  Lw.  (^Dipt. 
N.  A.  p.  204.)  Similarly,  the  %  antenna  of  C.  solidaginis  Lw.  is  de- 
scribed by  Loew,  probably  from  only  a  few  specimens,  as  22  or  23- 
joiuted,  (2-)-20  or  2-(-21,)  but  in  one  S  which  I  bred  myself  of  that 
species  it  is  distinctly  20-joiuted,  (2-f-18,)  thus  showing  a  variation  of 
2  or  •>  joints ;  arid,  according  to  Mr.  Herrick,  the  number  of  joints  in 
the  antenna  of  the  Hessian  fly  (C.  destructor  Say)  varies  from  16  to  19 
or  2^-14  to  2-(-17.  (Harr.  LiJ.  Ins.  p.  570.)  To  avoid  ambiguity,  it 
may  be  stated  here  that  in  the  Grall-guats  the  long  basal  joint  or  scapiis 
is  counted  as  two  joints,  from  the  homology  of  allied  families,  though 
to  the  eye  but  one  joint  is  discoverable.  As  to  the  joints  of  the  9 
antenna,  I  have  found  it  impossible  to  count  them  with  any  precision 
either  in  the  recent  or  the  dried  specimen,  owing  to  their  being  so 
short  and  towards  the  tip  so  nearly  cylindrical.  On  the  other  hand  the 
structure  of  the  S  antenna,  as  regards  the  comparative  length  of  the 
pedicels  and  verticils,  is  very  constant ;  but  unfortunately  it  does  not 
differ  at  all  in  the  different  species  that  form  galls  on  our  willows, 
though  in  other  species,  e.  g.  (J.  soliddglnis  Lw.,  it  differs  considerably; 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  neuration,  with  the  single  exception 
of  the  structure  of  the  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal  vein, 
which  differs  a  little  in  some  few  species,  the  differences  being  nearly 
constant.  It  may  be  worth  while  here  to  remind  the  student  of  the  very 
necessary  caution  given  by  Osten  Sacken,  "not  to  mistake  for  a  vein  a 
longitudinal  fold  which  generally  exists  between  the  2nd  and  3rd  longitu- 
dinal veins."  {Dipt.  lY.  A.  p.  175,  note.)  This  fold  is  exceedingly 
puzzling  at  first,  and  seems  to  foreshadow  the  interpolated  vein  between 
the  2nd  and  3rd  longitudinals,  which  occurs  either  simple  or  forked  in 
the  second  Section  of  Cecidom,yidse,.^Anaretina.  Even  Westwood  has  been 
apparently  deceived  by  its  simulating  a  vein  so  completely,  for  he  figures  it 
along  with  the  true  veins.  (^Intr.  II.  p.  518,  fig.  3,  and  compare  Dipt.  N. 
A.  p.  174,  figs.  1 — 5.)  The  %  genitals  may,  and  I  think  do,  afford  some 
good  specific  characters ;  but  these  characters  are  almost  microscopic,  dif- 
ficult to  describe  without  good  figures,  and  become  evanescent  in  the 

riable;  but  in  %  Prionus  imhricornis  Lin.,  which  has  an  anomalously  large  num- 
ber of  antennal  joints,  the  number  varies,  even  in  the  right  and  left  antenna  of 
the  same  individual,  from  18  to  19. 


558  [December 

dried  specimen.  On  the  whole,  I  know  scarcely  a  single  group  of  Insects, 
not  even  excepting  Aphidx,  where  the  imago  affords  so  few  good  and 
reliable  characters  as  in  the  Gecidomijia  of  the  willow,  which  is  the 
more  provoking  as  the  number  of  species  is  so  considerable.  G/"/*.  The 
galls  most  of  them  afford  very  good,  constant,  and  definite  characters, 
and  as  yet  I  have  found  no  two  galls  undoubtedly  distinct,  that  cannot 
be  sharply  and  effectually  separated,  with  the  exception  of  the  Tenthred- 
inidous  galls,  8.  ovum  n.  sp.  and  *S^.  ovuluni  n.  sp.,  which  occur  on  two 
different  willows. 

Osten  Sacken  has  said  that  all  the  larvas  of  Cecidomyidse  have  13-joint- 
ed  bodies,  the  supernumerary  joint,  which  bears  the  breast-bone,  being 
placed  between  the  head  and  the  1st  thoracic  (stigma-bearing)  segment ; 
and  that  the  number  and  position  of  the  stigmata  are  normal,  one  pair 
on  the  1st  thoracic  segment  and  eight  pairs  on  the  first  eight  abdominal 
segments.  {Dipt.  N.  A.  pp.  181—2.)  I  agree  with  Schaum,  that,  con- 
trary to  the  opinion  of  Westwood,  no  insect  in  any  of  its  states  has,  in 
reality,  more  than  12  joints  to  the  body,  i.  e.  3  thoracic  and  9  abdomi- 
nal, and  I  can  discern  but  12  joints,  exclusive  of  the  head,  in  the  larva 
of  any  of  the  Gecidomi/ia  of  the  Willow,  the  first  joint  bearing  the 
breast-bone  on  its  inferior  surface  and  dorsally  rather  short,  the  last 
composed  of  little  else  but  two  tubercles  transversely  arranged  and  di- 
rected backwards.  And  it  appears  to  me,  (though  of  this  I  would  not 
be  so  certain,)  that  in  a  very  elongate  and  large  larva  (  C.  s.  siliqua  n. 
sp.  ?)  where  the  joints  were  unusually  hunched  and  distinct,  there  was 
a  pair  of  spiracles  to  every  joint  but  the  one  that  bears  the  breast-bone 
and  the  12th  or  anal  one,  all  arranged  in  a  lateral  row  i  of  the  way  to 
the  hind  end  of  each  joint.  In  any  case  there  was  certainly  a  pair  of 
spiracles  on  what  I  consider  as  the  1st  abdominal  joint,  but  what,  ac- 
cording to  Osten  Sacken,  is  the  metathorax.  In  two  or  three  other 
specimens  belonging  to  the  same  species  I  was  unable  to  see  the  spira- 
cles so  distinctly,  but  still  I  saw  them. 

Lati'eille,  Audouin,  Schaum,  and  many  other  European  entomolo- 
gists, have  asserted  that  no  insect  in  any  of  its  states  has  any  metatho- 
racic  spiracle.  Loew,  however,  agrees  with  Westwood  in  considering 
the  spiracle  in  front  of  the  Dipterous  halteres,  which  the  above  authors, 
most  incongruously  as  it  seems  to  me,  maintain  to  be  abdominal,  as  truly 
metathoracic.     (^Dipt.  JSf.  A.  Intr.  p.  xiv.)     In  the  larvae  of  insects 


1864.]  559 

which  have  a  quiescent  pupa,  it  is  undoubtedly  the  general  rule,  that 
they  have  only  one  pair  of  thoracic  spiracles,  vphich  is  situated  on  the 
prothorax.  or  immediately  behind  it.  or  sometimes  on  the  anterior  part 
of  the  mesothorax  (Elateru/x.)  But  still  there  are  plenty  of  them 
which  have  both  meso-  and  meta-thoracie  spiracles.  As  I  purpose  en- 
tering fully  on  this  and  certain  allied  subjects  in  a  future  Paper,  it  will 
be  sufficient  to  refer  here,  in  confirmation  of  this  last  point,  to  Westw. 
Introd.  I.  p.  67,  fig.  8,  and  compare  p.  68;  p.  255.  II.  p.  2o9.  fig.  5;  p. 
252 ;  p.  263,  fig.  9 ;  p.  267,  fig.  15. 

Osten  Sacken  has  said,  that  "  the  use  and  homology  of  the  breast-bone 
is  unknown,"  and  suggests  that  it  may  possibly  represent  the  mentum 
of  the  larva  of  Tipularise.  {Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  182.)  Say,  from  his  de- 
scription of  this  part  in  the  larva  of  Ore.  destructor,  appears  to  have 
considered  it  as  a  pair  of  rudimentary  legs,  which  it  can  scarcely  be, 
because  it  is  one  solid  piece  ;  and  besides,  there  is  no  instance  in  Insecta 
of  the  development  of  only  a  single  pair,  or  of  only  two  pair  of  legs, 
though  in  the  larva  of  Passalus  (Coleoptera)  the  hind  pair  of  legs  are 
greatly  reduced  in  size,  and  functionally  impotent,*  and  in  the  imagos  of 
many  Butterflies  the  same  thing  occurs  in  the  front  legs.  (»S'fl_y'.s  Works, 
II.  p.  5.)  From  the  fact  that  in  many  species,  especially  those  where 
it  assumes  a  Y-.shaped  form,  it  is  manifestly  overlaid  by  the  tran.sparent 
integument  of  the  insect,  as  may  be  seen  from  viewing  it  in  different 
lights,  I  infer  that  it  is  not  any  part  of  the  external  skeleton,  and  can- 
not, therefore,  be  homologous  with  the  central  piece  of  the  sternum  in 
the  imago,  or  the  mentum  in  the  larva  of  Tipularise;  and  that  it  must 
consequently  be  the  homologue  of  some  internal  organ,  perhaps  the 
"  antecoxal  plates"  of  Coleoptera.  (Lee.  Intr.  Col.  p.  xv.)  From  the 
fact  stated  by  Osten  Sacken,  and  which  I  can  confirm  from  my  own 
observation,  that  this  organ  is  peculiar  to  the  larva  of  Cecidomyidie, 
and  from  the  further  facts  that  its  anterior  extremity,  as  stated  by  the 
same  author,  either  bears  one  or  two  thorns  or  is  serrated,  &c.,  {Dipt. 
N.  A.  p.  182,)  and  that  when  the  head  is  retracted,  as  is  usual  in  the 


*I  state  this  of  my  own  knowledge  of  P.  cornutus  Fabr.  A  larva  o{  Passalus 
was  represented  with  only  four  legs  by  Abbot,  apparently  from  overlooking  the 
hind  legs,  which  are  decussated  on  the  sternum  and  not  very  obvious.  (See 
Westw.  I7itr.  I.  p.  189.) 


i)(ji)  [December 

quiescent  specimen,  it  projects  a  little  from  the  anterior  extremity  of 
the  body,  I  infer  that  its  use  is  to  abrade  the  interior  of  the  gall,  and. 
by  the  irritation  thereby  produced,  promote  the  growth  of  the  gall  and 
cause  a  flow  of  sap  which  is  to  form  the  food  of  the  larva.  As  no  solid 
faeces  are  found  in  the  cells  of  Cecidomyidous  larvse,  it  is  evident  that 
those  larvEB  cannot  devour  the  solid  substance  of  the  gall,  and  their 
mouths  seem  entirely  too  soft  and  membranous  to  produce  any  material 
abrasion  in  the  interior  of  some  of  the  more  woody  galls  e.  g.  »S'.  siliqtca. 
In  confirmation  of  the  above  idea,  it  may  be  stated  that  I  found  in  No- 
vember a  single  larva  of  C.  s.strohiloides  n.  sp.,with  one  of  the  thorns 
of  its  Y-shaped  breast-bone  absent,  and  apparently  broken  oif  short  at 
the  bifurcation.  The  breast-bone  can  scarcely  be  used  for  locomotive 
purposes,  as  Osten  Sacken  doubtingly  suggests;  for  if  it  were,  we  should 
surely  find  it  in  other  Dipterous  larvas  besides  those  of  the  Grall-gnats. 
Whatever  be  its  use,  it  must  be  something  specially  connected  with  the 
habits  of  the  Gall-gnats,  otherwise  we  should  find  it  elsewhere.  In  the 
larva  of  another  widely  distinct  Dipterous  gall-maker,  Irijpeta  mlida- 
yinis  Fitch,  there  exists  no  such  organ,  but  the  mouth  terminates  in  a 
robust,  horny,  black,  emarginate  piece,  which  probably  subserves  the 
same  purpose  that  I  believe  to  be  subserved  by  the  breast-bone  of  the 
larva  of  the  Gall-gnats. 

As  to  the  pupal  cocoon  of  Cecklomyia^  Winnertz,  as  quoted  by  Osten 
Sacken,  "  positively  denies  that  the  larvae  spin  this  cocoon ;  according 
to  his  observation,  the  latter  is,  so  to  say,  exudtd  by  the  larva.  He 
found  that  larvae,  which  had  fastened  themselves  to  a  leaf,  were  encir- 
cled within  twenty-four  hours  by  a  white  halo,  consisting  of  tiny,  thread- 
like particles,  which  seemed  to  grow  somewhat  like  crystal-needles ;  the 
larva  during  this  time  remained  perfectly  motionless.  The  cocoon  is 
perfected  within  a  few  days,  and  even  then,  under  a  strong  magnifying 
power,  no  genuine  thread  is  perceptible."  {Dtpt.  JV.  A.  p  184.)  I 
believe  that  it  is  in  this  manner  that  the  pupal  cocoon  of  all  Cerido- 
myia  is  formed,  i.  e.  that  it  is  not  spun  by  the  larva,  but  secreted  in  a 
glutinous  form  from  the  general  surface  of  its  body.  I  have  observed 
that  the  thin,  filmy  cocoon  of  such  species  of  Willow  Gall-gnats,  as  reside 
in  a  gall  composed  internally  of  the  closely  appressed  and  over  lapping- 
leaves  of  the  deformed  bud,  (C.  s.  brassicoidcs  n.  sp.,  C.  s.  strohiloides 
u.  sp.,  C.  s.  rhodoides  n.  sp.  and  C.  s.  ynaj^hafioides  n.  sp.)  is  almost 


1864.]  561 

always  indissolubly  agglutinated,  especially  towards  its  base,  where 
the  external  air  has  not  so  much  chance  to  dry  it.  to  one  or  more 
of  the  small  linear-lanceolate  leaves  that  form  the  interior  of  the 
gall.  I  have  also  observed  that  the  cell  in  which  the  immature  larva 
of  C.  s.  hdtatas  n.  sp.  resides — the  gall  itself  lacing  composed  of  a  ho- 
mogeneous, rather  compact,  spongy  substance — is  (July  30)  rough, 
opaque  and  scaly  on  its  internal  surface,  while  the  cell  of  the  mature 
larva  for  many  months  before  it  assumes  the  pupa  state  (November  11 
and  subsequently)  is  glabrous  and  polished,  without  any  distinct  cocoon 
as  in  the  other  species.  To  what  can  we  attribute  this  change,  but  to 
the  exudation  of  some  glutinous  substance  by  the  larva,  with  which  it, 
as  it  were,  plasters  the  rough  walls  of  its  house  ?  If  the  cocoon  of  Ceci- 
domyia  was  always  spun  by  the  mouth  of  the  larva,  as  most  hymenop- 
terous  and  lepidopterous  cocoons  are  constructed,  it  would  surely  here 
assume  the  ordinary  form  of  such  cocoons  when  spun  inside  the  walls 
of  a  cell,  i.  e.  an  integument  distinct  from  the  walls  of  the  cell;  whereas 
the  smooth  internal  surface  of  the  cell  is  intimately  united  to  the  origi- 
nal rough  surface,  and  can  no  more  be  detached  from  it  than  the  finish- 
ing coat  of  plaster  can  be  detached  from  the  first  rough  coat.  I  have 
observed  a  similar  smooth  lining  to  the  cell-walls  of  Lauoptera  solida- 
glnis  0.  S.,  which,  like  those  of  C.  s.  batatas,  are  surrounded  by  brown 
sponge.  As  a  proof  that  the  smooth  internal  surface  of  the  gall-cell  of  0.  s. 
batatas  is  homologous  with  the  filmy  cocoon  of  C.  s.  brassicoides,  &c.,  we 
find  in  C.  s.  siliqua  and  C.  s.  cornu  n.  sp.  an  intermediate  grade  between 
the  two,  viz :  the  central  and  generally  the  lower  portion  of  the  cocoon 
almost  indissolubly  plastered  on  to  the  smooth  walls  of  the  cell,  and  the 
upper  and  sometimes  also  the  lower  end  forming  a  thin,  filmy  diaphragm, 
of  precisely  the  same  texture  as  the  entire  cocoon  of  C.  s.  brassicoides, 
&c.,  across  the  mouth  and  sometimes  the  lower  end  also  of  the  cell. 

From  not  sufficiently  attending  to  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  above 
process,  some  authors  have  sixpposed  that  the  pupal  cocoon  or  "  flax- 
seed" envelop  of  the  Hessian  ^y  (Ccc.  destructor  Say)  was  nothing  but 
the  indurated  ''  skin"  of  the  larva,  i.  e.  that  a  Nemocerous  Dipteron  had 
a  coarctate  metamorphosis  like  a  Notacanthous  or  an  Athericerous  Dip- 
teron !  (See  Harris  InJ.  Ins.  pp.  575-7.  and  Fitch  as  quoted  tit  length 
by  Osten  Sacken,  Dipt.  M.  A.  p.  204.)  But  both  Harris,  and  West- 
wood,  and  several  other  authors,  expressly  state  that,  when  the  "  flax- 


562  [December 

seed"  envelop  is  carefully  opened,  the  included  insect  will  he  seen  to 
be  still  in  the  larva  state.  (Harris.  l}>id ;  Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  185;  Westw. 
Intr.  II.  p.  529.)  Now  how  is  it  possible  for  the  "flax-seed"  envelop  to 
be  composed  of  the  external  integument,  or  '•  skin,"  if  you  choose  to  call 
it  by  that  name,  of  the  larva,  when  that  larva  exists  in  its  normal  con- 
dition inside  the  ''flax-seed"  envelop?  To  believe  this,  we  must  be- 
lieve that  the  larva  moults  twice  over  to  pass  into  the  pupa,  once  to 
form  its  pupal  envelop,  and  once  to  pass  into  the  pupa  state,  which  is 
contrary  to  all  analogy.  Of  one  thing  I  am,  at  all  events,  quite  certain, 
viz:  that  with  the  Grall-gnats  of  the  Willow  it  is  impossible  that  the 
cocoon  can  be  formed  of  the  external  integument  of  the  larva;  for,  not 
only  is  there  an  utter  absence  of  the  transverse  sutures  which  we  find 
in  all  coarctate  pupae,  representing  the  sutures  between  the  joints  of 
the  larva,  but  in  several  species  the  cocoon  is  2 — 4  times  as  long  as  the 
body  of  the  larva  when  that  body  is  stretched  out  to  its  fullest  extent. 
Moreover  in  two  specimens  of  the  gall  S.  siliqua,  (see  below  No.  8,)  I 
found  two  cocoons,  one  inside  the  other ;  so  that  if  the  cocoon  of  this 
species  is  always  formed  of  the  larval  integument,  the  larva  must,  in 
these  two  cases,  have  moulted  twice  over  to  form  its  two  cocoons;  which  is 
absurd.  Osten  Sacken  observes  that  "  the  larva  of  C.pini  inopis  0.  S.  fas- 
tens itself  to  a  pine  leaf,  and  remains  motionless  until  the  resinous  sub- 
stance, which  it  exudes  abundantly,  begins  to  harden  ;  the  larva  then  gra- 
dually frees  itself  from  the  contact  of  the  cocoon-like  case  thus  formed  ' 
{Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  185.)  These  observations  are  in  complete  harmony 
with  the  theory  of  Winnertz,  quoted  above;  but  when  Osten  Sacken 
adds  that  "it  is  very  probable  that  this  cocoon  is  nothing  but  the  outer 
larva-skin,  saturated  with  resin,"  I  think  he  has  been  inadvertently  led 
into  error  by  the  theories  of  Harris  and  Fitch. 

I  am  also  very  skeptical  as  to  certain  assertions  of  Harris  and  Fitch, 
that  the  larva  of  Cecidomyia  transforms  gradually  into  the  pupa  state, 
by  a  kind  of  budding  process,  without  moulting  the  larval  integument, 
instead  o?  suddenly  moulting  into  the  pupa  state,  as  in  all  other  insects. 
This  theory  seems  to  have  been  devised  in  order  to  harmonize  with  the 
erroneous  hypothesis  already  referred  to,  (viz :  that  the  cocoon  of  the 
Hessian  fly  is  made  out  of  the  external  integument  of  the  larva,)  and 
so  prevent  the  necessity  of  assuming  that  the  larva  moulted  twice  over 
to  pass  into  the  pupa  state.     (See  Harr.  Lij.  Ins.  p.  577.)     Thus,  per- 


1864.]  563 

haps,  as  often  happens,  one  mistake  has  given  birth  to  another,  and  in 
stopping  one  leak  another  has  been  opened.  Tn  the  larva  of  the  Gall- 
gnats  there  are,  of  course,  no  legs.  In  the  pupa  the  legs  extend  to  the 
tip  of  the  abdomen,  or  even  beyond  it,  and  both  legs  and  antenna?,  as 
is  well  known  to  be  the  case  with  all  other  Nemocerous  Diptera,  are 
perfectly  free  and  detached  from  the  body.  From  repeated  experi- 
ments, I  know  that,  in  the  case  of  the  Willow  gall-gnats,  the  pupa  re- 
mains in  this  state  for  a  week  and  over,  without  the  legs  or  antennfie 
becoming  any  longer,  before  it  transforms  into  the  imago.  It  is  likely 
enough,  indeed,  that  the  legs  and  antenna?  of  the  future  pupa  may  be- 
come partially  visible  under  the  very  thin,  delicate,  and  semi-transparent 
integument  of  the  larva,  shortly  before  that  integument  is  moulted ; 
but  still  they  will  not  then  he  free,  as  in  the  true  pupa,  neither  will  the 
insect  be  as  yet  in  the  pupa  state,  properly  so  called,  for  that  very  reason. 
I  believe  that  it  was  from  not  attending  to  the  distinction  between  ob- 
tected  legs  and  antennae,  and  free  legs  and  antennae,  in  two  radically 
distinct  states  of  the  Gall-gnat,  viz  :  the  very  mature  larva  and  the  true 
pupa  states,  that  the  above  quoted  assertions  took  their  origin.  I  have 
probably  examined  at  different  times  considerably  over  a  thousand  spe- 
cimens of  Willow  (iall-gnats,  some  in  the  larva  and  some  in  the  pupa  state, 
and  I  always  found  them  either  in  one  state  or  the  other.  Whereas  if, 
as  Harris  and  Fitch  assert  with  especial  reference  to  a  Willow  Gall- 
gnat,  the  change  from  the  larva  to  the  pupa  state  was  gradually  and 
sloicli/  effected,  as  a  newly-hatched  chicken  gradually  and  slowly  ex- 
changes its  hairs  for  feathers,  I  certainly  must  have  met  with  at  least 
a  few  specimens  in  the  transition  state,  i.  e.  with  legs  and  antennae  free 
but  only  ]  or  i  or  f  as  long  as  in  the  normal  pupa.  Authors  are  per- 
petually forgetting,  that  Annulate  animals  pass  from  one  state  to  another 
only  by  suddenly  moulting  their  skeletons,  while  Vertebrate  animals 
retain  the  same  skeleton  throughout,  and  pass  from  one  state  to  another 
by  the  slow  and  gradual  accretion  of  new  matter.  Osten  Sacken  inci- 
dentally remarks  that  the  facts  referred  to  above  are  "not  mentioned  in 
the  European  authors."  (See  on  this  subject  Z><}9^.  N.  A.  pp.  184 — b; 
Harris  Inj.  Ins.  pp.  56G — 7.) 

Perhaps  few  things  have  contributed  so  much  towards  propagating  er- 
roneous views  on  such  subjects  as  these,  as  the  almost  universal  use  of  the 
term  "skin"  as  applied  to  the  external  integument  of  Insects,  especially 


564  [December 

when  in  their  softer  larval  and  pupal  states.     Hence  the  mind  is  insen- 
sibly led  to  suppose  that  there  is  a  homology  between  this  so-called 
"skin"  and  the  true  skin  of  the  Vertebrate  animals;  and  that  the  dif- 
ference, for  example,  between  the  hard  shell  of  a  Coleopterous  imago 
and  the  soft  skin  of  a  frog,  is  the  same  as  that  between  the  hard  shell 
of  a  Coleopterous  imago  and  the  comparatively  soft  shell  or  so-called 
"skin"  of  its  larva  and  pupa,  or  that  between  the  hard  shell  of  a  tor- 
toise or  an  armadillo  and  the  soft  skin  of  a  frog  or  an  ourang  outang. 
Whereas  the  tortoise  and  the  armadillo,  equally  with  the  frog  and  the 
ourang  outang,  have  a  distinct  skeleton,  to  which  most  of  their  muscles 
are  attached  as  in  other  Vertebrata,  inside  their  external  integument, 
which  is,  therefore,  in  the  case  of  the  two  former  animals,  a  true,  shelly, 
indurated  skin ;  while  no  Coleopterous  imago,  or  pupa,  or  larva,  or  any 
other  Annulate  animal,  in   any  of   its  states,  has  any  such  skeleton, 
all  its  muscles  being  attached  to  the  external  integument,  no  matter 
whether  it  is  hard  or  soft,  or  of  an  intermediate  texture,  which  is  there- 
fore not  a  true  skin  but  a  mere  naked,  external  skeleton,  protected  by 
no  skin,  because,  unlike  the  soft  external  muscles  of  the  Vertebrata,  it 
does  not  require  any  such  protection.     "Articulorum  nexibus,"  says 
the  great  Father  of  modern  Scientific  Entomology,  speaking  more  par- 
ticularly of  Crustacea,  " externis^  nee  productione  cutis  (ut  in  mamma- 
libus,  avibus)  tectis."     (Latr.  Gm.  Or.  et,  Ins.  I.  p.  5.)     No  one  can 
look  at  the  claw-bearing  legs  of  a  crab  or  a  lobster,  or  the  knee-joints 
of  the  hind  legs  of  a  Cricket  or  Grasshopper,  without  being  struck  by 
the  great  similarity  of  the  articulations  to  those  which  we  commonly 
find  in  the  skeletons  of  Vertebrata.     Hence  the  miser  that  proposed  to 
"skin  a  flea  for  its  hide  and  fat"  proposed  a  physical  impossibility;  for 
no  flea,  or  any  other  Annulate  animal,  has  got  avi/  hide  at  all.      More 
fortunate  than  the  Student  of  Vertebrata,  the  Entomologist  is  not  com- 
pelled to  go  through  the  tedious  process,  with  his  specimens,  of  dissect- 
ing away  the  skin  and  the  muscles,  boiling  down  the  bones,  and  then 
putting  them  together  again  by  artificial  appliances,  before  he  can  get 
a  complete  view  of  the  skeleton  of  the  animal  which  he  is  studying; 
but  Nature  furnishes  him  with  his  skeletons  in  the  most  boantiful  pro- 
fusion, unconcealed  by  extraneous  substances,  and  already  set  up  and 
put  together,  the  separate  bones  all  fiistened  in  their  proper  places  by 
their  natural  membranous  connections,  and  every  part  perfect  and  un- 


1864.]  565 

injured.  It  is  by  a  careful  study  of  what  is  truly  and  correctly  speak- 
ing the  Skeleton  of  Insects,  (so  far  as  any  part  or  organ  in  one  Animal 
Sub-kingdom  can  be  homologous  and  homonymous  with  a  similar 
part  performing  similar  functions  in  another  Animal  Sub-kingdom,) 
and  of  the  various  confluences,  counations,  arrangements  and  shapes 
of  the  bones,  or  "  pieces,"  as  they  are  commonly  called,  that  compose 
it.  that  most  of  the  modern  improvements  in  the  Classification  of  Insects 
have  been  perfected. 

The  question  naturally  recurs  here,  how,  having  by  the  process  de- 
scribed above  secreted  this  glutinous  substance  from  the  general  sur- 
face of  its  body,  the  larva  of  Cecidomyia  contrives  to  detach  itself  from 
it,  so  as  to  construct  a  true  cocoon,  enveloping  its  body,  but  not  agglu- 
tinated to  that  body.  Winnertz  declares  that  his  larvee  remained  per- 
fectly motionless  during  the  process  of  the  formation  of  their  cocoon. 
The  larva,  therefore,  can  scarcely  become  detached  from  the  glutinous 
matter  by  wriggling  its  body  round  and  round,  even  if  we  could  explain 
how  an  insect,  by  wriggling  round  in  a  drop  of  tar,  could  form  of  that 
tar  a  more  or  less  thin  pellicle,  enveloping,  but  not  agglutinated  to 
itself  From  the  careful  study  of  the  phenomena  presented  by  the  co- 
coons of  the  Willow  Gall-gnats,  I  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion,  that 
after  secreting  the  glutinous  matter  from  the  general  surface  of  their 
bodies,  they  must  then  discharge  something  of  a  gaseous  nature,  pro- 
bably from  the  same  pores  which  socreted  the  glutinous  matter,  so  as 
to  detach  the  adhesive  material  from  their  external  integument  and 
blow  it  up  into  a  kind  of  bubble.  We  know  that  the  imago  of  the  Co- 
leopterous Brachinus  has  the  power  of  discharging  a  very  acrid  gas  from 
its  anus,  and  that  most  plant-feeding  Heteroptera  in  all  their  states  dis- 
charge a  fetid  gas  from  a  large  opening  like  a  spiracle  on  the  inferior 
surface  of  their  bodies.  When  in  a  particular  species  of  Cecidomyia 
the  quantity  of  gas  is  small,  then  the  cocoon  is  small,  and  fits  pretty 
closely  to  the  body  of  the  larva,  as  in  the  well-known  Hessian  fly  and 
Cec.  s.  brassicoides  n.  sp.  When  on  the  other  hand,  in  another  species, 
the  quantity  of  gas  is  large,  then  the  cocoon  is  large  as  in  Cec.  s.  stro- 
hiloides  n.  sp.  and  its  allies.  When  it  is  so  large  that  it  retains  sufl&- 
cient  expansive  force  to  press  the  cocoon  firmly  against  the  walls  of  the 
cell,  and  those  walls  are  adapted  to  adhere  to  a  glutinous  substance, 
then  the  cocoon  is  firmly  agglutinated  to  them,  except  at  the  elon- 


566  [December 

gate,  slender  tip  of  the  cell,  where,  the  air  having  free  access  to  it. 
it  dries  rapidly,  so  as  to  form  a  subterminal  diaphragm  across  the 
mouth  of  the  cell,  as  in  C.  s.  nliqua  n.  sp.  and  C.  s.  cornu  n.  sp. 
When  its  expansive  force  is  lost  before  the  walls  of  the  cell  are  reached, 
or  when  the  walls  of  the  cell  are  not  adapted  to  adhere  to  a  glutinous 
substance,  or  when,  from  the  free  admission  of  air,  the  glutinous  matter 
dries  too  rapidly  to  have  time  to  adhere,  then  the  cocoon  i-emains  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  from  the  walls  of  the  cell,  as  in  C.  s.  triticoides  n.  sp,, 
or  adheres  to  it  only  here  and  there,  as  in  C.  s.  strohiloidea,  etc.  The 
fact  just  now  referred  to  of  there  being  a  double  diaphragm  formed  by  the 
thin  pellicle  of  the  cocoon  at  both  ends  of  the  cell  in  two  specimens  of 
the  gall  ^S*.  siliqua  found  on  S.  cordata,  seemed  at  first  sight  opposed  to 
the  above  hypothesis ;  but  we  may  get  over  the  difficulty  by  supposing 
some  abnormal  aftection  of  the  larva,  so  that  its  gas  began  to  be  dis- 
charged before  it  had  done  secreting  its  glutinous  matter,  and  that  it  thus 
formed  two  cocoons  one  after  the  other,  and  one  inside  the  other.  In 
any  case,  uo  matter  how  the  cocoon  was  formed,  there  must  have  been 
here  two  separate  cocoons  formed  one  after  the  other,  and  one  within 
the  other ;  and  the  fact  of  the  exterior  one  of  the  two  not  having  ex- 
tended to  the  base  of  the  cell,  as  it  invariably  did  in  scores  of  other 
specimens  examined  by  me,  proves  that  when  it  was  formed  there  must 
have  been  a  scant  supply  of  material.  On  the  whole,  it  is  impossible 
to  look  at  the  thin,  filmy  cocoons  of  0.  .s.  strobiloides  and  its  allies, 
which  are  not  thicker  here  and  thinner  there,  but  of  one  uniform,  ho- 
mogeneous thinness,  without  being  impressed  by  the  idea  that  they  are 
mere  bubbles,  blown  by  some  wonderful  and  hitherto  undreamt  of  pro- 
cess within  the  lanceolate  cell  in  which  the  animal  resides.  A  larva 
might  spin  such  a  homogeneous  cocoon  with  its  mouth,  as  many  Hy- 
menopterous  cocoons  of  nearly  as  great  tenuity  and  equally  homogeneous 
are  spun,  e.  g.  that  o^  Pelo^^seus  luiiafus  Fabr.  5  but  it  is,  I  think,  proved 
that  the  cocoon  of  the  Gall-gnats  is  exuded  and  not  spun.  It  must,  there- 
fore, be  either  blown  like  a  bubble  or  be  daubed  on  the  walls  of  the  cell 
by  the  body  of  the  insect.  But  no  mere  smearing  and  daubing  process 
could  spread  that  mortar  in  such  a  regular  manner,  as  to  be  precisely  of 
the  same  tenuity,  where  it  forms  a  diaphragm  across  the  upper  end  of 
the  lanceolate  cell,  as  in  0.  s.  strobduides,  &c.,  that  it  maintains  every- 
where else.     Consequently  it  must  be  blown  like  a  bubble. 


1864.]  567 

Be  this  as  it  may,  one  thing  is  quite  clear.  It  is  impossible  that, 
in  one  and  the  same  genus  of  insects,  some  species,  as  Harris  be- 
lieved, should  spin  a  silken  cocoon  and  transform  into  the  pupa  state 
inside  that  cocoon,  without  moulting  any  larval  integument,  by  a  cer- 
tain anomalous  budding  process,  and  that  other  species  should  spin  no 
cocoon,  become  detached  from  the  larval  integument  without  ceasing 
to  be  still  larvae,  and  then  transform  inside  that  detached  larval  integ- 
ument by  the  same  budding  process  as  the  others.  It  is  undoubtedly 
true,  for  I  have  verified  the  fact  myself,  that  some  Coccinellidse  trans- 
form to  pupa  inside  the  larval  integument,  and  some  moult  it  in  the 
normal  manner  ;  this  is  anomalous  enough,  but  it  is  not  so  utterly  ano- 
malous as  the  Harrisian  theory.*  But  the  climax  is  reached,  when  it 
is  proved  by  the  observations  of  Winnertz  and  Osten  Sacken,  that 
several  other  species  of  the  same  genus  exude  their  cocoons  from  the 
general  surface  of  their  bodies,  thus  giving  three  totally  different  me- 
thods of  forming  the  pupal  envelop  in  the  same  genus — spinning, 
moulting  and  exuding!!!  It  is  very  true  that  the  pupal  envelop, 
in  the  Hessian  Fly  and  in  the  Gall-gnats  that  exude  their  cocoons, 
is  much  more  dense  and  leathery  than  in  the  Grall-gnats  of  the  Willow 
and  in  the  Wheat-midge ;  but  that  is  merely  a  question  of  mode  and 
degree,  not  of  principle,  and  is  probably  due  to  the  fact,  that  in  the 
Gall-gnats  of  the  Willow  the  pupa  is  completely  protected  by  a  dense 
mass  either  of  wood  or  leaves,  and  does  not  therefore  require  a  robust 
cocoon,  while  the  Wheat-midge  ordinarily  goes  under  ground  to  assume 
the  pupa  state,  though  a  few  transform  in  the  ear  of  the  wheat.     That 

"••■In  Chilocorus,  as  stated  by  Westwood  and  as  I  have  myself  observed  In  C. 
bivulnerus  Muls.,  the  larval  integument  is  retained  whole  by  the  pupa;  in  the 
European  Coccine/la  Argus  it  is  retained,  but  widely  split  open  along  the  back, 
thus  showing  an  intermediate  grade  between  the  anomalous  transformation  of 
Chilocorus  and  the  normal  transformation  of  most  other  Coccine/lidce.  (Westw. 
Intr.  pp.  397 — 8.)  But  there  can  be  no  possible  intermediate  grade  between  a 
cocoon  spun  by  the  mouth  of  a  larva,  and  the  puparium  of  a  true  coarctate 
pupa,  which  is  formed  ovit  of  the  indurated  integument  of  the  larva,  the  two 
things  being  radically  and  fundamentally  distinct.  In  Anthrenus  {Dermestidce), 
which  also  retains  the  larval  integument  when  it  transforms  to  pupa,  there  is  a 
similar  slit  made  along  the  back  of  it;  but  whether  this  is  also  the  case  in 
other  Dermestide  genera  which  retain  the  larval  integument  when  they  trans- 
form to  pupa,  {Megatoma  and  Tiresias,)  is  not  stated.  (See  Westw.  Intr.  pp.  159, 
161.) 


568  [December 

the  pupal  envelop  of  all  Cecidomyla  is  formed  in  the  same  way,  and 
that  the  resinous  envelop  of  C.pini  inojjis  0.  S.  and  of  the  Cecidomyia 
referred  to  by  Winnertz  is  strictly  homologous  with  the  ''flax-seed" 
envelop  of  the  Hessian  fly,  and  both  of  them  strictly  homologous  with 
the  smooth  lining  of  the  cell-walls  of  C.  s.  batatas  n.  sp.  and  the  thin. 
filmy  cocoon  of  the  Wheat-midge,  ( Cec.  tn'tu-ij  and  of  several  of  the 
G-all-gnats  of  the  Willow,  I  have  no  manner  of  doubt.  Now  we  know 
that  in  the  first  case  the  pupal  cocoon  is  exuded.  Whence  it  is  but  ra- 
tional to  believe,  in  opposition  to  the  theories  of  Harris  and  Fitch,  that 
in  all  the  other  cases  the  pupal  envelop  is  likewise  exuded,  and  not  spun 
nor  formed  out  of  the  moulted  integument  of  the  larva. 

As  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Wheat-midge,  when  that  insect,  as 
is  occasionally  the  case,  transforms  to  pupa  in  the  ear  of  the  wheat,  it 
forms  a  thin,  filmy  cocoon  and  generally  transforms  to  imago  the  same 
season.  (Mai-sham  and  Kirby,  quoted  Harris  InJ.  Ins.  p.  589.)  Those 
that  go  underground  to  transform  must  undoubtedly  also  form  a  cocoon  ; 
and  from  the  analogy  of  the  Willow  Gr'all-gnats  we  may  conclude,  that 
they  ordinarily  lie  in  the  cocoon  in  the  larva  state  all  through  the  win- 
ter, and  at  least  until  the  commencement  of  the  following  spring,  the 
imago  appearing  in  June  and  July,  and  the  imago  of  most  of  the  Wil- 
low Gall-gnats  appearing  as  early  as  April  and  May.  There  is  a  simi- 
lar variation  in  the  habits  of  the  European  Willow  Grall-gnat,  G.  termi- 
nalis  Lw.,  which,  according  to  Winnertz,  "  sometimes  goes  under  ground, 
and  sometimes  transforms  within  the  willow  leaves  deformed  by  it." 
{Dipt.  X.  A.  p.  184.)  Harris,  singularly  enough,  while  he  holds  that 
the  thin,  delicate  cocoon  of  the  only  Willow  Gall-gnat  known  to  him 
is  spun  by  that  insect,  maintains,  contrary  to  the  opinion  of  Kirby  and 
my  departed  botanical  friend.  Prof  Henslow  of  Cambridge,  England, 
that  the  similarly  thin  and  delicate  cocoon  of  the  Wheat-midge  is, 
equally  with  the  dense,  leathery  cocoon  of  the  Hessian  Fly,  composed 
of  "  the  outer  skin  of  the  larva."  (//y.  Ins.  pp.  590,  596.)  He  appears 
to  have  been  led  into  this  belief,  in  regard  both  to  the  Hessian  Fly  and 
the  Wheat-midge,  from  observing  in  the  cocoon  of  both  of  them  faint 
indications  of  the  same  transverse  sutures  that  we  see  in  the  coarctate 
pupa  of  Stratlomi/s  and  Musca.  {Ibid.  pp.  576,  595.)  Such  pheno- 
mena are  easily  explainable  on  the  theory  of  the  cocoon  being  exuded, 
but  he  very  justly  considered  that  they  were  opposed  to  the  theory  of 


1864.]  569 

the  cocoon  being  spun.  Having  once  become  firmly  possessed  by  this 
notion,  he  implicitly  accepts  and  adopts  the  statement  of  a  lady,  that 
she  saw  "  many  of  the  maggots  [of  the  wheat-midge]  in  the  very  act 
of  emerging  from  their  skins"  [cocoons],  and  makes  confusion  worse 
confounded,  by  maintaining  that  the  larva  of  that  insect  first  of  all  con- 
structs a  house  for  itself  by  sloughing  off  its  entire  "  skin  "  like  the 
Hessian  Fly,  and  then,  unlike  the  Hessian  Fly,  crawls  out  of  that  house 
and  goes  underground  naked  to  transform  to  pupa  !  (Ibid.  pp.  595 — 8.^ 
It  must  have  been,  not  the  maggot  (larva),  but  the  papa,  that  the  lady 
saw  emerging  in  the  summer  from  what  she  called  its  "  skin,"  but  what 
is  in  reality  its  cocoon,  thin  and  filmy  indeed,  but  no  more  so  than  those 
of  the  Willow  Gall-gnats,  and  enveloping  the  larva  closely  as  in  C.  s. 
brassicoides.  (Marsh,  and  Kby.)  And  the  "  silvery  coverings  glisten- 
ing in  the  sunshine  on  the  ears  of  the  wheat"  so  graphically  described 
by  the  same  lady,  (ibid.  p.  597,)  are  manifestly  not  the  ''  skins,"  as  Har- 
ris believed,  of  the  larvae  that  had  gone  underground  for  the  winter, 
but  the  cocoons  of  the  comparatively  few  individuals  that  remain  through- 
out in  the  ear  of  the  wheat  and  transform  to  imago  the  same  season  ;  as 
observed  by  Marsham  and  Kirby,  and  as  occurs  in  many  insects  belong- 
ing to  other  Orders,  e.  g.  the  Canker-worm  (Anisopteryx  vernata  Peck) 
and  Acronycta  oblinita  Guen.  (Walsh,  Trans.  III.  St.  Ayr.  Soc.  IV.  p. 
358.)  In  scientific  matters,  to  get  at  the  truth  from  amidst  the  confused 
and  contradictory  evidence  of  non-scientific  observers,  often  requires 
the  abilities  of  a  first-class  Philadelphia  lawyer.  Harris,  indeed,  states, 
as  of  his  own  knowledge,  that  "  not  the  slightest  vestige  of  the  larva-skin 
[cocoon]  was  found  in  the  earth  in  which  some  of  these  insects  had  under- 
gone their  transformations,"  and  that "  the  pupa  is  entirely  naked."  (Ibid. 
pp.  597-8.)  But  this  may  be  readily  accounted  for  on  the  hypothesis,  that 
when  the  larva  goes  underground  the  excessively  thin  cocoon,  being 
glutinous  when  it  is  newly  exuded  and  not  drying  rapidly  in  the  moist 
earth,  adheres  strongly  and  becomes  indissolubly  agglutinated  to  the 
dense  medium  that  surrounds  it,  as  does  the  cocoon  of  C.  s.  batatas  n. 
sp.  to  the  surrounding  moist,  dense,  spongy  matter  of  the  gall  of  that 
insect;  whereas,  when  the  same  cocoon  is  exuded  by  the  same  larva 
among  the  loose  chaff"  of  the  wheat-ear,  it  dries  rapidly  and  is  not  so 
agglutinated.  It  has  been  already  stated  that  in  C.  s.  cornu  n.  sp.  and 
C  s.  siliqua  n.  sp.  ?  part  of  the  thin,  filmy  cocoon  adheres  strongly  to 
the  surrounding  medium  and  part  does  not. 


570  [December 

There  is  a  very  prevalent  idea  in  the  Agricultural  community,  that 
all  that  is  required,  in  order  to  devise  remedies  for  the  depredations  of 
any  given  Noxious  Insect,  is  to  investigate  the  Natural  History  of  that 
one  given  Insect.  The  cases  of  the  Hessian  Fly  and  the  Wheat  Midge 
— two  insects  which  annually  damage  the  people  of  the  United  States 
to  the  extent  of  ut  least  a  hundred  million  dollars — prove,  I  think,  sat- 
isfactorily, that  it  is  impossible  completely  to  unravel  the  intricacies  of 
the  Natural  History  of  certain  Noxious  Insects,  unless  we  first  become 
well  ac(}uainted  with  the  Natural  History  of  their  congeners.  As  well 
might  we  attempt  to  delineate  the  path  of  a  Comet,  without  first  becom- 
ing acquainted  with  the  laws  that  regulate  and  control  the  whole  Solar 
System.  Without  such  collateral  knowledge,  we  shall  sometimes — in- 
stead of  recognizing  that  Unity  of  Habits  in  every  genus,  which  is 
the  very  essence  of  the  thing  that  we  call  a  Grenus,  because  Habits  are  cor- 
related with  Structure,  and  Structure  makes  the  Genus — become  prone 
to  believe  in  the  existence  of  several  fundamentally  different  and  hete- 
rogeneous habits  in  one  and  the  same  genus,  we  shall  be  liable  to  accept 
as  indisputably  true  the  most  absurd  and  contradictory  and  anomalous 
statements  from  others,  and  we  shall  ourselves  be  led  into  errors  and 
hallucinations  without  number,  and  in  these  minute  objects  be  occa- 
sionally deceived  by  optical  illusions  and  phenomena  which  exist  only 
in  the  imagination. 

"  The  observer,"  says  O-sten  Sacken,  "  must  see  well  and  render  only 
u-hnt  he  has  seen  ;  a  condition  much  more  difficult  to  comply  with,  in 
matters  of  Natural  History  especially,  than  is  usually  imagined." 
{Proc.  Enf.  Soc.  Phi/.  I.  p.  47.)  "  It  is  well,"  says  the  English  cou- 
chologist.  Dr.  P.  P.  Carpenter,  ''  in  the  present  state  of  science,  to  take 
NOTHING  ON  TRUST.  What  is  copied  from  book  to  book,  and  what  is 
repeated  from  figure  to  figure,  may  be  correct;  but  then  on  the  other 
hand  it  may  not.  *  *  It  is  curious  how  large  a  proportion  of  existing 
observations  on  Mollusks  need  verification  by  those  who  have  honest, 
well-trained  eyes.  Just  as  the  infant's  eye  has  to  be  trained  to  distin- 
guish forms  and  distances,  so  it  requires  practice,  before  we  know  how 
to  see  truly  an  object  that  lies  before  us.  During  the  educational  pro- 
cess, it  is  often  very  easy  to  see  what  we  loish  or  expect  to  see."  {^Rep. 
Smithson.  Inst.  1860,  pp.  280,  231.)  If,  then,  error  is  as  rife  in  Sci- 
ence as  the  above  observations  would  lead  us  to  suppose,  surely  the 


1S04.]  571 

refutation  of  Old  Error  is  at  least  as  important  an  occupation  for  the 
naturali^^t  as  the  exposition  of  New  Truth.  Otherwise,  if  we  all  busy 
ourselves  in  the  publication  of  what  each  of  us  considers  as  new  truths, 
and  nobody  takes  the  pains  to  winnow  away  the  falsehoods  from  the 
enormous  nuiss  of  observations  accumulated  by  his  predecessors.  Sci- 
ence soon  becomes  a  mere  heap  of  chaiF  with  only  a  few  kernels  of 
wheat  mixed  in  amongst  it.  I  know  no  entomologist,  living  or  dead, 
who  has  not  made  some  grievous  mistakes  ;  and  I  candidly  confess  that 
I  have  myself  made  several  most  inexcusable  ones.  The  difference 
between  the  pretentious  charlatan  and  the  truly  scientific  entomologist 
is.  that  the  former  claims  to  be  infallible  and  invariably  gets  angry 
when  his  errors  are  refuted  and  corrected ;  the  latter  always  acknow- 
ledges and  corrects  his  own  errors  when  he  is  fortunate  enough  to  dis- 
cover them  himself,  and  is  thankful  to  any  one  else  who  will  take  the 
trouble  to  correct  them  for  him.  The  former  writes  and  talks  for  vic- 
tory and  not  for  truth  ;  the  hitter  for  truth  and  not  for  victory.  "  By 
their  fruits  ye  shall  know  them." 

Thus  far  we  have  been  dealing  with  natural  phenomena.  We  now 
approach  a  subject  which  may  be  considered  as  verging  almost  upon 
the  supernatural  and  the  miraculous.  If  we  can  believe  what  is  as- 
serted by  a  Russian  naturalist,  the  larvae  of  Gecidomt/ia  differ,  not  only 
from  the  larvae  of  all  other  known  insects,  but  from  all  known  animals, 
no  matter  to  what  Class  they  belong,  in  propagating  their  species  while 
they  are  still  in  the  larva  or  immature  state.  I  am  indebted  to  Baron 
Osten  Sacken  for  furnishing  me  with  the  following  account  of  this  most 
astounding  revelation  ; — 

About  a  year  ago  Wagner,  a  Russian  naturalist  and  a  good  anatomist,  published 
a  large  folio  work  in  the  Russian  language,  illustrated  by  numerous  plates,  re- 
lative to  certain  observations  which  he  had  made  on  Gecidomyia.  He  asserts  that 
some  larvse  of  this  genus,  which  he  found  under  the  bark  of  trees  in  winter, 
breed  young  ones !  In  other  words,  that  during  winter  a  second  generation  of 
larvse  is  developed  within  the  bodies  of  the  lirst,  that  having  reached  a  cer- 
tain stage  of  growth  these  larvfe  leave  the  bodies  of  the  mother  larvae  (se- 
veral from  each),  and  that  they  grow  and  afterwards  produce  a  third  gene- 
ration in  the  same  manner.  This  goes  on  till  spring,  when  the  last  generation 
is  transformed  into  flies.  Thus  the  reproduction  of  these  Cecidomyia  would 
have  some  analogy  with  that  of  Aphis.  A  mother  larva  usually,  he  says,  gene- 
rates from  7  to  10  young  larvae,  and  at  a  certain  stage  of  their  growth  she  be- 
comes half-dead    and  hardly  moves,  and  finally  dies,  when  the  young  larvae 


572  [December 

creep  out.  The  development  of  the  latter  within  the  body  of  the  mother  lasts 
8  or  10  days.  After  .3  or  5  days  the  same  process  is  repeated  within  the  body 
of  the  young  larvre.  His  statements  and  drawings  are  so  precise  and  detailed, 
that  it  is  difBcult  to  discredit  them.  Nevertheless  the  novelty  of  the  discovery 
(if  it  is  one)  is  so  overwhelming,  that  it  is  not  generally  credited  yet.  He  does 
not  explicitly  mention,  that  his  larvse  of  the  second  aud  LLird  generation  have 
the  "breast-bone"  peculiar  to  Cecidomyia,  but  it  follows  indirectly  from  his 
statements. 

There  is  no  doubt  whatever  in  my  mind,  that  the  7  or  10  youno- 
larvas  that  crept  out  of  the  body  of  the  Cecidomyia  larva,  were  nothing 
but  the  larvae  of  Chakidulse  or  Proctotrxipulse,  several  species  of  which 
I  know  from  experience  to  breed  in  about  those  numbers  inside  the 
bodies  of  the  larvae  of  Willow  Cecidomi/ia.     The  description  of  the 
mother  larva  being  ''  half-dead  and  hardly  moving,"  before  they  crept 
out,  is  to  the  life,  and  represents  exactly  what  every  breeder  of  Insects 
has  witnessed  a  dozen  times  in  the  case  of  ichneumonized  larvae.     Xn 
to  Wagner's  statement  that  these  same  newly-born  larvae  went  through 
the  same  process  a  second  time,  I  cannot  but  believe  that  it  is  a  pure 
and  simple  delusion.     If  I  had  found  that  the  Gall-gnats  of  the  Willow 
were  ever  infested  by  Ichneumon-flies  or  Tachina-flies,  I  should  suppose 
the  above  to  be  a  mere  case  of  Secondary  Parasites  coming  out  of  the 
bodies  of  Primary  Parasites.     But,  so  far  as  my  experience  extends, 
they  are  infested  only  by  Cliahulldpe  and  Procfotrupidse.     Now  in  11 
published  cases  of  Secondary  Parasites  that  I  am  acquainted  with,  two 
of  which  I  have  myself  published,  and  in  several  unpublished  cases  that 
are  known  to  me,  the  Primary  Parasite  is,  in  every  one  of  them,  either 
an  Ichneumon-fly  or  a  Tachina-fly,  and  never  a  Chalcidide  or  a  Procto- 
trupide.     Whence  I  conclude  that  there  are  most  probably  no  Seconda- 
ry Parasites  that  infest  the  genus  Cecidomyia,  because,  if  there  were, 
they  must  in  all  probability,  contrary  to  what  seems  to  be  a  general 
rule,  be  parasitic  on  a  Chalcidide  or  a  Proctotrupide.     We  are  not 
bound,  however,  to  believe  every  erroneous  or  anomalous  statement, 
until  we  can  show  how  and  why  the  error  originated.     When,  as  here, 
a  supposed  fact  violates  a  law  that  prevails  throughout  Vertebrata  and 
Annulata,  and  perhaps  throughout  the  whole  Animal  Kingdom,  viz: 
that  it   is  only  the  adult  animal   that  propagates  its  species,  the  o/ms 
probandi  lies  on  the  asserter  of  the  fact,  and  not  on  the  rest  of  the  Sci- 
entific World.     It  is  contrary  to  experience  that  lambs,  and  calves,  and 


18G4.]  573 

babies,  and  tadpoles,  and  larvfe,  should  propagate  their  species,  but  it 
is  not  at  all  contrary  to  experience  that  human  eyes  should  be  deceived. 
The  well-known  case  of  Aphis  is  not  a  case  in  point.  It  is  not  the  larva 
of  the  Aphis  that  generates  by  parthenogenesis,  but  an  adult,  although 
wingless,  dimorphous  form  of  the  winged  imago  of  the  9  Aphis.  The 
whole  question  hinges  entirely  upon  the  presence  of  the  "breast-bone" 
in  these  young  larvje,  which  Wagner  asserts  were  produced  from  the 
bodies  of  Cecidomtjia  larvas.  If  they  had  that  "  breast-bone,"  they 
were  Cecidomyia  ;  if  they  had  not,  they  were  beyond  all  question  ChaJ- 
cididse.  or  Proctotrupidse,.  Yet,  important  as  this  point  is,  Wagner  does 
not  appear  to  have  paid  enough  attention  to  it,  to  think  it  worth  while 
to  testify  explicitly  on  the  subject! 

Since  the  above  was  written.  Baron  Osten  Sacken  has  been  kind 
enough  to  inform  me  that  "  Wagner's  discovery  is  now  very  well  known 
in  Germany,  and  has  been  fully  confimed  by  several  observers."  What 
is  the  entomological  status  of  those  observers,  and  how  far  their  evi- 
dence is  trustworthy,  is  not  specified.  They  may  be  scientific  tyros,  or 
they  may  be  good  general  Naturalists  but  very  poor  Entomologists,  or 
they  may  be  men  of  high  standing  and  credit  in  the  entomological 
world.  For  my  own  part,  I  would  not  believe  in  an  anomaly  which  not 
only  contradicts  the  known  generative  economy  of  all  Vertebrate  and  An- 
nulate Animals,  but  which  also  runs  counter  to  what  I  know,  from  close 
and  long  continued  observation,  to  be  the  generative  economy  of  several 
other  species  of  the  same  genus,  viz :  the  Gall-gnats  of  the  Willow,  un- 
less I  saw  it  at  least  a  dozen  times  with  my  own  eyes,  or  unless  it  was 
vouched  for  by  at  least  a  dozen  good  and  experienced  Entomologists. 
It  is  utterly  incredible  that  certain  species  of  Cecidomyia  should  pro- 
create in  the  larva  state,  while  certain  other  species  procreate  in  the 
normal  manner.  Now  I  know  that  the  Cecidomyia  of  the  Willow  pro- 
create in  the  normal  manner;  and  therefore,  firmly  believe  that  all  other 
Cecidomyia  procreate  in  that  manner.  To  believe  to  the  contrary  seems 
to  me  to  require  as  much  faith  as  to  believe  that  certain  Species  of  the 
genus  Felis  are  viviparous,  and  certain  other  species  of  the  same  genus 
lay  eggs  and  hatch  them  out  like  a  bird ;  or,  that  certain  Gallinaceous 
birds  feed,  when  first  hatched  out,  upon  vegetable  substances,  and  cer- 
tain others  suck  the  teats  of  their  mothers  like  so  many  Mammals. 

The  Russian  naturalist,  however,  and  the  unnamed  German  observers 


574  [December 

are  by  no  means  the  first  men  that  have  been  similarly  deceived  by 
parasitic  insects.  Pome  years  ago  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  our  West- 
ern So  vans  announced  in  print,  as  a  great  scientific  discovery,  that  he 
had  ascertained  that  Army-worms  ( Lturnvia  nnipuncta  Haw.)  were 
viviparous,  and  that  they  generated  in  precisely  the  same  manner  as 
Wagner  supposed  that  Ceci(1om;/!a  generated,  i.  e.  in  the  larva  or  baby 
state.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  that  what  he  took  for  young  Army- 
worms  issuing  out  of  the  bodies  of  their  mothers  were  simply  the  larvae 
of  Ichneumon-flies — probably  Minogastt^r  militoris  W^alsh  or  Pezoma- 
rhus  minimus  Walsh,  which  T  have  myself  bred  from  Army-worms. 
But  the  mistake  was  the  more  inexcusable  on  his  part,  because  if  he  had 
simply  looked  at  one  of  his  so-called  young  Army-worms  with  his  naked 
eye,  he  would  have  seen  at  once,  that,  unlike  the  mother-insect,  it  had 
no  legs  at  all ;  and  if  he  had  known  anything  at  all  of  Lepidopterous 
larvae,  he  would  have  known  that  they  had  just  as  many  legs  when  they 
first  hatched  out,  as  when  they  were  full-grown.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
Wagner's  case,  both  the  so-called  mother  larvae  and  the  young  larvae  were 
apod,  and  putting  the  "breast-bone"  out  of  the  question,  it  requires 
practiced  eyes  and  close  scrutiny  to  distinguish  the  larva  of  a  Gall-gnat 
from  that  of  a  Chalcidide,  or  from  that  of  a  (lall-fly.  We  saw  just  now 
(p.  551)  that  several  distinguished  European  naturalists  had  mistaken 
the  larva  of  a  Gall-gnat  that  inhabits  the  "  Rose-willow  "  for  the  larva  of  a 
Gall-fly ;  and  I  am  not  ashamed  to  confess  that  I  myself  formerly  mistook 
the  dried  larva  of  another  Gall-gnat  for  the  larva  of  a  Gall-fly.  {Proc. 
Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  II.  p.  481-2  ) 

Like  most  gall-insects,  and  even  more  so  than  most  of  them,  the  Gall- 
gnats  are  difiicult  to  rear  in  the  house.  The  reason  is  obvious.  When 
the  connection  between  the  gall  and  its  parent  plant  is  severed,  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  devise  any  artificial  mode  of  treatment,  which  shall 
supply  the  place  of  the  natural  flow  of  moisture  from  the  part  of  the 
plant  on  which  it  formerly  grew.  Of  the  eight  new  Cecidomyidous 
galls  on  the  Hickory  described  by  Osten  Sacken,  {Dipt.  N.  A.  pp. 
191 — 4)  he  obtained  the  imago  from  but  a  single  one.  Of  the  fifteen 
new  Cecidomyidous  galls  on  the  Willow  which  I  now  describe,  I  have 
obtained  the  imago  from  all  but  nine,  and  one  of  these  nine  is  a  species 
which  does  not  grow  near  Rock  Island.  The  method  by  which  I  achieved 
these  results  was  to  replace  the  galls  in  the  breeding-jar,  whenever 


o 


1864.]  ■  '  575 

practicable,  every  four  or  five  weeks  by  freshly  gathered  ones;  which, 
as  most  Willow-galls  are  exceedingly  abundant,  is  not  a  matter  of  much 
trouble  or  difficulty. 

In  the  following  Synoptical  Tables  I  have  endeavored  to  separate,  by 
constant  and  sharply-defined  characters,  drawn  from  every  available 
source,  the  fifteen  species  of  Cecidomyia  known  by  me  to  form  galls  on 
the  Willow.  After  this,  each  gall  and  its  gall-maker  in  all  its  states 
will  be  described  so  fir  as  known  to  me,  chiefly  from  recent  specimens, 
and  the  whole  will  conclude  with  descriptions  of  all  the  Inquilinous 
Gnridoiryjidse  that  are  known  by  me  to  inhabit  any  galls  of  the  Wil- 
low, whether  Cecidomyidous  or  Tenthredinidous,  and  a  list  of  the  galls 
inhabited  by  each  species,  followed  by  a  notice  of  a  few  other  Diptera 
that  occasionally  or  habitually  breed  in  Willow-galls. 

SYNOPSIS   OF  THE   CECIDOMYIDOUS   GALLS   OF  THE   GENUS    SALIX 

(WILLOW). 

A.  Gall  always  monothalamous,  and  evidently  a  deformation  of  a  bud. 
I.  Bud  with  its  leaves  well  develoj)ed. 

T.  Galls  almost  always  many  of  them  growing  contigu- 1  1,  S.  brassicoides. 
ously  together,  not  usually  at  the  tip  of  a  twig.  (Gall  >  n.  sp.  on  S.  Ion- 
large,  expanding  .73 — 2.25  inch.)  J      gifolia. 

2.  Gall  always  solitary,  and  always  growing  at  the  tip  of  a  twig, 
t  Leaves  of  the  gall  all  sessile. 


a.  External  leaves  appressed  like  the  scales  of  a 
young  pine-cone,  and  rounded  at  tip  except  near 
the  tip  of  the  gall,  where  they  are  angulated. 
(Gall  large,  expanding  .50 — .90  inch.) 


2,  S.  strobiloides  0. 

S.  on  S.  cordata. 


b.  External  leaves  appressed  like  the  scales  of  aU  s^^^^j^^.j.  ,^_ 
young  pine-cone,  and  a  1  of  them  angulated  at  ^^  g_  rostrata. 
tip.     (Gall  large,  expanding  about  .(0  inch.)        )        '■ 

c.  External  leaves  generally  opened  out  and  re-  \  4,  S.  gnaphalioides 
curved  at  tip,  and  always  more  or  less  beaked  at  >  n.  sp.  on  S.  hu- 
tip.     (Gall  small,  expanding  .14 — .60  inch.)  j      mills. 

ff  Terminal  leaves   peduncled,  the  other   external  ^ 

leaves  sessile  and  opened  out,  and  at  tip  recurved  I  5,  S.  rhodoides  n. 
and  acutely  angulated.  (Gall  large,  expanding  [  sp.  on  S.  humilis. 
.70—1.90  inch.)  J 

tfl  All  the  external  leaves  peduncled  more  or  less.  1 

the  terminal  ones  the  most  so,  and  opened  out  and  I  g    g    eoj.YiQ;jgg  „ 
at  tip  recurved,  and  obtusely,  seldom  acutely,  an-  \    '  ^  '  ^^^  ^  discolor? 
gulated.     (Gall  very  large,  expanding  1.95 — 4.10         -1  •       '  • 
inch.)  J 

II.  Bud  deformed    into  a  long  tube:    its   leaves   oblite- ]  7,  S.  cornu  n.  sp.  on 
rated.  j      S.  humilis. 


( 


576 


[December 


B.  Gall  a  deformation  and  swelling  of  the  twig  itself. 
1.  Gall  monothalamous,  solitary,  woody. 

a.  Gall  oval,  growing  always  at  the  tip  of  the  twig, 
but  always  including  several  of  the  sub-termi- 
nal buds,  which  are  usually  aborted,  the  termi- 
nal one  always. 

b.  Gall  generally  oval,  generally  growing  some  dis- 
tance from  the  tip  of  the  twig  and  but  rarely  in- 
cluding even  a  single  bud,  occasionally  at  the 
tip,  when  it  includes  only  the  terminal  bud, 
which  is  then  more  or  less  aborted  and  occa- 
sionally obliterated. 


8,  S.  siliqua  n.  sj:).  ? 
on  S.  humilis.  (S. 
cordata?  and  S. 
discolor?) 


S.  nodulus  n.  sp. 

on  S.  longifolia. 


2.  Gall  polythalamous,  woody,  growing  not  far  from  the  tip  of  the  twig, 
each  cell  excavated  at  the  origin  of  a  bud,  and  opening  outwards  through 
that  bud,  wliich  is  deformed  so  as  to  form  part  of  the  cell. 

a.  Gall  oval  and  bulging,  the  twig  where  it  grows  ]  10,  S.  triticoides  n. 


being  enormously  contracted  in  length. 

Gall  cylindrical  and  not  bulging,  the  twig  where 
it  grows  not  being  very  much  contracted  in 
length. 


Gall  polythalamous,  more  or  less  spongy,  with  its 
cells  all  internal. 


j      sp.  on  S.  cordata. 

11,  S.  hordeoides  n. 

sp.  on  S.  liumilis. 

12,  S.  batatas  n.  sp. 
on  S.  humilis,  (S. 
cordata  ?  and  S. 
discolor?) 


Gall  growing  out  of  the  leaf,  the  shape  and  structure  of  the  leaf  still  plainly 
perceptible,  monothalamous,  but  several  of  them  often  confluent. 

1.  Growing  sparsely  from  the  midrib  or  one  of  the  prin- 1  13,  S.  verruca  n.  sp. 
cipal  veins.  I      on  S   humilis. 

2.  Growing  very  numerously  from  the  general  surface  ]  14,  S.  semen  n.  sp. 
of  the  leaf.  J      on  S.  nigra. 


D.  Gall  growing  from  the  flower-catkins  (and  sometimes  ~ 
from  the  leaves?)  and  destroying  all  vestiges  of  their 
structure,  so  as  to  appear  like   the  crumpled   mass  of 
aborted  flower-buds  in  a  common  cauliflower. 


15,  S.  aenigman.  sj). 


Putting  the  gall  out  of  the  question,  and  looking  only  to  the  insect 
in  all  its  states,  the  species  1,  2,  4,  5  and  8,  which  resemble  one  ano- 
ther so  closely,  that  several  of  them  are  undistinguishable  in  the  imago 
state,  not  only  in  the  dried  but  in  the  recent  specimen,  may  be  separated 
as  follows.  Xos.  3,  6  and  7  belong  to  the  same  group  as  1,  2,  4  and  5. 
but.  as  they  are  not  known  to  me  in  the  imago,  are  necessarily  omitted 
here.  I  find  that  certain  Lepidopterists  repudiate  the  idea,  that  it 
is  possible  for  two  species  of  insects,  like  the  two  Halesidota  referred 
to  in  a  previous  Article,  to  be  undistinguishable  in  the  imago,  and  yet 
perfectly  distinct  in  some  of  their  other  states.     The  study  of  the  genus 


1864.]  577 

Cecidomjjia  might  serve  a  useful  purpose  towards  dispelling  that  illu- 
sion. 

A.  Front  h  of  pupal  integument  whitisli  like 
the  abdomen.  (Larva  varied  with  yellowish  or 
orange.) 

1.  Hair  of  thorax  blackish  in  the  imago No.  1,  C.  s.  brassicoides,  n.  sp. 

2.  Hair  of  thorax  whitish  in  the  imago. 

f  Origin  of  the  anterior  branch  of  the  .3rd 

longitudinal  wing-vein  obsolete No.  2,  C.  s.  strobiloides,  n.  sp. 

tf  Origin  of  the  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd 
longitudinal  wing-vein  pretty  distinct. 

a.  Cocoon  \h — 2  times  as  long  as  the 

larva No.  4,  C.  s.  gnaphalioides,  n.  sp. 

b.  Cocoon  2J — 3  times  as  long  as  the 

larva No.  5,  C.  s.  rhodoides,  n.  sp. 

B.  Front  i  of  pupal  integument  pale  dusky.* 

(Larva  varied  with  sanguineous.) No.  8,  C.  s.  siliqua.  n.  sp.  ? 

GALLMAKERS.— Genus  CECIDOMYIA,  Subgenus   CECIDOMYIA. 

No.  1.  Gall  Salicis  brassicoides.  n.  sp. — On  Salix  longifolia.  Monothalamous, 
sessile  galls,  expanding  each  J — 2\  inch,  and  with  the  general  outline  of  each 
spherical  or  oval,  growing  in  a  more  or  less  close-set  bunch  of  1 — 11,  like  the 
sprouts  of  a  cabbage-stump,  on  twigs  which  vary  in  diameter  from  .10  inch  to 
.50  inch,  sometimes  from  their  tips  but  more  generally  from  their  sides,  and 
often  with  several  minute  twigs  growing  from  the  midst  of  each  bunch  of  galls, 
the  largest  galls  generally  on  the  largest  twigs.  The  leaves  composing  each 
gall  are  all  sessile,  and  are  on  the  outside  ovate  lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  and 
widely  expanded  and  towards  their  tips  recurved.  Towards  the  tip  of  the  gall 
they  become  smaller,  slenderer,  and  gradually  less  expanded,  and  in  the  centre 
they  are  quite  small,  perfectly  straight  and  linear-lanceolate,  closely  embracing 
the  central  cell  containing  the  author  of  the  gall.  External  leaves  with  the  mid- 
rib, and  generally  some  of  the  branching  side-veins,  pretty  distinct.  It  is  but  very 

"*"  It  must  not  be  supposed  that  this  infuscation  is  causeless  and  accidental. 
There  is  a  cause  for  every  natural  i^henomenon,  if  we  can  only  discover  it:  and 
the  reason  why  the  anterior  parts  of  the  pupal  integument  are  in  this  species 
strongly  tinged  with  fuscous,  instead  of  being  whitish  hyaline,  as  in  o'her  allied 
species,  is  that  tliey  are  thickened:  and  the  reason  that  they  are  thickened  is, 
that  the  jiujia  has  to  make  its  way  out  through  the  narrow,  woody  tube  at 
the  tip  of  its  gall,  instead  of  through  soft  and  yielding  leaves  as  in  the  case  of 
species  Nos.  1 — (3.  In  the  same  manner,  as  will  be  noticed  below,  the  antennal 
horns  of  those  species  that  have  to  work  their  way  out  through  dense  sponge  or 
wood  (C  .s.  batatas  n.  sp.  and  Cec.  cornuta  n.  sp.)  are  thickened  and  blackened 
in  the  pupal  integument.  We  must  remember  that  the  pupal  integument  of  an 
Insect  bears  the  same  relation  to  the  pupa  itself,  that  the  prepared  skeleton  of  a 
Mammal  bears  to  the  Mammal  itself. 


578  [December 

rarely  that  the  leaves  composing  each  gall  show  any  traces  of  the  peculiar,  widely- 
removed  serratures  which  characterize  the  leaves  of  the  willow  on  which  they  oc- 
cur, their  edges  being  almost  invariably  perfectly  entire.  The  color  of  the  galls 
when  recent,  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  recent  leaves  of  the  willow  on  which 
they  grow,  but  at  the  fall  of  the  leaf  they  become  reddish  brown,  and  after 
hanging  on  the  twig  more  than  one  year,  almost  black. 

Described  from  19  bunches  of  galls.  Very  comiuou  near  Rock 
Island,  Illinois.*  The  eggs  that  originate  these  galls  must  be  laid  from 
the  middle  of  April  to  the  end  of  May,  and  by  the  middle  of  July  the 
galls  have  attained  their  full  size.  When  the  twig  on  which  they  grow 
is  at  all  small,  it  generally  dies  the  next  spring. 

Larva. — On  July  31  the  larva  was  already  .03 — .10  inch  long,  and  whitish  hy- 
aline witli  opaque,  white,  curdy,  bowel-like  markings;  breast-bone  indistinct. 
Out  of  12  specimens  examined  Nov.  12,  all  had  formed  their  cocoon  *nd  were 
full-grown,  being  .10 — .20  inch  long  and  .05 — .10  inch  wide,  of  the  usual  oval 
form,  rarely  elongate  so  as  to  be  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  wide,  whitish  or  yellow- 
ish subhyaline,  with  the  same  opaque-white  markings  ;  breast-bone  distinct, 
dusky,  robustly  Y-shaped :  the  two  prongs  of  the  Y  placed  in  front,  basally 
divaricating  at  an  internal  angle  of  about  45°,  and  tapering  on  their  external 
edge  into  a  slender,  acute  thorn  at  tip,  so  that  their  external  edges  are  nearly 
parallel  with  each  other.  Ordinarily  the  three  arms  of  the  Y  are  subequal 
in  length,  but  occasionally  the  lower  (or  posterior)  arm  is  shortened  about 
i.  and  occasionally  the  other  two  arms  are  similarly  shortened.  The  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  Y  is  generally  squarely  but  obscurely  truncate,  but  sometimes 
the  whole  lower  arm  tapers  gradually  to  a  point  from  the  bifurcation  down- 
wards. The  cocoon  is  whitish-hyaline,  delicately  thin,  scarcely  larger  than 
the  larva,  and  generally  adlieres  laterally  and  especially  towards  its  base  to  a 
fewof  tlie  innermost  small  leaves  of  the  gall,  its  base  being  imbedded  in  a  shal- 
low, cup-like  cavity  at  the  tip  of  the  globular  stem  from  which  the  leaves  of 
the  gall  take  their  origin.  In  this  cocoon  the  larva,  as  well  as  the  pupa,  is 
always  found  with  its  head  towards  the  tip  of  the  gall.  On  Feb.  20  the  larvse 
were  more  generally  and  more  deeply  yellowish,  the  breast-bone  darker,  and 
many  of  them  had  a  broad,  dorsal,  dusky  vitta  on  3  or  4  of  the  middle  joints. 
One  contained  15  parasitic  larvae,  showing  plainly  through  its  integument,  in 
the  manner  figured  by  Westwood  Intr.  II.  p.  167,  fig.  14,  which  I  afterwards 
squeezed  out  and  counted,  and  April  19  I  found  a  sim.ilar  specimen  containing 
10  larvse.  On  Feb.  20  I  also  found  a  single  Proctotrupide  imago  inside  each  one 
of  11  or  12  cocoons,  all  very  lively  when  disengaged  from  their  own  cocoon.  On 
March  29  I  found  nothing  but  larvte  in  very  numerous  galls  which  I  opened, 
and  continued  to  lind  very  many  larvae  up  to  April  21,  and  for  some  time  after- 
wards.    Those  examined  April  19  were  more  highly  colored,  being  yellowish- 

*I  found,  March  16,  on  the  tips  of  the  twigs  of  young,  stunted,  wild  plum- 
trees,  bunches  of  galls  much  resembling  S.  bransicoides,  but  with  the  cells  all  of 
them  em])ty. 


1864.]  579 

opaiiue,  with  the  usual  markings  yellowish-white  instead  of  white,  and  a  dark 
vitta  on  .3  or  4  of  the  middle  dorsal  segments. 

Fupa. — On  April  12  1  found  three  pupse  in  the  galls.  Length  .16  inch;  abdo- 
men orange,  in  one  instance  tinged  with  sanguineous,  the  rest  of  the  body  and 
the  head  bright  sanguineous.  The  horn  at  the  base  of  each  antenna  is  obtusely 
conical,  projecting  in  an  angle  of  about  100°  with  a  minute  thorn  at  its  apex, 
and  the  two  horns  divaricate  from  each  other  at  an  angle  of  100° — 110°.  No 
post-antennal  bristle.  Thoracic  bristle  about  J  as  long  as  the  thorax  is  wide. 
A  pupa  examined  April  15  was  of  a  nearly  uniform,  palish,  sanguineous  color. 
The  empty  pupal  integument  (1  specimen)  is  uniformly  whitish,  save  that  the 
base  of  the  antenna  is  a  little  obfuscated. 

Imago.  C.  s.  brassicoides  n.  sp.  %  9- — (Recent)  Brown-black,  a  little  paler 
beneatli.  Head  with  the  antennae  %  a  little  tapered  towards  the  tip,  about  3  as 
long  as  the  dried  body,  22 — 24-jointed  (2+20  to  2-|-22)  and  perhaps  in  a  single 
antenna  20-jointed  (2+18),  the  same  individual  often  having  one  more  joint  in 
one  antenna  than  in  the  other,  the  last  joint  even  in  the  24-joiuted  antenna  ta- 
pered to  a  more  or  less  elongate  point  at  tip,  so  as  to  be  undistinguishable  from 
the  last  joint  of  a  mutilated  antenna;  the  flagellar  joints  globular,  verticillate 
and  pedicelled,  with  the  pedicels  ^  as  long  as  the  globular  part,  and  the  verti- 
cils fully  as  long  as  two  of  the  complete  joints  from  which  they  spring.  Anten- 
nas 9  scarcely  tapered,  about  J  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  cylindrical  at  tip, 
moniliform  towards  the  base,  the  joints  difficult  to  count  but  apparently  nearly 
as  numerous  as  in  %  ,  short,  sessile,  and  but  slightly  verticillate,  the  verticils  as 
long  as  the  one  joint  from  which  they  spring.  Occiput  grayish  in  the  living 
insect,  black  in  the  dried  specimen.  Thorax  with  erect,  rather  sparse,  dusky 
hair;  origin  of  the  wings  and  a  large  spot  beneath  them  orange  or  pale  sangui- 
neous in  life,  dull  rufous  when  dried.  Halteres  (dried)  brownish  white,  rarely 
fuscous,  the  club  always  more  or  less  fuscous,  its  extreme  tijD  generally  showing  a 
whitish  reflection.  Abdomen  %  (recent)  dorsally  brown  or  dull  luteous  with  cine- 
reous hairs,  ventrally  pale  brown  or  dull  luteous  with  depressed  whitish  hairs. 
Abdomen  J  (recent)  with  the  dorsum  sometimes  entirely  brown-black,  sometimes 
bi'own-blaek  with  tlie  bind  edge  of  each  segment  when  viewed  from  behind 
slightly  sanguineous,  sometimes  dark  sanguineous,  some  times  sanguineous,  some- 
times with  its  anterior  J  sanguineous  and  its  j^osterior  ^  pale  yellowish  brown; 
sometimes  again  with  brown  hairs  occupying  i  or  i  of  the  anterior  surface  of 
each  jciint,  and  the  lateral  hairs  cinereous  and  longer  towards  the  tip  of  the  joint, 
sometimes  with  cinereous  hairs  and  the  lateral  hairs  whitish,  sometimes  with  the 
hairs,  esjjecially  the  lateral  ones,  twice  as  long  and  dense  in  one  specimen  as  in 
another,  the  two  both  unrubbed  and  fresh  and  hatched  out  the  same  day;  and 
finally  sometimes  on  joints  3 — 6  with  a  subterminal,  transverse,  impressed,  gla- 
brous line,  which  in  other  specimens  is  obsolete  or  subobsolete.  Venter  9  some- 
times dark  sanguineous,  sometimes  sanguineous  on  the  anterior  i  and  the  rest 
pale  yellowish  brown,  always  with  short,  dense,  appressed,  white  hairs  conceal- 
ing its  color  except  where  they  are  removed.  Oviduct  sometimes  protruded  so  as 
to  be  i  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  abdomen,  sometimes  entirely  retracted  so  that 
the  tip  of  the  J  abdomen  appears  as  truncate  as  in  %  .     In  the  dried  %  J  spe- 


580  [December 

cimens  the  abdomen  becomes  of  an  obscure,  blackish  color.  Legs  brownish 
white  or  occasionally  dull  yellowish,  in  the  living  and  sometimes  in  the  dried 
specimen  with  a  silvery  reflection,  sometimes  with  only  the  three  or  four 
terminal  joints  of  the  tarsi  fuscous,  sometimes  in  addition  with  the  ter- 
minal 5  of  the  femora  superiorly  fuscous,  sometimes  in  addition  with  the 
superior  surface  of  the  entire  leg,  except  the  base  of  the  femora,  fuscous. 
Wings  tinged  with  dusky  from  minute,  short,  appressed,  dusky  hairs,  the 
cross-vein  between  the  1st  and  2nd  longitudinal  veins  always  distinct,  but 
placed  close  to  the  base  of  the  wing.  The  2nd  longitudinal  vein  scarcely  re- 
curved at  its  extreme  tip.  Anterior  branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal  vein  spriug- 
ing  from  the  main  vein  at  an  angle  of  about  135°,  and  generally  but  not  always 
traceable  all  the  way  to  its  origin:  the  entire  branch  recurved  nearly  so  as  to 
describe  the  one  half  of  an  ellipse  about  .3  times  as  long  as  wide  and  longitu- 
dinally bisected.  Length  (dried)  %  .10 — .15  inch,  9  (including  ovipositor)  .16 — 
.20  inch.     "Wing  %,  9  .18— .20  inch. 

Six  %  ,  sixteen  9  ,  the  first  of  which  came  out  April  17  and  the  hist 

May  26,  others  continuing  to  come  out  for  several  weeks  afterwards. 

The  9  9  are  much  more  numerous,  as  usual  in  this  genus,  than  the 

%  %  . 

No.  2.  Gall  S.  strobiloides  0.  S.— On  S.  cordata.  A  monothalamous  gall  like 
a  pine-cone,  always  on  the  ti  ps  of  twigs  when  young,  but  often  with  small  shoots 
of  the  same  year's  growth  surrounding  it,  porrect,  .50 — .90  in(;h  in  its  transverse 
diameter,  and  in  stunted  galls  where  the  gall-maker  has  perished  even  as  small 
as  .20  inch  in  diameter,  generally  when  viewed  laterally  with  an  ovate  outline 
and  the  tip  more  or  less  truncate,  occasionally  subspherical.  The  leaves  com- 
posing it  are  all  sessile,  closely  appressed  and  imbricate,  and  all  those  on  the 
outside  are  covered  with  a  short,  dense,  glaucous-white  pubescence  on  their  en- 
tire exterior  surface,  and  occasionally  in  a  less  degree  on  their  interior  surface, 
and  are  reddish-brown  inside  when  mature,  those  on  the  inside  of  the  gall  be- 
coming gradually  smooth  and  reddish-brown  on  their  exterior  basal  portion, 
and  finally  throughout.  Towards  the  base  of  the  gall  the  leaves  are  orbicular, 
the  basal  ones  smaller;  the  next  leaves  are  obovate  and  with  their  tips  in  a 
semicircle,  and  as  they  approach  the  tip  of  the  gall  oblaneeolate,  and  in  the 
inside  linear-lanceolate  and  gradually  smaller,  slenderer  and  straighter,  till 
they  finally  embrace  the  central  cell  containing  the  author  of  the  gall.  Exter- 
nal leaves,  except  towards  the  tip  of  the  gall,  with  a  number  of  branchino-  veins 
springing  from  their  base,  the  midrib  scarcely  distinct  from  them  by  its  supe- 
rior size  and  throwing  out  similar  branches,  all  of  them  obvious  on  the  inter- 
nal face  of  the  leaf  and  obsolete  on  its  external  face.  The  tip  of  the  twig  from 
which  the  leaves  spring,  both  in  this  and  the  4  following  species,  is  constructed 
as  in  C  s.  brassicoides. 

Described  from  30  specimens.  Very  common  and  abundant  in  Rock 
Island  County,  Illinois,  hundreds  of  them  occurring  on, a  single  bush. 
None   of  the  leaves  composing  this  gall  are   ever  serrate,  as  in   the 


18G4.]  581 

willow  on  which  it  grows,  but  always  entire.  When  young  and  immature, 
the  galls  are  spherical  and  are  enveloped  in  a  dense  mass  of  foliage,  which 
gradually  falls  off  towards  the  autumn,  and  by  November  the  twigs  on 
which  they  grow,  if  small,  are  already  killed  for  an  inch  or  two  down- 
wards. Occasionally  at  the  extreme  tip  of  the  gall  the  leaves  open  out  a 
little,  as  in  S.  sti-obih'scus  n.  sp.,  but  without  projecting  from  the  tip  as  in 
that  species.  Easily  distinguished  from  that  gall  by  the  portion  of 
each  leaf  which  lies  "to  the  weather,"  towards  the  base  of  the  gall,  not 
terminating  in  a  rectangular  point,  but  describing  a  circular  arc.  The 
leaves  are  also  more  densely  pubescent,  especially  the  portion  that  lies 
"  to  the  weather."  Appears  early  in  the  summer  and  is  full-sized  by 
the  middle  of  July,  at  which  time  that  which  is  reddish  brown  in  the 
dry  gall  is  greenish  white.  The  pubescence  on  the  leaves  retains  its 
glaucous-white  color  to  the  last,  except  where  they  are  badly  weather- 
beaten.  On  the  same  bush  throughout  the  summer  may  be  seen  the 
old,  dry,  last  year's  galls,  and  the  young  growing  galls  of  the  current 
year.  I  have  already  referred  to  the  Orchc/hnuni  eggs  often  found 
under  the  scales  of  this  gall.  (Froc.  Ent.  Sor.  Phil.  III.  p.  232.)  In 
one  gall  examined  this  autumn  I  counted  no  fewer  than  71  of  these 
eggs.  In  September  I  detected  a  species  of  A'^jj/u'rfmm,  which  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Uhler  is  undescribed,  ovipositing  in  the  pith  at  the  tip  of  a 
broken  stem  of  Golden-rod  (Solidago).  Probably  Locusturise  Latr- 
(=(Tryllida3  Leach)  do  not  so  generally  oviposit  in  the  earth  as  authors 
have  hitherto  led  us  to  believe. 

Larva. — Five  specimens  examined  Nov.  15  and  many  subsequently 
did  not  differ  from  the  larva  of  S.  hrassicoides,  the  breast-bone  being 
similar  and  varying  in  the  same  manner.  Length  .08 — .20  inch,  breadth 
.04 — .07  inch.  Out  of  nearly  20  galls  opened  at  this  date  all  contained 
the  cocoon,  though  many  cocoons  contained  another  cocoon  in  which 
lay  a  Proctotrupide  imago  about  .10  inch  long.  The  cocoon  differs 
from  that  of  S.  hrassicoides  in  being  21 — 3  times  as  long  as  the  larva 
and  truncate  at  tip,  the  tip  end  forming  a  kind  of  diaphragm  not  far 
from  the  tip  of  the  lanceolate  cell  formed  by  the  interior  leaves.  The 
diameter  of  the  cocoon  does  not  greatly  exceed  that  of  the  larva,  which 
is  always  found  lying  closely  in  its  basal  end,  the  rest  of  it  being  hollow 
and  empty.  Specimens  of  the  larva  examined  Feb.  20  were  of  a  pale 
orange-color,  and  others  examined  March  20  of  a  deep  orange-color. 


582  [Dkcemher 

Others  on  April  28  were  yellowish  opaque  with  whitish  mottlings  and 
a  honey-yellow  vitta  occupying  i  of  the  dorsum  on  4 — 6  of  the  middk' 
dorsal  joints.  Another  specimen  was  yellowish  immaculate.  On  April 
8  most  of  the  galls  still  contained  the  insect  in  the  larva  state,  and  in 
a  few  the  insect  was  still  in  that  state  April  3lJ  and  May  o. 

Pupa. — Does  not  differ  structurally  from  that  of  S.  braKsiroiifi's. 
The  first  pupse  were  found  April  8,  when  the  abdomen  was  tinged  with 
sanguineous,  and  the  fore  part  of  the  body,  and  especially  the  eyes,  were 
strongly  sanguineous.  Another  pupa  occurred  April  30  and  others  May 
8.  One  that  had  been  a  week  out  of  the  cocoon  was.  on  April  15,  all 
bright  pinkish-scarlet  or  sanguineous.  The  empty  pupal  integument 
fl  8  specimens)  is  whitish,  scarcely  tinged  in  front  with  fuscous.  Length 
of  the  pupa  (2  dried  specimens)  .15  inch. 

Imago.  C.  s.  strobiloides,  n.  sp.  S  $. — The  imago  differs  from 
that  of  C.  s.  brasstcoides  only  as  follows : — 1st.  The  %  antennae  are  gene- 
rally 21-jointed  (2-|-19),  but  in  one  S  one  antenna  is  22-jointed  (2-)-20). 
the  two  last  unconnected  by  any  pedicel.  I  noticed  April  10  in  the 
antenna  of  a  recent  %  (not  the  one  with  one  22-iointed  antenna)  that 
the  last  joint  is  small  and  cylindrical,  equal  in  length  to  the  penulti- 
mate but  apparently  connate  with  it.  2nd.  The  hair  on  the  thorax  is 
whitish,  not  blackish.  3/v/.  The  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  9  is  more  nearly 
free  from  hair,  and  laterally  the  subterminal  hair  of  each  joint  is  longer. 
denser  and  whiter,  and  there  is  never,  so  far  as  I  could  observe  in  the 
recent  specimens  9  i  any  subterminal,  glabrous,  impressed,  transverse 
line  on  the  middle  joints.  Afh.  The  origin  of  the  anterior  branch  of 
the  8rd  longitudinal  wing-vein  is  always  obsolete  for  a  short  spac^,  as 
it  sometimes  is  also  in  C.  s.  sdiqva  n.  sp.?  and  occasionally  in  C.  s. 
hrassicoides.  The  dimensions  are  about  the  same  as  in  (J.  .s.  hrassi- 
coides.  Five  %  ,  twenty-eight  9  .  The  first  imago  appeared  April  5  and 
the  last  May  10,  the  $  9  ?  a*^  usual,  much  more  numerous  than  the  %  %  . 
On  April  G  a  9  laid  very  numerous  eggs,  which  were  cylindrical,  3 
times  as  long  as  wide,  .03  inch  long,  blunt-pointed  at  each  end,  and  of 
a  blood-red  color,  in  the  bottle  in  which  I  had  confined  it. 

No.  3.  GrALL  S.  STROBiLiscus.  n.  sp. — On  S.  rostrata,  a  high  north- 
ern willow  not  found  near  Rock  Island.  I  only  know  this  species  from 
a  single  dried  and  mature  specimen  received  from  Mr.  Bebb.  and  ga- 
thered in  Winnebago  Co.,  on  the  extreme  northern  border  of  Illinois. 


1864.]  583 

It  has  a  diameter  of  .70  inch  and  differs  from  S.  strobihides  0.  S.  l.s^ 
In  the  tips  of  all  the  leaves  on  the  outside  of  the  gall,  and  not  merely 
those  towards  the  tip  of  the  gall,  being  angulated  not  rounded.  'IncL 
In  their  external  surface  not  being  so  strongly  pubescent,  especially  the 
portion  lying  "to  the  weather."  iird.  In  the  leaves  at  the  tip  being 
almost  linear  or  parallel-sided  instead  of  oblanceolate,  and  proportionally 
about  2  longer  so  as  to  project  in  a  kind  of  beak  from  the  tip  of  the 
gall.  4th.  In  the  tip  of  the  gall  being  more  open  than  is  usual  in  S. 
strobihides.  5fh.  In  the  veins  even  on  the  inside  of  the  leaves  beins 
subobsolete.  The  cocoon,  as  far  as  can  be  judged  from  what  remains 
of  it,  was  similar  to  that  of  S.  strobiloides,  but  unfortunately  it  contained, 
not  the  larva  or  pupa  of  the  Cccidomyia^  but  a  parasitic  CaUhnomt\ 
which  infests  several  of  these  Gall-gnats,  in  the  imago  state.  Hence, 
and  from  the  fact  of  there  being  catkins  in  flower  on  the  twig  on  which 
it  grew,  we  may  know  that  the  specimen  was  about  10  or  11  months 
old  when  o-athered.  As  usual  in  mature  ^S'.  strabiloides,  the  twis  on 
which  it  grew  had  been  killed  immediately  below  it  for  the  space  of  h 
an  inch  or  so.  Since  it  might  possibly  have  been  the  case  that  it  was 
this  species,  and  not  my  ^S*.  strobiloides,  which  was  named  strobiloidfs 
by  Baron  Osten  Siicken,  as  he  merely  describes  his  gall  as  being  "in 
the  shape  of  the  cone  of  a  pine  and  an  inch  or  more  long,"  I  commu- 
nicated to  him  the  distinctive  characters  between  the  two  species,  and 
he  has  been  kind  enough  to  inform  me  that  my  S.  strobiloides  is  iden- 
tical with  his.  The  specimens  which  he  originally  used  were  obtained 
in  Northern  Illinois,  and  he  tells  me  that  he  afterwards  gathered  a 
single  one  in  Massachusetts,  so  that  we  know  of  this  one  gall,  at  all 
events,  that  has  a  wide  geographical  range. 
Larva,  pupa  and  imago  unknown. 

No.  i.  Gall  S.  gnaphalioides,  n.  sp.— On  S.  humilis.  Amonothalaraous,  small, 
solitary,  oval  or  sometimes  subspherical  gall,  ,23 — .55  inch  long  and  .14 — .60 
inch  in  diameter,  almost  always  growing  at  the  tip  of  a  twig  and  without  any 
side-shoots  around  it,  very  rarely  from  the  side  of  a  twig  from  a  small  side- 
shoot  no  longer  than  itself,  sometimes  porrect  but  oftener  with  the  last  inch  or 
so  of  the  twig  on  which  it  grows  curved  downwards,  or  angularly  bent  down- 
wards, or  coiled  2  or  3  times  round  like  the  tendril  of  a  vine.  The  leaves  com- 
posing it  are  imbricate,  sometimes  more  or  less  loosely  appressed,  (when  it  re- 
sembles somewhat  the  little  lemon-yellow  garden-flowers  known  as  "everlast- 
ings" or  ''immortelles"  or  the  indigenous  Gnaphalium  polycephalum,)  but 
more  usually  opened  out  towards  their  tips,  and  always  with  their  extreme  tij)s 


584  [December 

more  or  less  pinched  together  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  beak  and  frequently  re- 
flexed.  These  leaves  are  all  entire,  sessile,  pale  green  in  the  summer  and  in 
the  autumn  of  a  pale  reddish  brown  or  pale  yellowish  brown  color  with  fine,  ap- 
pressed,  whitish  pubescence  on  their  external  surface,  and  they  have  a  few  in- 
distinct longitudinal  veins  but  no  normal  midrib  and  side  veins  as  in  S.  rho- 
doides.  At  the  base  of  the  gall  they  are  small  and  orbicular,  then  larger  and 
orbicular,  then  oval,  then  towards  the  tip  of  the  gall  elongate-oval  and  elon- 
gate-obovate,  the  tip  of  the  leaf  in  each  case  taper-pointed  in  an  angle  of  about 
80°  so  as  to  form  the  beak  before  spoken  of.  In  the  inside  they  become  linear- 
lanceolate  and  envelop  the  central  cell  as  in  the  preceding  species. 

Described  from  72  specimens.  Attains  its  full  size  by  the  end  of 
July,  and  is  quite  common  near  Rock  Island.  Illinois.  In  two  or 
three  cases  where  the  potato-like  gall  .S'.  batafaa  n.  sp.  grew  at 
the  tip  of  a  twig,  I  have  noticed  the  gall  »S'.  tjnapha/ioufe  -  growing 
sessile  from  near  the  tip  of  the  other  gall,  evidently  from  one  of  the 
buds  included  in  it.  In  November  I  have  observed  that  many  of  these 
galls  have  the  larva  picked  out  of  them,  evidently  by  birds,  and  in  Fe- 
bruary full  I  of  them  are  thus  emptied,  the  leaves  of  the  gall  being 
pecked  off  on  one  side.  This  does  not  occur  with  the  allied  galls  S. 
br ass ico idea,  S.  strohiloides,  and  S.  rhodoides,  probably  because  the 
larva  is  there  concealed  and  protected  by  a  much  thicker  wall  of  leaves; 
but  I  have  repeatedly  in  the  winter  noticed  the  same  thing  of  the  large, 
spongy  gall  of  the  Dipterous  Tri/prta  soJ!d(uj!)i!s  Fitch.  f]asily  distin- 
guished from  its  five  allies  by  its  much  smaller  size.  From  *S'.  brassi- 
coides  it  is  also  distinguished  at  once  by  its  always  being  solitary;  from 
*S'.  strobiloides  by  the  tips  of  the  leaves  that  lie  "to  the  weather"  being 
not  rounded  but  angulated  and  beaked ;  from  «S^.  strob discus  by  the 
tips  of  the  leaves  being  generally  opened  out  and  recurved,  and  always 
beaked;  and  from  S.  rlwloides  and  S.  cort/loides  by  all  the  leaves 
being  sessile,  instead  of  the  terminal  leaves,  and  in  the  latter  case  almost 
all  the  leaves,  having  peduncles. 

Larva. — On  July  80  the  larva  was  not  yet  discoverable  in  the  gall. 
August  27  it  was  .06 — .07  inch  long,  yellowish  or  orange-color,  with 
dominant,  bowel-like,  white  markings,  and  the  breast-bone  indistinct. 
Several  larvai  examined  November  11  and  18  were  undistinguishable 
from  those  of  S.  brassicoides,  S.  strobiloides  and  S.  rhodoides.  and  had 
the  same  breast-bone  with  the  same  variations.  Length  .10 — .12  inch. 
In  over  a  dozen  galls  opened  at  these  dates  the  larva  had  made  its  co- 
coon, which  was  li — 2  times  as  long  as  the  larva  itself  and  of  the  usual 


1864.]  •       585 

white,  filmy  texture,  and  had  the  same  diaphragm  at  tip  as  in  S.  stro- 
hlloidcs.  On  March  6  the  galls  still  contained  the  insect  in  the  larva 
state. 

Pupa — April  28  and  May  12  1  found  four  living  pupae  iu  these 
galls.  They  differed  structurally  in  no  respect  from  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  and  vrere  nearly  as  long  as  the  cocoon  and  not  far  short 
of  the  length  of  the  gall.  The  abdomen  was  dark  blood-red,  generally 
tinged  and  marked  with  fuscous,  the  other  part  of  the  body,  including 
the  wing-cases  and  legs,  blackish,  except  the  thoracic  bristles,  which 
were  in  one  specimen  noticed  to  be  whitish.  One  of  these  four  developed 
into  the  imago  an  hour  after  the  description  was  taken.  Length  (4 
dried  specimens)  .12 — .13  inch.  The  pupal  integument  (3  specimens) 
is  whitish,  immaculate.  On  opening  20 — 30  galls  May  13,  from  which 
I  had  attempted  to  breed  the  imago,  I  found  dead  pupse  in  all  of  them 

Imago.  C.  s.  gnaphalioides,  n.  sp.  9  . — Differs  from  S.  hrassi- 
coides  9  only  in  the  size  being  slightly  smaller  and  the  hair  of  the  tho- 
rax whitish  not  blackish,  and  in  the  lateral  sub-terminal  hairs  on  the 
joints  of  the  abdomen  being  perhaps  a  little  longer  than  is  usual  in  that 
species.  The  halteres  are  almost  entirely  pale ;  and  the  legs  are  as 
pale  as  in  the  palest  C.  s.  brassicoides,  and  perhaps  slightly  more  whit- 
ish. From  S.  sirobiloides  9  it  difi'ers  in  the  size  being  slightly  smaller 
and  in  the  origin  of  the  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal  vein 
being  pretty  distinct ;  from  S-  rhodoldcs  9  only  in  the  size  being 
slightly  smaller ;  and  from  S.  siliqua  9  in  the  legs  and  the  hair  of 
the  thorax  being  rather  whiter,  and  also,  as  in  the  preceding  three, 
in  the  size  being  slightly  smaller.  Length  9  ( including  oviduct) 
.12 — .15  inch  ;  wing  9  -12 — .16  inch.  Three  9  ;  %  unknown.  Ap- 
peared April  23 — May  6.  One  of  the  above  9  9  '^^^  immature,  and 
when  recent  had  the  abdomen  sanguineous,  the  medial  J  of  the  dorsum 
of  each  joint  covered  with  pale  brown  hair,  and  no  lateral  subterminal 
white  hairs;  the  venter  was  covered  with  short,  appressed,  white  hair. 
Another  9  •  which  I  had  kept  alive  and  exposed  to  the  light  for  2  days, 
had  when  recent  the  medial  f  of  the  dorsal  joints  of  the  abdomen  deep 
brown,  the  other  part  bright  sanguineous,  and  the  venter  sanguineous 
with  short,  appressed,  white  hairs.  In  this  specimen,  even  when  dried, 
the  lateral  white  hairs  of  the  dorsal  joints  of  the  abdomen  are  pretty 
obvious. 


•"iS6  [December 

Xo.  5.  Gall  S.  rhodoides,  n.  sp. — On  S.  huinilis.  A  monothalamous  gall  like 
an  elongated  rose,  always  growing  singly  on  the  tip  of  a  twig,  porrect,  its  gene- 
ral outline  elongate-spherical,  occasionally  spherical  and  rarely  short-spheri- 
cal, .90 — 1.80  inch  long  and  .70 — 1.90  inch  in  diameter,  never  with  any  twigs, 
towever  small,  growing  round  it  from  tlie  same  stem.  The  leaves  composing 
it  are  slightly  pubescent,  entire,  with  the  midrib  and  branching  side-veins  very 
conspicuous,  and  are  almost  always  opened  out  and  with  their  tips  recurved 
and  occasionally  at  the  extreme  tip  a  little  pinched  together,  but  in  a  few  cases 
they  are  loosely  appressed  except  at  the  tip  of  the  gall.  The  basal  ones  are 
small,  the  following  ones  larger,  all  sessile  and  heart-shaped  with  the  basal 
lobes  of  the  heart  squarely  truncate  and  the  tip  almost  always  taper-pointed 
in  an  angle  of  70"^ — 80°;  towards  the  tip  the  leaves  become  smaller  and 
gradually  more  and  more  peduncled,  till  at  the  extreme  tip  the  pedun- 
cle is  generally  twice  as  long  as  the  leaf  itself.  Inside  the  gall  the  leaves 
suddenly  become  linear-lan<;eolate  and  gradually  straighter  as  they  approach 
the  centre,  till  they  finally  embrace  the  lanceolate  central  cell  precisely  as  in 
S.  strobiloides.  Sometimes  the  peduncled  leaves  at  the  tip  protrude  from  the 
gall  as  the  stamens  and  pistils  of  some  flowers  protrude  from  the  corolla. 

Described  from  15  galls  freshly  gathered  in  November,  and  50 — 70 
gathered  in  July.  Very  common  in  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois.  This 
gall  arrives  at  its  full  size  by  the  middle  of  July,  when  the  outside  leaves 
are  externally  palish  green,  often  changing  towards  the  tip  of  the  gall 
to  pale  yellowish  green  slightly  tinged  with  ro.sy  and  externally  more 
or  less  glaucous.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  become  pale  greenish  brown 
with  a  slight  whitish  pubescence  externally,  and,  after  hanging  on  the 
twig  over  a  year,  almost  black. 

Larva. — By  July  30  the  larva  is  already  .07  inch  long,  subhyaline. 
with  opu(|ue,  curdy,  white  markings,  and  a  long  internal  yellow  stripe 
representing  probably  the  intestinal  canal ;  breast-bone  indistinct.  No- 
vember 10,  out  of  about  a  dozen  galls  opened,  all  but  one  larva  had 
formed  their  cocoon,  which  exactly  resembles  that  of  (,'.  s.  strobiloides. 
The  breast-bone  in  all  was  quite  distinct  and  resembled  exactly  that  of 
C.  s.  hrassicoides,  varying  in  the  same  manner,  and  in  all  other  respects 
the  two  larvae  were  undistinguishable.  Length  .10 — .12  inch.  On 
February  25  the  larva  (many  specimens)  was  .15  inch  long,  pale  orange. 
the  orange  color  mostly  concealed,  except  the  sutures  and  sometimes 
the  3  anterior  joints  and  a  dorsal  line,  by  whitish,  bowel-like  markings. 
A  larva  examined  April  23  was  .10  inch  long.  .07  inch  wide,  yellowish 
opaque,  with  whitish  bowel-like  markings  and  a  broad  dorsal  fuscous 
vitta.     Breast-bone  as  in  C.  s.  strobiloides. 


1864.]  587 

Pupa. — March  16  I  found  a  gall  with  the  insect  in  pupa.  A  pupa 
examined  April  15  was  yellowish  a  little  mottled  with  sanguineous,  but 
in  all  other  respects  exactly  resembled  that  of  C.  .s.  strnhiloides  when 
placed  side  by  side.  Another  examined  April  21  had  the  thoracic 
bristle  rather  robust  at  base  and  tapering  towards  the  tip,  but  in  the 
dried  specimens  this  part  is  undistinguishable  from  the  same  part  in 
C.  s.  sfrobiloides.  April  23  of  3  pupae  examined  one  was  pale  sangui- 
neous, with  the  wing-cases  and  legs  pale  yellowish  and  the  abdomen 
mottled  with  yellowish  between  the  sutures,  and  two  were  blackish,  in- 
cluding the  wing-cases  and  legs,  with  the  abdomen  sanguineous  or  dull 
lake-red  broadly  vittate  dorsally  with  fuscous.  An  hour  afterwards  the 
two  last  developed  into  the  imago  state.  Length  (3  dried  specimens) 
.15 — .17  inch.  The  empty  pupal  integument  (11  specimens)  is  nearly 
pure  white  throughout. 

Imago.  C.  s.  rhodotdes  a.  sp. — The  imago  S  9  is  undistinguish- 
able from  that  of  C.  s.  hrassicoides,  except  as  follows : — 1st.  The  an- 
tennae %  are  23 — 25-jointed  (2-f-21  to  2-f-23),  with  the  last  joint 
elongate  and  sometimes  even  in  the  25-jointed  antenna  appearing 
to  be  composed  of  two  connate  joints.  In  a  single  S  ,  which  has 
only  one  antenna,  the  antenna  is  21-jointed  (2-(-19,)  the  last  joint 
very  small  and  without  any  pedicel,  and  I  counted  the  joints  as 
"  20  or  21 "  in  the  same  specimen  when  recent.  Occasionally  in  the 
same  specimen  there  is  one  more  joint  in  one  antenna  than  in  the  other. 
'2)hL  As  in  C  s.  sfrobiloides,  C  s.  gnaphdJioides  and  G.  s.  siliqua,  the 
hair  of  the  thorax  is  whitish  in.stead  of  blackish,  and  it  is  more  con- 
spicuously whitish  than  in  the  last-named  species.  3rc7.  As  in  these 
species,  the  subterminal,  lateral  hairs  of  the  dorsal  joints  of  the  abdo- 
men are  longer,  denser  and  whiter  than  they  usually  are  in  S.  c.  bras- 
sicoidf'K,  and  the  subterminal,  transverse,  glabrous  line  seen  in  some 
C  •-<.  brassicoides  is  not  perceivable.  4/7;.  The  legs  are  rather  whiter 
than  is  usual  in  G.  s.  brassicoides.  On  April  21  a  S  emerged  from 
the  pupa  under  my  eyes.  As  it  came  out,  the  abdomen  had  the  sutures 
widely  sanguineous  and  the  tip  sanguineous,  the  dorsal  space  between 
the  sutures  covered  with  appressed  brown  hairs  which  occupied  the 
medial  •]  of  each  joint.  The  venter  was  dull  yellowish.  Three  hours 
afterwards  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen,  including  the  sutures,  was  en- 
tirely fuscous,  and  also  the  venter  except  the  tip  and  forceps  which  were 


588  [December 

yellowish.  A  %  examined  April  28  had  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen 
entirely  fuscous,  but  on  removing  some  of  the  dorsal  hairs  the  sutures 
were  narrowly  blood-red  when  viewed  from  behind.  The  venter  was 
dark  blood-red  on  removing  some  of  the  white  pubescence  which  con- 
cealed the  color.  A  mature  9  on  April  21  had  the  dorsum  of  the 
abdomen  fuscous,  except  the  sutures  which  were  slightly  brick-red. 
Another  9  less  mature  had  the  whole  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  a  dirty 
red  and  the  venter  brick-red.  April  22  a  9  had  the  abdomen  dorsally 
fuscous  with  a  few  appressed  brown  hairs  with  no  reddish  sutures,  the 
venter  dull  rufous  and  the  oviduct  rufous.  Another  9  April  25  had 
the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  fuscous,  with  the  sutures  narrowly  sangui- 
neous, but  only  when  viewed  from  behind.  The  venter,  on  removing 
some  of  the  short  whitish  pubescence,  was  dark  blood-red.  Dimensions 
about  the  same  as  in  C.  s.  hrassirou/es.  Eight  %  ,  seven  9  •  The  first 
imago  appeared  April  12  and  the  last  April  28. 

No.  6.  Gall  S.  coryloides  n.  sp. — On  S.  discolor?  A  very  large  and  loosely 
expanded,  monothalamous  gall,  resembling  at  a  distance  a  bunch  of  hazel-nuts 
in  their  natural  husks,  growing  singly  at  the  tip  of  a  twig  without  any  shoots 
surrounding  it.  porrect,  its  general  outline  spherical,  sometimes  elongate-sphe- 
rical or  short-spherical,  1.76 — -2. .35  inch  long  and  1.95 — 4.10  inch  in  diameter. 
The  leaves  composing  it  are  on  the  outside  large  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the 
gall,  so  that  some  of  the  middle  ones  are  occasionally  two  inches  across,  free 
from  pubescence  except  sometimes  on  their  external  base,  entire,  with  the 
normal  midrib  and  branching  side-veins  distinct,  and  are  all  of  thera  very- 
much  opened  out  and  recurved,  the  basal  ones  the  most  so,  so  that  the  latter 
often  touch  with  their  tips  the  twig  on  which  the  gall  grows.  The  basal  leaves 
are  orbicular-ovate  or  ovate,  only  slightly  smaller  than  the  middle  ones ;  the 
middle  ones  are  ovate,  and  both  basal  and  middle  ones  have  their  tips  tapering 
regularly  in  an  angle  of  about  80° — 90°,  not  taper-pointed  in  an  angle  of  70° — 
80°  as  is  generally  the  case  in  S.  rhodoides ;  and  their  base  describes  an  angle  of 
about  90°,  instead  of  being  squarely  and  widely  truncate,  as  in  S.  7-hodoides, 
and  even  on  the  extreme  base  of  the  gall  generally  has  a  short  peduncle 
nearly  ^  as  long  as  the  leaf  itself,  which  in  each  successive  leaf  gradually 
becomes  longer  as  the  tip  of  the  gall  is  apjjroached,  when  it  is  about  equal 
in  length  to  the  leaf,  which  has  now  become  oblanceolate.  On  the  inside,  the 
leaves  suddenly  become  straight,  porrect,  and  very  much  smaller,  and  are  elon- 
gate-linear with  their  tips  tapered  to  a  very  acute  point,  closely  appressed,  and 
gradually  smaller,  till  they  finally  embrace  the  lanceolate  central  cell.  In  the 
autumn  the  leaves  of  this  gall  are  dark  reddish-brown,  externally  with  a  slight 
whitish  bloom;  at  other  seasons  it  is  unknown  to  me. 

Described  from  4  specimens.     Very  near  S.  rhodoides,  which  occurs 
on  a  totally  different  willow,  but  sufficiently  distinguished  by  the  cha- 


1SG4.]  589 

racters  specified  in  the  description,  as  well  as  by  its  average  size  being 
just  double.  One  of  the  above  4  galls  had  the  heart  eaten  out  by  some 
lepidopterous  larva;  and  adhering  to  the  leaves  of  another  was  the 
pupal  integument  of  a  Lepidopteron,  much  larger  than  any  of  those 
commonly  bred  by  me  from  the  allied  galls.  All  of  them,  as  is  very 
generally  the  case  in  this  group  of  galls,  had  many  of  their  leaves  eaten 
into  by  Lepidoptera.  and  contained  much  Lepidopterous  "frass"  or 
excrement. 

I  know  but  three  Willow-bushes  near  Rock  Island  which  can  be  re- 
ferred to  S.  discolor.  One  of  them,  a  $  .  of  which  I  forwarded  to  Mr. 
Bebb  the  inflorescence,  was  pronounced  by  him  to  be  certainly  S.  dis- 
color ;  it  was  from  this  one  that  I  obtained  the  galls,  which  for  the 
present  I  refer  to  S.  batatas  and  S.  siliqiia.  Of  the  second,  also  a  $  , 
I  forwarded  nothing  but  the  fruit,  and  Mr.  Bebb  referred  it  doubtingly 
to  S.  discolor,  but  thought  it  might  possibly  be  S.  eriocephala.  I  have 
carefully  compared  foliage,  twig  and  bud  in  these  two,  and  have  little 
doubt  they  are  identical.  At  all  events  their  very  robust,  vigorous 
twigs,  tinged  with  purple  and  covered  with  whitish  pulveruiescence,  so 
as  strongly  to  recal  those  of  many  varieties  of  apple-tree,  and  the  large 
buds  which  have  commenced  opening  out  even  as  early  as  the  last  of 
November,  effectually  distinguish  both,  even  in  the  winter  time,  from 
the  4  other  species  of  Willow  found  near  Rock  Island.  The  third 
bush  was  not  discovered  by  me  till  the  last  of  November,  and  agrees 
so  perfectly  in  all  the  above  characters  with  the  one  which  is  undoubt- 
edly S.  discolor,  as  well  as  in  the  foliage,  some  of  which  still  adhered 
to  its  twigs,  that  I  have  little  hesitation  in  referring  it  to  the  same 
species.  I  observed  however  on  its  main  limbs  large  blotches  or  wide 
bands  of  whitish-gray,  which  could  not  be  seen  on  either  of  the  other 
bushes.  In  any  case  the  inflorescence  next  spring  will  definitively  decide 
the  question  of  its  specific  identity  with  S.  discolor.  It  was  on  this 
last  that  I  found  the  galls  C.  co/yloides  ;  the  second  bush  bore  no  galls 
at  all. 

It  thus  appears  that  of  the  5  willows  growing  near  Rock  Island,  four 
have  galls  all  constructed  on  the  same  fundamental  principle  out  of 
deformed  buds,  and  one  of  them — S.  humilis — has  two  such  galls.  It 
is  a  remarkable  and  suggestive  fact,  that  the  remaining  willow  has  no 
such  galls  nor  anything  approaching  to  them.      In  numberless  localities 


590  [December 

where  this  species — S.  nigra — grows  promiscuously  intermixed  with  S. 
Idngifolia  or  with  S.  eordata,  I  have  in  vain  hunted  time  and  again  for 
them,  both  in  the  summer  and  in  the  winter,  when  they  could  be  seen 
with  the  greatest  ease,  even  if  they  were  only  half  the  size  of  S.  (jiut- 
phaJioi(h')(.  But  for  this  fact,  and  the  further  fact  of  S.  humilif<  bear- 
ing; two  distinct  galls  of  this  peculiar  type,  we  might,  from  the  great 
similarity  of  their  insects,  both  in  the  larva,  pupa  and  imago  states, 
infer  that  they  were  all  of  them  merely  what  I  have  called  Phytophagic 
Varieties,  instead  of  being  specifically  distinct,  and  each  confinirg  them- 
selves to  their  appropriate  species  of  willow. 

Larva. — Undistinguishable  from  that  of  (J.  s.  ht'assicoides  ;  breast- 
bone identical  and  with  the  same  variations.  Length  .12— .15  inch, 
width  .06 — .07  inch.  Three  specimens.  The  cocoon  is  of  the  usual 
thin,  delicate  texture,  whitish  and  about  as  long  again  as  the  larva. 

Pupa  and  imaCxO  unknown. 

No.  7.  Gall  S.  cornu. — On  S.  humilis.  A  lateral  bud  deformed  into  the  shape 
of  a  monothalamous.  very  elongate,  slender,  cylindrical,  tapering,  hollow,  rigid 
horn,  very  slightly  pubescent,  of  a  very  dark  reddish  brown  color  when  ma- 
ture, and  with  about  12  or  14  longitudinal,  pretty  regular  striae  like  a  coleop- 
terous elytrum.  This  gall  is  .?>0 — .77  inch  long,  .07 — .10  inch  in  diameter  at 
base  and  .05 — .07  inch  close  to  the  tip.  where  for  the  length  of  about  .10  inch 
it  is  flattened  and  moderately  pubescent,  and  at  the  extreme  tip,  which  is 
rounded,  opens  by  a  terminal  slit.  Sometimes  it  is  solitary,  sometimes  2  or  '■', 
of  them,  or  even  as  many  as  10,  grow  at  irregular  intervals  on  a  small  twig  4 
inches  long,  with  a  few  of  the  intervening  buds  in  their  normal  condition.  Ge- 
nerally it  is  perfectly  straight,  diverging  upwards  from  the  twig  at  an  angle  of 
15° — 35°,  but  occasionally  it  is  a  little  bent  in  the  middle,  and  occasionally  it 
curves  backwards  in  a  regular  curve,  so  that  in  one  instance  the  tip  nearly 
touches  the  base.  When  cut  into,  the  walls  of  the  hollow  are  seen  to  be  no  thicker 
than  stout  paper,  but  very  stiff"  and  hard,  and  on  the  terminal  h  the  internal 
surface  is  jjretty  smooth  with  indistinct  longitudinal  rugae,  except  the  terminal 
.05  inch,  which  is  armed  with  very  long,  whitish  pubescence  directed  obliquely 
forwards.  In  the  basal  i  of  the  horn  lies  the  cocoon,  which  is  closely  aggluti- 
nated to  the  walls  of  the  cell  except  at  its  tii?,  where  it  forms  a  filmy,  whitish 
diaphragm  as  in  S.  siliqua  n.  sp.  ?  The  cell  formed  by  the  hollow  of  the  de- 
formed bud  is  prolonged  into  the  woody  origin  of  the  bud  for  .10 — .15  inch,  but 
the  twig  itself  is  not  swelled  or  deformed,  as  it  is  in  the  allied  polythalamous 
gall  S.  triticoides  n.  sp.,  further  than  by  a  slight  and  scarcely  noticeable  intu- 
mescence at  the  origin  of  the  bud. 

Described  from  8  living  specimens  on  four  difierent  twigs  and  10  old 

dead  and  dry  specimens  all  on  one  twig,  the  whole  gathered  in  Noveni- 


1864.]  591 

ber.  Out  of  the  18.  6  or  7  had  been  bored  hiterally  by  some  minute 
parasite,  and  from  at  least  two  of  the  recent  ones  parasites  had  perhaps 
escaped  at  the  terminal  slit,  for  they  contained  neither  larva  nor  cocoon, 
and  were  unbored,  although  one  of  the  recent  ones  was  bored.  Rare 
near  Rock  Island,  and  difficult  to  discover  from  its  simulating  a  short, 
lateral  twig.  When  these  galls  occur  in  great  numbers  on  a  twig,  the 
intervening  buds  perish,  but  when  there  are  only  one  or  two  of  them, 
they  do  not.  When  the  twig  is  .08  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  the  part 
of  it  which  lies  beyond  the  galls  shrivels  up  and  perishes,  even  if  there 
be  only  one  of  them,  but  when  the  diameter  is  .13  or  over  and  there  is 
but  a  single  gall,  it  survives,  at  all  events  till  the  next  season. 

Larva. — Sanguineous  with  yellow  bowel-like  markings,  about  .08  inch 
long  and  .04  inch  wide  ;  breast-bone  as  in  C.  s.  hrassicoides.  but  as  in 
some  varieties  of  that  species,  with  the  posterior  arm  of  the  Y  only  about 
J  as  long  as  each  anterior  arm,  and  terminating  behind  in  a  square  trun- 
cation. The  cocoon  is  described  under  the  head  of  the  gall.  One  spe- 
cimen, found  in  November. 

Pupa  and  imago  unknown. 

No.  8.  Gall  s.siliqua.  n.  ST^.l=Salicis?  Fitch^rigidoe /  Fitch,  0.  S. — On  S.  hu- 
milis  (and  also  on  S.  cordata?  and  S.  discolor?)  A  monothalamous,  solitary, 
oval  or  subspherical.  woody  gall,  .55 — 1.00  inch  long  and  .20 — ..34  inch  in  diame- 
ter, growing  at  the  tip  of  a  twig,  frequently  with  several  twigs  apparently  of  the 
same  year's  growth  surrounding  it,  tt pared  at  tip  to  a  short,  blunt,  tubiliform 
beak,  which  is  evidently  a  deformation  of  the  terminal  bud,  and  hollow  inside. 
The  outside  surface  of  the  gall,  which  is  the  natural  color  and  texture  of  the 
bark  of  the  twig,  always  contains,  besides  the  terminal  beak-like  bud,  2 — 5 
buds,  which  are  still  alive  in  November  in  the  recent  gall  but  afterwards  perish 
along  with  the  gall  itself,  as  does  also,  unless  the  twig  on  which  the  gall  grows 
be  large,  a  portion  of  that  twig.  Sometimes  one  of  these  external  buds  sprouts 
out  into  a  twig,  growing  from  the  outer  surface  of  the  gall,  and  in  a  single  spe- 
cimen there  are  four  such  twigs.  The  walls  of  the  internal  cell  or  hollow,  in- 
cluding the  bark,  are  .06 — .11  inch  thick,  and  lined  when  mature  inside  with 
the  cocoon  of  the  gall-maker,  which  is  detached  and  of  the  usual  delicate  tex- 
ture towards  the  tip  of  the  hollow,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  diaphragm  to  exclude 
any  air  that  might  enter  through  the  terminal  beak,  but  is  agglutinated  strongly 
to  them  everywhere  else,  though  it  may  be  detached  piece-meal,  generally  with 
a  thin  layer  of  the  greenish  woody  matter  adhering  to  it.  The  internal  surface 
of  the  terminal  beak  is  smooth,  continuous  with  that  of  the  main  c.  11  or  hollow, 
and  not  strongly  pubescent  at  tip  as  in  <S'.  cornu  ;  on  its  external  surface  there 
is  the  natural  suture  at  its  base.  In  one  specimen,  where  a  large,  abnormal, 
woody  wart  had  been  formed  about  the  middle  of  the  hollow,  the  larva,  instead 


592  [December 

of  including  the  wart  in  his  cocoon,  had  had  the  remarkable  foresight  to  con- 
struct his  cocoon  entirely  above  the  wart,  and  was  thus  compelled  to  make 
another  diaphragm  just  above  the  wart,  besides  the  usual  one  near  the  beak, 
and  to  lie  in  a  much  smaller  compass  than  usual  between  the  two. 

Described  from  10  living-  specimens  and  27  old  and  dead  ones,  all 
from  S.  humilis.  Rather  rare  near  Rock  Island.  Varieties  of  S.  ha- 
tatas  n.  sp.  occur,  which  externally  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from 
«S'.  siliqua ;  but  on  cutting  into  them  they  are  seen  to  be  not  hollow, 
but  filled  with  a  spongy  substance  containing  several  of  the  cells  which 
are  inhabited  by  the  Cecidomyia  of  that  polythalamous  (xall;  and  more- 
over, the  terminal  bud  is  not  beak-like  and  tubiliform. 

Specimens  found  on  S.  cordata  in  November  differ  as  follows: — \st. 
The  average  dimensions  are  about  i  smaller,  the  length  in  4  living  spe- 
cimens and  41  dry  and  dead  ones  being  .45 — .85  inch  and  the  breadth 
.17 — .28  inch.  'Ind.  Out  of  three  of  the  living  galls  where  the  Ceci- 
domipa  was  present,  there  was  in  two  a  double  diaphragm  both  at  top 
and  bottom  of  the  hollow,  instead  of  the  single  diaphragm  at  the  top 
only;  but  in  the  other  one  the  diaphragm  was  single  and  normal,  'ird. 
The  number  of  buds  on  the  external  surface  of  the  45  galls  is  1 — 3  in- 
stead of  2 — 5.  \t]i.  The  terminal  beak  in  i  of  the  above  45  specimens 
is  conspicuously  recurved,  whereas  it  is  never  recurved  in  those  that 
grow  on  8.  humilis,  thovigh  it  is  sometimes  a  little  oblique  and  in  a 
single  specimen  is  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  gall.  A  gall  found 
August  1  had  the  beak  so  much  recurved  as  to  touch  the  side  of  it,  like 
the  tongue-case  of  the  pupa  of  vSphinx  5-maculata  Haw. — From  my 
having  in  two  successive  seasons  found  the  old  dead  and  dry  galls  on 
both  the  above  two  willows  at  least  8  or  10  times  as  numerous  as  the 
green  ones,  and  from  the  very  weather-worn  appearance  of  many  of 
them,  and  the  fact  that  a  few  of  them  were  overgrown  and  almost  obli- 
terated by  the  twigs  that  surrounded  their  base,  I  infer  that  they  hang 
on  the  twig  for  several  years. 

A  single  living  gall  gathered  on  S.  discolor  in  November  differed  from 
the  living  ones  found  on  S.  humilis  as  follows: — Is^.  The  woody  matter 
composing  the  outer  shell  is  much  thinner  than  in  any  one  of  14  green 
specimens  off  S.  humilis  and  3  green  specimens  off  S.  cordata  that  I 
have  cut  into,  being  to  a  much  greater  extent  medially  interrupted  by 
a  layer  of  brown  spongy  matter,  so  that  the  gall  was  rather  crushed  by 


1864.]  593 

the  knife  than  cut  by  it.  2.nd.  Instead  of  the  external  surface  being 
phimp  and  of  the  natural  texture  of  the  bark  of  the  twig,  it  was  strongly 
rugose,  when  recently  gathered,  and  had  much  the  color  and  texture  of 
a  completely  withered  blue  plum.  This  does  not  occur  in  green  speci- 
mens found  at  the  same  time  of  the  year  on  the  other  two  Willows, 
though  it  is  often  seen  in  the  old  dry  ones. — Length  1.00  inch,  diameter 
.80  inch,  external  buds  3.     One  specimen. 

Larva. — The  larva  found  in  the  S.  oordata  gall  with  recurved  beak  August  1 
was  .06  inch  long,  bright  opaque  orange  with  a  ventral  and  dorsal  semitranslu- 
eent,  polished,  broad,  orange  vitta,  and  the  breast-bone  indistinct.  A  very 
large  specimen  from  S.  humilis  examined  November  15  was  bright  sanguineous 
with  yellowish  bowel-like  markings  and  the  breast-bone  as  in  all  the  preceding 
species,  except  that,  as  in  six  others  examined  November  2],  viz:  3  from  S.  hu- 
milis and  3  from  S.  cordata,  the  former  .13 — .17  inch  and  the  latter  .17 — .19  inch 
long,  it  was  stouter  and  blacker,  and  the  two  anterior  horns  of  the  Y  were  only 
J  as  long  as  the  posterior  part.  This  seems  to  be  the  prevalent  variety  in  this 
species,  none  having  hitherto  occurred  that  varied  vice  versa,  as  in  all  the  pre- 
ceding species,  though  one  or  two  have  occurred  witli  the  3  arms  of  the  Y  sub- 
equal.  Length  .23  inch,  breadth  .07  inch.  I  have  occasionally  found  speci- 
mens both  of  C.  ,s.  brassicoides  and  C,  s.  strobiloides  which  were  similarly  elon- 
gated not  temporarily  but  permanently;  but  in  this  species  they  are  always 
so.  Another  specimen  from  S.  humilis  examined  February  26,  was  orange-co- 
lored, and  another  from  the  same  willow  on  March  21,  was  pale  sanguineous 
orange  freckled  with  bright  sanguineous  and  .18  inch  long.  By  November 
almost  every  larva  had  made  its  cocoon,  which  is  described  under  the  head  of 
the  Gall.  The  larva  obtained  in  November  from  the  gall  on  S.  discolor  was  un- 
distinguishable  from  six  specimens  found  at  the  same  date  in  galls  from  the 
other  two  willows,  except  that  the  breast-bone  was  larger,  blacker  and  full  ^ 
more  robust,  being  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  instead  of  A  as  broad  as  long.  I 
have,  however,  since  noticed  that  specimens  of  C.  s.  strobiloides.  <fec..  occasionally 
occur  which  vary  in  the  same  manner  from  the  normal  type,  i.  e.  in  having  a 
much  more  robust  breast-bone. 

Pupa.  The  first  pupa  (from  S.  humilis)  was  found  April  12.  It 
did  not  diflPer  materially  from  any  of  the  preceding,  but  the  pupal  in- 
tegument (7  specimens)  differs  most  remarkably  from  those  of  all  my 
other  Cecidomyia  in  the  whole  of  it,  except  the  abdomen,  being  strongly 
tinged  with  fuscous.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  Dr. 
Fitch's  species  has  the  same  peculiarity.  The  pupa  makes  its  exit 
through  the  terminal  beak  of  the  gall,  forcing  its  body  halfway  out  of 
it  and  there  transforming,  or  sometimes  falling  entirely  out.  Length 
(from  the  pupal  integument)  .17 — .19  inch.  The  pupa  from  the  galls 
on  8.  cordata  and  S.  discolor  I  do  not  know. 


504  [December 

Imago.  C.  s.  siliqua,  n.  sp.?  9  — Scarcely  distinguishable  either  in 
the  recent  or  dried  specimen  from  9  'S'.  rhodoides  though  the  hair  of 
the  thorax  is  not  of  so  pale  a  white,  as  it  is  in  C.  s.  strohiloidcs,  C.  s. 
;/naphah'oides,  and  C.  s.  rhodoides.  Tn  all  the  dried  specimens,  in- 
deed, the  legs  are  tinged  with  luteous.  but  so  are  they  in  several  C.  s. 
hraxaicoides,  C.  s.  strobihides,  and  C.  s.  rhodoides.  The  dimensions 
are  also  about  the  same.  From  C  s.  hras^icoidei^  it  diiFers  in  the 
hair  of  the  thorax  being  whitish,  and  from  C.  s.  strohiloides  in  the 
origin  of  the  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal  vein  being  pretty 
distinct.  From  C.  s.  gnaphalioide.s  it  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  but 
by  its  somewhat  larger  size,  though  it  is  possible  that  the  %  %  may  differ 
in  the  average  number  of  their  antennal  joints.  Seven  9  .all  bred  from 
the  gall  of  S.  humilis ;  %  unknown.  From  the  slight  but  apparently 
constant  difference,  in  the  galls  found  on  S.  humilis  and  S.  cordata.  I 
incline  to  believe  that  we  have  here  what  I  have  called  a  Phytophagic 
Species  in  an  incipient  state  of  formation.  C.  s.  bra.s.'iicoides,  C.  s. 
strobiloides,  C.  s.  giiaphalioides,  C  .s.  rhodoides  and  C  s.  cori/loides  I 
consider  as  well  and  long  established  Phytophagic  Species,  and  that 
the  way  it  came  about  that  there  are  two  of  them  on  one  willow — S. 
humilis — namely,  the  3rd  and  4th  species,  was,  that  they  migrated  ages 
ago  on  to  that  willow  from  two  other  distinct  species  of  willow,  and 
therefore,  when  they  finally  settled  down  on  S.  humilis,  their  gall-pro- 
ducing secretions  had  different  chemical  properties,  as  we  find  to  be  the 
case  in  Gt/nips  q.  spongifica  0.  S.  which  is  confined  to  the  Black  Oak. 
and  G.  q.  inanis  0.  S.  which  is  confined  to  the  Red  Oak,  the  two  imagos 
of  these  species  being,  as  in  so  many  Gecidomi/ia.  utterly  undistinguish- 
able  %  9  . 

As  already  stated,  (p.  545)  there  is  a  gall  (Salicis  Fitch, =rigidae  O. 
S.)  described  by  Dr.  Fitch  as  growing  upon  S.  rigida  and  S.  lucida, 
which  seems  identical  with  the  above.  Through  the  politeness  of  A. 
Agassiz,  Esq.,  I  have  been  favored  with  a  copy  of  Dr.  Fitch's  Article 
on  the  subject,  and  also  of  his  drawings,  from  the  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Agriculture  and  Science,  Vol.  I.  p.  263.  From  these  it  results  that 
the  two  galls,  so  far  as  can  be  seen,  are  scarcely  distinguishable;  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  the  larva  and  pupa  as  described  by  Dr.  P'itch.  As 
regards  the  imago,  he  has  manifestly — as  appears  both  from  the  descrip- 
tion and  the  figures  of  the  anteunje.  the  joints  of  his  %  antenufe  being 


1804.]  595 

figured  as  sessile  and  those  of  his  $  antennae  as  pedicelled — described 
the  S  as  9  and  the  $  as  S  .  and  mistaken  the  %  anal  forceps  for  an  ovi- 
duct ;  and  since  the  S  [  ?  ]  antennfe  are  said  to  be  2(l-jointed.  his  statement 
that  the  9  [S  ]  antennae  are  16-jointed  must  surely  be  either  a  clerical 
or  typographical  error,  for  in  Cecutomi/ia  the  S  always  has  at  least  as 
many  antenna!  joints  as  the  9  .  {Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  175.)  It  is  possible. 
on  the  assumption  that  there  is  no  clerical  or  typographical  error  here, 
that  he  might  have  bred  from  these  galls  the  %  of  some  inquilinous 
species  unknown  to  me,  which,  like  my  inquilinous  Cec.  albovittata. 
had  a  much  smaller  number  of  antennal  joints  than  the  author  of  the 
gall  which  it  inhabited,  and  so  mistaken  it  for  the  other  sex  of  the  9 
that  really  makes  the  gall.  As  will  be  shown  below,  the  gall-making 
C.  s.  batatas,  which  has  %  antennae  18 — 19  jointed,  sometimes  on  S. 
humilis  oviposits  on  the  same  twig  as  C.  s.  siliqua.  so  that  the  two  galls 
run  together.  But  no  one  could  mistake  the  %  of  that  species  for  the 
S  of  C.  s.  siliqua,  from  its  very  diiferent  size  and  coloration.  After 
making  the  necessary  allowances,  however,  I  do  not  see  that  this  imago 
can  be  satisfactorily  separated  from  my  species.  Below  will  be  found. 
in  a  condensed  form,  the  leading  points  in  Dr.  Fitch's  descriptions, 
omitting  such  details  as  are  of  a  generic,  rather  than  of  a  specific  cha- 
racter. 

"Gall  Salicis  Fitch  {^^^rigidoe  0.  S.)  Plate  II.  fig.  7.— Formed  at  the  tips  of  the 
twigs  of  several  willows  growing  to  the  size  of  shrubs  or  small  trees,  of  an  oval 
or  long  ovate  form,  from  3  to  li  inch  long,  i  inch  in  diameter  at  the  broadest 
part,  externally  red,  yellow  or  greenish  brown,  being  the  same  color  as  that  of 
tlie  particular  twig  upon  which  it  grows.  Some  of  the  natural  buds  of  the  shrub 
often  occur  upon  the  surface  of  the  gall,  as  bright  and  vigorous  as  they  are  on 
the  unaffected  branches.  Frequently  one  or  two  twigs  grow  from  its  sides,  aj)- 
pearing  so  well  nourished  and  thrifty  through  the  winter  season,  that  we  could 
scarcely  deem  they  were  destined  to  perish  the  ensuing  summer,  did  not  an  in- 
spection of  the  old  galls  show  their  similar  shoots  almost  invariably  rotten  and 
decaying.  Three-eighths  of  the  upper  end  of  the  gall  is  dry,  brown  and  brittle, 
curving  to  a  point  like  the  kernel  of  Ergot  or  spurred  rye  and  protruding  from 
the  gall,  a  well-marked  line  of  separation  occurring  at  the  junction  of  the  dead 
with  the  lower,  living  portion.  Within,  its  substance  is  of  a  greenish  white 
color  and  of  a  soft  woody  texture.  A  cylindrical  canal,  .10  inch  in  diameter, 
within  which  the  larva  lies,  runs  from  the  base  of  tne  gall  to  the  apex  of  the 
brittle  horn  at  the  summit.  The  extreme  tip  of  the  horn  is  so  brittle  that  it  is 
easily  broken  by  the  slightest  touch  and  is  rarely  found  entire. 

'•  Larva.  Plate  II.  fig.  3. — A  small  worm  of  a  bright  orange  color,  with  the  ante- 


596  [December 

rior  extremity  red,  .20  inch  long  and  .08  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  cylindrical  form, 
slightly  tapering  and  obtusely  rounded  at  both  ends,  but  more  so  at  the  poste- 
rior than  at  the  anterior  extremity.  A  slightly  projecting  jjoint  perceptible  at 
the  apex  of  the  anterior  end,  and  two  similar  projections  at  the  opposite  extre- 
mity. The  larva  is  composed  of  nine  segments,  each  well  marked  by  a  contrac- 
tion intervening  at  the  joints.  The  anterior  or  head  segment  is  the  largest,  and 
has  near  the  tip  on  the  under  side  two  small  black  lines,  slightly  diverging 
from  each  other  as  they  proceed  forwards.  A  dorsal  row  of  deep  pink  spots  of 
a  square  or  trapezoid  form  on  each  segment,  reaching  from  its  anterior  edge 
about  J  of  the  distance  across  the  segment:  a  very  slender  pink-red  line  reach- 
ing backwards  from  each  stigma  across  the  segment;  and  a  similar  line  from 
each  of  the  dorsal  spots.  Other  lines  of  the  same  color  are  often  visible  upon 
the  surface,  branching  from  and  anastomosing  witli  these  like  blood-ve.ssels. 

"Pupa.  Plate  II.  fig.  2. — The  dimensions  do  not  differ  perceptibly  from  those 
of  the  larva.  The  abdominal  segments  are  of  the  same  orange  color  as  the 
larva ;  but  the  future  head,  thorax  and  wings  are  sanguineous-red  and  lustrous. 

•'Imago.  Cec  Salicis  Fitch,  {=rigidcE  0.  S.)  Plate  II.  fig.  1. — Black,  hirsute: 
wings  lurid;  venter  with  white  pubescence:  legs  lurid.  Length  .18  inch.  Ex- 
panse wings  ..35  inch. 

"Head  with  a  ruffle  of  fine,  velvet-like  hairs  surrounding  its  base.  Antennae 
shorter  than  the  thorax,  moniliform,  slightly  and  gradually  diminished  in  dia- 
meter towards  their  tips  ;  joints  20  in  number  "J,  [  9  ]'  each  with  a  few  very  mi- 
nute hairs  directed  forwards,  16  [26?]  in  number  9  [SI'  each  verticillated  with 
longer  and  coarser  hairs.  Thorax  with  two  impressed,  longitudinal  lines  on 
the  back,  slightly  converging  posteriorly,  and  densely  set  with  minute  hairs; 
the  intermediate  space  glabrous :  sides  with  longer  hairs,  most  conspicuous 
and  thickly  set  forward  of  the  wings.  Abdomen  with  the  posterior  edge  of  each 
segment  marked  above  by  a  lighter  tinge,  beneath  chestnut  brown,  thickly 
covered  with  short,  white  hairs  of  a  silky  lustre.  Abdomen  9  [%]  terminated 
by  a  slightly  exserted,  two-jointed  ovipositor  [%  forceps]  of  a  cinnamon  yellow 
color.  Legs  glabrous,  long  and  slender,  the  hinder  ones  extending  .27  inch,  of 
which  the  tarsi  measure  .13  inch,  blackish  above,  beneath  lurid  brown;  tarsi 
black,  the  first  joint  very  short,  the  third  [second]  longest  and  most  slender,  the 
fourth  and  fifth  broadest.  Wings  smoky  brown,  translucent,  the  nervures  ex- 
cept the  anal  [3rd  longitudinal]  rectilinear;  the  postcostal  [2nd  longitudinal] 
longest,  running  direct  to  the  tip  of  the  wings;  the  medial  [anterior  branch  of 
3rd  longitudinal]  scarcely  confluent  with  the  inner  margin  at  |  the  distance 
from  the  base  to  the  tip,  towards  its  base  becoming  a  mere  plait-like  trace  upon 
the  wing,  and  at  the  first  glance  seeming  to  be  a  branch  of  the  anal  nervure 
[3rd  longitudinal.]" 

On  comparing  tlie  average  dimensions  of  J.'r.  Fitch's  gall  with  those 
of  the  gall  found  by  myself  on  S.  humilis,  the  former  averages  1.12  inch 
long  and  the  latter  only  .77  inch  long,  and  the  diameter  of  the  former 
is  given  as  .37  inch  while  the  average  diameter  of  the  latter  is  only  .27 


1SC4.]  597 

inch.  The  diflFerence  becomes  still  greater  if  we  compare  the  average 
<limensions  of  the  gall  found  by  myself  on  S.  cordata.  Again,  Dr.  Fitch 
gives  the  length  of  the  terminal  bud  or  beak,  which,  as  he  correctly  ob- 
serves, is  divided  by  'a  well-marked  line  of  separation"  from  the  rest 
of  the  gall,  as  f  of  the  length  of  the  entire  gall.  In  three  freshly  ga- 
thered specimens  from  S.  humilis,  where  the  terminal  bud  is  perfect 
and  uninjured,  I  find  that  it  only  averages  .28  of  the  length  of  the  en- 
tire gall  instead  of  .37  (=f),  and  I  am  satisfied  that  these  three  were 
fair  average  specimens,  from  comparing  them  with  those  used  in  my 
descriptions.  On  measuring  Dr.  Fitch's  figure.  I  find  that  the  bud  is 
.35  of  the  length  of  the  entire  gall,  thus  proving  that  the  comparative 
length  of  the  bud,  .37  or  |,  given  in  the  text,  cannot  be  typographically 
erroneous. 

From  the  description  of  the  larva  as  9-jointed,  it  would  appear  that 
Dr.  Fitch  considered  the  last  bi-tuberculated  or  anal  segment  as  a  mere 
anal  process,  and  the  three  thoracic  segments,  (which  in  Cecidumyia 
are  never  so  clearly  separated  from  each  other  as  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments,J  as  forming,  together  with  the  minute  true  head  which  is  very 
generally  retracted,  and  which  is  no  doubt  the  "  slightly  projecting 
point"  in  the  text,  an  enormous  head  or  "  head  segment."  bearing  "  near 
the  tip  on  the  under  side  two  small  black  lines,"  which  are  manifestly 
the  breast-bone.  By  thus  deducting  4,  viz  :  the  anal  and  the  three  tho- 
racic segments,  from  the  real  number  of  segmentvS.  viz:  13,  including 
the  head,  we  obtain  the  required  number.  9. 

In  the  description  of  the  imago  there  is  nothing  said  as  to  the  % 
(  9  )  antennae  being  pedicelled,  but  the  figure,  though  rather  rough, 
represents  them  with  pedicels  about  I  as  long  as  the  joints,  and  the  ver- 
ticels  about  as  long  as  two  complete  joints,  just  as  in  the  S  of  all  the 
allied  species.  So  near  as  I  can  guess  at  the  number  of  joints  in  9  an- 
tennae of  my  species.  I  should  say  they  are  21  (2-J-19)  j  but,  as  already 
stated,  I  find  it  hard  to  count  the  joints  of  the  $  antennae  in  the  Willow 
Cectdomyia  with  precision,  from  the  terminal  ones  being  so  closely 
united.  The  %  of  my  species  is  unknown  to  me,  so  that  I  cannot  com- 
pare it  with  the  S  of  the  other  form.  Strictly  speaking,  as  Dr.  Fitch 
gives  "black"  as  the  ground-color,  and  says  nothing  of  the  color  of  the 
hairs  of  the  thorax,  they  ought  to  be  black,  whereas  in  my  species  they 
are  grayish  white.     Probably,  however,  this  was  a  mere  oversight,  or  a 


598  [December 

clerical  or  typographical  error,  like  the  statement  that  the  third  joint 
of  the  tarsi  is  ''  the  longest  and  most  slender,"  whereas  in  all  trne  Ceci- 
(Joini/tiia  it  is  the  second  joint  that  is  by  far  the  longest  of  the  five.  The 
dimensions,  including  those  of  the  legs,  agree  exactly.  Harris  incor- 
rectly gives  the  length  as  "  a  little  over  .20  inch,"  and  the  alar  expanse 
as  ''  rather  more  than  .30  inch,"  {Inj.  Ins.  p.  567.)  which  makes  the 
expanse  proportionally  too  little  by  nearly  .08  inch,  taking  Dr.  Fitch's 
measiirements  as  the  standard  of  comparison. 

No.  9.  Gall  S.  triticoides.  n.  sp. — ^On  S.  eordata.  A  polythalamous,  woody 
gall  .70 — 1.23  inch  long  and  .30 — -.37  inch  in  diameter,  bearing  a  remote  resem- 
blance to  a  head  of  wheat  with  the  kernels  elongated,  naked,  pointed  and  very 
protuberant,  its  general  outline  oval  or  elongate-oval,  and  formed  by  the 
swelling  of  a  twig  to  2  or  3  times  its  former  diameter,  the  swelled  portion  being 
very  much  contracted  longitudinally,  so  as  to  bring  each  kernel-like  bud  nearlv 
or  quite  into  contact  with  the  base  of  the  one  that  precedes  it  in  the  same  row. 
the  whole  number  being  arranged  in  4  irregular  rows.  Besides  the  swelling  of 
the  twig  itself,  the  origin  of  each  bud  is  also  swelled  into  a  more  or  less  large 
tubercle,  inside  which  is  excavated  longitudinally  a  cylindrical,  slightly  ru- 
gose and  moderately  polished  cell,  .25 — .27  inch  long  and  .06  inch  wide,  the  bud 
itself  being  elongated  to  about  .17  inch  and  deformed  so  as  to  become  a  beak- 
like, tubiliform  continuation  of  the  cell,  without  any  suture  on  the  inside  inter- 
vening, moderately  polished  inside  like  the  woody  part  of  the  cell,  and  without 
pubescence  as  at  the  interior  tip  of  the  cell  of  8.  cornu  n.  sp.  Through  a  slit 
at  the  tip  of  this  beak-like  bud  the  maker  of  the  gall  escapes,  while,  as  usual, 
the  parasite  that  preys  on  the  gall-maker  bores  through  it  laterally.  Above 
the  gall  the  twig  generally  shrivels  to  about  J  its  natural  diameter,  but  occa- 
sionally where  there  are  only  a  few  cells — say  7  or  8  instead  of  15  or  16 — it  is 
not  very  materially  diminished  in  size.— Described  from  3  dead  and  dry  speci- 
mens.    Very  rare  near  Rock  Island. 

Larva,  pupa  and  iMA(iO  are  all  unknown;  but  from  the  structure 
of  this  gall  being  so  exactly  like  that  of  *S'.  siliqua  n.  sp. '(  and  espe- 
cially aS.  cornu  n.  sp.,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is.  like  those  two 
galls,  the  work  of  a  Cecidomijia .  Inside  several  of  the  cells  I  found 
cocoons  similar  to  those  of  C.  s.  strohiloldes.  &c..  but  much  longer  in 
proportion  to  their  diameter,  and  not  glued  to  the  walls  of  the  cell  as  in 
S.  siltqua  and  *S'.  cornu,  so  that  I  was  able  after  relaxing  the  gall  to 
extract  two  of  them  entire.  They  measured  when  extracted  .42 — .44 
inch  in  length  and  .06  inch  in  diameter,  thus  occupying  the  entire 
length  and  breadth  of  the  cell  including  the  beak  formed  by  the  bud. 
In  the  bottom  of  many  of  these  cells,  where  the  beak-like  bud  was  bored 
laterally,  I  found  an  empty  cocoon  very  similar  to  that  of  a  parasitic 


1864.]  599 

Proctotrupide  which  occurs  in  the  imago  state  in  November  in  the 
central  cell  of  aS^.  strohiloides  O.  S. ;  and  in  these  cells  there  was  no 
Cecidomyidous  cocoon,  as  is  also  sometimes  the  case  in  the  cells  of  C.  s. 
strohiloidea  that  are  occupied  by  the  above  Proctotrupide. 

Xo.  10.  GrALL  S.  HORDEOiDES  n.  sp. — On  S.  huuiilis.  This  gall  has 
some  resemblance  to  a  beardless  ear  of  four-rowed  barley,  and  differs  as 
follows  from  S.  triticoides : — 1st.  The  twig  on  which  the  cells  are  placed 
is  not  materially  enlarged  and  is  of  a  uniform  diameter  throughout. 
^Ind.  The  twig  is  abnormally  shortened  as  in  S.  triticoides,  but  only  so 
that  the  tip  of  each  deformed  bud  touches  or  nearly  touches  the  base 
of  the  one  that  succeeds  it  in  the  adjoining  row.  instead  of  the  base  of 
the  one  in  the  same  row.  3rr7.  The  entire  cells  ai*e  only  .20  inch  long, 
instead  of  .42 — .44  inch,  and  they  extend  only  .05  inch,  or  \  of  their 
entire  length  instead  of  3-5ths  of  their  entire  length,  into  the  woody 
origin  of  the  bud,  the  deformed  buds  being  not  much  elongated,  but 
hollow  and.  as  well  as  the  woody  part  of  the  cell,  polished  internally.  Ath. 
The  woody  origin  of  the  buds  is  scarcely  swelled  and  protuberant. — 
Described  from  one  dead  and  dry  specimen,  1.40  inch  long  and  .10  inch 
in  diameter.  It  contains  10  deformed  buds,  regularly  arranged  with 
no  undeformed  ones  intervening,  as  is  the  case  in  the  monothalamous 
gall  S.  cornu,  when  several  of  them  grow  near  each  other.  As  in  some 
S.  triticoides.  the  tip  of  the  twig  has  completely  shrivelled  up  and  per- 
ished. Easily  distinguished  from  the  monothalamous,  Tenthredinidous 
gall,  S.  gemma  n.  sp.,  which  occurs  on  the  same  Willow,  by  there  being 
no  normal  buds  between  the  affected  buds,  and  by  the  buds  themselves 
not  being  abnormally  swelled  out  laterally,  and  being  hollow,  not  solid, 
inside.  But  for  the  fact  of  several  of  the  deformed  buds  having  been 
bored  by  minute  parasites,  I  should  never  have  suspected  this  specimen 
of  being  what  it  most  undoubtedly  is — a  true  Cecidomyidous  gall ; 
and  but  for  its  strong  homologies  with  S.  triticoides.  I  should  hesitate 
whether  to  consider  it  as  a  congeries  of  solitary  galls,  like  aS'.  cornu.  or  a 
true  polythalamous  gall,  where  the  twig  itself  is  swelled  and  deformed 
and  converted  into  a  gall,  like  S.  triticoides.  It  must  be  very  difficult 
of  discovery,  when  it  is  recent  and  the  cells  are  unbored  by  any  parasites. 
Larva,  pupa  and  imago  unknown. 

No.  11.     Gall  S.  nodulus.  n.  sp.— On  S.  longifolia.     A  small,  monothalamous, 
woody  gall,  sometimes  terminal  but  generally  not  so,  scarcely  ever  including 


<>'><'  [December 

any  buds,  growing  on  twigs  .05^.15  inch  in  diameter,  variable  in  shape,  but 
generally  consisting  of  a  mere  oval  enlargement  of  the  twig  to  half  as  large  as 
its  normal  size  for  the  length  of  .20 — .50  inch.  The  surface  of  the  enlargement 
is  either  the  usual  color  of  the  bark,  or  simply  discolored  and  dark,  or  a  little 
roughened  with  brown  scales  and  longitudinally  sinuate  and  interlacing  stria. 
Occasionally  it  assumes  the  form  of  an  elongate,  lateral,  bunnion-like  swelling 
about  .27  inch  long  and  .1.3  inch  wide,  as  in  some  varieties  of  S.  batatas  n,  sp., 
and  in  one  specimen  there  occurred  an  intermediate  grade  between  this  variety 
and  the  normal  type;  occasionally  it  grows  at  the  base  of  a  very  small  side- 
shoot,  when  the  tip  of  the  side-shoot  shrivels  up  and  perishes ;  and  occasion- 
ally the  growth  of  the  side-shoot  is  completely  arrested,  and  the  gall  becomes  a 
mere  obhemispherical  swelling  about  .20  inch  in  diameter,  with  its  upper  sur- 
face in  an  irregular  plane,  and  very  rugose  and  brown,  located  at  the  spot 
where  normally  there  ought  to  be  a  bud.  On  cutting  into  this  gall  in  Novem- 
ber, it  is  found  to  contain  a  single  cell — smooth  on  the  inside  when  the  gall- 
making  larva  is  present,  but,  as  in  ^S".  batatas,  without  any  separate  cocoon — and 
much  reddish-brown  matter  where  the  larva  had  formerly  burrowed,  and  occa- 
sionally some  grass-green  soft  matter:  but  the  external  walls  are  still  in  their 
normal  white,  ligneous  state,  the  larva  having  apparently  confined  itself  to  the 
pith  and  the  wood  immediately  surrounding  the  pith. 

Described  from  9  specimens.  Rare  uear  Rock  Island.  Externally 
this  gall  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  smaller  varieties  of  C.  bata- 
tas, but  the  former  is  monothalamous,  the  latter  polythalamous ; 
neither  can  it  be  distinguished,  except  by  its  much  smaller  size  and  its 
much  smaller  cell,  from  the  Tenthredinidous  gall  G.  nodus  which  grows 
on  the  same  willow.  Of  the  9  galls  examined,  7  were  unbored,  3  of 
which  contained  each  a  single  larva  of  Oec.  s.  nodulus,  1  a  single  hairy 
Chalcididous  larva,  probably  a  Callimome,  1  a  single  Curculionidous  larva, 
no  doubt  an  Inquiline.  and  in  2  the  gall-making  larva  was  absent  and 
must  have  perished  in  early  life,  for  although  its  work  was  plainly  visible 
yet  the  gall  was  not  bored.  In  none  of  the  9,  whether  bored  or  un- 
bored, had  the  twig  been  killed,  except  in  the  very  small  gall  before 
referred  to,  where  the  terminal  bud  had  sprouted  out  into  a  minute 
shoot  which  afterwards  perished.  The  smallness  of  this  larva  and  there 
being  only  one  in  each  gall,  readily  account  for  this  otherwise  anoma- 
lous fact. 

I  found  Dec.  1st  in  one  of  these  galls,  which  had  been  bored  by  a 
single  hole  and  contained  no  Cecidomyidous  larva,  a  minute  Lepidop- 
terous  larva,  doubtless  an  inquiline,  and  over  a  dozen  small  and  young 
Aphis,  which  had  probably  taken  refuge  there  for  the  winter.  May 
not  Hartig  have  been  deceived  by  some  such  case  as  this  into  suppos- 


1864.]  601 

ing,  that  certain  European  Willow-galls  were  the  work  of  Aphis  ?  (See 
above,  p.  551.)  On  July  31st  I  found  a  bored  and  empty  specimen  of 
the  Tenthredinidous  gall  C.  pomum  tenanted  in  the  same  manner  by 
over  a  dozen  Aphis. 

Larva.  The  larva  in  November  is  of  a  bright,  shining,  orange  color, 
immaculate,  with  the  segments  much  hunched,  .07 — .10  inch  long  and 
from  3  to  4  times  as  long  as  wide.  The  breast-bone  is  clove-shaped  and 
exactly  like  that  of  G.  batatas,  but  on  comparing  10  specimens  of  that 
species  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  their  specific  distinctness.  For  the 
larva  of  C.  s.  nodulus  diifers  from  that  of  C.  s.  batatas,  1st  in  being 
much  more  elongate,  2nd  in  being  immaculate  with  sanguineous.  3rd 
in  being  unusually  shining  and  the  segments  more  hunched  than  in  any 
Willow-gall  Gicidomyia  known  to  me  except  C  s.  siliqua. — Described 
from  3  specimens. 

Pupa  and  imago  unknown. 

No.  12.  Gall  s.  batatas  n.  sp. — On  S.  humilis,  (S.  cordata?  and  S.  discolor?) 
A  jjolythalamous  gall  of  very  variable  shape  and  size,  pale  green  when  young, 
the  color  of  the  bark  when  mature,  growing  on  twigs  .06 — .19  inch  in  diameter, 
almost  always  some  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  twig.  Sometimes  it  resembles  a 
small  kidney-potato  pierced  lengthways  by  a  twig,  and  has  then  most  generally 
a  smooth,  polished  surface  studded  with  a  few  buds,  one  or  two  of  which  occa- 
sionally give  birth  to  a  shoot,  and  it  then  reaches  1.35  inch  in  length  and  .60 
inch  in  diameter.  Sometimes  it  resembles  a  young  apple  pierced  lengthways  by 
a  twig,  and  it  then  attains  a  diameter  of  .50  inch.  Sometimes  it  forms  a  hemis- 
pherical or  hemielliptic  swelling,  like  a  bunnion,  on  the  side  of  the  twig  and 
attains  a  diameter  of  .30  inch.  Sometimes  all  these  different  shapes  are  strung 
together  one  after  the  other  in  more  or  less  close  proximity,  on  the  same  twig. 
Sometimes  it  is  reduced  to  a  small,  elongate-oval  enlargement  of  the  twig  for  i 
or  J  an  inch  ;  and  occasionally  it  becomes  so  irregular  and  so  full  of  side-shoots, 
bulges,  cracks,  roughnesses  and  lobes,  as  to  defy  description.  Very  rarely  it  is 
terminal  and  assumes  the  form  of  8.  siliqua,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  the 
,  terminal  bud  not  being  elongated  and  tubiliform,  and  by  being  solid  and  not 
nollow  inside.  On  one  occasion  I  found  what  had  evidently  been  a  S.  siliqua 
gall,  occupied  laterally  by  spongy  matter  containing  4  larvae  undistinguishable 
from  those  of  C.  >s.  batatas,  the  elongated  cell  of  the  larva  of  C  s.  siliqua  being 
still  in  existence  but  contracted  in  diameter  and  empty.  When  these  galls  as- 
sume the  elongate  bunnion-like  form,  they  are  undistinguishable  externally 
from  the  Tenthredinidous  gall  8.  ovum,  which  occurs  on  S.  cordata.  and  8.  ovu- 
lum,  which  occurs  on  the  same  willow  as  8.  batatas,  but  may  be  distinguished 
on  cutting  into  them  by  the  fibres  being  linear  and  radiating  from  the  twig, 
whereas  the  other  two  galls  are  composed  of  a  series  of  spongy  lamellae  at  right 
angles  to  the  axis  of  the  twig,  and  moreover,  when  laid  open  to  their  base,  ex- 


H02  [December 

hibit  the  longitudinal  slit  made  by  the  ovipositor  of  the  mother  Saw-fly.  The 
smallest  galls  above  referred  to  are  only  .15  inch  in  diameter;  but  there  is  a 
regular  gradation  from  these  to  the  larger  and  more  conspicuous  forms,  and  by 
isolating  a  number  of  the  first  in  a  separate  breeding-jar,  I  ascertained  that 
they  produced  the  same  Cecidomyia  (7  specimens  April  7 — -May  1(1)  and  the 
same  3  parasites,  viz.  2  Chaleidides  and  1  Proctotrupide.  When  cut  into  about 
the  last  of  July,  the  interior  of  this  gall  to  the  depth  of  .07 — .10  inch  from  the 
surface,  is  found  to  be  white  and  fleshy;  when  cut  into  in  the  autumn  or  early 
in  the  spring,  the  substance  of  all  but  the  very  smallest,  which  are  almost  en- 
tirely woody  and  whitish,  is  found  to  be  reddish-brown  and  of  a  dense,  spongy 
texture,  with  indistinct  fibres  radiating  from  the  twig.  Some  little  distance 
from  the  external  surface  there  are  at  this  time  a  number  of  cells,  about  §  of 
them  tenanted  by  white,  parasitic  larvae,  some  hairy  and  some  glabrous,  be- 
longing to  the  Chalcididous  genera  Callimome  and  Decatoma  (?),  and  about  J  of 
them  tenanted  by  the  orange-colored  larvse  of  the  Gall-gnat  which  originates 
the  gall.  In  3  or  4  instances  I  have  seen  the  gall  S.  gnaphalioides  growing  ses- 
sile from  the  tip  of  (S.  batatas. — Described  from  100 — 150  specimens.  Very  com- 
mon near  Eock  Island  on  S.  humilis. 

In  galls  similar  to  the  last  mentioned,  small,  elongate-oval  galls,  but 
growing  on  S.  cordata.  I  found  May  9  a  larva  undistinguish;ible  from 
that  of  C.  s.  batatas  and  with  the  same  breast-bone,  but  did  not  suc- 
ceed in  breeding  the  perfect  Grall-gnat.  though  I  obtained  many  Chal- 
cidiffpe  from  these  galls  identical  with  two  species  bred  copiously  from 
S.  batatas,  one  of  which — a  Decatoma  ('^)  with  spotted  wings — has 
hitherto  occurred  in  no  other  gall,  though  a  similar  species  infests  Ci/- 
nips  q.  spongifica  and  other  gall-flies. 

In  November  I  found  on  *S'.  discolor  8  galls,  apparently  identical 
both  externally  and  internally  with  the  iS.  batatas  found  on  S.  humilis, 
8  old  and  dry  ones  of  the  normal  form  which  were  all  bored  and  strung 
along  on  the  same  twig,  and  5  green  and  recent  ones  of  the  lateral, 
bunnion-like  type  on  two  diffbrent  twigs.  Their  diameter  was  .19 — .40 
inch.  From  the  recent  ones  I  obtained  6  larvae,  which  when  compared 
with  6  taken  from  galls  on  S.  humilis  differed  in  no  respect.  In  the 
preceding  spring  I  had  obtained  2  or  3  similar  galls  of  the  bunnion-like 
type  from  the  same  bush,  from  which  I  bred  a  large  Microijaster,  whence 
I  infer  that  some  lepidopterous  larva  had  been  living  as  an  Inquiline 
in  one  of  them,  as  the  parasite  was  much  too  large  to  have  lived  in  the 
body  of  C.  s.  batatas,  and  besides  I  have  met  with  no  instance  of  Ich- 
neumonidous  insects  being  parasitic  on  Cecidomyia.  I  found  at  the 
same  time  several  galls  on  the  same  bush,  which,  as  has  been  stated  to 


1864.]  608 

be  sometimes  the  case  in  >S^.  batatas,  assumed  the  form  of  a  slight, 
elongate-oval  enlargement  of  the  twig;  but  from  these  I  bred  nothing. 
<  )n  the  whole,  further  investigation  will  be  required  to  determine,  whe- 
ther tbe  imago  produced  from  these  galls  on  S.  cordata  and  S.  discolor 
is  identical  with  Cec.  s.  batatas.  It  is  rather  singular,  that  in  these 
»S.  discolor  galls  I  found  no  larvae  at  all  of  the  Decatoma  (?)  and  Calli- 
mome,  which  so  greatly  outnumber  the  larvae  of  C.  s.  batatas  in  the  S. 
humilis  galls. 

It  is  worth  remarking,  that  the  only  two  Cecidomyidous  galls  which 
appear  to  grow  on  more  than  one  species  of  our  Rock  Island  Willows — 
viz.  aS'.  batatas  and  C.  siliqua — occur  on  as  many  as  three  species  of 
them,  and  that  these  three  species  should  in  both  eases  be  the  samf", 
three,  viz.  S.  humilis,  S.  cordata  and  S.  discolor.  The  chances  are  very 
greatly  against  such  an  event  happening,  without  some  good  and  suffi- 
cient cause  for  it.  Mr.  Bebb  informs  me  that  there  is  a  close  alliance 
between  S.  humilis  and  S.  discolor;  but  that  neither  S.  cordata  (=S. 
rigida)  nor  S.  lucida  is  allied  to  the  first  two.  While  on  this  subject 
I  may  say  that  Mr.  Bebb  has  re-examined  the  doubtful  species  of  Wil- 
low referred  to  above  (p.  546),  and  has  concluded  that  it  is  certainly 
neither  8.  nigra  nor  S.  alba,  and  that  it  is  not  improbably  S.  fragilLs 
Lin.,  a  species  which  has  been  introduced  into  N.  A.  from  Europe. 

Larva. — July  24  and  30  the  larvje  were  orange-colored,  .09  inch  long  and  with 
a  slender,  black,  clove-shaped  breast-bone,  and  some  of  them  with  curdy,  bowel- 
like markings  above  and  below.  The  surface  of  the  cell  was  then  opaque  and 
rather  rough  and  scaly.  Nov.  11  and  subsequently  the  surface  of  the  cells  was 
smooth,  the  cocoon  apparently  adhering  to  their  sides  but  being  scarcely  sepa- 
rable except  piece-meal.  Larvae  from  12  to  20  in  number  examined  at  various 
times  in  November  were  .08 — .10  inch  long  and  .04— .05  inch  wide,  not  shining 
but  rather  opaque  as  in  most  of  the  preceding,  except  C.  s.  nodulus,  of  a  sangui- 
neous color  with  dominant,  bowel-like,  yellowish  markings,  which  are  situated 
mostly  between  the  sutures,  the  sanguineous  color  generally  forming  a  wide  dor- 
sal vitta,  widely  interrupted  between  the  sutures  on  each  joint.  Breast-bone 
coal-black,  clove-shaped,  the  head  of  the  clove  towards  the  mouth,  1-4 — 1-6  as 
long  as  the  whole  breast-bone  and  composed  of  two.short,  robust,  acute  branches, 
which  are  divergent  at  base  but  afterwards  run  parallel  to  each  other,  with  an 
appearance  often  of  another  lateral  branch  on  each  side.  The  stem  of  the  clove 
is  straight,  uniform  in  breadth  except  that  it  is  minutely  clavate  at  base,  and 
4 — 5  times  as  long  as  broad  ;  and  the  whole  breast-bone  is  half  as  long  again  as 
one  of  the  middle  abdominal  joints.  Feb.  26  and  28  the  insect  was  still  in  the 
larva  state,  and  was  then  deep  orange-color  almost  sanguineous :  and  a  speci- 
men occurred  in  that  state  even  as  late  as  April  23. 


004  [December 

Fupa. — The  first  pupse  were  found  March  16  and  others  were  noticed  up  to 
April  15.  Those  first  noticed  were  all  bright  sanguineous;  the  last,  which  were 
probably  just  about  to  transform,  had  the  abdomen  dull  luteous  and  the  rest  of 
the  body,  including  the  legs,  blackish.  The  horns  at  the  base  of  the  antennae 
are  long,  elongate-conical,  about  i  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  thorax,  diverg- 
ing from  each  other  at  an  angle  of  about  45°  and  terminating  in  a  short  thorn. 
The  thoracic  bristle  is  i  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  thorax,  and  is  both  in 
the  living  and  the  dried  specimen  basally  whitish  but  terminally  black. — 
Length  (1  specimen,  dried)  .10  inch. 

The  pupal  iiite<^ument  (21  specimens)  is  whitish,  the  head  and  an- 
tenna?, but  not  the  wing-cases,  very  slightly  tinged  with  dusky,  and 
the  thoracic  bristles  and  the  tips  of  the  antennal  horns  conspicuously 
black.  The  pupa,  just  before  transforming  into  the  imago,  works  i  its 
body  out  of  the  gall  and  generally  transforms  in  that  position,  but  some- 
times loses  its  hold  and  falls  entirely  out.  The  horns  at  the  base  of 
the  antennae  are  no  doubt  elongated  in  this  species,  and  as  shown  by 
their  color  in  the  pupal  integument  terminally  thickened,  to  enable  it 
to  bore  its  way  out  through  the  sponge  of  the  gall,  whereas  all  the  pre- 
ceding species,  with  the  single  exception  of  C.  s.  noduhis^  the  pupa  of 
which  is  unknown,  merely  have  to  bore  through  the  filmy  substance  of 
their  cocoons.  They  are  still  longer  and  in  the  pupal  integument  en- 
tirely black  in  the  incjuilinous  C.  conntta  n.  sp.,  which  has  to  bore  its 
way  out  through  the  wood  of  the  willow  twig  in  which  it  resides. 

Imago.  C.  s.  batatas  n.  sp. —  %  9  (Recent.)  Pale  reddish-brown,  or  reddish - 
brown,  or  umber-brown,  or  brown-black,  paler  beneath.  JTead  with  its  poste- 
rior surface  dusky;  antennpe  %  about  |  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  18— 19  jointed 
(2-|-i6  to  2-|-17),  the  last  2  or  3  joints  without  any  distinct  pedicel,  the  antenna 
otherwise  constructed  precisely  as  in  %  C.  s.  brassicmdes.  Antennae  9  not  quite 
^  as  long  as  the  dried  body  exclusive  of  the  oviduct,  with  apparently  a  joint 
or  two  less  than  the  % ,  the  joints  difficult  to  count,  otherwise  as  in  9  C.  n. 
brassicoides.  Thorax  with  a  row  of  whitish  hairs  in  each  longitudinal  stria, 
giving  the  appearance  of  two  whitish  vittse,  and  with  irregular  lateral  whitish 
hairs,  the  three  interstices  glabrous.  Origin  of  wings  and  a  large  spot  beneath 
them  orange-color  or  sanguineous,  in  the  dried  specimen  dull  rufous.  Halteres 
pale,  the  club  often  a  little  obfuscated.  Abdomen  9  above  and  below  sanguine- 
ous with  short  whitish  hairs  and  generally  a  lateral  subterminal  tuft  of  longer 
whitish  hairs  on  each  joint  of  the  dorsum  ;  sometimes  in  the  more  mature  spe- 
cimens with  a  broad  vitta  of  short,  brown  hairs  covering  nearly  the  entire  dor- 
sal surface  and  the  lateral  hairs  whitish  with  a  definite  dividing  outline  ;  some- 
times with  the  sanguineous  color  of  the  entire  dorsum  completely  concealed, 
except  at  the  sutures,  by  short,  brown  hairs  and  the  oviduct  also  brown.  Ovi- 
duct sometimes  protruded  so  as  to  be  j  as  long  as  the  other  part  of  the  abdo- 


18G4.]  605 

men,  sometimes  so  as  to  be  only  J  as  long.  Abdomen  %  ,  unless  my  memory 
fails  me,  liiteous  when  recent,  otherwise  much  as  in  9  •  Legs  (dried)  silvery 
white  or  yellowish  white  with  the  superior  surface,  especially  towards  the 
knees,  and  also  the  tips  of  the  tarsi,  sometimes  strongly,  sometimes  scarcely, 
blackish.  Wings  slightly  tinged  with  dusky  from  minute,  appressed,  dusky 
hairs,  in  3  9  (both  recent  and  dried)  tinged  with  brown  throughout,  in  2  J 
(both  recent  and  dried)  tinged  with  brown  towards  the  tips.  The  costal  vein 
generally  coarse  a  id  brown  black,  sometimes  finer  and  the  color  of  the  wing. 
The  cross-vein  between  the  1st  and  2nd  longitudinal  veins  obsolete.  The  2nd 
longitudinal  vein  scarcely  recurved  at  its  tip.  The  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd 
longitudinal  vein  distinct  throughout,  and  springing  from  that  vein  at  an  angle 
of  about  135°  for  a  very  minute  distance,  when  it  suddenly  curves  round  and 
assumes  such  a  direction,  that  it  appears  at  first  sight  to  be  a  continuation  of 
the  main  vein  rather  than  a  branch  of  it:  and  it  is  scarcely  recurved  at  tip. 
proceeding  nearly  in  a  straight  line,  till  it  almost  attains  the  margin,  when  it 
fades  out. — Length  (dried)  %  .08  inch,  J  (including  oviduct)  .10 — .18  inch. 
Length  wing  %  .13  inch,  9  -H — -^3  inch. 

Two  S  ,  forty-one  9  •  I"  this  species,  unlike  all  the  preceding,  the 
abdomen  %  9  retains  its  colors  very  tolerably  in  the  dried  specimen. 
The  9  9  ^^6ry  greatly  outnumbered  the  S  S  .  and  the  9  9  came  out 
April  8 — May  10  and  subsequently,  and  what  is  unusual  in  insects  the 
%  S  not  till  long  after  the  9  9  >  or  the  last  of  April  and  the  beginning 
of  May.  Mr.  Edwards  has  remarked  to  me  that  in  many  species  of 
butterflies  the  S  S  make  their  first  appearance  several  weeks  before 
the  9  9  •  ''^"fl  I  have  observed  the  same  thing  myself,  not  only  of  seve- 
ral butterflies,  e.  g.  NathalU  lole  Bdv.,  but  of  many  other  insects  be- 
longing to  diffierent  Orders,  and  believe  it  to  be  a  general,  though  by 
no  means  a  universal'  rule.  This  species  differs  from  the  inquilinous 
Cec.  nlhovittata  n.  sp.,  which  infests  this  as  well  as  several  other  Wil- 
low galls,  in  its  much  larger  size,  and  in  the  %  antennae  being  18 — 19- 
jointed  instead  of  14 — l5-joiiited,  and  in  the  comparative  shoi-tness  of 
their  pedicels.  In  other  respects  the  two  species,  even  when  recent  spe- 
cimens are  placed  side  by  side,  cannot  be  distinguished,  except  by  a  re- 
condite character  in  their  venation.  From  the  inquilinous  C  orhitalis 
n.  sp..  which  infests  this  and  several  other  Willow  galls,  it  is  easily  dis- 
tinguishable when  recent  by  the  posterior  surface  of  the  head  being 
uniformly  dusky  and  showing  no  white  ring  round  the  eye.  From  both 
species  the  pupa  is  at  once  separated  by  the  very  elongated  horns  at 
the  base  of  the  antennas.  My  other  inquilinous  species  are  quite  dis- 
tinct. 


606  [December 

I  have  observed  in  two  successive  autumns,  that  many  of  these  galls, 
especially  the  large,  potato-like  ones,  are  already  bored  by  holes  of  the 
same  size  as  those  made  by  C  s.  hatataa  ;  and  on  placing  a  large  num- 
ber of  such  bored  galls  next  spring  in  a  separate  breeding-jar.  I  obtained 
from  them  in  considerable  numbers  the  same  3  parasites  which  I  bred 
at  the  same  time  in  very  large  numbers  from  the  unbored  galls,  but  no 
Cwidomyia.  Hence  I  infer  either,  \»t.  that  a  few  C.  s.  batatas  come 
out  in  the  autumn  and  the  rest  not  till  the  following  spring,  which  actu- 
ally occurs  with  the  Wheat-midge,  (see  above  p.  568),  and  is  a  com- 
mon thing  with  many  other  insects,  or  2nd.  that  the  species  is  double- 
brooded  like  the  in([uilinous  C.  albovittata  n.  sp.,  which  is  contrary  to 
the  analogy  of  the  other  (lall-gnats  of  the  Willow  and  does  not  harmo- 
nize with  the  fact  of  the  bored  and  unbored  galls  producing  the  same 
identical  3  parasites,  or  3r(Z.  that  there  is  some  parasite  or  inquiline. 
hitherto  undiscovered  by  me,  which  infests  these  galls  and  whose  natu- 
ral time  for  assuming  the  imago  state  is  in  autumn.  Of  these  three 
hypotheses,  which  are  all  possible.  I  decidedly  incline  to  the  first. 

No.  13.  Gall  S.  verruca,  n.  sp. — On  S.  humilis.  A  small,  monothalamous,  ir- 
regularly spherical,  greenish  yellow  gall,  .07 — .13  inch  in  diameter,  growing 
the  latter  end  of  August  from  the  midrib  or  some  of  the  principal  veins  of  the 
leaf,  half  of  it  projecting  from  each  side  of  the  leaf.  The  upper  side  is  flattish 
or  with  a  minute  point  or  nipple,  the  lower  side  branches  out  into  a  ragged, 
wart-like  excrescence,  whence  the  specific  name,  which  later  in  the  season 
bursts  open  so  as  to  afford  an  exit  to  the  insect.  When  cut  into  in  August,  the 
external  wall  of  a  few  galls  is  found  to  be  rather  woody,  enclosing  a  central 
cell,  in  which  lies  the  larva;  but  the  majority  of  them-are  still  solid.  From  1 
to  12  are  found  on  a  single  leaf,  several  of  them  being  often  confluent,  but  with 
their  internal  cells,  when  they  have  any,  separated  by  a  thin  partition,  and 
with  separate  warts  to  each  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  which  afterwards  open 
separately.  Rather  abundant,  but  local  near  Rock  Island.  Described  from  38 
affected  leaves. 

Larva. — By  August  26th,  in  a  few  of  the  galls,  the  larva  is  .07  inch  long,  of  the 
usual  oval  shape,  orange-colored,  and  with  the  breast-bone  suborbicular,  small 
and  indistinct.  In  the  others  the  larva  is  not  developed,  nearly  the  whole  in- 
terior of  the  gall  being  solid.  Those  that  I  attempted  to  breed  all  dried  up  in- 
side the  gall  before  November,  the  leaves  having  been  kept  too  dry ;  but  from 
the  structure  of  the  gall  itself  and  the  analogy  of  similar  Cecidomyidous  galls 
on  the  oak,  {Symvietrica  0.  S.  and  Quercus  pi/ulce  Walsh,)  I  infer  that  they  go 
under  ground  to  transform  into  the  pupa  state. 

Pupa  and  imago  unknown. 

No.  14.  Gall  S.  semen,  n.  sp. — On  S.  nigra.     A  minute,  monothalamous,  hoi- 


1864.]  607 

low,  irregularly  hemispherical,  greenish  yellow  gall,  .02 — .04  inch  in  diameter, 
mostly  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  and  often,  but  not  always,  with  a  pointed 
nipple  on  the  middle  of  the  hemisphere,  always  with  a  corresponding  circular 
depression  on  the  other  side  of  the  leaf,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  very  minute, 
flattish  hemisphere.  Very  frequently  on  one  and  the  same  leaf  the  position  of 
the  gall  is  reversed  from  the  ujjper  to  the  lower  side,  as  in  Q.  pihiloe  Walsh. 
On  a  single  leaf  scores  of  them  may  often  be  counted,  generally  with  several 
masses  among  them,  composed  of  two  or  more  confluent  galls.  Commences  its 
growth  early  in  the  summer,  and  by  the  last  of  August  many  are  found  to  be 
burst  open  at  top,  yet  at  the  same  time  very  many  of  them,  when  opened,  are 
found  to  be  solid  without  any  central  cell.  By  November  most  of  the  galls 
from  which  I  attempted  to  breed  the  insect  had  burst  open  into  a  ragged,  wart- 
like shape  on  the  hemisjiherical  side,  but  no  larvte  had  escaped  from  them  and 
none  were  discoverable  in  them.  As  the  leaves  were  kept  too  moist,  so  that 
they  moulded  badly,  the  larvae  had  probably  perished  in  the  galls. 

Described  from  20  affected  leaves.  From  its  close  homology  with 
the  much  larger  oak-galls  St/mmrtrk-a  0.  S.  aqd  Q.  pilulse  Walsh,  iu 
the  former  of  which  Cecidomyidous  larvae  were  detected  by  Osteu 
Sacken,  and  described  (Dipt.  X.  A.  p.  201)  as  having  a  Y-shaped  breast- 
bone, and  in  the  latter  of  which  I  found  myself,  September  14th, 
several  orange-colored  larvje,  which,  from  the  presence  of  a  clove-shaped 
breast-bone,  were  undoubtedly  Cecidomyidous,  and  from  the  fact  of  a 
similar  leaf-gall  on  a  Willow,  *S'.  verruca  n.  sp.,  being  inhabited  by  a 
Cecidomyidous  larva,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  I  think,  that  the  gall  S- 
semen  is  the  work  of  a  Grall-gnat.  Prodigiously  abundant  and  very 
common  everywhere  in  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois,  on  the  Black 
Willow,  the  foliage  of  whole  trees  being  thickly  frosted  over  by  it,  so 
that  the  leaves  look  like  nutmeg-graters.  I  have  in  a  cursory  manner 
noticed  in  July  several  specimens  of  what  seemed  a  very  similar  gall  ou 
S.  discolor,  but  found  no  larva)  in  them  ;  and  in  a  single  instcince  I 
found,  August  20,  two  leaves  of  S.  longifolia  on  a  twig  which  grew  out 
of  a  bunch  of  the  galls  S.  brassicoides,  covered  so  densely  with  some- 
what similar  galls  as  to  be  intermediate  in  appearance  between  S.  se- 
men and  *S'.  penigma.  On  August  29  I  discovered  in  one  of  the  cells 
of  this  gall  a  minute,  pale-colored,  apod  larva  with  a  large,  scaly  head, 
and  the  disk  of  its  dorsum,  but  not  of  its  venter,  fuscous.  This  so  ex- 
actly resembled  a  much  larger  larva  of  which  I  have  found  many  spe- 
cimens in  the  Cecidomyidous  gall,  Q.  pilidx  Walsh,  and  which  I  am 
sure,  from  comparing  it  with  the  larva  of  Anthonomus  scutellatus  Schonh., 
must  be  Curculionidous,  that  I  believe  it  to  be  also  Curculionidous, 


(JOS  [December 

and  inquilinous,  like  the  othei*  larva,  iu  the  gall  where  it  occurred. 

I  have  noticed  towards  the  last  of  August  galls  about  the  size  of  the 
head  of  a  large  pin.  similar  to  S.  semen,  and  often  similarly  confluent, 
o'rowino-  in  con.siderable  abundance  on  the  leaves  of  the  River  Kirch 
(Betula  nigra),  chiefly  or  almost  entirely  on  their  upper  surface.  And 
on  the  leaves  of  the  Button-bush  (Cephalanthus)  I  have  noticed  at  the 
same  period  of  the  year  galls  of  the  same  character,  in  the  same  luxu- 
riant profusion  as  S.  semen  occurs  on  the  Black  Willow,  whole  bushes 
being  covered  with  them ;  but  in  neither  of  the  two  kinds  could  I  dis- 
cover any  larvae.  I  believe  them  both  to  be  the  work  of  Cieidomijla. 
It  does  not  follow,  because  all  these  galls  are  so  small,  that  therefore 
their  Gall-gnats  must  be  abnormally  small.  The  gall  S.  rhodoi'.des  n. 
sp.  is  about  4  times  as  long  and  wide  as  the  Grail  *S'.  gnaphalioides  n.  sp., 
yet  the  Gall-gnat  produced  from  the  latter  is  only  \  shorter  than  the 
(rail-gnat  produced  from  the  former. 

Larva,  pupa  and  imago  unknown. 

No.  15.  Gall  S.  aenigma.  n.  sp. — On  S.  nigra.  A  polythalamous,  crumpled,  ir- 
regularly sjilierical  or  ellipsoidal  mass,  something  like  the  aborted  mass  of 
flower-buds  of  a  common  cauliflower,  but  with  a  more  ragged  and  uneven  sur- 
face, .30 — 1.10  inch  in  diameter,  and  growing  almost  sessile  or  sometimes  on  a 
stem  as  long  as  .50  inch,  which  is  often  branched  and  much  flattened  or  dis- 
torted, from  the  side  or  occasionally  from  the  tip  of  twigs  .05 — ..30  inch  in  dia- 
meter. When  cut  into  early  in  the  summer,  there  is  seen  to  be  no  regular  heart 
or  symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  parts,  as  there  is  in  all  monothalamous  galls, 
and  the  stem  is  crisp  and  rather  fleshy  than  woody.  This  gall  first  appears 
early  in  June,  being  chiefly  a  deformation  of  the  flower-catkins,  but  occasion- 
ally, unless  I  was  deceived  from  confounding  it  with  S.  semen  n.  sp.,  which  I 
think  must  have  been  the  case,  of  the  leaves.  At  that  time,  and  for  a  month 
or  two  afterwards,  it  is  of  a  pale  green,  but  long  before  autumn  it  dries  up  and 
becomes  brittle  and  of  a  dark  ash-gray  color,  without,  however,  losing  its  origi- 
nal shape,  and  hangs  on  the  trees  till  long  after  the  next  spring  opens.  It  con- 
tains, so  far  as  I  could  discover,  no  regular  cells,  but  the  larvae  of  the  Gall-gnat 
appear  to  burrow  irregularly  in  the  main  stem  and  its  branches.  On  the  same 
twig  may  often  be  seen  6  or  8  of  these  galls  at  irregular  intervals  of  half  an  inch 
or  U  inches,  and  frequently  two  of  them  grow  side  by  side  and  run  together. 
"Whole  trees  are  sometimes  so  covered  by  them,  that  the  galls  seem  almost  half 
as  numerous  as  the  leaves.  As  usual,  the  twigs,  unless  very  large,  are  killed  by 
the  presence  of  these  galls  shortly  after  the  galls  have  become  mature.  De- 
scribed from  150 — 200  specimens.  Very  common  and  abundant  everywhere  in 
Rock  Island  County,  Illinois. 

Larva. — On  June  19  the  larva,  or  what  I  took  to  be  the  larva,  of 
the  gall-maker  was  small  and  barely  visible  iu  the  stem  of  the  gall,  but 


1864.]  609 

the  place  where  it  worked  was  discolored  and  brown.  On  August  19, 
from  about  half  a  gallon  of  galls,  which  had  been  gathered  only  5  or  6 
days  before,  there  came  out  about  a  dozen  larvae,  apparently  with  the 
intention  of  going  under  ground,  and  after  some  considerable  search  I 
discovered  one  inside  the  substance  of  the  stem  of  a  jrall.  No  others 
came  out  subsequently,  so  flir  as  I  observed,  from  that  large  mass  of 
galls ;  and  if  many  of  them  had  come  out  they  could  scarcely  have 
escaped  notice,  for  there  was  nothing  in  the  breeding-jar  but  the  galls 
themselves,  and  no  earth  at  the  bottom  of  it.  Those  that  came  out 
were  .05  inch  long,  rather  elongate,  and  with  the  head  more  porrect 
and  pointed  than  is  usual,  except  in  the  larvae  of  C.  s.  siliqna  and  C. 
s.  nodulus.  The  breast-bone  was  rather  indistinct,  but  seemed  to  be 
about  twice  as  long  as  its  basal  width  and  tapered  to  I  the  basal  width 
at  tip.  Repeatedly  at  other  times  during  the  season  I  had  cut  into 
these  galls,  both  at  home  and  in  the  field,  and  always  fiiiled  to  find  Ce- 
cidomyidous  larva?  in  them,  though  I  sometimes  found  that  of  an  in- 
quilinous  Lepidopteron.  It  is  possible  that  the  above  larvae  might  also 
have  been  inquilinous;  but  if  so,  where  were  the  Cecidomijin  that  really 
made  the  galls?  I  am  persuaded  that  the  gall  is  really  Cecidomyidous, 
because,  l.s^,  I  obtained  from  them  the  same  Lepidopterous  imago  that 
I  obtained  in  great  numbers  from  the  Cecidomyidous  gall  ^S'.  hrassi- 
coides  n.  sp.;*  2;^/,  I  noticed  on  them  in  considerable  numbers,  and  both 
in  the  larva  and  imago  states,  the  same  Heteropterous  insect — Antho- 
coris  psf'tidorhinche  Fitch — that  occurs  also  in  great  numbers  on  the 
Cecidomyidous  gall  *S'.  brassicoides  n.  sp.,  and  in  less  numbers  on  the 
Cecidomyidous  galls  S.  rhodoides  n.  sp.  and  S.  strobiloidcs  0.  S. ;  3/y/, 
As  already  stated  (p  551)  I  believe  that  all  Willow  Galls  are  either  the 
work  of  Glall-gnats  or  of  Saw-flies,  and  the  larvae  of  Saw-flies  being  com- 
paratively large  and  conspicuous,  if  ^S'.  senigvia  was  a  Tenthredinidous 
gall  I  must  have  found  some  Tenthredinidous  larvse  in  it,  so  often  as  I 
dug  into  it;  whence  by  the  method  of  exhaustion  it  follows  that  it  must 
be  a  Cecidomyidous  gall. — As  on  June  19  I  noticed  on  these  galls  the 
larva  of  a  lai'ge  Thrips,  and  a  few  others  subsequently  in  the  imago 

*The  species  here  referred  to  belongs,  according  to  Dr.  Clemens,  to  Tortri- 
cid<E,  but  has  not  as  yet  been  described  by  him.  It  is  remarkable  for  varying 
in  the  most  surprising  manner,  and  I  sent  Dr.  Clemens  a  very  large  series  of 
all  the  variations. 


•Jlo  '  [December 

stjite,  it  is  not  improbable  that  this  insect  may  puncture  and  destroy 
the  great  majority  of  the  Cecidomi/idse,  that  originate  the  gall,  either 
in  the  q^^  or  the  very  young  larva  state,  for  which  purpose  its  vei*y 
elongate,  horny,  setiform  mandibles,  which  Haliday  described  as  '' having 
a  bulbous  base  and  by  their  junction  towards  the  tip  forming  a  2-valved 
siphon,"  seem  to  be  admirably  adapted.  (See  Westw.  Intr.  II.  p.  2 
and  p.  1.  fig.  4.)  The  whole  subject  of  the  great  paucity  of  Cecido- 
myidous  larvae  in  this  and  other  allied  galls  is  a  mystery  at  present. 
and  requires  further  and  fuller  investigation.  The  only  other  insects 
that  I  noticed  on  or  in  these  galls,  besides  those  already  referred  to. 
none  of  which  could  be  insectivorous,  were  a  single  Coleopterous  (?) 
lai-va,  pedate  and  2  an  inch  long,  on  August  17.  which  I  failed  to  rear 
to  maturity,  and  a  single  imago  of  the  Coleopterous  Litanjus  A-sjii/otus 
IjCC,  which  I  bred  from  them  on  August  30,  and  which  evidently  could 
luit  have  been  insectivorous.  It  is  proper  to  add,  that  I  did  not  replace 
the  galls  in  my  breeding-jar  during  the  summer  by  fresh  specimens  so 
often  as  I  should  have  done,  in  order  to  become  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  their  Natural  History;  and  that  it  is  therefore  quite  possible  that 
a  considerable  number  of  larvae  may  have  escaped  from  the  galls  on  the 
trees  shortly  before  August  14.     (See  above  p.  574. ) 

It  is  well  known  that  Economic  Entomologists  have  been  greatly  ex- 
ercised, to  account  for  the  cause  of  the  affection  of  the  leaves  of  the 
Peach-tree  known  in  the  East  as  "the  curl."  Some  have  attributed  it 
to  the  action  of  Aphis,  and  others  partly  to  Aphis  and  partly  to  other 
unknown  causes.  (Harris  /«/.  Ins.  p.  240,  and  Rep.  Pomolog.  Sue. 
p.  4 ;  Fitch  iV.  Y.  Rep.  II.  p.  03.)  I  am  myself  unacquainted  with 
the  phenomena  of  '•  the  curl,"  as  the  disease  does  not  appear  to  prevail 
in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi ;  but  Harris  describes  it  as  "  irregular 
and  crisp  tumors,  often  of  a  reddish  color  and  of  a  spongy  texture,  formed 
of  thickened  and  succulent  cellular  tissue,  and  presenting  some  analogy 
to  the  warts  [Black-knot]  of  the  Plum-tree."  {Rep.  Pom.  Soc  p.  4.) 
May  it  not  be  possible  that  it  is  a  polythalamous  gall  like  S.  seiiic/ma 
n.  sp.,  and  like  that  gall  the  work  of  a  Cecidomyia?  It  presents  some 
rather  striking  analogies  with  certain  galls  known  to  be  Cecidomyidous 
\st.  As  in  q.  pilulee  Walsh,  the  tumors  are  red.  'Ind.  As  in  that  gall 
and  in  S.  verruca,  S.  semen  and  iS^.  senigma,  the  great  majority  of  the 
tumors,  when  opened,  even  at  a  late  period  of  the  year,  are  solid  and 


1864.]  (ill 

contain  no  cell  and  no  visible  larva.  What  is  the  cause  of  this  pheno- 
menon I  cannot  say  with  certainty,  but  I  suspect  that  the  egg  or  the 
very  young  larva  of  the  Gall-gnat  is  to  a  great  extent  destroyed  within 
the  gall  by  being  punctured  and  sucked  by  some  insect  foe,  and  that 
that  foe  probably  belongs  to  Thripklse,.'*  Authors  have  hitherto  always 
considered  this  remarkable  Family  as  vegetable-feeders,  but  from  many 
facts  which  I  have  observed,  one  of  which  I  have  recorded  Proc.  Eitt. 
Soc.  Phil.  1.  p.  310,  I  believe  that  they  are  generally,  if  not  univer- 
sally, insectivorous,  and  that  those  that  occur  on  the  ears  of  the  wheat, 
both  in  the  U.  S.  and  in  Europe,  are  preying  there  upon  the  eggs  or 
larvae  of  the  Wheat  Midge  (Cec.  Tritici),  and  are  consequently  not  the 
foes,  a.s  has  been  generally  imagined,  but  the  friends  of  the  farmer.  In 
confirmation  of  these  views,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  the  very  same 
species  (  Thrips  cerealium),  which  has  been  stated  by  all  P]uropean  au- 
thors to  attack  the  ears  of  the  wheat,  was  found  by  Vassalli  Eandi  in 
Italy  "  to  gnaw  the  stems  of  the  wheat  above  the  knots  and  cause  the 
abortion  of  the  ear."  (See  Westw.  Intr.  II.  p.  4.)  Is  it  probable  that  the 
same  species  should  attack  the  same  plant  in  two  such  very  diflFerent 
parts?  I  believe  that  the  Italian  Thnpsvfere  attacking  Hessian  Flies 
(  Cec.  (lestructo)-).  or  some  such  wheat-destroying  insects  that  inhabit 
"the  stem  above  the  knots,"  and  that  it  was  these  last,  and  not  the 
Thrips^  that  caused  the  "  abortion  of  the  ear."  The  Thrips  that  were 
supposed  to  do  so  much  damage  in  Wisconsan.  as  related  by  Dr.  Fitch, 
{N.  Y.  Rep.  I.  p.  304).  were  said  to  attack  both  the  blossoms  of  the  wheat 


*Dr.  Fitch,  perhaps  because  Dr.  Harris  had  seen  fit  to  alter  the  Aphidae  of 
preceding  authors  into  Aphididae — which  may  or  may  not  be  right,  according  to 
whether  we  consider  the  analogies  of  the  noun  Aphis  to  be  with  the  Greek  Chri/- 
sis  or  with  the  Latin  Apis — asserts  that  the  Thripidce  of  preceaing  authors  is 
incorrect  and  ought  to  be  written  ThripididoE,  and  adopts  that  anomalous  orthog- 
raphy himself.  (N.  Y.  Rep.  I.  p.  305.)  Scientific  names  are  generally  sufficient- 
ly long,  without  interpolating  unnecessary  syllables,  and  in  this  case  the  in- 
terpolation is  manifestly  not  only  unnecessary,  but  solecistie.  Thrips  is  a 
genuine  Greek  word,  with  a  genitive  case  Thripos,  from  which  is  regularly 
derived  the  patronymic  form  Thripidce..  just  as  from  the  Greek  noun  Sphinx, 
genitive  case  Sphingos,  comes  the  patronymic  Sphingidoe.  We  might  as  well 
write  Sphingididce  as  Thripididoe.  It  is  true  these  are  trivial  matters;  but  when 
an  author  undertakes  to  set  the  whole  scientific  world  right,  even  on  the  most 
trivial  point,  he  should  tirst  take  care  to  be  himself  in  the  right. 


(U2  [December 

and  the  blossoms  of  the  clover.  But  it  is  not  the  general  habit  of  In- 
sects to  prey  at  the  same  time  upon  two  plants,  which  are  so  widely  dis- 
tinct as  wheat  and  clover — the  one  monocotyledonous,  the  other  dico- 
tyledonous. Even  the  polyphagous  Army-worm  refuses  to  eat  clover. 
Hid.  The  ••  curled"  peach-leaves  are  said  to  be  commonly  inhabited  by 
a  Thrips,  but  not  in  sufficient  numbers  to  account  for  the  presence  of 
the  "  Curl."  (Harr.  InJ.  Lis.  p.  240.)  Now,  as  already  stated,  I  have  my- 
self noticed  several  T]n-!p><  in  June  both  in  the  larva  and  imago  state 
on  the  Cecidomyidous  gall  S.  sem'f/ma,  and  have  raised  the  larva  to  ma- 
turity in  a  breeding-jar  in  which  there  was  nothing  but  that  gall. 
Moreover,  Dr.  Fitch  found  his  Phlocuthrips  caryse  in  hickory  galls, 
which  are  manifestly  either  closely  allied  to  or  identical  with  the  Ceci- 
domyidous hickory  gall  Tubicola  0.  S.,  though  he  doubts  whether  those 
galls  were  produced  by  the  Thrips  or  by  some  other  insect.  {N.  Y. 
Rep.  II.  p.  165.)  And  Osten  Sacken  observes  of  the  galls  of  the  Ceci- 
domyidous Lasioptera  vitis  0.  S.,  that  "  some  of  the  hollows  are  often 
abandoned  by  their  inmates  and  invaded  by  numerous  Thrips."  (Dipt. 
N.A.  p.  201.) 

There  are  more  insectivorous  groups  in  Insecta  than  are  commonly 
supposed.  I  have  caught />?s^_5^/-ci/;7i».s  dngulatns  Grv.  (^Coleoptera)^ 
which  habitually  haunts  cow-dungs  and  carrion,  with  a  large  Hintcr  in 
its  mouth,  and  I  believe,  from  sundry  other  facts,  that  in  Staph ylhiidse.., 
which  used  to  be  all  of  them  grouped  as  Rhypophaga  or  Dirt-eaters, 
the  tribes  tStaphylinini,  Psederini,  and  probably  Stenini  and  Oxytelini, 
are  all  generally  insectivorous;  while  I  know  from  having  bred  them, 
that  some  and  probably  all  Omaluii  are  fungivorous,  and  suspect  that 
Alpocharini  and  Tachyporini  are  also  "  dirt-eaters."  Again,  I  have 
often  wondered  that  for  seven  successive  years  the  number  of  the  web- 
nests  oi  Hyphantn'a  textor  Harris  {hepidopterd)  remained,  from  year  to 
year,  an  invariable  quantity  near  Rock  Island,  neither  increasing  nor 
diminishing,  though  the  number  of  eggs  laid  by  each  $  must  be  repre- 
sented by  the  number  of  larvte  in  a  nest,  which  is  very  large.  The  larvae 
can  scarcely  be  preyed  on  to  any  very  great  extent  by  the  ordinary  Dip- 
terous and  Hymenopterous  Parasites  nor  by  birds,  for  they  are  effectu- 
ally protected  the  greater  part  of  the  time  by  their  impenetrable  nests ; 
and  the  Coleopterous  genus  Calosoma,  which  is  known  to  prey  on  social 
caterpillars,  is  exceedingly  rare  near  Rock  Island.     This  autumn  the 


1864.]  613 

mystery  was  partially  solved.  I  found  September  26  in  a  great  many 
of  their  nests  numerous  Rliophigaster  n.  sp.  (?)  (JJeteroptera),  both 
in  the  pupa  and  imago  states,  along  with  great  quantities  of  their  ex- 
uviaj ;  and  suspecting  them  to  be  there  on  no  friendly  errand,  I  con- 
fined four  of  them  in  a  breeding-jar,  where  I  had  a  large  brood  of 
young  Arctians  raised  from  a  mass  of  eggs  and  feeding  on  wild  mul- 
berry leaves.  Within  the  next  few  days  T  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
one  of  them,  on  two  separate  occasions,  with  its  beak  porrectand  plunged 
into  the  body  of  an  unfortunate  Arctian  larva,  and  the  sucked  carcass 
of  another  one  lying  by  its  side.  I  had  previously  in  August  found  6 
or  8  Tetyra  fimhriata  Say  in  the  web-nest  of  another  lepidopterous 
larva.  Hence  I  infer  that  Snttelleridae  are  generally  insectivorous;  for 
the  Rliaphigaster  had  evidently,  from  the  numbers  of  their  exuviae, 
been  inhabiting  the  nests  of  H.  textor  for  a  long  time.  Some  instances 
of  their  insectivorous  habits  are  recorded  by  Westwood.  though  he 
states  al-so  that  they  live  upon  sap,  "introducing  their  rostrum  into 
leaves,"  which  I  have  never  seen  them  do.     {Litr.  IT.  p.  486.) 

So  much  for  the  "  Curl"  on  Peach-trees.  There  is  another  gall-like 
excrescence  popularly  known  as  the  "  Black-knot,"  and  very  abundant 
on  the  wild  and  cultivated  Plum  and  occasionally  found  on  the  Cherry, 
which  has  been  a  similar  Crux  Entomologorum.  T'nlike  the  "Curl"  this 
is  just  as  common  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  as  it  is  said  to  be  in 
the  Eastern  States,  but  I  have  never  watched  it  through  the  earlier 
stages  of  its  progress,  and  know  it  only  in  the  mature  and  dry  specimen. 
Dr.  Fitch  describes  it  as  "  commencing  upon  the  small  limbs,  and  to  be 
recognized  at  first  by  a  slight  swelling  of  the  bark  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  limb,  which  begins  in  autumn  and  remains  stationary  through  the 
winter.  In  the  spring  this  swelling  increases,  rupturing  the  cuticle 
and  thin  outer  skin  of  the  bark,  and  continuing  to  grow  and  pufi"  out, 
till  in  June  some  inches  in  length  of  the  limb  at  the  place  afiBCted  is 
three  or  four  times  its  diameter  elsewhere.  Both  the  bark  and  woody 
fibres  are  changed  into  a  spongy  stthstancc,  not  at  all  juicy  like  the 
fruit  of  a  tree,  of  a  pale  yellow  color  when  growing,  but  changing  to 
coal-black  when  it  is  mature."  {Rep.  CurcuUo  and  Black-Knot^  1860, 
p.  21.)  Although  Dr.  Fitch  states  that  he  "  has  examined  these  ex- 
crescences more  closely,  perhaps,  than  has  ever  been  done  by  any  other 
person,"  and  that  he  is  "  prepared  to  say  with  the  fullest  confidence, 


(314:  [December 

that  the  microscope  shows  nothing  about  them,  externally  or  internally, 
indicating  that  an  insect  has  anything  to  do  with  causing  them,"  and 
maintains  that  they  "  are  not  of  insect  origin,  nor  a  vegetable  fungus, 
but  are  properly  a  disease  of  the  tree,  analogous  to  bhe  cancer  in  the 
human  body."  {ibid.  pp.  21 — 2,)  yet  I  cannot  help  believing  that  the 
•'  Black-knot,"  as  well  as  the  "  Curl,"  is  the  work  of  (lall-gnats.  It  is 
perhaps  presumptuovis  in  one  who  has  never  specially  investigated  the 
subject,  to  set  up  his  own  opinion  against  that  of  a  distinguished  natu- 
ralist who  has  devoted  considerable  attention  to  it ;  but  there  is  an  old 
saying  that  "  bystanders  sometimes  see  more  of  the  game  than  the 
players  themselves,"  and  it  may  be  the  case  that  a  general  acquaint- 
ance with  many  allied  species  can  sometimes  supply  the  place  of  the 
most  laborious  special  investigations. 

My  reasons  for  the  belief  which  I  have  just  avowed  are  the  follow- 
ing : — 1st.  Just  as  Curculionidous  larva  are  inquilinous  in  the  Cecido- 
myidous  galls  Q.  pilulse  Walsh  and  S.  semen  n.  sp.  and  others  are  in- 
quilinous in  the  galls  of  other  Gall-gnats,  (see  above  p.  607.  and  be- 
low under  Colropfera),  so  the  common  Curculio   (ConotracheJns  7irmi- 
phar  Hbst.)  is  notoriously  inquilinous  in  the  Black-knot.     Dr.  Fitch, 
for  example,  says,  that  the   ■  larvae  of  the  Curculio  are  almost  always 
found  in  them"  {Rep.  Cure,  and  Bl.  Knot.  p.  21).  and  Harris  says  that 
they  are  '-sometimes"  found  there  {Inj.  Ins.  p.  80.)     Again,  just  as  I 
have  bred  8  distinct  inquilinous  Lepidoptera  from  various  Cecidorayi- 
dous  galls  on  the  Willow,  so  Dr.  Harris  states  that  ••  the  naked  cater- 
pillars of  a  minute  moth  are  very  common   in  the  Warts  of  the  Plum 
tree,"  {Ibid.)  and  I  have  myself  found  there  their  pupal  exuviae.    2nd. 
The  general  appearance  of  the  Black-knot  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
Cecidomyidous  gall,  ^S*.  batatas  n.  sp..  and  like  that  gall  it  is  said  to 
be  ••  spongy"  inside,  when  young  and  immature.     On  examining,  Dec. 
4th,  30 — to  dead  and  dry  specimens,  I  find  that,  besides  some  larger 
holes  through  which  the  Curculio  and  other  inquilines  have  probably 
made  their  escape,  they  are  perforated  externally  by  several  round  holes, 
proportionally  about  I  as  numerous  as  in  the  above  Willow-gall  when 
it  is  a  year  old.  and  only  .020 — .025  inch  in  diameter,  which  is  a  trifle 
smaller  than  they  are  in  that  gall.    Now  this  size  is  altogether  too  small 
for  the  larva  of  the  Curculio — though  it  certainly  suits  well  enough  for 
that  very  rare  parasite  of  the  Curculio.   Siyalphus  eurculionis.,  which 


1864.]  01 5 

has  been  described  by  Dr.  Fitch  ;  and  it  is  likewise  altogether  too  small 
for  the  Lepidopterous  pupa,  whose  exuviae  I  detected  in  this  situation 
T  incline  to  believe  that  these  are  the  holes  through  which  some  Grall- 
gnat  a  trifle  smaller  than  0.  s.  bafafas  has  made  its  exit.    At  all  events, 
there  is  no  insect  known  to  inhabit  the  Black-knot,  except  the  very 
rare  S.  curcuUonis,  to  which  they  can  possibly  be  referred.     On  cut- 
ting into  these  specimens,  their  internal  structure  is  found  to  be  the 
same  as  that  of  S.  batatas^  viz.  fibres  radiating  from  the  axis  of  the 
twig,  but  the  intervening  matter  is  more  woody  than  spongy.     There 
have  been  so  many  inquilines  boring  them  in  all  directions,  as  may  be 
seen  from   the  quantities  of  "frass"  they  have  left  behind  them,  that 
it  is  difficult  to  ascertain  the  structure  of  the  cells.     In  a  few  speci- 
mens, however,  which  were  mostly  in  their  natural  condition,  I  recoff- 
nized  cells,  which  appeared  to  nie,  on  comparing  the  two  together,  to 
resemble  very  strongly  those  of  Cec.  s.  hufnfas.   and  to  be  arranged 
almost  exactly  in  the  same  manner;  and   in   these  cells  there  was  no 
'■  frass"  as  there  always  is  in  the  irregular    holes  inhabited  by  Curcu- 
lionidous.   Tenthredinidous  or  Lepidopterous  larvae,     o/v/.    Dr.   Fitch 
gives  as  a  reason  why  the  Black-knot  cannot  be  a  gall,  that  •'  always 
in  galls  one  or  more  hard,  seed-like  bodies  are  found  in  the  centre,  in 
which  the  young  of  the  fly  producing  them  is  inclosed."      (Rrp.  Cure. 
(iiuJ  Bl.  Kt.  p.  22.)     This  is  not  true  of  any  Cecidomyidous  gall  known 
to  me,  though  it  applies  very  well  to  Cynipidous  galls.     Hence  this 
argument  only  proves  that  the  Black-knot  is  not  made  by  a  Gall-fly, 
but  is  of  no  force  whatever  against  the  hypothesis  of  its  being  made  by 
a  Gall-gnat.     \th.  Specimens  are  said  by  Dr.  Fitch  to  occur  sometimes 
•'  wholly  free  from  the  Curculio  larvaj  and  all  other  worms."    {Ibid  p. 
22.)     Just  so  in  the  Cecidomyidous  Willow-galls  .S'.  verruca,  S.  semen 
and  S.  senlfjma,  very  many  galls,  be  the  cause  what  it  may,  are  solid 
and  tenantless;  and  out  of  nine   specimens  of  the  Cecidomyidous  gall 
^S*.  noduluii,  I  found  two  untenanted  by  any  larva  and  unbored.     (See 
above  p.  (300.)     bth.  I  know  by  experience  how  difiicult  it  is  to  rear 
Cecidomyia  to  the  imago  from  galls  severed  from  the  parent  tree,  un- 
less fresh  specimens  are  gathered  every  few  weeks  to  replace  the  old 
ones  in  the  breeding-jar.     (See  above  p.  574.)     It  does  not  appear  that 
Dr.  Fitch  took  this  precaution,  and  hence,  assuming  the  Black-knot  to 
be  the  work  of  a  Gall-gnat,  I  am  not  at  all  surprised  at  his  failing  to 


(U6  [December 

rear  Grall-gnats  from  it.  Qth.  I  have  not  seen  a  line  anywhere  in  Dr. 
Fitch's  writings,  from  which  it  could  be  inferred,  that  he  was  aware  of 
the  peculiar  character  which  distinguishes  the  larva  of  the  Grall-gnats 
from  all  other  larvae,  viz.  the  breast-bone.  He  has  described  in  his 
Reports  the  larvae  of  three  different  G-all-gnats.  Cec.  grossnian'ae  Fitch, 
C.  2)seu(?ac((ciee  Fitch  and  C.  rohiiiise  Hald.,  yet  in  no  one  of  these 
three  cases  does  he  breathe  a  syllable  on  this  very  important  topic  ;  and. 
as  we  have  already  seen,  in  the  description  of  the  larva  of  his  Ore. 
salkis  he  mistakes  the  breast-bone  for  a  part  of  the  head.  (See  above 
p.  597.)  Hence,  even  if  he  had  found  minute  Cecidomyidous  larvae 
in  the  Black-knot,  he  might  very  possibly  have  mistaken  them  for  the 
similarly  apod  larvje  of  the  Curculio.  which  he  says  that  he  found  in 
''  ALMOST  ALL  OF  THEM."  Just  SO  the  botauist  Schweiuitz.  who  asserts 
that  the  \ai'\-x  of  a  minute  C//nips  are  found  in  the  Black-knot,  (quoted 
Harris  InJ.  Lis.  p.  80,)  seems  to  have  mistaken  Cecidomyidous  larvae 
for  Cynipidous  larvae  j  and  as  we  have  already  seen,  (p.  551.)  Euro- 
pean authors  formerly  made  the  same  confusion  in  the  case  of  the  in- 
sect of  the  "  Rose-willow."  7fh.  Grall-gnats,  as  shown  above  (p.  552), 
occur  on  an  immense  number  of  different  and  widely  distinct  genera  of 
plants,  and  the  other  gall-making  genera  of  insects  on  comparatively 
very  few  genera  of  plants.  Consequently,  if  the  Black-knot  is  a  true 
gall,  and  not  a  mere  disease,  we  may  infer  a  jjriori  that  it  is  far  more 
likely  to  be  the  work  of  a  Gall-gnat  than  of  any  other  of  the  gall  in- 
sects. Sth.  Just  as,  with  all  the  Willow-galls  originated  by  (rail-gnats 
or  Saw-flies  upon  twigs  or  limbs,  and  also  with  similar  Oak-galls  origi- 
nated by  Grall-flies,  and  with  a  hitherto  undescribed,  oval,  Lepidopte- 
rous  Gall  on  the  twigs  of  the  shrub  called  Amorpha  fruticosa,  which 
I  have  long  noticed  and  which  is  produced  by  Wnlsliia  amorphcUa 
Clemens,  and  finally  with  the  terminal  gall  of  Bf/rsocrypfa  vagahumla 
Walsh,  on  the  tips  of  the  twigs  of  several  poplars,  (see  Proc.  Eat.  Soc. 
Phil.  II.  p.  462.)  the  twig — unless  it  is  pretty  large  or  unless  as  in  S. 
nodulus  n.  sp.  the  insect  is  very  small  and  only  one  of  them — is  always 
killed  by  the  presence  of  the  gall ;  so  with  the  Black-knot,  as  I  have 
myself  observed,  the  smaller  limbs  are  killed  by  it  and  the  larger  ones 
— say  of  J  or  i  inch  in  diameter — are  not  so  killed.  On  the  other  hand 
the  pseudo-gall  of  the  Coleopterous  Siperdu  inortiata  Say,  which  grows 
on  one  of  these  same  Willows,  though  the  actual  damage  it  does  to  the 


1864.]  617 

wood  and  bark,  so  far  as  we  can  estimate  it  by  the  eye,  is  proportion- 
ably  ten  times  as  great  as  with  any  gall  produced  by  a  Cxall-gnat  or 
Gall-fly  or  Saw-fly  or  Grall-moth  or  Plant-louse,  yet  never,  so  far  as  I 
have  noticed,  kills  the  limb  on  which  it  grows.  The  reason  is  obvious. 
In  a  true  gall,  made  for  example  by  a  Gall-fly,  besides  the  lesion  of  the 
woody  fibre  and  bark,  there  is,  as  I  have  shown,  (P.  E.  S.  P.  II.  pp. 
472 — 6,)  poison  infused  into  the  wound,  the  result  of  which  is  gene- 
rally death,  unless  the  poisoned  limb  is  very  large  and  vigorous.  In  a 
pseudo-gall  there  is  no  such  poison  infused,  and  the  damage  done  is 
simply  what  would  be  done,  if  we  were  to  take  an  auger  and  bore  the 
same  quantity  of  wood  and  bark  out  of  the  limb.  Whence  we  may 
draw  this  Corollary,  that  the  Black-knot  is  probably  a  true  Gall ;  and 
as  from  its  structure  it  is  manifestly  not  the  work  of  a  Gall-fly  or  of  a. 
Plant-louse,  or  of  a  Gall-moth — for  the  Galls  of  Gall-flies  always  contain 
hard,  seed-like  kernels  and  the  Galls  ot  Plant-lice  and  of  Gall-moths, 
so  far  as  my  experience  extends,  are  hollow — it  follows  that  it  must  be 
the  work  of  a  Dipterous  fly  or  else  of  a  Saw-fly.  But  if  it  was  the  work 
of  a  Saw-fly,  surely  Dr.  Fitch  must  have  noticed  its  larva,  so  closely 
as  he  examined  the  gall ;  for  the  larva?  of  Saw-flies  are  pretty  large 
and  may  be  recognized  at  a  glance.  Therefore  it  follows  by  the  method 
of  exhaustion  that  it  must  be  the  work  of  a  Dipterous  fly;  and  as  there 
are  but  two  Gall-making  Dipterous  families.  Tri/prtidse  and  Cecido- 
mijhlx,  and  the  former  is  poor  and  the  latter  exceedingly  rich  in  species,  it 
is  most  likely  the  work  of  some  Cecidomyidous  insect.  9^A.  As  already 
stated  (p.  578,  note),  I  have  found  on  the  wild  plum,  galls  strongly  re- 
sembling the  Cecidomyidous  gall  >S'.  ht-msicoides,  and  which  I  have 
no  doubt  whatever  are,  like  that  gall,  Cecidomyidous;  and,  unless  my 
memory  deceives  me,  I  have  noticed  on  the  leaves  of  the  wild  plum  in 
considerable  quantities  tubiliform  galls  strongly  resembling  the  Ceci- 
domyid()us  hickory-gall  Tublcola  ().  S.  Now  I  believe  that  it  is  a  gen- 
eral law  with  gall-insects,  that  where  one  species  of  a  particular  genus 
exists  on  a  given  genus  of  plants,  many  other  species  of  the  same  genus 
or  of  elo.seIy  allied  genera  coexist  with  it.  (See  Proc.  Ent.  Sor. 
Phd.  II.  461-2.)  But.  with  the  two  exceptions  just  referred  to,  there 
is  no  Gall-fly  or  Saw-fly  or  Plant-louse  or  other  gall-making  insect 
known  at  present,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  to  form  galls  on  the  Plum- 
tree.      Hence  if  the  Black-knot  is  the  work  of  insects — which  in  spite 


G18  [December 

of  Dr.  Fitcli's  positive  asseveration  I  cannot  help  believing-,  and  whieli 
Peck  and  Harris  and  others  have  believed  before  me, — it  must  in  all 
probability,  if  we  assume  the  truth  of  the  above  law,  be  the  work  of  a 
Gall-gnat. 

That  the  Black-knot  is  not,  as  has  been  supposed  by  many,  the  work 
of  the  Curculio,  has  been  sufficiently  demonstrated  by  Dr.  Fitch  from 
the  fact,  that  specimens  occur  without  any  larvae  at  all  in  them.  It 
might  be  thought  at  first  sight,  that  the  same  fact  would  bear  equally 
hard  against  the  hypothesis  of  its  being  the  work  of  a  Gall-gnat.  But 
the  singular  phenomena  with  regard  to  several  imdoubtedly  Ceeido- 
myidous  galls,  which  I  have  ah'eady  referred  to — no  matter  to  what 
cause  we  choose  to  attribute  them — take  the  case  of  the  (lall-gnats  out 
of  the  general  rule.  I  will  endeavor  in  this  coming  spring  to  examine 
the  recent  Black-knots  and  see  whether,  as  I  suspect,  they  are  really 
inhabited  by  the  larvae  of  Gall-gnats,  and  if  so  to  rear  the  perfect  Gall- 
gnat  from  them. 

If,  then,  as  I  have  little  doubt,  the  Black-knot  be  really  a  mere  Ce- 
cidomyidous  gall,  we  can  at  once  solve  a  problem  which  has  perplexed 
Economic  Entomologists  for  the  last  half  century,  viz :  how  to  get  rid 
of  it.  All  that  is  required  in  order  to  save  onr  diseased  Plum-trees 
from  a  premature  death,  is  simply  to  cut  off  and  burn  the  galls  before 
the  Cecidomyia  makes  its  appearance  in  the  imago  state.  Cutting  off 
and  burning  the  galls  (tfter  the  Cecidomyia  has  made  its  appearance 
in  the  imago  state,  will  be  just  labor  lost;  for  the  eggs  are  then  already 
laicT,  that  will  produce  the  next  year's  crop  of  Black-knot. 

It  will  be  noticed,  that  contrary  to  the  hitherto  generally  accepted 
belief,  I  have  not,  in  the  reasonings  ju.st  now  adduced,  enumerated 
Snout-beetles  ( Curculio nidse)  as  amongst  the  true  Gall-making  in- 
sects. I  doubt  very  much  whether  any  true  Galls  are  produced  by 
CurcuHonidse.  The  holes  that  these  last  insects  bore  are  bored, 
not  by  any  ovipositor,  but  by  their  snouts ;  and  to  suppose  that  they 
can  originate  true  galls,  presupposes  that  they  have  the  faculty  of 
voiding  from  their  snouts  poisonous  matter,  similar  to  the  poisonous 
matter  that  I  have  shown  to  be  deposited  along  with  the  egg  by  the 
ovipositor  of  Cynijjs,  {Froc.  EiU.  Soc.  Fhil.  II.  pp.  472 — 6),  which  is 
contrary  to  analogy.  In  all  probability  the  various  Curculionidae,  that 
are  stated  by  authors  to  produce  galls,  are  in  reality  nothing  but  inqui- 


1SG4.]  619 

lines  ill  those  galls,  just  as  Antlionomus  KrufrNnfiis  Schonh.  is  inqui- 
linoiis  in  the  Tenthredinidous  "-all  S.  j)omimi^  and  in  several  other 
Tenthrediuidous  willow-galls,  and  as  the  snout-beetles  enumerated  in 
this  Paper  under  Coleoptern  are  inquiliuous  in  their  respective  galls. 

INQUILINOTJS  CECIDOMYID.E  OR  GUEST  GALL-GNATS. 
Genus  CECIDOMYIA— Subgenus  CECIDOMYIA. 

A.  The  following  occurs  in  prodigious  abundance  under  the  scales 
of  the  pine-cone  like  Gall,  *S'.  strobifokhs  0.  S.,  but  not  imbedded  in 
any  cell,  and  is  probably  the  species  found  in  the  larva  state  by  Baron 
Osten  Sacken  in  that  situation,  but  not  named  or  described  by  him, 
except  as  being  '•  reddish."  T  have  also  bred  a  few  iiuagos  of  it  from 
the  galls  »S'.  brassi'coi'h's  and  *S'.  rhoJoidrx,  and  as  I  found.  May  12th, 
four  of  its  pupal  integuments  in  a  vase  containing  the  small  variety  of 
the  (lall  iS'.  batatas — which  integuments  are  readily  distinguished  from 
those  of  C.  s.  batatas,  not  only  by  their  much  smaller  size,  but  also  by 
the  thoracic  bristle  and  antennal  horn  being  only  h  as  long,  and  immac- 
ulate instead  of  black  or  tipped  with  black — I  must  also  have  bred  them 
from  that  gall,  though  the  imagos  escaped  me.  As  noticed  below,  the 
species  is  double-brooded,  the  spring  brood  coming  out  from  last  year's 
galls,  and  the  autumnal  brood  from  the  galls  of  the  same  season,  so  as 
to  be  in  time  to  oviposit  in  the  same  galls  for  the  brood  of  the  follow- 
ing spring.  The  two  broods  were  obtained  from  two  distinct  lots  of 
galls,  each  gathered  only  a  few  weeks  before  the  insect  appeared ;  so 
that  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  they  bred  artificially  in  confinement. 
Those  bred  from  the  aalls  ^S'.  brassicoides  and  S  rhndoidrs  belonged 
exclusively  to  the  autumnal  brood.  Other  double-brooded  Cecidomi/ia 
are  stated  to  exist  by  Osten  Sacken  {Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  186.)  There  can 
be  no  possible  mistake  about  the  identity  of  the  larva,  pupa  and  imago, 
because  on  May  3  I  bred  %  9  imago  from  cocoons  which  I  had  previ- 
ously extracted  from  between  the  scales  of  the  gall  ;S'.  strobiloides  and 
isolated  in  a  vial,  and  the  other  Guest  Gall-gnats  Obtained  from  this 
gall  occurred  exclusively  in  the  autumn.  The  very  general  coexistence 
of  these  pupal  cocoons  with  the  eggs  of  an  OrchcUmvm  (see  Proc.  Ent. 
Soc.  Phil.  III.  p.  232)  under  the  scales  of  the  gall  *S'.  strobiloides^  both 
of  them  in  very  large  numbers,  was  at  first  very  puzzling;  and  I  origi- 
Qally  guessed  that  the  Orthopterous  eggs  were  the  pupae  of  some  inqui- 


620  [December 

linous  Gall-gnat  analogous  to  those  of  the  Hessian  Fly,  and  that  what 
were  the  real  cocoons  of  inquilinous  Gall-gnats  were  the  cocoons  of 
minute  Ichneumons  that  had  been  preying  on  the  larvoe  of  the  supposed 
(luest  Gall-gnats  I 

The  existence  of  this  species,  in  the  peculiar  situation  where  it  is 
found,  solves  an  interesting  question  mooted  by  Winnertz,  viz  :  whether 
inquilinous  Gall-gnats  "take  the  same  food  with  their  hosts  or  live  on 
their  excrements."  {Dipt.  JSf.  A.  p.  184.)  In  this  case  the  host  lives  on  the 
sap  of  the  globular  stem,  from  which  all  the  leaves  of  the  pine-cone  like 
gall  proceed,  and  the  guest  or  inquiline  must  live  on  the  sap,  which  he 
manaues  to  extract  from  the  scales  or  leaves  of  the  pine-cone.  Fre- 
quently there  is  a  thickness  of  .30 — .40  inch  of  solid  leaves  between 
the  host  and  the  guest,  so  that  it  is  quite  impossible  here  that  the  latter 
can  live  on  the  excrements  of  the  former,  or  interfere  with  him  in  any 
way,  except  perhaps  by  slightly  diminishing  his  supply  of  sap. 

Larva. — Dec.  Srd  the  larva  is  orange-colored,  a  little  mottled  with  sanguine- 
ous, and  sometimes  with  a  broad,  dorsal,  dark-sanguineous  or  fuscous  vitta  ab- 
breviated before  and  behind.  The  two  tubercles  of  the  anal  joint  are  a  little 
larger  and  more  prominent  than  usual.  The  breast-bone  is  clove-shaped,  fus- 
cous, not  very  distinct,  and  the  stem  of  the  clove  is  about  i  as  wide  as  the  entire 
breast-bone  is  long.  Length  .03 — .04  inch,  and  breadtli  rather  less  than  4  that. 
Six  specimens  from  cocoons  under  tlie  scales  of  the  gall  S.  strobitoides.  Speci- 
mens taken  out  of  the  cocoon  and  examined  Feb.  20,  at  which  time  none  had 
yet  gone  to  pui>a,  were  orange-color,  and  on  April  29  the  breast-bone  was  darker 
and  very  distinct.  The  cocoon  is  oval,  white,  much  stouter  and  denser  than  in 
any  of  the  preceding  species,  so  that  the  included  larva  can  only  be  seen  by 
holding  it  up  to  the  light,  and  has  a  good  deal  of  the  white  pubescence  of  the 
leaves  of  the  gall  adhering  to  it.  Length  of  cocoon  .07 — .11  inch,  breadth  .03 — 
.04  inch;  41  specimens  which  were  all  obtained  from  two  galls  Dec.  3,  by  which 
time,  and  probably  long  before  that,  all  the  larvse  had  made  their  cocoons. 
Three  of  these  cocoons  each  contained  a  yellowish  larva,  uninclosed  in  a  sepa- 
rate cocoon,  and  apparently  that  of  a  Proctotrupide,  one  of  which  was  found  in 
the  imago  state  April  29  with  its  head  protrviding  from  one  of  these  cocoons, 
and  another  on  the  same  day  at  large  under  the  scales  of  the  gall. 

Pupa. — The  first  jjupa  was  noticed  April  21.  but  the  larva  was  noticed  as  late 
as  April  29,  and  from  the  first  appearance  of  the  imago,  some  of  the  insects 
must  have  existed  in  the  pupa  state  at  least  as  early  as  the  first  week  in  April. 
The  abdomen  was  sanguineous ;  the  rest  of  the  body,  including  antennse,  legs 
and  wing-cases,  fuscous.  The  horns  at  the  base  of  the  antennse  were  rectangu- 
larly conical,  terminating  in  a  very  minute,  acute  thorn,  and  divergent  in  an 
angle  of  about  ISO'-'.  The  thoracic  bristle  was  slender  and  \  as  long  as  the  dia- 
meter of  the  thorax:  (in  the  dried  specimen  it  is  terminally  fuscous  and  basally 


18G4.]  (;21 

pale:)  and  tliere  was  no  perceptible  bristle  behind  the  antennse.  Another,  ex- 
amined May  3,  which  liad  worked  its  way  entirely  out  of  its  cocoon  in  the  vial 
wliere  it  was  isolated,  differed  in  no  respect,  except  that  the  notnni  of  the  thorax 
was  dull  sanguineous  with  two  brown  vittse  and  the  seutel  sanguineous,  and 
the  dorsum  of  the  abdonaen  was  tinged  with  brown  Length  (2  dried  specimens) 
.07  inch.  The  pu]ial  integument  (7  specimens)  is  white,  with  the  antennpe  and 
the  anterior  extremity  of  the  body  scarcely  or  not  at  a'l  tinged  with  dusky. 

Imago.  Cecidomyia  albovittata  n.  sp.  %  9  (Recent.) — Generally  pale  umber- 
brown,  sometimes  umber-brown  or  brown-black,  beneath  paler.  Head  with  its 
posterior  surface  uniformly  without  any  white  line  next  the  eye.  Antennae  % 
fuscous,  fully  f  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  14 — 15-jointed  (2-|-12  to  2-f-l.^),  ta- 
pering towards  the  tip,  the  joints  of  the  flagellum  spherical,  with  the  pedicels 
often  whitish  or  translucent  and  equal  in  length  to  the  spherical  part  of  the 
joint,  tlie  verticils  to  the  full  as  long  as  the  two  complete  joints  from  which  they 
arise,  and  the  last  joint  sometimes  sessile,  sometimes  almost  confluent  with  the 
penultimate,  and  sometimes  represented  by  a  slender,  cylindrical  ])rolongation 
of  the  penultimate.  Antennae  9  fuscous,  about  A  as  long  as  the  dried  body  exclu- 
sive of  the  oviduct,  a  little  tapered  towards  the  tip.  the  joints  sessile,  almost 
cylindrical  at  base,  perfectly  so  at  tip,  so  as  to  lie  very  difficult  to  count,  but 
probably  nearly  as  numerous  as  in  'J, ,  the  verticils  almost  reduced  to  an  irregu- 
lar pilosity  scarcely  i  as  long  as  %  verticils.  Thorax  with  a  row  of  whitish 
hairs  in  each  longitudinal  stria,  giving  the  appearance  of  two  whitish  vittse. 
and  with  irregular,  lateral,  whitish  hairs,  the  3  interstices  glabrous.  Origin  of 
the  wings  and  a  large  spot  beneath  them  orange-color  or  sanguineous,  in  the 
dried  specimen  dull  rufous.  Halteres  pale,  the  club  more  or  less  infuseated. 
Abdomen  %  generally  clay-  or  honey-yellow,  sometimes  yellowish-fulvous,  very 
rarely  rufo-sanguineous,  the  dorsum  with  short,  umber-brown  hairs,  which  occa- 
sionally, when  the  abdomen  is  much  plumjjed  out,  become  so  sparse  as  to  not 
at  all  hide  the  color  of  the  integument,  but  are  almo=t  always  located  in  such  a 
manner  and  so  densely,  as  to  entirely  conceal  tlie  color  of  the  whole  of  each 
joint,  or  sometimes  to  conceal  only  the  medial  \  of  each  jomt,  and  sometimes  to 
conceal  all  but  the  sutures.  In  three  specimens  where  the  abdomen,  although 
recent,  is  much  less  plump  than  is  usual,  and  has  collapsed  so  as  to  leave  a  deep, 
dorsal  longitudinal  stria,  the  brown  hairs  are  colle.ited  in  that  stria  so  as  to  as- 
sume the  appearance  of  a  narrow,  linear,  dorsal  vitta.  Venter  with  more  or 
less  dense,  whitish  hairs.  ^46tZowie«  9  generally  bright  sanguineous,  sometimes 
sanguineous,  rarely  rufo-sanguineous.  the  dorsum  with  umber-brown  hairs  va- 
rying in  their  arrangement  and  denseness  precisely  as  in  '^  ,  except  that  in  two 
9  9  ^^^^  six  basal  joints,  and  in  two  others  the  three  basal  joints  of  the  abdo- 
men had  their  posterior  h  covered  by  the  brown  hairs  and  the  anterior  J  gla- 
brous and  sanguineous.  A  9  <  ten  minutes  after  emerging  from  the  pupa,  had 
the  dorsum  of  each  joint,  except  the  sutures,  concealed  by  the  brown  hairs.  A 
single  mature  9  ^^<^  the  anterior  s  of  the  abdomen  creamy  yellow,  with  the 
brown  hairs  of  the  dorsum  collected  in  an  acute,  longitudinal,  dorsal  stria,  so 
as  to  simulate  a  linear,  dorsal,  browu  vitta,  as  in  the  3  'J,  'J,  above  referred  to. 
while  the  posterior  i,  including  the  oviduct,  was  sanguineous  and  normal  with- 


(322  [December 

out  any  stria  or  vitta.  Another  9  showed  the  same  stria  rather  less  deep  and 
acute,  but  without  the  normal  sanguineous  color  being  changed.  Venter  with 
short,  white  or  silvery  white,  more  or  less  dense,  appressed  hairs.  Oviduct  + — ■ 
IJt  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  abdomen,  almost  always  yellowish,  but  in  2  9  9  > 
besides  the  one  already  i-eferred  to,  it  was  sanguineous,  joints  1 — 7  of  the  abdo- 
men being  covered  by  brown  hair  except  the  sutures  which  were  sanguineous, 
and  only  the  Sth  or  last  being  glabrous  and  entirely  sanguineous,  ie^.s  (dried) 
pale,  with  their  tarsal  tips  and  the  whole  of  their  superior  surface,  except  more 
or  less  of  the  basal  part  of  the  femur,  usually  coal-black,  but  varying  all  the 
wav  to  the  entire  leg  being  pale  and  almost  immaculate.  Wings  tinged  with 
dusky,  from  fine  appressed,  dusky  pubescence.  The  costal  vein  very  stout  and 
black,  except  in  a  few  specimens  where  it  is  less  so.  The  1st  longitudinal  vein 
generally  indistinct  and  more  or  less  confluent  with  the  costal,  occasionally 
pretty  distinct  and  plain.  The  cross-vein  between  the  1st  and  2nd  longitudinal 
vein  obsolete.  The  2nd  longitudinal  vein  perfectly  straight  at  tijj,  and  reaching 
the  margin  of  the  wing  much  before  the  tip,  at  a  point  i  of  the  way  from  the 
point  where  it  attains  it  in  Cecidomyla  {Dipt.  N.  A.  fig.  1.  p.  174)  to  the  point 
where  it  attains  it  in  Spaniocera  (ibid  fig.  6.  p.  175),  whereas  in  all  the  preceding 
species  it  reaches  it  as  in  Cecidomyia  {ibid  fig.  1.  p.  174.)  Anterior  branch  of  the 
3rd  longitudinal  vein  very  distinct  at  its  origin,  and  curved  nearly  as  in  C.  s^ 
batatas,  but  still  more  apparently  a  prolongation  of  the  main  vein,  and  with  the 
tip,  as  in  that  species,  scarcely  recurved.  Length  %  9  (dried)  .04^.07  inch. 
Length  wing  %  9  .OC— .09  inch. 

Described  entirely  from  1 !»  %  .  24  9  of  the  first  or  spring  brood  ;  but 
9  %  and  0  9  of  the  second  or  autmunul  brood  offered  no  remarkable  va- 
riation. The  first  brood  came  out  April  i(» — 3Iay  14,  and  in  prodigi- 
ous numbers  for  several  subseijuent  weeks;  the  second  brood  came  out 
July  31 — September  11.  This  species,  like  C.  -s.  bafafm,  preserves  its 
colors  very  tolerably  in  the  dried  specimen,  even  as  regards  the  abdo- 
men. From  the  description  of  the  9  abdomen  given  above,  it  is  mani- 
fest that  its  sanguineous  color  is  due  to  the  included  eggs,  even  the 
oviduct,  which  is  almost  always  yellowish,  being  occasionally  sanguine- 
ous. The  two  white  vittte  on  the  thorax,  from  which  the  species  takes 
its  name,  occur  also  in  the  Gall-gnat  C.  .v.  batatas  and  in  the  Guest 
Gall-gnat  C.  orhitalis.  Very  much  like  a  minute  specimen  of  C.  s. 
batatas,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  size,  by  the  S  antennas 
having  at  least  8  joints  fewer,  by  their  pedicels  being  twice  as  long,  and 
by  the  2nd  longitudinal  vein  reaching  the  margin  of  the  wing  further 
from  the  tip.  The  best  distinctive  character,  however,  is  found  in  the 
pupa,  which,  as  it  ordinarily  has  no  dense,  spongy  substance  to  work 
its  way  out  through,  has  short  antennal  horns,  not  thickened  at  tip  as 


1864.]  ,  623 

we  know  that  they  must  be  in  C  s.  hatatas  (pupa),  from  their  tips  in  the 
pupal  intetrument  of  that  species  being  quite  black,  instead  of  whitish 
hyaline  as  they  are  in  (7.  albovittata  (pupa). 

B.  Or  THE  FOLLOWING  species  1  S  3  9  were  bred  from  the  Cecido- 
myidous  Gall  S.  batatas  and  2  %  from  the  Tenthredinidous  Gall  S. 
ovubim.  As  there  is  one  variety  of  S.  batatas  that  is  undistinguisha- 
ble  externally  from  S.  ovidum,  which  grows  on  the  same  willow,  it  is 
proper  to  add  here  that  1  S  1  9  were  bred  from  a  variety  of  *S'.  batatas, 
very  distinct  from  S.  ovulum,  which  had  been  placed  in  a  separate  vase 
from  the  other  varieties,  and  that  of  the  two  S  %  bred  from  *S'.  ovulum, 
I  recognized  the  gall  from  which  one  S  had  made  its  exit  by  its  being 
the  only  bored  gall  in  the  vase,  and  on  cutting  into  it  found  it  to  be  a 
true  *S'  ovulum  and  not  a  S.  batatas.  I  have  also  a  9  bred  from  »S'. 
strobiloidts  which  can  only  be  referi'ed  to  this  species,  though  I  did  not 
take  a  description  of  it  while  recent,  and  a  %  bred  from  tS.  brassicoides 
in  1862,  of  which  the  same  may  be  said.  Thus  we  find  the  same  spe- 
cies inquilinous  in  certainly  2,  and  most  probably  4  distinct  galls,  3  of 
them  made  by  Gall-gnats  and  1  by  a  Saw-fly. 

Larva  unknown. 

Pupa  (from  the  pupal  integument.) — The  antennal  horns  are  obsolete,  and  the 
thoracic  bristle  is  about  \  as  long  as  the  thorax  is  wide.  The  color  of  the  inte- 
gument is  white,  the  anterior  parts  scarcely  or  not  at  all  tinged  with  dusky. — 
Two  specimens. 

Imago.  C.  orbitalis  n.  sp.  %  9  (Recent.) — Dull  uraber-brown,  paler  beneath. 
Head  with  conspicuous  white  hair  above  the  mouth,  and  with  its  posterior  sur- 
face blackish  except  a  conspicuous,  linear,  white  orbit  behind  each  eye,  not  in- 
terrupted between  the  eyes,  which  is  apparently  produced  by  very  minute 
white  hairs.  (In  the  dried  specimen  this  becomes  indistinct,  but  rarely  obso- 
lete.) Antenuffi  %  g — 3  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  18 — 19-jointed  (-'+16  to  2-|-17), 
scarcely  tapered  towards  the  tip,  the  flagellar  joints  globular,  the  pedicels  i  as 
long  as  the  joints  and  whitish  or  hj'aline.  the  verticils  full  as  long  as  the  two 
complete  joints  from  which  they  arise,  the  last  joint  in  the  %  with  18-jointed 
antennae  sessile  and  apparently  almost  connate  with  the  penultimate,  in  the 
other  %  pedicelled  as  usual.  Antennse  9  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  dried  body 
exclusive  of  the  oviduct,  slightly  tapered,  the  joints  sessile,  almost  cylindrical, 
especially  towards  the  tip,  and  difficult  to  count,  the  verticils  reduced  to  an  ir- 
regular pilosity  half  as  long  as  the  %  verticils.  Thorax  with  a  row  of  white 
hairs  in  each  longitudinal  suture,  simulating  a  double  white  vitta.  Origin  of 
wings  and  a  large  spot  beneath  them  fulvous  or  sanguineous.  Scutel  blackish, 
a  little  polished.  Halteres  whitish,  the  knob  sometimes  dusky,  and  in  the  spe- 
cimen from  S.  brassicoides  (dried)  deep  black.     Abdomen  %  dull  luteous  or  dull 


(^24  [December 

rufous,  dorsally  covered  with  brown  hairs,  laterally  and  ventrally  with  short 
white  hairs,  the  ventral  hairs  apjDressed  :  sometimes  the  brown  hairs  cover  the 
entire  dorsal  surface,  sometimes  there  are  only  2  or  3  of  the  basal  joints  dorsally 
covered  with  brown  hairs  on  their  medial  i,  sometimes  the  basal  joint  is  en- 
tirely covered  with  brown  hairs  and  the  2  or  3  next  only  medially  covered, 
each  succeedinc;  joint  for  a  shorter  space,  so  as  to  show  a  wider  luteous  or  rufous 
band  on  each  succeeding  joint.  Abdomen  9  with  the  dorsum  sanguineous,  rarely 
dark  umber  brown:  sometimes  with  the  entire  dorsal  surface  covered  by  short, 
brown  hairs,  except  the  hind  edge  of  each  joint,  which  is  covered  with  cinere- 
ous hairs,  and  the  sutures,  which  are  glabrous  and  dark  umber  brown:  some- 
times covered  dorsally  with  brown  hairs,  except  the  sutures,  which  are  glabrous, 
so  as  to  exhibit  each  a  narrow  sanguineous  band ;  sometimes  with  joints  1 — 7  only 
slightly  covered  between  the  sutural  sanguineous  band.?  by  brown  hairs,  and  the 
8th  or  last  joint,  i.  e.  the  last  joint  of  the  oviduct,  glabrous  and  fulvous.  Venter 
always  sanguineous  with  short,  appressed,  whitish  pubescence,  longer,  whiter 
and  denser  towards  the  dorsum.  Oviduct  J— i  as  long  as  the  other  part  of  the 
abdomen,  with  the  last  joint  very  long  and  always  fulvous  or  yellowish.  Legs 
(dried)  pale,  superiorly  black  or  pale  fuscous,  except  the  basal  V  of  the  femora 
and  sometimes  of  the  tibise,  and  with  the  terminal  i  or  |  of  the  tarsi  entirely 
black;  rarely  almost  immaculate  except  the  tarsi.  Wings  tinged  with  dusky, 
from  minute,  appressed  dusky  pubecsence  ;  the  cross-vein  between  the  1st  and 
2nd  longitudinal  veins  obsolete;  the  2nd  longitudinal  vein  attaining  the  mar- 
gin only  a  little  before  the  tip  of  the  wing  (as  in  Dipt.  N.  A.  fig.  1.  p.  174),  and 
not  recurved  at  tip.  The  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal  vein  very  dis- 
tinct at  its  origin  and  arising  from  the  main  vein  nearly  as  in  C.  s.  batatas,  with 
its  tip  slightly  recurved,  so  that  the  whole  branch  nearly  follows  the  curve  de- 
scribed by  one  edge  of  a  lanceolate  leaf  5  times  as  long  as  wide.  Length  % 
.09— .10  inch,  9  (including  oviduct)  .10— .15  inch.  Length  wing  %  J  .13— .14 
inch. 

Described  from  3  S  3  9  all  recent,  besides  1  %  and  1  9  both  dried 
as  before  stated.  Much  smaller  than  C.  s.  hrasxicoidea  and  its  allies, 
and  distinguishable  from  them  all  by  the  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd 
longitudinal  vein  being  remarkably  distinct  at  its  origin  and  much 
straighter  and  less  recurved  at  tip,  and  from  C.  .s.  hatatns  and  all  other 
Cecldomyia  known  to  me,  when  recent,  by  the  remarkable  white  orbits 
of  its  eyes.  In  all  the  dried  specimens  but  one,  these  white  orbits  are 
tolerably  distinct  but  not  obvious,  and  they  are  so  also  in  the  specimens 
from  *S'.  brassicoides  and  *S'.  strohUoUhs.  The  antennal  horns  of  the 
pupal  integument  being  obsolete,  and  not  distinct,  long,  and  tipped  with 
black,  also  separates  this  species  effectually  from  C.  s.  batatas. 

C.  The  following  bores  cylindrical  holes,  like  a  Tomicus,  in  the 
solid  wood  of  the  largest  of  the  willow-stems  from  which  grow  the 
bunches  of  the  gall  S.  brassicoides,  generally  pretty  close  to  the  points 


1864.]  625 

from  which  the  separate  galls  of  the  bunch  spring,  and  generally  where 
a  good-sized  willow-stem  has  been  arrested  in  its  growth  by  the  galls 
and  forms  an  elongate-oval  swelling,  from  which  arise  the  galls,  and 
intermixed  with  them  a  few  slender,  half-starved  twigs.  The  interior 
surface  of  these  holes  or  burrows  is  always  much  blackened  and  disco- 
lored, and  they  open  outwards  through  the  bark,  which  gave  me  the  first 
hint  of  the  presence  of  an  insect  in  so  unlikely  a  locality.  But  even  in 
so  retired  a  situation  as  this,  ensconced  as  he  is  in  his  burrow  and  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  the  dense,  cabbage-like  galls  of  his  Hosts,  the 
avenging  Nemesis  pursues  the  unfortunate  Guest ;  for  he  is  preyed 
upon  to  a  very  great  extent  by  a  parasitic  Chalcidide  belonging  to  Eu- 
)\i/tomi(h's<.  which  I  bred  to  the  imago  state  from  pupse  found  in  the 
burrows  of  the  Guest  Gall-gnat  himself.  Thus,  even  in  Insect  Life, 
sooner  or  later  punishment  overtakes  those,  who  live,  not  on  the  fruits 
of  their  own  exertions,  but  by  the    unrequited  toil  of  their  neighbors. 

Larva  unknown. 

Pupa. — Several  specimens  examined  July  16  had  the  abdomen  yellowish  or  red- 
dish, and  the  rest  of  the  body,  including  the  antennae,  legs  and  wing-cases,  black- 
ish. The  antennal  horns  were  very  long,  being  l-6th — l-7th  as  long  as  the  body 
and  projecting  almost  horizontally  forwards  so  as  to  touch  one  another  through- 
out, the  basal  i  of  each  forming  a  cone  with  its  sides  in  an  angle  of  about  40°. 
the  terminal  V  suddenly  contracted  into  a  slender,  cylindrical  thorn,  scarcely 
tapered  and  scarcely  acute  at  tip.  Length  (living)  .09 — .12  inch.  The  pupal 
integument  (1  specimen)  has  the  thorn  at  the  tip  of  the  antennal  horn  black, 
showing  that  that  part  in  the  living  pupa  is  thickened  for  the  purpose  of  ena- 
bling it  to  work  its  way  out  through  the  wood  in  which  it  resides.  The  conical 
part  of  the  antennal  horn,  and  in  a  less  degree  the  anterior  end  ot  the  body,  are 
slightly  obfuscated,  the  rest  of  the  integument,  including  the  antennae,  legs  and 
wing-cases,  being  as  usual  whitish-subhyaline. 

The  antennal  horns  are  much  longer  in  this  pupa  than  in  any  other 

known  to  me,  whence  the  specific  name. 

Imago.  C.  cornuta  n.  sp. 'J,  (dried.) — Dull  rufous  when  immature,  brown-black 
when  mature,  paler  beneath.  Head  with  the  antennae  pale  brown,  3-5ths  as  long 
as  the  bodv,  10 — 17-jointed  (2-|-14  to  2+15),  the  same  individual  in  one  instance 
having  16  joints  to  one  antenna  and  17  to  the  other,  the  flagellar  joints  globular, 
the  i^edicels  4  as  long  as  the  joints,  the  verticils  as  long  as  2i  of  the  complete 
joints  from  which  they  spring,  the  last  joint  whether  in  the  16-  or  17-jointe(l 
antenna  sessile  and  closely  united  with  the  penultimate.  Thorax  with  erect 
blackish  hairs.  Scutel  and  metathorax  always  dull  rufous.  Origin  of  wings 
and  a  large  spot  beneath  them  dull  rufous.  Halteres  pale,  the  club  blackish 
even  in  the  immature  specimen.     Abdomen  blackish,  with  rather  long,  erect 


026  [December 

blackish  hairs  on  its  dorsum.  Venter  with  dark  graypubescence.  and  in  the  imma- 
ture specimen  tinged  with  rufous.  Legs  pale,  very  slightly  tinged  with  fuscous 
above  and  on  the  tarsal  tips.  Wings  with  rather  fine,  sparse,  gray  pubescence, 
but  with  the  normal  fringe  behind;  fringe  as  long  as  usual.  Costal  vein  full  as 
slender  as  the  2nd  longitudinal;  1st  longitudinal  very  distinct ;  cross-vein  be- 
tween 1st  and  2nd  longitudinal  entirely  absent ;  2nd  longitudinal  not  sinuate 
or  incurved  near  its  base  and  reaching  the  margin  a  trifle  nearer  the  tip  of  the 
wing  than  in  Fig.  1.  Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  174,  scarcely  recurved  at  tip,  and  elsewhere 
almost  perfectly  straight,  or  if  anything  curved  forwards  rather  than  recurved. 
Anterior  branch  of  the  .Srd  longitudinal  vein  slender  and  in  one  wing  obsolete 
on  its  basal  i,  in  the  other  wing  of  the  same  %  it  unites  normally  with  the  main 
vein,  and  nearly  describes  the  curve  formed  by  one  edge  of  a  lanceolate  leaf  fi 
times  as  long  as  wide.     Length  %  .OS  inch;  wing  %  .09  inch. 

Described  from  two  S  ,  which  came  out  July  15  and  shortly  after- 
wards, one  of  them  immature  and  with  the  wings  badly  shrivelled,  the 
other  mature;  9  unknown.  Very  rare  near  Rock  Island,  Illinois- 
There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of  the  pupa  and  imago,  as  both 
%  %  were  bred  from  pupae  dug  out  of  the  cylindrical  burrows  in  which 
they  reside. 

Genus  CECIDOMYIA.— Subgenus  DIPLOSIS. 
Like  the  subgenus  Ctcidomyia,  this  subgenus  seems  to  consist  partly 
of  gall-makers  and  partly  of  inquilines.  To  the  true  gall-makers  belong 
apparently  D.  cart/se  0.  S.,  D.  rohimse  Hald.  and  possibly  Cec.  (diplo- 
sis  't)  psfjulacacise.  Fitch.  I  describe  below  four  species  which  are,  be- 
yond all  doubt,  inquilinous  in  their  habits,  and  it  will  shortly  be  shown 
that  the  European  D.  tibialis  Wz.  must  be  so  likewise. 

D.  Diplosis  atrocularis  n.  sp. 'J,  9  (Recent.) — -Whitish,  tinged  more  or  less  with 
gamboge-yellow;  beneath  almost  white.  iTeac?  with  the  ej^es  coal-black  and 
very  conspicuous  both  in  the  recent  ami  the  dried  specimen,  whence  the  speci- 
fic name.  Antennae  %  very  slender,  half  as  long  again  as  the  dried  body,  23 — 
24-jointed  (2-|-21  to  2-|-22),  the  joints  globular  and  slightly  obfuscated,  in  the 
mature  specimen  towards  the  tip  of  the  antenna  scarcely  or  but  very  slightly 
large  and  small  alternately,  in  the  less  mature  specimens  more  obviously  so, 
difficult  to  count  from  2  or  3  of  the  terminal  ones  being  sometimes  more  or  less 
sessile  and  simulating  an  elongated  club;  the  pedicels  hyaline  and  as  long  as 
the  globular  part  of  the  joint:  the  verticils  scarcely  as  long  as  two  of  the 
complete  joints  from  which  they  si:)ring,  usually,  except  in  immature  %  %, 
directed  forwards  at  an  angle  of  45°  with  the  axis  of  the  antenna,  instead  of 
being  nearly  at  right  angles  with  it.  Antennae  9  slightly  tinged  with  dusky, 
much  more  robust  than  in  %, .  J — I  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  14-jointed  (2-|-l2). 
the  last  joint  slenderly  cylindrical,  acute  at  tip,  sessile,  evidently  connate  with 
the  penultimate,  and  in  the  dried  specimens  sometimes  obsolete,  so  that  the  an- 
tenna is  properly  13-jointed.  not  14-joiutod:   the  other  joints  of  the  flagellum 


1864.]  627 

cylindrical-oval,  \  longer  than  wide,  and  all  of  them  as  well  as  the  terminal 
one  slightly  obfuscated;  pedicels  hyaline  and  about  J  as  long  as  the  joints:  ver- 
ticils springing  densely  and  evenly  from  every  part  of  the  oval  joint,  directed 
as  usual,  and  about  J  as  long  as  the  complete  joint  from  which  they  spring. 
Abdomeyi  9  with  the  oviduct  scarcely  ever  exserted,  and  when  exserted  only  i 
as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  abdomen.  Legs  with  more  or  less  of  the  tarsal  tips, 
and  sometimes  the  superior  surface  of  the  tibiw.  slightly  dusky.  Wings  heavily 
fringed  behind,  liglitly  on  the  costa,  covered  with  minute,  appressed  hairs,  and 
slightly  tinged  as  well  as  their  veins  with  gamboge-yellow  throughout,  or  some- 
times towards  the  tip  in  certain  lights  with  dusky  ;  costal  vein  moderately  ro- 
bust;  1st  longitudinal  often  not  confluent  with  the  costal  till  it  reaches  half 
way  to  the  tip  of  the  wing;  cross-vein  distinct,  placed  l-5th  of  the  way  to  the 
tip  of  the  wing.  Anterior  branch  of  the  .3rd  longitudinal  springing  from  that 
vein  at  an  angle  of  135°  for  a  minute  space,  then  curving  suddenly  and  proceed- 
ing straight  towards  the  margin  of  the  wing  until  close  to  the  tip  when  it  is 
slightly  recurved,  the  whole  branch  thus  describing  one  half  of  the  outline  of 
the  link  of  a  log-chain  6  or  7  times  as  long  as  wide  and  longitudinally  bisected. 
In  other  respects  the  neuration  agrees  precisely  with  fig.  2,  Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  174. — 
Length  (dried)  %  .06— .07  inch,  J  .05— .07  inch.  Wing  %  .07— .09  inch,  9  .07— 
.10  inch. 

Described  from  4  ^S  10  9  ,  bred  from  the  gall  aS'.  strobiloidpn  of  the 
same  summer's  growth,  August  31 — September  13.  I  know  nothing 
positively  of  its  Natural  History,  the  larva  and  pupa  being  both  of  them 
undiscovered  by  me ;  but  as  there  was  nothing  in  the  vase,  where  I 
bred  them,  but  the  galls  and  a  few  inches  of  the  twig  attached  to  each 
gall  without  any  leaves  remaining  on  it,  the  larva  must  have  lived  either 
in  one  or  the  other,  most  probably  under  the  scales  of  the  gall  like  Cec. 
(ilboviftafa  n.  sp.,  of  which  numerous  specimens  came  out  in  company 
with  it.  Thinking  it  just  possible  that  the  pale  color  in  this  insect 
might  be  partly  due  to  immaturity,  I  confined  one  of  them  in  a  glass 
vessel  for  24  hours,  exposed  to  the  light,  and  it  did  not  become  one 
particle  darker.  A  European  Diplosis,  D.  tibialis  Wz.,  was  "  reared 
from  the  same  gall  as  Cec.  sallcina  Schr.,"  according  to  Osten  Sacken, 
(  Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  179.)  Hence  we  may  conclude  that,  as  my  Diplosin 
was  an  iuijuiline  in  a  Willow-gall  made  by  a  true  CWldomj/la,  the  Eu- 
ropean Dlplosls  was  so  likewise,  both  galls,  as  I  infer  from  the  name 
sallcina,  growing  on  the  willow.  D.  atrorularls  9  comes  very  near  to 
Gee.  grossnlarlse,  Fitch,  but  in  that  species  the  pedicels  of  the  antennae 
are  only  ''  J  as  long  as  the  joints,"  instead  of  f .  the  oval  joints  of  the 
antennae  are  "more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad"  instead  of  I5  times  as 
long,  and  the  wings  are  "faintly  tinged  with  dusky"  instead  of  with 


628  [December 

yellow.  The  number  of  antennal  joints,  too,  in  grossularifx  is  said  to 
be  only  12,  instead  of  13  or  14;  but  that  may  very  probably  have  arisen 
from  the  scapus  being  counted  as  only  one  joint  instead  of  two.  (See 
above,  p.  557.)  Loew,  for  what  reason  he  does  not  state,  perhaps  be- 
cause the  verticils  are  not  mentioned  in  the  description,  thinks  that 
Fitch's  species  ''  ought,  as  it  seems,  to  be  referred  to  the  subgenus  ^.s- 
^Aonrfy^i'a,"  which  has  no  verticils  at  all  S  9  •  (-£^?p^.-A^.^4.pp.7andl76.) 
But  Fitch  refers  his  species  to  Cecidomi/ia,  which  he  would  scarcely  have 
done  if  it  had  been  totally  without  verticils,  unless  he  had  at  the  same 
time  stated  the  fact  of  there  being  no  verticils.  I  suspect  it  is  a  Dlplo- 
six,  and  that  the  $  only  was  known  to  the  describer,  who  says  not  a 
word  about  the  sexes  in  his  description. 

The  subgenus  Diplosls  is  circumscribed  as  having  "  26-jointed  %  an- 
tennae with  sometimes  one  additional  rudimental  joint;"  (^Dipt.  JV.  A. 
p.  176;)  but  from  cai'efully  examining  the  dried  specimens,  I  am  pretty 
well  satisfied  that  in  atrocularis,  as  well  as  in  scptcm-maculata  n.  sp.. 
the  antennae  S  are  only  2o — 25-jointed.  Since  in  the  subgenus  Cerldo- 
myia  the  number  of  antennal  joints  %  is  confessedly  very  inconstant,  not 
only  diflFering  in  different  species,  but  varying  even  in  the  same  species, 
and  actually  in  the  right  and  left  antenna  of  the  same  individual,  it 
seems  but  agreeable  to  what  I  have  called  the  Law  of  P^quable  Varia- 
bility, that  it  should  be  somewhat  similarly  inconstant  in  the  S  of  the 
allied  subgenus  Dlplosis.  The  same  observations  apply  in  a  less  de- 
gree to  the  9  antenna,  which,  as  stated  in  the  description,  is  in  atrocu- 
laris properly  speaking  13-jointed,  though  it  is  limited  subgenerically 
as  being  ••  14-jointed  with  sometimes  one  additional  rudimental  joint." 
The  number  of  joints  being  so  very  much  smaller  in  9  than  in  %  Dl- 
plosis, we  cannot  expect  to  find  the  range  of  variation  so  extensive  in 
the  9  as  in  the  %  .  (See  above  pp.  556-7.)  "  The  number  of  the  joints 
of  the  antennae,"  says  Loew,  "  is  of  higher  value  among  the  Gall- 
gnats,  for  the  distinction  of  species,  than  for  that  of  genera,  since  almost 
every  genus  comprises  species  with  different  numbers  of  joints  of  the 
nntennse."  {Dipt.  N.  A.  p.  179.)  We  see  the  same  thing  in  Ct/ni- 
pidse.     {P.  E.  S.  P.  II.  pp.  460-1.) 

E.  D.  ATRICORNIS  n.  sp.  (Dried.)  %  Differs  from  %  of  atrocularU 
only  as  follows : — l.s^  The  antennae  are  twice  as  long,  instead  of  half 
as  long  again  as  the  dried  body,  conspicuously  stouter,  about  24-jointed. 


1864.]  629 

the  last  joint  sessile  and  closely  united  with  the  penultimate,  the  glo- 
bular part  of  the  flagellar  joints,  and  also  the  verticils,  coal-black  in- 
stead of  being  merely  tinged  with  dusky,  and  towards  the  tip  of  the 
antennae  the  former  are  alternately  small  and  large,  but  in  a  somewhat 
irregular  manner,  the  larger  ones  full  i  longer  and  wider,  the  smaller 
ones  scarcely  shorter  and  narrower  than  in  atrocularis.  That  it  may 
not  be  supposed  that  the  difference  in  color  of  the  globular  joints  is 
caused  by  the  degree  of  maturity,  the  most  mature  insect  as  usual  be- 
ing the  darkest  colored,  it  is  proper  to  say  here,  that  one  of  my  S  atro- 
cularis, which  species  has  the  paler  antenna;,  is  decidedly  more  mature 
than  my  atricornis  which  has  much  the  darker  antennae.  2mJ.  The 
legs  have  the  femora  superiorly  black,  otherwise  as  in  atrocxdari». 
Srd.  As  in  the  following  species,  there  is  no  cross-vein  whatever  be- 
tween the  1st  and  2nd  longitudinal  veins,  even  when  the  wing  is  held 
up  to  the  light  under  the  strongest  lens. — Length  %  .1)5  inch.  Wing 
Z  .07  inch.  One  %  ,  reared  from  ^S'.  strobiloide.s  galls  in  the  first  week 
of  September,  along  with  the  preceding  and  following;  9  unknown. 
It  might  be  supposed  to  be  the  %  of  the  following,  but  for  the  total 
absence  of  the  3  spots  on  the  wings,  and  other  differences  pointed  out 
under  that  species. 

F.  D.  ANNULIPES  n.  sp.  (Dried.)  9  Differs  from  the  9  of  atro- 
cidarls  only  as  follows : — Is^  The  antenna;  9  are  nearly  as  long  as  the 
dried  body,  12-jointed  (2-j-lO)  both  in  the  recent  and  in  the  dried 
specimen,  instead  of  13-jointed,  the  flagellar  joints  globular  towards 
the  tip,  only  slightly  oval  towards  the  base,  the  last  joint  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  broad  and  tapered  to  an  acute  point;  the  verticils  1 — 1] 
times  as  long  as  the  complete  joint  from  which  they  spring,  instead  of 
being  only  f  as  long.  2nd.  The  legs  do  not  have  the  femora  black  above 
as  in  atricornis,  though  as  in  some  atrocularis  the  tibiae  are  occasion- 
ally a  little  obfuscated  above;  but  they  difi'er  remarkably  from  both 
species  in  the  terminal  j  or  1  of  the  2nd  or  elongated  tarsal  joint,  and 
the  whole  of  the  4th  and  5th  tarsal  joints  being  black,  the  intervening 
8rd  joint  being  whitish  and  thus  displaying  a  conspicuous  white  anuu- 
lus,  whence  the  specific  name.  Sr^Z.  There  are  3  obscurely  bounded, 
pale-dusky  spots  on  the  wing,  caused  by  a  greater  density  of  the  pubes- 
cence which  is  dusky,  viz.  one  subquadrate  spot  placed  f  of  the  way  to 
the  tip  of  the  wing  and  extending  from  the  2nd  longitudinal  to  the 


g30  [December 

costal,  which  is  accompanied  by  a  thickening  of  that  portion  of  the 
costal  which  bounds  it;  another  spot  smaller,  more  indistinct,  and 
sometimes  subobsolete,  on  the  tip  of  the  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd  lon- 
gitudinal ;  and  a  third  spot  of  a  triangular  shape,  about  the  same  size 
as  the  first  but  the  most  conspicuous  of  the  three,  which  occupies  the 
angle  where  the  costal  meets  the  tip  of  the  2nd  longitudinal,  and  is 
accompanied  by  a  decided  thickening  and  blackening  of  that  portion  of 
the  two  veins  which  bounds  it.  Ath.  As  in  afn'cornis  there  is  no  cross- 
vein  between  the  1st  and  2nd  longitudinal. — Length  9  .05 — .06  inch. 
Win---  9  .07  inch.  Three  9  ,  bred  from  the  gall  S.  strobiloulcs  in  the 
first  week  of  September,  along  with  the  two  preceding  species  and  great 
numbers  of  G.  alhovittata  n.  sp.;    %  unknown. 

G.  D.  septem-maculata  n.  sp.  -^  9.  (Recent.)    Dull  rufous  when  immature, 
blackish  when  mature,  beneath  paler.    Head  with  the  antennre  %  i  longer  than 
the  dried  body,  2.3— 24  jointed  (2-|-21  to  2+22),  the  flagellar  joints  globular  and 
coal-black,  the  last  joint  oval  and  i  longer  than  wide,  the  pedicels  whitish- 
hyaline  and  about  as  long  as  the  globular  part  of  the  joint,  the  verticils  black, 
very  dense,  rather  oblique  and  fully  as  long  as  two  of  the  complete  joints  from 
which  they  spring.     Antenuse  9  about  i  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  13-jointed 
(2+11),  in  one  recent  specimen  12-jointed  (2+10),  the  flagellar  joints  dusky, 
twice  as  wide  as  in  %  ,  short-oval,  \—h  longer  than  wide,  the  pedicels  whitish- 
hyaline  and  5  as  long  as  the  oval  part  of  the  joint,  the  verticils  fully  equal  in 
length  to  the  one  complete  joint  from  which  they  spring.     Thorax  with  a  row 
of  brownish-yellow  hairs  in  each  longitudinal  suture  of  the  notum,  some  irregu- 
lar lateral  ones  and  the  scutel  covered  with  others.    Halteres  pale.    Abdomen  % 
(dried)  yellowish-brown.     Abdomen  9  sanguineous  (both  recent  and  dried),  in 
two  dried  9  yellowish  brown.    Oviduct  almost  always  retracted,  when  exserted 
only  as  long  as  one  abdominal  joint.    Legs  (dried)  pale  dull  luteous,  their  tarsal 
tips   and  often   their  whole  superior   surface,  except   the  base  of  the   femora, 
tinged  more  or  less  with  dusky,  and  the  entire  length  of  the  hind  leg  %  9  bipec- 
tinated  with  very  fine,  sparse,  ciliations  as  long  as  the  hind  fringe  of  the  wings. 
Wings  deeply  tinged  with  dusky,  from  minute,  appressed,  dusky  hairs,  fringed 
all  round,  the  costal  fringe  about  i  as  dense  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  other 
part,  with  7  obscurely-bounded,  whitish-hyaline  spots,  which  are  caused  by  the 
greater  sparseness  of  the  dusky  hairs  and  are  situated  as  follows  :— A  transverse 
row  of  3  subquadrangular  spots  placed  about  i  of  the  way  to  the  tip  of  the 
wing,  forming  a  fascia  across  the  entire  wing,  cut  in  three  only  by  the  2nd  and 
3rd  longitudinal  veins,  which  are  dusky  here  as  elsewhere;  another  subquad- 
rate  one  about  3-5ths  of  the  way  to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  extending  all  the  way 
from  the  2nd  longitudinal  tothecosta;  another  occupying  almost  the  entire 
space  between  the  forks  of  the  3rd  longitudinal:  another  which  is  occasionally 
subobsolete,  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  union  of  the  2nd  longitudinal  with  the 
costal;  and  a  subterminal  one,  very  variable  and  irregular  in  its  shape  and 


1864.]  631 

size,  but  always  narrowly  connected  with  the  margin  a  little  before  the  tip  of 
the  anterior  branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal.  Neuration  normal,  save  that  the 
cross-vein  between  the  1st  and  2nd  longitudinals  is  entirely  absent.  Anterior 
branch  of  the  .Srd  longitudinal  slender,  but  distinct  throughout,  and  nearly  de- 
scribing a  circular  arc  of  45°.  with  the  convexity  towards  the  costa.  Length 
(dried)  %  .05  inch:   ?  .05— .06  inch.     Wing  %  .06  inch;   9  .06— .07  inch. 

Oue  S  .  five  9  -  bred  from  the  gall  S.  bras><icoirles  Aug.  24 — 28.  Of 
their  Natural  History  I  kiiow  nothing.  This  .species  may  not  impro- 
bably be  identical  with  Say's  Cec.  ornata,  so  far  as  we  can  judge  from 
his  very  brief  and  imperfect  description,  though  it  seems  that  Osten 
Sacken  and  Wiedeman  still  refer  that  species  to  Cecidom;i/ia,  perhaps 
from  not  having  identified  it  with  any  specimens  in  their  possession. 
Say's  species  occurred  Sept.  13th  in  Philadelphia,  so  that  the  time  of 
capture  agrees  very  well.  In  any  case  his  description  is  utterly  insuf- 
ficient to  identify  any  insect  in  th.s  very  difficult  family,  and  ought 
therefore  to  be  disregarded.  The  hairiness  of  the  hind  legs  in  1-macn- 
lata  is  remarkable  and  unusual;  but.  judging  from  the  name.  6Vc. 
liirtlpes  0.  S.  must  also  have  some  of  its  legs  hairy,  though  nothing  is 
said  on  the  subject  in  the  description.  In  the  following  species  all  6 
femora  are  hairy. 

H.  D.  decem-maculata  n.  sp.  (Recent.)  %  9-  Pale  luteous  with  sparse  whit- 
ish-gray hairs.  Head  with  the  eyes  coal-black.  Antennfe  (dried)  %  full  1^ 
times  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  22 — 25-jointed  (2-f-20  to  2-\-'i:\),  22-jointed  in 
one  recent  %,  the  last  joint  in  one  of  the  25-jointed  antennae  tapered  suddenly 
to  an  acute  point;  the  scapus  more  elongate  than  usual:  the  flagellar  joints 
fuscous,  globular,  sometimes  towards  the  tip  alternately  small  and  large  in  an 
irregular  manner  and  with  here  and  there  a  sessile  i.  e.  double  joint :  the  pedicels 
whitish-hyaline  and  about  as  long  as  the  joints :  the  verticils  dusky,  a  little 
oblique  and  scarcely  as  long  as  the  two  complete  joints  from  which  they  spring. 
Antennae  (dried)  9  nearly  as  long  as  the  dried  body,  12 — 13-jointed  (2-|-10  to 
2-f-ll),  in  a  recent  9  counted  as  13-jointed  ;  the  scapus  more  elongate  than  usual : 
the  flagellar  joints  fuscous,  oval,  and  J  longer  than  wide:  the  pedicels  whitish- 
hyaline  and  about  J  as  long  as  the  joints:  the  verticils  fuscous  and  fully  as 
long  as  the  complete  joint  from  which  they  sj^ring.  Thorax  (recen')  with  a  spot 
above  the  origin  of  each  wing,  and  the  tip  of  the  scutel,  pale  fuscous:  in  one 
dried  9  these  spots  do  not  appear.  Halteres  pale,  generally  with  the  club  a  little 
obfuscated.  Abdomen  (recent)  with  a  terminal  dorsal  spot  on  joints  1 — 5,  and  a 
large,  lateral,  medial  spot,  which  is  scarcely  interrupted  at  the  sutures,  on 
joints  1 — 6,  all  pale  fuscous:  in  one  dried  9  the  lateral  spots  are  obsolete,  in 
the  others  %  9  they  are  all  as  well  as  the  dorsal  spots  distinct.  Oviduct  not 
exserted.  Legs  (recent  and  dried)  whitish,  with  a  pale-fuscous  spot  on  the  ex- 
terior surface  of  the  co.xse ;  femora,  except  towards  tlieir  bases,  fuscous  above 
and  laterally,  the  fuscous  color  almost  meeting  below;  tibiae  pale  fuscous  iit 


():)2  [December 

tip  and  almost  always  at  base,  rarely  with  their  whole  superior  surface  pale 
fuscous:  the  whole  of  tarsal  joints  1  and  5,  and  the  base  of  2,  and  the  tips  of  2 — 
4,  all  pale  fuscous.  Each  femur  'S  9  is  ciliated  beneath  with  gray  ciliations. 
as  long  as  but  much  more  sparse  than  the  hind  fringe  of  the  wings.  Wings  as 
well  as  their  veins,  except  the  posterior  branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal  which 
is  whitish,  pale  fuscous  from  minute,  ajjpressed  hairs,  except  on  the  following 
spots,  where  they  are  whitish-hyaline  from  the  hairs  becoming  sparse,  the  pale 
spots  dominating  the  dark  ground-color. — Between  the  1st  and  2nd  longitudi- 
nals, halfway  to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  a  large  spot,  twice  as  long  as  wide  and  ex- 
tending from  one  vein  to  the  other,  and  2  subsemicircular  spots  with  their  diam- 
eter resting  on  the  costal  and  their  circumference  generally  not  quite  reaching 
the  2nd  longitudinal,  the  first  spot  j  of  the  way  to  the  tip  of  wing  and  the  last 
close  to  the  tip.  Between  the  2nd  and  3rd  longitudinals  a  triangular  basal  spot 
extending  to  both  veins  and  reaching  to  the  point  where  the  wing  suddenly  be- 
comes wider:  a  large  rhomboidal  spot  conterminous  with  the  1st  or  large  costal 
spot  and  only  divided  from  it  by  the  2nd  longitudinal  which  here  as  elsewhere 
is  pale  fuscous ;  a  small,  round,  isolated  spot  i  of  the  way  to  the  tip  of  the 
wing:  and  a  large  subtriangular  spot  commencing  just  beyond  the  small  spot, 
and  extending  to  each  vein  laterally  and  to  the  terminal  margin,  except  that  it 
abuts  on  the  middle  of  its  terminal  boundary  on  a  pale-fuscous,  terminal  spot. 
Behind  the, 3rd  longitudinal  2  suhquadrangular  spots — the  first  elongate  and 
subbasal,  the  second  abbreviated  and  straddling  the  posterior  branch  of  the 
3rd  longitudinal,  and  both  of  them  extending  from  vein  to  margin  with  but  a 
narrow  fuscous  space  on  the  basal  and  terminal  side  of  each — and  a  triangular 
spot  occupying  the  terminal  i  of  the  space  between  the  forks  of  the  3rd  longi- 
tudinal; making  in  all  10  spots,  arranged  in  3  rows.  3  and  4  and  3  in  a  row. 
Ciliations  extending  all  round  the  wing,  as  long  but  only  about  \  as  dense  on 
the  costa  as  behind.  No  cross-vein  between  the  1st  and  2nd  longitudinals.  Ante- 
rior branch  of  the  3rd  longitudinal  very  distinct,  and  so  nearly  straight  that 
it  describes  a  circular  arc  of  about  25°.  Neuration  otherwise  normal. — Length 
(dried)  %  .05— .06  inch,  J  .06— .07  inch.  Length  wing  %  .07  inch,  9  .07— .10 
inch. 

Two  S  ,  three  9  ,  bred  from  the  gall  ^.  strobiloiies  Aug.  28 — Sept.  1. 
The  oruamentation  of  the  legs  agrees  almost  exactly  with  that  of  D. 
inaccux  Lw.,  though  from  some  cause  or  other,  perhaps  because  the 
le<>s  were  all  mutilated,  Loew  omits  all  meution  of  the  coloration  of  the 
oth  tarsal  joint  of  that  species;  but  the  structure  and  coloration  of  the 
antennae  and  the  spottings  of  the  wings  are  quite  different  in  the  two. 
This  is  a  most  elegant  species,  and  the  spots  of  the  wings  are  well  de- 
fined and  bright,  not  obscure  and  indefinite  as  in  7-maru/ata. 

BIBIONID.E. 
/.  ScATOPSE  RECURVA  ?  Lw.     T  bred  a  single  specimen  some  years 
since  from  the  Tenthredinidous  gall,  S.  pomum   n.  sp. 


1864.]  633 

DROSOPHILID^ffi. 

J.  Drosophila  amcexa  Lw.  I  bred  eight  specimens  of  this  ele- 
gant little  insect  Aug.  17 — 27,  from  the  gall  *S'.  strohiloidex.  Baron 
0.steu  Sacken,  to  whom  I  am  under  obligations  for  determining  both 
this  and  the  preceding  species,  observes  as  follows  in  regard  to  its 
habits: — ''  The  genus  Drosophila  occurs  in  the  vicinity  of  acid  or  fer- 
menting matters,  as  vinegar,  decaying  apples,  &c.,  in  which  the  larvae 
live.  D.  amoma  occurs  commonly  among  decaying  leaves,  and  the  oc- 
currence of  its  larva  in  the  gall  Sfrobi/oiWrs  is  probably  not  the  gene- 
ral rule.  I  have  found  the  fly  abundantly  in  places  where  hardly  anv 
Willows  were  to  be  met  with." — As  I  have  6  specimens,  all  captiu'ed 
at  large  at  the  same  time  near  Ilock  Island,  it  must  be  tolerably  com- 
mon there  also. 

TACHINID.ffi:. 

A  gray  species  .09  inch  long  was  bred  Sept.  1  from  the  Tenthredi- 
nidous  gall  *S'.  pomum.  It  might  have  been  parasitic  either  upon  the 
author  of  the  gall,  or  upon  a  beautiful  harlequin-like,  12-banded.  Lepi- 
dopterous  larva,  which  is  commonly  inquilinous  there,  but  which  I 
have  not  yet  succeeded  in  raising  to  the  imago. 

A  robu.st,  blackish  species,  .1-i  inch  long,  was  bred  Aug.  18  from  the 
Cecidomyidous  gall  *S'.  brassicoides.  It  seems  almost  too  large  to  have 
infested  any  of  ihe  5  species  of  Lepidoptera  that  I  have  found  to  be 
inquilinous  in  that  gall ;  but  as  I  bred  therefrom  a  single  specimen  of 
the  common  Loxotsenia  rosaceana  Harr.,  which  must  have  accidentally 
got  in  among  the  expanded  leaves  of  the  galls,  it  might  possibly  have 
been  parasitical  upon  some  such  larva.  I  have  neither  the  facilities, 
nor  the  time,  nor  the  requisite  experience,  to  determine  the  above  2 
species  either  generically  or  specifically,  and  therefore  dismiss  them  with 
this  brief  notice. 


And  now,  after  toiling  through  all  these  long  and  frequently  tedious 
details — after  we  have  seen  that  the  (xall-gnats  of  the  Willow,  though 
they  are  essentially  distinct  species,  yet  resemble  one  another  so  closely, 
that  in  almost  all  cases  it  is  difficult,  and  in  some  cases  impossible  to 
distinguish  the  imagos  one  from  the  other — after  we  have  seen  that 
species  inhabiting  monothalamous  bud-galls  of  the  same  fundamental 
structure,  such  as  the  first  six  described  above,  are  in  the  imago  state 


(k]4  [December 

either  exactly  or  almost  exactly  alike,  and  that  a  species.  *S^.  batatas, 
which  inhabits  a  polythalamous  twiii-gall  of  a  totally  different  struc- 
ture, is  comparatively  speaking  widely  distinct  from  the  first — after  we 
have  traced  the  same  law  even  in  the  larvae,  and  found  that  those  which 
inhabit  the  bud-galls  are  yellowish  with  whitish  markings  and  all  exactly 
alike,  and  that  which  inhabits  the  twig-gall  is  sanguineous  marked 
with  yellowish  and  has  a  totally  different  breast-bone — after  we  have 
seen  the  Gruest  (lall-gnats,  not  themselves  making  any  galls,  but  dwelling 
in  galls  constructed  by  the  true  Gall-makers,  generally  in  those  of  such 
species  as  are  allied  to  themselves,  and  but  rarely  in  those  of  species  be- 
longin":  to  different  Families  and  different  Orders,  and  one  of  them,  Gev. 
albovittata  n.  sp.,  so  closely  resembling  a  true  gall-making  (lall-gnat. 
Cec.  s.  batatas  n.  sp.,  that  at  the  first  glance  they  can  only  be  distin- 
guished by  a  trifling  difference  in  size — after  we  have  remarked  that 
even  authors,  like  Osten  Sacken,  who  cannot  be  supposed  to  be  led 
away  by  any  visionary  theories,  have  dilated  upon  the  great  apparent 
similarity  between  several  species  of  true,  gall-making  Gall-flies  and 
the  Guest  Gall-flies  that  intrude  upon  their  homes  (Proc  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.  II.  p.  34) — the  mind  naturally  enquires,  what  is  THE  meaning 
of  these  and  similar  phenomena  ?  Natural  History  is  not,  as  some  have 
foolishly  supposed,  a  mere  bundle  of  dry  facts.  The.se,  it  is  true,  form 
the  foundation  upon  which  we  must  build,  and,  without  such  a  solid 
and  immoveable  base  to  build  on,  the  whole  edifice  will  crumble  to  dust 
with  the  first  blast  that  assails  it.  But  Science,  to  be  worthy  of  that 
high  and  holy  name,  must  not  be  contented  with  mere  facts.  Her  aim 
is  to  generalize  upon  those  facts,  when  a  sufiicient  number  of  them  has 
been  accumulated — to  curiously  pry  into  the  laws  which  govern  the 
great  system  of  which  we  ourselves  form  but  an  infinitesimally  small 
fragment — to  ascend  from  minute  details  to  broad  and  sweeping  induc- 
tions— in  a  word,  to  solve  the  great  mystery  of  the  Creation  and  explain 
to  us  how,  and  why,  and  wherefore  we  exist. 

Geology  has  already  told  us  much  on  this  subject.  Zoology,  her 
sister  and  hand-maiden,  has  also  told  us  much  and  can  tell  us  much 
more.  The  GEoaR.\PHiCAL  Distribution  of  species  demonstrates, 
that  they  cannot  have  all  spread  in  their  present  specific  types  from 
one  common  centre  of  creation,  and  that  if  we  assume  several  distinct 
centres  of  creation  within  the  present  geological  epoch,  we  must  assume 


1804.]  685 

jtt  least  a  thousand  of  them ;  and  even  then  the  occurrence  of  very 
many  identical  species  in  faunas  and  floras  which,  as  Greoloiry  teaches 
us.  were  separated  by  insurmountable  physical  barriers  long  before  the 
present  geological  epoch  commenced,  and  have  continued  to  be  so  sepa- 
rated ever  since,  forms  an  almost  insuperable  objection  to  the  hypothe- 
sis. The  only  other  assumption  that  we  can  make — after  rejecting  the 
above  two — is  that  species  were  not  created  in  their  present  specific 
types,  but  are  genetically  derived  from  pre-existing  species.  The 
Tnity  of  Coloration,  both  as  regards  the  shade  of  color  and  the 
pattern  or  design,  which  prevails  almost  everywhere  in  Nature  in  the 
same  group  of  species,  likewise  indicates  by  unmistakeable  tokens 
a  genetic  connection  between  the  different  species  of  those  groups. 
There  is  actually,  as  I  have  attempted  to  show,  a  very  general  Phyto- 
PHAGic  Unity  in  those  genera  of  insects  which  in  the  larva  state  feed 
upon  plants ;  for  it  is  very  commonly  the  case  that  certain  genera  of 
insects  inhabit,  more  or  less  exclusively,  certain  genera  of  plants;  and 
I  believe  that  when  one  species  of  a  given  genus  of  gall-making  insects 
is  found  on  a  given  genus  of  plants,  there  can  be  almost  universally 
many  more  species  of  the  same  genus  found  there.  At  all  events,  the 
(Jail-gnats  of  the  Willow  ofter  a  memorable  illustration  of  this  rule; 
for  before  this  Paper  appeared  but  a  single  N.  A.  species  was  known 
to  the  scientific  world,  and  I  have  discovered  at  least  fourteen  additional 
.species,  and  doubtless  many  more  remain  to  be  discovered.  To  say,  b)'^ 
way  of  explanation  of  these  and  similar  phenomena,  that  they  are  so 
because  the  Great  Author  of  Nature  has  willed  them  to  be  so,  is  no 
explanation  at  all,  but  simply  a  woman's  reason — it  is  so,  because  it  is 
so.  If  I  were  to  go  into  a  large  stable  of  horses,  and  find  some  of  them 
fed  exclusively  on  maize,  some  exclusively  on  oats,  some  exclusively  on 
hay,  and  some,  as  usual,  on  an  intermixture  of  the  three  kinds  of  feed. 
I  should  naturally  ask  the  horse-keepers  what  was  the  reason  of  this 
singular  anomaly.  Would  it  be  any  answer  for  them  to  say — "  It  is 
so,  because  the  Master  has  willed  it  to  be  so"?  What  I  should  want 
to  know  would  be,  lohy  he  willed  it  to  be  so,  and  what  possible  reason 
he  could  have  for  such  a  proceeding ;  and  unless  they  could  explain 
this  point,  they  might  just  as  well  hold  their  tongues.  Now  the  Deri- 
vative Theory  explains  full}'  and  completely  what  I  called  just  now  the 
PnYTOi'HAGic  Unity  of  numerous  large  groups  of  insects,  and  it  also 


036  [December 

explains  fully  and  completely  that  Colorational  Unity  which  we 
find  to  prevail  everywhere  in  Nature.  The  Creative  Theory  has  hith- 
erto failed  to  give  any  explanation  whatever,  deserving  the  name  of 
explanation,  of  numberless  such  phenomena  as  these.  What  T  have 
called  the  Unity  of  Habits  (see  above  p.  570)  points  like  a  finger- 
post in  the  same  direction  as  the  Piiytophagic  Unity  of  genera;  and 
there  is  even,  as  Prof.  Agassiz  was  perhaps  the  first  to  clearly  point 
out,  both  a  Unity  of  Voice  in  the  same  family  of  animals  and  also  a 
Unity  of  Motion.     {Mfthods  of  Stud i/,  pp.  121-5.) 

It  is  true  that  these  last  three  Unities  are  dependent  upon  Structure, 
and  as  our  Systems  of  Classification  are  founded  upon  Structure,  we 
mi<'ht  naturally  expect  that  where  the  Structure  is  nearly  identical, 
the  Habits,  and  the  Voice,  and  the  Motion  should  also  be  nearly  iden- 
tical. But,  so  far  as  we  can  discover,  Coloration  is  entirely  independent 
of  Structure,  and  does  not  form  any  part  of  the  basis  of  our  present 
Classifications,  though  some  Naturalists  are  beginning  to  recognize  it  as 
of  generic  value.  No  man  ought  to  wonder  that  one  Cicinrfcfa,  for 
example,  is  structurally  like  another  Clrlndida,  for  it  is  precisely  be- 
cause they  are  structurally  alike  that  both  are  referred  to  the  same 
genus;  but  it  is  most  surprising,  that,  although  Coloration  has  had  no- 
thing to  do  with  their  Classification,  and  there  are  hundreds  of  specie.^ 
known  and  described,  there  is  the  same  fundamental  design  or  pattern 
on  the  elytra  of  all  of  them.*  On  the  Creative  Theory,  who  can  assign 
even  a  probable  reason  for  this  and  a  whole  host  of  similar  phenomenal 
Who  can  explain  why  Gomphm^.  of  which  there  are  now  8G  described 
species,  should  always  be  yellow  or  greenish-yellow,  and,  according  to 
Selys  and  Hagen,  have  normally  6  black  stripes  on  what  is  called  the 
dorsum  of  the  thorax  ?  Why  Cocrinella  and  Hippodaviia  should  have 
red  or  yellow  elytra  dotted  with  black,  and  Citindela  have  green  or 
red  or  brown-black  elytra,  with  all  the  intermediate  grades  of  color, 
marked  by  three  white  luuules  on  certain  definite  parts  ?  Why  Pte.rnn- 
tichus  should  be  black  and  Fcecdns  metallic  green  or  blue  ?  Why  Piftif: 
and  Fontia  should  be  white  spotted  with  black,  and  Hipparchia  and 

*  See  on  this  subject  Dr.  LeConte's  Memoir  on  the  Cicindelidae  of  the  U.  S. 
{Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Ent.  Phil.  Soc.  XI.  p.  28.)  Dr.  LeConte  found  that  C.  ■i-lineata 
Fabr..  an  East  Indian  species  which  has  instead  of  the  normal  markings  "two 
yellow  stripes  on  each  elytrum,"  had  certain  structural  peculiarities  which  au- 
thorized its  being  placed  in  a  new  genus,  Hypostha  Lee. 


l.«64.]  637 

itis  allies  brown  with  eye-like  siibterminal  spots;  while  Mrlltxa  and  Ar- 
<///)inis  are  fulvous  or  fulvous  red  above,  with  crenulate  lines  and  lunules 
of  black  on  certain  fixed  parts  of  the  wing  ? 

Again,  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  any  peculiarity  in  structural  or- 
ganization, which  can  account  for  the  wonderful  phenomena  of  Phy- 
TOPHAGIC  Unity  ;  why,  for  example,  Cynips  should  form  galls  on  the 
Oak  and  never  on  the  Rose,  and  Rhodltes  should  form  galls  on  the  Rose 
and  never  on  the  Oak;  why  Pontia  and  Pirn's  should  aifect  crucife- 
rous plants,  CoUas  the  clovers,  Parnassius  the  saxifrages,  and  Argynnia 
the  violets.  We  find  that,  even  within  the  boundaries  of  the  United 
States,  the  gall-making  genus  Gecidomyia  inhabits  at  least  8  distinct 
genera  of  plants.  (See  above  p.  552.)  Why  are  the  gall-making  genera 
Ct/nips  and  Rhodites  each  restricted  to  a  single  genus  of  plants  ?  We 
find  that  At-ctia  and  its  allies  are  very  generally  polyphagous,  and  feed 
on  an  almost  unlimited  number  of  different  genera  of  plants.  Why  is 
Arctitt  polyphagous,  and  Pontia  and  /*/firw  and  Co^ms  and  Parnassius 
and  Argynnis  generally  monophagous?  It  is  inconceivable  to  me,  that 
in  genera  all  belonging  to  the  same  Order,  as  with  these  last,  there  can 
be  fundamental  and  immutable  diiFerences  in  the  structure  of  their 
mouths  or  their  stomachs,  of  such  a  nature  as  to  enable  the  one  to  eat 
and  digest  almost  anything  of  a  vegetable  nature,  and  to  compel  the 
others  to  restrict  themselves,  as  a  general  rule,  for  thousand  and  thou- 
sands of  years  to  one  single  g'fenus  of  plants.  Look  at  the  exclusively 
American  Lepidopterous  family  Dryncampadse.  Within  the  limits  of 
the  United  States  there  are  now  known  to  be  eight,  or  in  any  case  seven 
species  belonging  to  this  family.  Six  (or  five)  of  them  belong  to  the 
genus  Dryocampa.  and  out  of  the  six  (or  five)  no  less  th-An  fo)ir ,  pelhu^i- 
da,  senatoria,  stigma  and  bicolor — or,  at  all  events,  if  hicolor  be  not,  as  I 
believe  it  to  be,  a  true  species,  no  less  than  thn-e — inhabit  the  Oak 
in  the  larva  state.  Of  the  remaining  two,  ru/jicuu.da,  which  in- 
habits the  Maple,  is  rather  an  aberrant  form,  and  imperialism  which 
inhabits  the  Sycamore  (Platanus).  the  Pine,  the  Sweet-gum  (Liqui- 
damber)  and  occasionally  the  Oak,  is  a  decidedly  aberrant  form.  The 
other  two  genera  of  this  family,  Gcratocanipa  Harris  and  Sphingicampa 
Walsh,  each  containing  one  N.  A.  species,  are,  but  more  especially  the 
latter,  pre-eminently  aberrant  forms ;  and  it  is  most  remarkable  that 
neither  of  them  has  ever   been  found  on  the  Oak,  the  former  feeding 


^38  [December 

on  the  Walnut  (Juglans),  the  Hickory  (Carya)  and  the  Persimmon 
(Diospyros),  and  the  latter,  so  far  as  hitherto  known,  feeding  exclu- 
sively on  the  Honey-locust  (Grleditschia).  Now,  from  the  fact  that 
there  are  two  of  these  Dri/ocampa  which  do  not  inhabit  the  Oak,  it  is 
manifest  that  there  can  be  no  generic  peculiarity  of  structure  which 
compels  the  entire  genus  to  confine  themselves  to  that  tree.  Why  then, 
out  of  five  or  six  Dryocampa,  do  as  many  as  three  or  four  inhabit  the 
Oak  ?  Why  are  they  not  scattered  round  amongst  our  Elms  and  Ashes 
and  Cherries  and  Plums  and  Thorns  and  Crabs  and  Willows  and  Pop- 
lars and  Beeches  't  The  Theory  of  Chances  demonstrates  that  this  can- 
not be  a  merely  fortuitous  event.  There  must  be  some  cause  for  it. 
What  is  that  cause?  The  Creative  Theory  is  dumb,  or  tells  us  that  it 
is  so,  because  it  is  so ;  the  Derivative  Theory  answers  promptly,  clearly 
and  loudly,  that  it  is  because  all  Dryocampadse  sprang  ages  ago  from 
some  one  pre-existing  species,  which  inhabited  the  Oak  or  some  pre- 
existing form  closely  allied  to  the  Oak  ;  and  that  certain  nascent  types, 
in  the  course  of  ages,  ceased  more  or  less,  and  at  a  more  or  less  early 
period,  to  feed  on  the  Oak.  so  as  to  become  isolated  from  their  breth- 
ren at  a  comparatively  early  date,  and  have  consequently  deviated  more 
or  le.ss,  but  always  in  a  far  greater  degree  than  the  others,  from  the 
primordial  type,  and  run  into  what  I  have  called  Phytophagic  Species. 
Look,  again,  at  the  cases  of  the  N.  A.  Grall-gnats  {Cecidomyla)  which 
form  galls  on  the  Willow,  and  of  the  N.*A.  Grall-flies  {Gi/inps)  which 
form  galls  on  the  Oak.  I  know  from  my  own  observation  of  both  these 
two  groups  that,  as  a  general  though  not  as  a  universal  rule,  each  spe- 
cies is  limited  to  a  particular  species  of  the  genus  of  Plants  which  it 
inhabits.  In  the  case  of  the  latter,  Osten  Sacken  has  shown  the  same 
thing,  (Fror.  Ent.  Soc.  Fhll.  I.  p.  50.)  and  as  to  the  former,  both 
Loew  and  Osten  Sacken  assert  it  of  the  whole  family  of  Cecidomi/idse. 
(Amber-Dipt.  Sill.  Journ.  xxxvil.  p.  309.  Dipt.  N.  A.,  p.  179.) 
It  cannot  be  said  that  there  is  some  peculiarity  in  their  generic  organi- 
zation, which  limits  them  thus  to  one  or  other  particular  species  either 
of  Oak  or  Willow;  for  there  are  probably  certain  species  of  (rail-gnats 
which  inhabit  several  species  of  Willow,  and  there  are  most  indubitably 
certain  species  of  Grall-flies  which  inhabit  several  species  of  Oak.*  Con- 

*The  N.  A.  Oaks  (quercus),  are  divided  by  Gray  into  two  sections  which  almost 
attain  a  subgeneric  value,  from  the  circumstance  of  the  acorns  either  ripening  the 


1864.]  ,  639 

sequently.  whatever  the  structural  character  be  which  limits  them  to 
one  Willow  or  one  Oak,  it  must  be  specific  and  not  generic.  Now  is 
it  conceivable,  so  closely  as  most  of  these  Gall-gnats  and  many  of  these 
G-all-flies  are  allied,  and  so  closely  as  most  Willows  and  most  Oaks  are 
allied,  that  there  can  be  fundamental  and  immutable  specific  differences 
in  the  organization  of  almost  all  these  N.  A.  Grall-gnats  and  Gall-flies, 
which  have  compelled  them  for  all  time,  ever  since  their  first  so-called 
original  creation,  to  inhabit  one  particular  species  of  Oak  or  of  Willow, 
and  to  perish  if  they  are  transferred  to  any  other  species '!  Yet,  if  we 
believe  in  the  Creative  Theory,  we  are  bound  to  believe  this.  We  are 
bound  to  believe,  for  example,  that  two  distinct  species  of  the  Gall-flies  of 
the  Oak — Qijuips  q.  spongijica  O.  S.  and  C.  q.  inanis  0.  S. — which,  if 
they  differ  at  all  in  their  organization,  difter  by  such  exceedingly  mi- 
nute differences,  that,  on  the  closest  scrutiny  under  the  most  powerful 

same  year  or  not  till  the  following  year.  It  is  a  suggestive,  and  certainly  not 
a  merely  fortuitous  fact,  that  those  Gall-8ies  which  inhabit  promiscuously  seve- 
ral species  of  Oak,  confine  themselves  to  one  or  the  other  Section  or  Subgenus  : 
e.  g.  Cijnips  q.  globulus  Fitch,  occurs  on  Q.  alba  and  Q.  montana,  and  also,  unless 
I  have  been  deceived  by  the  similarity  of  the  gall,  on  Q.  macrocarpa,  all  three 
of  them  belonging  to  the  first  section  or  subgenus  ;  and  C.  q.  petiolicola  Bassetfc 
occurs  on  Q.  prinus  (=Q.  montana)  and  Q.  prinoides.  all  three  of  them  likewise 
belonging  to  the  first  section  or  subgenus.  The  rest  all  occur  exclusively  on 
Oaks  belonging  to  the  second  section  or  subgenus,  viz.,  C.  q.  palustris  O.S.  on  Q. 
palustris.  Q.  tinctoria  (^Q.  coccinea),  Q.  imbricaria,  Q.  falcata  and  Q.  ilicifolia  ; 
C.  q.  operator  0.  S.  on  Q.  nigra,  Q.  palustris  and  Q. ilicifolia :  and  C.  q.  O.sten  Sackenii 
Bassett  on  Q.  ilicifolia  and  Q.  coccinea.  C.  q.  sculpta  Bassett,  which  Mr.  Bassett 
found  on  Q.  rubra,  I  have  since  bred  from  j^recisely  similar  galls  on  Q.  tinctoria: 
and  I  found  last  August  and  early  in  September,  in  very  great  numbers  both  on 
Q.  rubra  and  Q.  tinctoria,  growing/row  the  side  of  the  cup  of  the  acorn,  a  globular, 
smooth,  plum-like,  fleshy,  intensely  bitter  gall,  al^out  .50 — .75  inch  in  diameter, 
mottled  with  yellowish  and  crimson  outside,  and  internally  yellowish  in  the 
centre  and  towards  the  circumference  pink  like  a  water-melon.  This  gall,  of 
which  I  forwarded  a  specimen  to  Baron  Osten  Sacken,  is  thought  by  him  to  be 
identical  with  his  Q.juylans,  which  was  described  only  from  dry,  shrivelled-uf) 
specimens,  and  which  was  stated  by  Mr.  Hitz  who  found  it  "to  grow  on  the 
6rancAe.s  of  the  White  Oak,"  (Q  alba.)  a  species  that  belongs  to  the  first  section  of 
Quercus.  Either  Mr.  Hitz  must  have  been  mistaken,  both  as  to  the  tree  and 
the  part  of  the  tree  on  which  he  found  Q.juglans  0.  S.,  or  else  my  gall  is  a  dis- 
tinct species.  If  so,  I  propose  for  it  the  name  of  Q.prunus.  It  is  the  only  N.  A. 
Cynipidous  gall  known  so  far  to  grow  on  the  acorn,  though,  judging  from  the 
names,  the  European  Cynipidous  galls,  q.  calicis  and  q.  baccarum,  grow  the  one 
on  the  cup  of  the  acorn,  like  q.prunus,  and  the  other  on  the  acorn  itself. 


(UO  [December 

o-lasses,  neither  Baron  Osten  Sacken  nor  myself  can  discover  any  dis- 
tinctions whatever  between  them,  have  yet  retained  these  infinite- 
simally  minute  distinctive  characters  unchanged  and  unimpaired  for 
5,0U0  or  50,000  or  500,000  years,  or  whatever  other  Hmit  we  may 
choose  to  assign  to  the  present  Geological  era.  I  could  as  soon  believe 
that  it  is  possible,  by  the  most  unremitting  attention,  to  propagate  the 
same  breed  of  cattle,  without  losing  or  in  any  wise  changing  a  single 
point  that  characterizes  the  breed,  for  lOOO  years ;  whereas  we  know 
that  it  is  practically  impossible  to  do  this  even  for  30  or  40  years. 

If,  indeed,  we  only  met  with  these  Colorational  and  Phytophagic 
Unities  in  one  geographical  district,  we  might  suppose  them  to  be 
caused  by  some  peculiarities  of  climate.  But  go  where  you  will,  the 
same  universal  laws  follow  you.  The  Cyni.ps  of  Europe,  like  their 
American  congeners,  inhabit  the  Oak  and  not  the  Rose,  and  the  Rho- 
dites  of  Europe,  like  the  Rhodites  of  the  U.  S.,  are  found  exclusively 
on  the  Rose  and  never  on  the  Oak.  The  Gomphwi  from  Japan  and 
the  Gomphus  from  the  Kurile  Islands  have  the  same  yellowish  ground- 
color, and  the  same  black  stripes  on  the  thorax,  as  the  Gomp/ius  of  North 
America  and  the  Gomphiis  of  Europe.  The  Ciclndela  from  Hindostan, 
80  far  as  regards  the  elaborate  pattern  traced  on  its  elytra,  is  as  like  as 
two  peas  to  the  Ciclndela  of  the  United  States  and  the  Glcladda  of 
England.  And  the  same  law  holds  good  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic, 
as  regards  both  the  coloration  and  the  food-plant  of  Pontui.  and  Ple.rl.t, 
and   Collas,  and  Argijnnls.  and  Hlpparrhla. 

These  illustrations  might  be  indefinitely  prolonged;  but  every  natu- 
ralist can  supply  the  deficiency  from  facts  which  have  come  under  his 
own  observation,  and  I  only  refer  to  them  here  because  they  have 
scarcely  been  touched  upon  in  Darwin's  great  work.  The  absolute 
identity  in  the  imago  state  of  several  distinct  species  of  Cecldomj/ui,  as 
shown  in  this  Paper — the  absolute  identity  in  the  imago  state  of  two 
distinct  species  of  Halesldota,  which  I  have  demonstrated  in  a  preceding 
Paper — the  Colorational  Unity  so  especially  remarkable  in  Insecta, 
where  we  have  so  large  a  number  of  species  to  generalize  upon — the 
Phytophagic  Unity  of  very  many  genera  of  Insects — like  myriads 
of  other  facts  enumerated  in  the  Origin  of  Species,  all  cry  out  with 
one  voice,  that  species  are  connected  by  a  genetic  bond — that  they 
were  not  independently  created,  but  derived  by  gradual  modification 


1864.]  641 

during  indefinitely  long  periods  of  time  from  pre-existing  species — 
that  the  Great  Author  of  Nature  constructed  his  primordial  Cosmos 
in  so  perfect  a  manner,  that  ever  thereafter  it  needed  no  interference 
on  his  part — that  it  is  not  like  the  bungling  machines  put  together  by 
human  hands,  which  wear  out  in  a  few  years  and  require  constant  at- 
tention and  supervision — but  that,  without  any  miraculous  interposition 
on  the  part  of  the  Creator,  the  Creation  has  heretofore  run,  and  will 
continue  hereafter  to  run  its  appointed  course,  one  geological  epoch 
gradually  succeeding  to  another,  and  one  species  gradually  arising  from 
and  supplanting  another,  till  it  shall  seem  fit  to  the  Great  First  Cause 
to  destroy  that  work  which,  when  he  called  it  into  being,  "  he  saw  to 
be  good,"  good  not  only  for  one  brief  geological  era  but  for  all  time. 
Rock  Island,  Illinois,  Dec   14.  18G4 


POSTSCRIPT. 

Since  my  remarks  on  the  '•  Unity  of  Habits"  in  Insects  were  in  print, 
(pp.  567,  570,  574,)  I  have  been  much  pleased  to  find  that  Professor 
Agassiz  recognizes  the  same  great  Law,  with  apparently  the  same  limi- 
tations, as  regards  animals  generally,  and  extends  it  not  only  to  the 
genus,  as  I  have  done,  but  to  the  family.  "  The  more  I  learn  upon 
this  subject,"  he  says,  "the  more  am  I  struck  with  the  similarity  in  the 
very  movements,  the  General  Habits,  and  even  the  intonation  of  the 
voices  of  animals,  belonging  to  the  same  fimily."   ( Esuat/  Chssif.  p.  59.) 

It  may  be  asked  how  I,  who  believe  firmly  in  the  Derivative  Origin 
of  Species,  can  believe  that  it  is  impossible  for  species  of  the  same  genus 
to  have  several  heterogeneous  and  widely  diiferent  habits.  "  Your 
Uniti/  of  ffabits"  it  may  be  objected,  "  is  irreconcileable  with  the 
theory  of  the  gradual  development  of  existing  species  from  pre-existing 
species.  If  one  species  is  derived  from  another,  must  not  the  new  spe- 
cies, while  in  an  incipient  state,  diifer  in  its  organization  and  often  in 
its  habits  from  what  may  be  called  the  mother-species?  May  not 
the  Gecidomi/ia  that  are  said  by  Wagner  to  procreate  in  the  larva 
state,  be  simply  a  new  genus  in  an  incipient  or  nascent  condition,  that 
will  hereafter  perhaps  become  developed  into  a  whole  family  of  insects 
having  the  same  peculiar  and  extraordinary  habits?"  I  reply,  in  the 
words  of  Linn;ieus,  JSfatura  non  ag'd  per  salfnm.  If  Nature  wished  to 
construct  a  race  of  insects,  that  should  habituallv  commence  making  new 


042  [December 

individuals  before  they  had  finished  making  themselves,  in  other  words, 
if  Nature  wanted  larvse,  and  pupee  to  procreate  as  well  as  imagos,  she 
would  begin  by  making  puppe  procreate.     Now,  even  in  those  genera 
where  the  pupa  is  to  all  external  appearance  almost  undistinguishable 
from  the  itnago,  such  as  the  short-winged  Grasshoppers,  I  know  from 
long  observation   that  the  pupae  never  copulate.     Neither  is  there  any 
case  in  any  other  family  of  insects,  where  it  has  been  proved  that  true 
pupae  copulate;  for  Westwood  has  shown  satisfactorily,  that  certain 
apterous  dimorphous  forms  in  Heteroptera.  which  have  been  found  in 
copulation,  are  essentially  distinct  from  the  true   pupfe   in   having  no 
rudimental  wings,  and  are  to  all  intents  and  purposes  mere  wingless 
imagos.     {Iiitr.  II.  pp.  468-70.)     Again,  if  Nature  wished  to  construct 
an  insect  that  was  viviparous  arid   not  oviparous,  she  would  begin  by 
making  the  imago  ovo-viviparous,  and  finally,  after  a  long  series  of  new 
species  and  new  genera,  viviparous;  and  she  would  scarcely  accumulate 
two  anomalies  in  the  same  specie.s — the  anomaly  of  generative  larvae, 
and  the   anomaly  of  viviparous  reproduction.      Least  of  all  would  she 
treble  the  anomaly,  by  superadding  in  the  given  species  the  necessity 
of  parthenogenetic   reproduction,  which  appears  to  be  the  necessary 
condition  of  Wagner's  larvae,  .seeing  that  no  Dipterous  larvae  have  their 
reproductive  organs  developed.     When  Nature  determined  to  construct 
a  viviparous  vertebrate  animal,  she  did  not  cause  a  species  of  some  ovi- 
parous genus  of  Birds  to  become  at  once,  per  snlfum,  viviparous ;  but 
she  first,  by  a  long  series  of  gradations  which  have  now  become  extinct, 
called  into  existence  the  Oruifhorhi/Hchus,  utrne  mammal  which  never- 
theless lays  eggs  like  a  bird;  then,  by  another  long  series  of  extinct 
gradations,  the  Marsupials,  which  bring  forth  half-developed  young,  or, 
so  to  speak,  lay  eggs  which  are  half  hatched  out ;  and  finally,  by  ano- 
ther long  series  of  extinct  gradations,  the  perfectly  viviparous  Mammals. 
We  see  incipient  traces  of  the  same  process  in  the  Flesh-fly  (*S'arco/>/ia- 
(j(i)  and  other  ovo-viviparous  animals,  and  a  more  complete  development 
of  it  in  the  Dipterous  Fapipara,  which  retain  the  egg  in  their  bodies 
till  it  has  become  a  mature  larva  and  assumed  the  puparium.     We  see 
the  first  traces  of  the  steps  by  which    the  true  Mammals  that  suckle 
their  young  have  been  developed  out  of  Birds,  in  the  Pigeons,  that 
secrete  a  milky  substance  from  their  craws  and  disgorge  it  into  the 
mouths  of  their  nestlings,  though  we  nowhere  find  a  true  Bird  with 


1804.]  648 

(•omplete  teats  like  a  Mammal.  We  see  the  last  steps  of  the  process, 
by  which  Land  Birds  have  been  developed  out  of  Aquatic  Birds,  in  the 
European  Water-ou.sel,  which  is  a  true  Thrush  and  yet  dives  like  a 
Loon  ;  and  we  see  the  beginnings  of  the  same  process  in  the  N.  A. 
wood-duck  (Anas  sponsa),  which  is  a  true  Duck  and  yet  habitually 
perches  upon  trees  and  builds  in  the  holes  of  trees.  We  see  the  ulti- 
mate steps,  by  which  insectivorous  aquatic  Coleoptera  have  been  con- 
verted into  insectivorous  terrestrial  Toleoptera,  in  the  Greodephagous 
genus  OmophroH,  which  has  the  shape  and  the  general  appearance  of 
the  Hydradephagous  genus  Bj/ drop  or  us  [11//;/ rot  us),  and  to  this  day  is 
always  found  on  the  borders  of  streams.  We  see  the  same  thing  in  the 
Geodephagous  Oodes  Jluvialis  Lee,  which  I  often  find  adhering  to  the 
under  surface  of  partly  submerged  logs,  and  which,  w^hen  endeavoring 
to  escape,  generally  makes  for  the  water,  and  as  soon  as  it  has  reached 
it  dives  out  of  sight  in  a  moment  like  any  Coli/mJiftes.  We  see  the 
incipient  steps  of  the  same  process  in  the  European  Hydradephagous 
genus  Pclohius.  wdiich  inhabits  the  water  and  yet  has  gressorial  legs 
like  a  Carabus,  and.  unless  my  recollection  of  P.  Hermanni  deceives 
me.  has  also  a  distinct  neck,  like  most  Greodephaga,  except  Omophron. 
and  unlike  most  Hydradephaga,  except  Hidiplus  and  Cnemidotus.  But 
in  all  these,  and  a  hundred  similar  cases,  the  vSteps  by  which  the  process 
is  accomplished  are  slow  and  gradual,  and  there  is  no  sudden  leap,  as 
there  would  be  if  a  Duck  had  teats  and  save  suck,  or  if  a  Bear  laid  ejrKs 
and  incubated  them,  or  if  one  Cecidomi/ia  copulated  and  laid  eggs  in 
the  normal  manner  in  the  imago  state,  and  another  Ceridomyla  was 
viviparous  by  parthenogenesis  in  the  larva  state.  I  do  not  contend  that 
there  is  never  any  difference  in  the  habits  of  the  species  comprehended 
under  a  given  genus,  but  only  that  there  is  never  any  radical  and  fun- 
damental difference,  of  such  a  nature,  for  example,  as  that  there  can 
scarcely  exist  any  intermediate  grades  between  the  normal  and  the  dif- 
fering forms.  Now  an  insect,  if  it  procreate  at  all,  must  procreate  either 
in  the  larva,  or  in  the  pupa,  or  in  the  imago  state,  and  there  cannot 
scarcely  be  any  intermediate  grades  between  these  three.  Therefore  I 
maintain  that  no  two  of  these  three  can  co-exist  in  one  and  the  same 
genus,  Cecidomi/ia. 

Another  thing.      It  appears  that  these  supposed  young  Cecidomyious 
larvae,  which  are  said  by  Wagner  and  othars  to  be  vivip  irously  p.'o- 


644  [December 

duced,  are  not  born  in  the  manner  which,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  is  uni- 
versal with  all  viviparous  animals,  but  eat  their  way  out  of  the  body  of 
the  so-called  mother-insect.  This  alone  is  an  anomaly,  which,  if  there 
were  no  other  reason  to  discredit  Wagner's  theory,  would  tend  to  involve 
it  in  the  gravest  suspicion.  But  to  dwell  on  minor  points  like  these  is 
useless,  and  seems  like  straining  at  a  (Inat  and  swallowing  a  Camel. 
Those  that  reject  as  incredible  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  procreative 
larvae,  and  of  distinct  species  of  one  and  the  same  genus  procreating  in 
two  widely  distinct  and  heterogeneous  manners,  do  not  need  such  argu- 
ments ;  and  those  that  have  sufficient  fiith  to  digest  these  startling  ano- 
malies, are  beyond  the  reach  of  pop-guns,  and  can  be  effectually  attacked 
only  by  cannon  of  the  very  largest  calibre. 

If  it  were  not  almost  a  work  of  supererogation  to  quote  examples  of 
grievous  mistakes  made  by  scientific  men,  and  adopted  and  believed  in 
for  a  long  time  by  other  scientific  men,  I  might  instance  the  well-known 
experiments  of  Cross,  which  were  supposed  to  demonstrate,  that  a  certain 
species  of  Mite  (^Acarus~)  was  generated  spontaneously,  or  in  plain 
English  created,  by  the  hands  of  the  manipulator.  Yet  who  at  the 
present  day  believes  that  Mites  can  be  created  by  Man  ?  I  might  in- 
stance also  the  conclusion  arrived  at  by  Rudolphi  in  his  latest  work  on 
Entozoa  (Intestinal  Worms),  viz.  that  these  animals,  or  some  of  them 
at  all  events,  must  be  spontaneously  generated,  because  he  demonstrates 
at  great  length  the  impossibility  of  their  being  normally  generated  in 
any  one  of  what  seemed  to  him  all  the  possible  modes.  He  little 
thought,  when  he  announced  this  startling  conclusion,  that  it  would 
hereafter  be  proved,  that  what  he  considered  as  distinct  families  of  En- 
tozoa, were  merely  the  larval  forms  of  other  families ;  and  that  the 
small,  bladder-like  worm  from  the  liver  of  a  hog  could  pass  in+o  the 
human  body  and  become  metamorphosed  into  twenty  yards  of  Tape- 
worm. I  remember  well  that,  thirty  years  ago,  the  veteran  geologist 
Prof.  Sedgwick,  when  I  informed  him  of  the  conclusions  at  which  Ku- 
dolphi  had  arrived,  remarked  to  me  that  he  would  not  believe  in  them, 
even  if  a  hundred  eye-witnesses  were  to  testify  to  the  truth  of  the  facts 
upon  which  those  conclusions  were  based. 


1S64.]  (ii:, 


Notes  on  some  SPHINGID^  of  the  State  of  New  York,  with  Descriptions  of 

their  Larvae  and  Pupae. 

By  J.  A.  LINTNER.   LTtica.  N.  Y. 

It  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  offer  an  apology  for  presenting  in  the 
present  paper,  descriptions  at  considerable  length  of  the  larval  and  pu- 
pal states  of  our  Sphinges.  The  value  of  the  knowledge  of  the  earlier 
stages  of  Insect  life  has  long  since  been  recognized,  and  is  justlv  re- 
garded as  of  the  utmost  importance  in  the  proper  determination  of  spe- 
cies,* and  as  the  only  means  of  effectually  preventing  the  errors  which 
are  continually  being  made  of  sexes  and  varieties  described  as  species, 
and  veritable  species  degraded  to  simple  varieties. 

And  beside  the  mere  utility  of  such  knowledge,  every  faithful  stu- 
dent will  welcome  each  contribution,  however  trivial,  which  shall  aid 
the  progress  of  his  much  loved  study,  and  hasten  the  day  when  it  shall 
occupy  the  advanced  ground  now  held  by  kindred  sciences,  when  of 
each  insect, — ovum,  larva,  pupa  and  imago  shall  be  known,  described  and 
figured,  and  the  discovery  of  a  new  microlepidopter  shall  be  a  triumph. 

Of  some  of  the  larvae  herein  noticed,  such  features  only  are  men- 
tioned as  had  been  previously  omitted ;  several,  of  which  there  exist 
but  vague  descriptions,  are  given  more  fully  ;  and  a  few  are  now  de- 
scribed for  the  first  time. 

Up  to  the  present  it  has  not  been  possible,  from  published  descrip- 
tions, to  determine  the  species  of  a  single  pupa  of  our  Sphinges ;  it  is 
believed  that  those  now  given  will  be  found  sufficient  for  their  identifi- 
cation, although  an  extremely  limited  range  of  color  and  comparatively 
slight  variation  of  form,  permit  the  presentation  of  but  few  prominent 
characteristic  features. 


■*'It  having  been  shown  that  in  Halesidota,  Walker  (=Lophocampa.  Harris), 
two  species  {H.  A^itiphola  Walsh,  and  H.  tessalaris  Sm.  and  Ab.)  which  are 
quite  distinct  in  the  larva,  are  undistinguishable  in  tlie  %,  and  J  imago,  and 
that  in  Dryocampadse  two  species  {Dryocampa  bicolor  Harris,  ar\A  Sphingicampa 
disrigina  Walsh),  the  larvae  of  which  are  totally  unlike  each  other,  are  also  un- 
distinguishable in  the  %  imago, — the  importance  of  carefully  studying  the  larva 
state  of  every  insect  becomes  at  once  apparent.  Walmh,  in  Proceed.  BoHon  Soc. 
Nut  Hist.  Vol.  IX.  p.  294. 


fi-AS  [December 

Sesia  Thysbe  Fabr. 

Larva.  1.75  in.  long,  .28  in.  broad.  Head  elliptical,  granulated,  dull 
green;  when  at  rest,  partially  buried  within  the  first  segment.  Mandi- 
bles yellow,  black  tipped.  Body  tapering  anteriorly  from  the  seventh 
segment,  clear  green,  lighter  dorsally,  shading  darker  to  the  stigmata, 
below  which  to  the  prolegs  it  is  of  a  uniform  darker  hue;  underneath, 
from  the  third  pair  of  legs  to  the  terminal  pair,  dull  rose,  bordered  ex- 
ternally by  a  buff  stripe,  continued  to  the  sixth  segment,  and  inflated 
above  the  prolegs.  First  segment  carinated  on  its  antei-ior  margin  su- 
periorly, upon  which  are  about  sixteen  light  yellow  granulations.  Col- 
lar studded  with  smaller  light  green  granulations.  Vascular  stripe, 
bordered  by  two  white  lines,  commencing  on  the  second  segment,  be- 
coming wider  and  more  distinct  on  the  central  segments,  and  uniting 
anterior  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  horn.  A  white,  sometimes  yellow- 
green  subdorsal  line,  commencing  on  the  second  segment,  running 
midway  between  the  stigmata  and  dorsum,  and  terminating  in  the  .sides 
of  the  caudal  horn,  made  up  of  a  white  spot  on  each  annulation.  except 
on  the  smooth  eleventh  segment,  where  it  is  continuous ;  white  ocella- 
tions  on  the  annulations  ab)ve  the  stigmata.  Stigmata  red,  with  a 
white  dot  at  each  extremity.  Caudal  horn,  .2  in.  long,  curved  lio-ht 
blue,  yellow  tipped,  granulated  with  white  laterally,  with  black  anteri- 
orly, and  a  few  black  granulations  posteriorly.  Caudal  shield  and 
plates  granulated  like  the  collar.  Legs,  basal  joint  black,  tips  red. 
Prolegs  green,  with  a  fusiform  black  spot  exteriorly. 

Feeds  on  the  8now-ball  (  Viburmnn  opului<)  (\\\r\n<>;  the  last  of  Auoust 
and  first  of  September.  For  the  knowledge  of  the  food-plant  of  this 
larva  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Gregg  Johnson,  of  this  city,  who  informs 
me  that  for  several  years  he  has  found  it  to  be  quite  common,  several 
usually  occurring  on  the  same  shrub. 

Its  readiness  for  pupation  is  indicated  by  a  marked  change  of  color, 
noticeable  about  twenty-four  hours  before  it  commences  the  construc- 
tion of  its  imperfect  cocoon,  which  is  composed  merely  of  a  few  leaves 
drawn  together  by  a  very  slight  spinning,  and  placed  in  an  angle  of 
the  box  in  which  it  is  confined.  Its  head  changes  to  purple  ;  the  "ra- 
nulations  of  the  first  segment,  ochre-yellow;  between  the  sub-dorsal 
lines,  purple  or  reddish-brown ;  laterally  and  ventrally,  pea  green. 


1864.]  C.4T 

Pupa.  1  in.  to  1.10  in.  long,  .30  in.  broad  at  the  seventh  segment,*  ta- 
pering thence  reguhirly  to  the  extremities;  entire  surface  shagreened. 
Color,  brownish-black,  with  reddish-brown  on  the  moveable  segments 
posteriorly — and  anterior  to  the  stigmata,  prominent  transverse  wrinkles 
— showing  only  when  these  segments  are  bent  on  one  side,  as  they 
usually  are,  to  such  a  degree  as  to  bring  the  terminal  spine  at  nearly 
a  right  angle  with  the  central  segments.  Segments  third  to  eighth 
inclusive  prominently  ridged  transversely.  Head-case  produced,  su-b- 
triangular  anteriorly.  Antennaj-cases  terminating  midway  between  the 
tips  of  the  middle  and  posterior  leg-cases  in  the  9  Tongue-case  buried. 
Stigmata  brown,  oval.     Terminal  spine  broad  at  base,  prominent,  flat. 


■*"The  segments  of  the  jjupa,  exclusive  of  the  head-ease,  are  of  the  typical 
number  of  twelve,  as  in  the  larva,  although  some  of  them  are  so  reduced  in 
size,  as  not  to  be  readily  distinguishable.  The  stigmata  number  two  less  than 
those  of  the  larva,  viz:  sixteen.  The  first  .segment  in  the  Sphinr/idce  is  repre- 
sented by  a  short  dorsal  piece  attached  to  the  head-case,  having  at  its  lateral 
posterior  angle  the  first  stigma.  The  second  segment  is  indicated  by  a  large 
dorsal,  hexagonal  piece  between  the  bases  of  the  anterior  wings.  The  third 
segment  is  quite  short,  is  marked  with  plaits  or  ridges  which  are  constant  and 
characteristic,  and  is  found  between  the  bases  of  the  posterior  wings :  these 
three  are  known  as  the  thoracic  segments.  Following  them  are  the  abdominal 
segments,  the  first  of  which  is  similar  to,  but  larger  than  the  preceding — is  also 
without  a  stigma,  and  constitutes  the  fourth  segment.  On  the  fifth  segment  is 
the  second  stigma,  sometimes  partially  hidden  by  the  overlapping  hind  margin 
of  the  posterior  wing-case.  The  sixth  and  seventh  segments  have  each  a  stig- 
ma— the  seventh  is  usually  the  longest  and  broadest  of  all,  and  is  that  upon 
the  posterior  margin  of  which,  the  wing-cases  terminate.  The  preceding  seg- 
ments are  immoveable,  from  the  attachment  to  them  inferiorly  of  the  leg-,  an- 
tennae- and  wing-cases.  Segments  eighth  to  eleventh  are  entire,  move  freely 
one  upon  the  other,  and  are  furnished  with  stigmata.  The  twelfth  segment  \» 
without  a  stigma,  is  the  shortest  of  all,  and  has  attached  to  it  an  immoveable 
plate,  covering  the  anal  organs — the  intermediate  suture  obsolete  superiorly. 
The  anal  plate  terminates  in  a  spine,  of  greater  or  less  prominence. 

Ventrally.  are  seen  the  anterior  wing-cases,  overlying  the  posterior,  but  per- 
mitting a  small  portion  of  their  inner  margin  to  be  seen  on  the  fourth,  fifth  and 
sixth  segments.  Of  the  leg-cases,  the  anterior  and  middle  ones  are  alone  visi- 
ble, the  posterior  ones  being  hidden  beneath  the  wings.  The  tongue  case,  in 
those  spec'es  in  which  the  tongue  is  as  long,  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  has 
a  portion  exserted.  The  remainder  is  buried,  and  usually  extends  in  a  separate 
case  for  each  filament,  to  the  tips  of  the  wings.  In  Smerinthus  and  other  genera 
in  which  the  tongue  is  nearly  obsolete,  the  pupa  is  without  a  visible  tongue- 
ease. 


648  [December 

rounded  toward  the  tip,  showing  under  a  lens  a  marginal  row  of  about 
ten  delicate  curved  reflected  spines  on  each  side,  and  a  larger  terminal 
double  hook,  by  which  the  pupa  is  attached  to  some  transverse  threads 
in  its  cocoon.     2  9  . 

The  Imaqo  appears  early  in  May,  probably  as  early  as  diffinu.  Boisd. 
which  I  have  taken  May  12th.  It  is  often  seen  by  day,  feeding  from 
the  blossoms  of  the  Phlox  of  our  gardens,  and  has  been  observed  to 
frequent  the  blossoms  of  the  common  Lilac,  at  twilight. 

Sphinx  quinquemaculata  Stephens. 

The  young  larva  is  of  a  delicate  light  green  color,  acutely  granulated, 
especially  when  it  has  recently  moulted,  resembling  in  its  roughness  a 
Sm<rinthus. 

The  mafare  larva  differs  in  color  in  diff'erent  individuals  to  a  degree 
far  exceeding  any  other  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  Its  usual  color, 
by  which  it  is  generally  known  from  its  common  occurrence  on  the 
tomato,  is  a  dull  green,  with  yellowish-white  lateral  bands,  with  a  pecu- 
liar shiny  appearance  of  the  skin  when  at  its  maximum  size.  Occa- 
sionally the  following  variety  is  met  with  : 

Sea-green  variety.  Head  and  collar  glossy  black.  Body  dull  sea- 
green,  with  the  usual  ocellated  spots  on  the  annulations  almost  obsolete 
posteriorly.  The  lateral  and  connecting  stigmatal  bands,  margin  of 
caudal  shield,  and  an  elongated  triangular  spot  on  the  head,  flesh  color. 
Legs,  exterior  of  prolegs,  caudal  shield  and  plates,  shining  black. 
Ventral  region  lighter  green. 

Among  a  large  number  of  the  larvas  which  were  brought  me,  taken 
from  a  field  of  tobacco,  several  were  found  of  the  following  variety, 
which,  from  their  food-plant  and  abnormal  coloration,  I  confidently  ex- 
pected to  give  me  the  Carolina,  but  when  reared  I  obtained  an  Imago  in 
no  respect  differing  from  those  bred  from  the  ordinary  green  tomato  larva : 

Brown  variety.  Head  black,  large,  with  a  triangular  drab  spot  cen- 
trally, and  a  lateral  linear  one.  Body,  very  dark  brown,  sprinkled  with 
numerous  raised  yellow  dots,  showing  minute  ocellations  under  a  lens. 
Seven  yellow  lateral  bands.  The  stigmatal  bands  yellow.  Caudal 
shield  yellow  bordered.  Tips  of  legs,  collar,  caudal  shield  and  plates, 
glossy  black.  Caudal  horn  black,  .3  in.  long,  studded  with  short  spines. 
Stigmata  broadly  oval  and  bordered  with  violet. 


1864.]  649 

Black  rarieff/.  An  impression  that  I  had  some  years  since,  seen 
those  which  were  black,  is  confirmed  by  Mr.  Egbert  Bagg  Jr.,  of  this  city, 
who  assures  me  that  this  season,  nearly  all  those  which  were  found  upon 
a  tomato-patch  visited  by  him,  were  perfectly  black.  Another  gentle- 
man informs  me,  that  among  a  number  taken  from  the  tobacco,  were 
several  black  ones — not  dark  brown,  but  unmistakeably  black — and 
that  they  were  of  a  larger  size  than  the  green.  I  regret  that  I  have 
no  description  of  this  interesting  variety. 

In  another  species  of  this  genus — S.  clngulata — we  are  presented 
with  a  range  of  coloration  nearly  as  great,  an  account  of  which,  for  the 
sake  of  comparison,  1  have  transcribed  and  introduced  in  this  paper. 

Can  these  differences  be  sexual  ?  In  Clemens'  Synopsis  of  the  Sphin- 
gidae.  the  larva  of  Thyrnis  Ahhotii  is  described  as  differing  materially 
in  color  in  the  sexes,  viz:  S  ,  reddish-brown,  with  numerous  dorsal 
patches  of  light  green,  and  lateral  triangular  ones  ;  9  .  uniform  reddish- 
brown  or  blackish-brown,  immaculate. 

Probably  no  one  who  has  reared  qumquemaculafn  has  failed  of  noting 
with  great  surprise  the  wonderful  voracity  of  the  larva.  If  furnished 
with  what  would  seem  an  inordinate  quantity  of  food,  in  an  unexpectedly 
brief  space  of  time,  only  the  naked  stems  remain.  Unless  disturbed,  it 
continues  eating  without  cessation,  night  and  day.  The  rapidity  with 
which  a  leaf  disappears  before  it.  is  almost  marvellous,  and  will  account 
for  the  phenomenon  sometimes  presented  in  our  gardens  of  a  tomato- 
patch  almost  defoliated  before  the  first  attack  had  been  observed. 
When  nearly  mature,  it  often  resorts  to  the  tomato  itself,  as  if  feeding 
on  the  leaves  were  too  slow  an  operation  to  satisfy  its  craving  appetite. 

Instances  are  related  of  the  poisonous  effects  of  the  bite  of  this  cater- 
pillar, where  a  high  degree  of  inflammation,  swelling  and  severe  pain 
has  resulted, — in  one  case,  as  narrated  to  me,  terminating  in  death, 
lentil  established  by  undoubted  testimony,  statements  so  improbable  are 
not  entitled  to  belief.  Among  hundreds  of  Sphinx  and  other  Lepidop- 
terous  larvae  handled  by  me — many  of  them  roughly — in  not  one  in- 
stance has  the  disposition  to  inflict  a  bite  been  observed,  even  under  the 
provocation  of  confinement  in  the  hand. 

The  Pupa  is  frequently  met  with  in  the  Fall  in  digging  potatoes, 
upon  which  plant  also  the  larva  is  said  to  feed,  and  from  its  long  arched 
tongue-case,  is  a  well  known  object  of  interest.     It  is  2.25  in.  long,  .6(» 


050  [December 

in.  broad,  nearly  plane  dorsally,  and  quite  convex  ventrally.  Color, 
chesnut  brown,  on  the  posterior  margins  of  the  segments  dark  brown. 
Head-case  sub-quadrangular  as  seen  from  above,  and  quite  prominent. 
Tongue-case  dark  brown,  1.25  in.  long  in  its  exterior  curve,  projecting 
beyond  the  head-case,  rising  from  .15  to  .18  in.  above  the  breast,  regu- 
larly ridged  transversely  and  bicarinated  medially,  terminating  between 
the  tips  of  the  antennae-cases  in  a  conspicuous  bulb;  the  buried  portion 
extending  just  beyond  the  tips  of  the  wing-cases.  Third  segment  with 
a  central  dark  brown  fold  reflected  posteriorly.  The  fourth,  fifth  and 
sixth  segments  with  dorsal  transverse  wrinkles.  Abdominal  segments 
with  numerous  impressed  points,  except  on  their  anterior  margin,  where 
they  are  conspicuously  indented.  Anal  segment  terminating  in  a  short, 
triangular,  flattened  pi'ojeetion,  not  spinous.     1  S  ,  2  9  ■ 

Unlike  most  of  the  Sphinges,  this  species  is  very  easily  reared.  I 
know  of  no  parasite  which  attacks  the  larva.  When  mature,  if  merely 
inclosed  in  a  box,  without  providing  it  with  earth,  it  undergoes  its  pupal 
transformation,  and  with  very  little  care,  beyond  simple  exclusion  from 
the  light,  seldom  fails  of  giving  out  the  imago  in  due  time.  Very  rarely, 
its  final  transformation  is  delayed  until  the  second  summer. 

Sphinx  cingulata  Fab, 

The  larva  of  this  species  presents  a  great  number  of  varieties,  which 
reduce  themselves  to  two  principal  types — those  of  a  green  ground,  and 
those  of  a  brown.     Of  the  former  there  are  found  three  varieties : 

The  first  variehj^  which  is  that  which  is  met  with  most  ordinarily,  is 
of  a  dark  green,  with  seven  oblique  black  bands  on  the  sides,  which 
terminate  on  the  back  in  two  longitudinal  stripes  of  the  same  color,  often 
indistinctly  marked,  and  always  interrupted  at  the  incisures.  These 
bands,  which  commence  on  the  fourth  segment,  and  of  which  the  last 
terminates  in  the  horn,  are  lightly  bordered  with  white  inferiorly.  On 
the  dorsum  of  third  and  fourth  segments  there  are  two  black  spots,  four 
very  small  on  the  tenth,  and  two  very  large  placed  laterally  on  the  inci- 
sure of  the  first  and  second  segments.  Head  green,  slightly  yellowish, 
with  five  black  perpendicular  lines,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  divided  in 
two  inferiorly.  Legs  blackish,  and  prolegs  green,  with  the  crown  gray. 
Caudal  horn  smooth,  yellow  or  ferruginous,  with  a  black  tip.  The 
stigmata  are  covered  by  some  orbicular  black  spots.  The  caudal  shield 
is  orange-yellow. 


1864.]  651 

The  second  variety  does  not  diiFer  from  that  above  described,  except 
by  its  being  of  a  clearer  green,  with  the  oblique  lateral  bands  entirely 
white,  and  that  the  two  dorsal  stripes  are  replaced  by  two  rows  of  black 
points. 

The  fhinJ  variety  is  of  a  dull  green,  with  six  longitudinal  rows  of 
blackish  or  brownish  spots,  and  the  head  and  horn  ferruginous. 

The  individuals  of  the  brown  ground  also  offer  three  varieties  equally 
well  marked,  of  which  the  first — the  most  common — has  been  repre- 
sented by  Duponchel  in  his  Iconographie  des  Ohenilles: 

The  first  variety  is  of  a  dead-leaf  brown  on  the  back,  white  on  the 
sides,  and  flesh  color  ventrally,  with  seven  oblique  bands  on  the  sides 
of  a  deeper  brown,  and  a  lateral  stripe  of  straw  color,  which  is  continuous 
on  the  first  three  segments,  and  which,  beo'innina'  on  the  fourth,  is 
interrupted  on  the  middle  of  each.  The  stigmata  are  bordered  with 
white,  and  placed  on  some  brown  orbicular  spots,  which  unite  with  the 
oblique  bands  above  mentioned.  The  head  is  of  a  pale  fawn,  with  the 
same  black  lines  as  in  the  first  green  variety  above  described.  The 
legs  are  blackish  and  the  prolegs  flesh  color,  with  the  crown  gray.  The 
caudal  shield  is  orange-yellow  and  the  caudal  horn  entirely  black. 

In  the  seroiaf  variety  iheTB  are  four  longitudinal  lines  of  a  dirty  white 
on  the  first  three  segments,  of  which  two  are  dorsal  and  two  are  lateral, 
with  two  points  of  the  same  color  on  the  four  segments  placed  near  the 
incisures. 

The  third  variety  is  entirely  of  an  earthy  brown,  with  the  back  and 
the  oblique  bands  of  a  deeper  brown. 

Besides  these  six  varieties,  intermediate  ones  are  met  with,  but  in  all 
those  of  a  brown  ground  the  body  is  annulated  with  numerous  blackish 
furrowed  lines,  which  are  cut  by  others  longitudinally,  forming  small 
squares. 

The  larva  feeds  on  the  different  species  of  Convolvulus.  It  hides 
itself  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  under  the  leaves,  but  may  be  easily  dis- 
covered from  its  large  excrements.  It  enters  the  ground  for  transfor- 
mation. 

The  pujja  is  yellowish-brown,  with  the  tongue-case  very  long,  de- 
tached from  the  breast,  and  half-rolled  in  a  spiral  at  its  tip. 

The  imago  appears  in  September  of  the  same  year,  from  larvae  which 
transform  in  July.     Those  which  are  later  in  changing,  pass  the  winter 


G52  [December 

in  the  pupa  state,  and  disclose  in  May  or  June  of  the  following  year. 

It  occurs  in  all  the  temperate  parts  of  Europe.  It  is  found  also  in 
Africa,  in  the  East  Indies,  and  according  to  Boisduval,  in  the  islands 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.      Chenu's  Insectes  Lepidnpteres,  p.  269-71. 

On  this  continent,  it  extends  throughout  the  tropics,  and  north  into 
Pennsylvania.  The  larval  description  given  by  Abbot  and  Smith 
(under  the  name  of  convohuli)  diflFers  so  essentially  from  the  above  as 
hardly  to  be  referable  to  the  same  species.  , 

The  following  quaint  description  of  this  species  is  extracted  from 
MademniseUe  De  Meriaiis  Histoire  Generale  des  Insectes  de  Sibrlnam 
— a  very  valuable  work,  now  almost  out  of  print. — a  fine  edition  of 
which,  in  folio,  published  at  Paris  in  1771,  is  in  the  possession  of  John 
Gebhard,  Jr  ,  Esq.,  of  Schoharie,  N.  Y.: 

The  caterpillar  is  rarely  met  with ;  it  inhabits  ordinarily  fields  of  grain,  and 
feeds  on  the  roots  of  the  Tvraye.  It  is  of  a  clear  brown  color,  striped  and  spotted 
in  an  obscure  shade.  The  last  of  July  I  placed  one  in  a  box  with  some  ground, 
where  it  made  a  round  deep  hole ;  entering  therein,  it  covered  the  cavity  with 
some  leaves,  and  transformed  into  a  pupa,  which  was  green  on  the  breast  and 
black  on  the  back.  The  following  day  it  became  brown,  with  two  small  protu- 
berances on  the  sides  similar  to  eyes,  and  between  the  two  a  curved  horn;  it 
moved  about  with  much  force. 

At  the  end  of  September  it  came  out  a  large  moth,  which  had  the  front  of  the 
body  and  the  wings  of  a  gray  cinder,  ornamented  with  black.  On  the  wings 
could  be  seen  distinctly  the  Roman  letters  B,  C,  U  and  M.  It  had  before  its 
head  a  long  brown  tube,  which,  at  some  distance  from  the  head,  divided  in  two, 
and  was  capable  of  being  entwined  on  each  side,  and  also  of  being  extended  at 
length.  The  body  above  was  of  a  clear  red,  striped  with  black,  with  an  ash  gray 
stripe  along  its  back.  The  whole  body  was  bristling  with  hairs,  or  with  downy 
plumes.  During  the  day  it  was  quiet,  but  flew  about  at  night,  making  a  great 
humming,  in  keeping  with  its  great  size. 

Sphinx ? 

Young  Larva;  previous  to  its  final  moulting,  1.25  in.  long;  apple- 
green  ;  a  horn  like  projection  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  second  seg- 
ment, on  each  side  of  which  are  two  light  purple  blotches,  of  which  the 
anterior  one  is  the  larger;  one  or  two  similar  spots  on  each  side  of  the 
caudal  horn,  and  a  few  purplish  dorsal  dots.  Caudal  horn  short,  blunt, 
slightly  curved. 

The  above  description  is  from  memory.  The  larva  was  taken  on  the 
J)th  of  August,  feeding  on  Spearmint,  {Mentha  viridis)  and  not  having 
matured,  descriptive  notes  were  omitted  at  the  time.     It  remained  mo- 


18G4.]  653 

tiouless  during  the  day  on  the  twig  upon  which  it  was  taken,  without 
the  indications  of  approaching  change  usually  so  noticeable  in  the  larva? 
of  the  Sphingidae.  The  following  morning  it  had  moulted,  and  so  re- 
markable had  been  its  transformation  that  it  could  not  have  been  recog- 
nized as  the  same  larva.  Of  its  cast-oif  skin  there  remained  but  the 
head-case  and  a  fragment  of  its  terminal  portion  adhering  to  the  stem. 

Maturfi  Larva.  2.10  to  2.75  in.  long,  .35  in.  broad.  Head  small, 
suboval,  flattened  in  front,  dark  brown,  lighter  posteriorly  and  on  the 
apex,  with  whitish  lateral  stripes.  Body  cylindrical.  The  abdominal 
segments  reddish-brown,  with  numerous  tan  color  (sometimes  whitish) 
ocellated  spots  on  the  annulations,  of  which  the  ocelli  are  brown  or 
black.  The  first  segment,  not  visible  when  at  rest,  light  brown  supe- 
riorly, olive-brown  laterally;  the  collar  light  brown,  outlined  with  black. 
The  anterior  of  the  second  segment  triangular  as  seen  from  above  and 
laterally,  with  the  apex  slightly  rounded — extending  horizontally  and  be- 
yond the  head  when  at  rest — olive-brown  laterally,  with  a  small  black  vel- 
vety spot  anteriorly  on  the  incisure  of  first  and  second  segments,  not  visible 
when  contracted.  The  second  and  third  segments  olive-brown  laterally, 
and  dorsally  a  black  velvety  spot,  extending  over  one-half  of  the  former 
and  two-thirds  of  the  latter — acutely  pointed  anteriorly  and  rectangu- 
lated  laterally  near  its  base,  which  is  one-half  of  its  diameter — in  general 
shape  resembling  that  of  a  spear-head — bordered,  except  behind,  by 
white  or  light  buff",  shading  into  the  brown  of  the  body.  Seven  lateral 
bands  of  whitish  ocellated  spots,  crossing  one  segment,  and  bordered  pos- 
teriorly with  darker  brown,  which  is  continued  nearly  across  the  follow- 
ing segment.  The  vascular  line  obsolete.  Caudal  horn  dark  brown,  .10 
in.  long,  curved,  granulated,  shriveled,  as  if  about  to  disappear.  Legs 
and  prolegs  black. 

As  it  approaches  pupation,  its  color  changes  to  dull  purple,  the  tho- 
racic spot  is  rounded  laterally  where  previously  angulated,  the  sides 
sub-parallel,  rounding  into  the  apex  which  is  sometimes  acutely  pointed, 
sometimes  truncate — in  the  former  case  resembling  an  Indian  arrow- 
head.    Caudal  horn  nearly  obsolete. 

I  have  also  taken  this  larva  twice  on  the  Wild  Bergamot  (Monarda 
ftsfiilusa)  late  in  September.  It  feeds  at  fiist  on  the  leaves,  and  subse- 
quently, when  it  has  nearly  attained  its  growth,  on  the  blossoms.  It 
eats  rapidly  and  rests  frequently,  at  which  times  it  porrects  its  head  at 


654  [December 

a  right  angle  with  its  body,  and  closely  folds  against  it,  its  three  pairs  of 
legs.  After  maturity  it  does  not  assume  this  position,  even  if  provoked 
by  the  finger,  but  crawls  about  with  restless  activity.  Buried  in  the 
ground  August  10th  and  25th,  where  it  constructs  a  ground  cell  at  the 
ordinary  depth. 

Of  four  larvas  taken,  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  the  imago,  each 
having  died  while  in  pupation,  one  after  having  retained  its  vitality 
until  the  second  summer.  It  has  probably  not  been  hitherto  described. 
From  the  long  tongue-case  of  the  pupa  it  would  seem  to  belong  to 
Walker's  group  of  Macrosila^  but  of  the  species  therein  embraced  none 
of  the  larval  descriptions  are  applicable  to  it;  that  of  ciiu/ulata  by  Ab- 
bot and  Smith  approaches  it  in  the  '■  diamond  shaped  blackish  brown 
patches  anteriorly,  but  diflPers  in  most  of  the  other  particulars. 

Pupa.  1.60  in.  long,  .40  in.  broad;  chesnut  brown.  Head-case 
sub-triangular,  extending  by  more  than  the  length  of  the  first  segment 
beyond  it,  and  somewhat  beyond  the  base  of  the  tongue-case.  Tips  of 
the  antennae-cases  in  the  %  *  reaching  very  nearly  to  the  tips  of  the 
middle  leg-cases.  The  exserted  tongue-case  dark  brown,  .40  in.  long 
in  its  exterior  curve,  nearly  sti'aight,  slightly  raised  from  the  breast  by 
its  terminal  bulb,  marked  with  transverse  confluent  wrinkles  and  a 
medial  ridge ;  the  buried  portion  of  the  tongue-case  extends  beyond 
the  tips  of  the  wing-cases.  First  segment  inclined  at  an  angle  of  about 
45°,  with  wrinkles  radiating  from  its  medial  line;  first  stigma  dark 


*The  following  description  of  that  portion  of  the  pupa  case  which  covers  the 
anal  and  generative  organs,  is  drawn  from  a  number  of  C.  quadricor-ni.s  j)upee  : 
with  some  slight  modifications,  resulting  from  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  deve- 
lopment, it  is  believed  that  it  will  serve  to  indicate  the  sexes  of  all  the  Sphinges: 

In  the  %  ,  the  eleventh  segment  infei-iorly  is  similar  to  the  preceding  one,  and 
its  posterior  incisure  is  uninterrupted  and  rectilinear.  On  the  twelfth  segment, 
occupying  its  length,  which  is  quite  short,  are  two  prominent  elongated  granu- 
lations, divided  by  a  deeply  impressed  line.  Posterior  to  this  is  the  anal  plate, 
having  a  central  sulcus,  with  prominent  margins,  within  a  sub-oval,  smooth, 
depressed  spot,  and  is  similar  in  both  sexes. 

In  the  9  >  the  eleventh  segment  interiorly  is  marked  with  an  impressed  me- 
dial line,  on  each  side  of  which,  near  the  middle  of  the  segment,  is  a  small  elon- 
gated granulation  :  posterior  to  which,  and  extending  on  the  twelfth  segment, 
is  a  sub-oval  smooth  spot,  through  which  the  impressed  medial  line  is  conti- 
nued; the  intermediate  incisure  is  interrupted  by  tlie  smooth  spot,  and  (in  som*» 
species)  is  bent  in  an  angle  directed  anteriorly. 


1864.]  655 

brown,  linear.  Second  segment  protuberant  centrally.  Third  segment 
with  a  dark  brown  nearly  central  plait,  bisected  medially  by  some  gra- 
nulations. Abdominal  segments  minutely  wrinkled  transversely,  punc- 
tulated  anteriorly;  the  posterior  segments  conical  and  contracted. 
Terminal  spine  .12  in.  long,  flat,  attenuated,  granulated,  slightly  bifid 
under  a  lens.     3  %  . 

Its  pupation  is  in  a  ground  cell,  at  the  ordinary  depth.  The  pupa 
usually  has  its  posterior  segments  bent  on  one  side.  For  one  now  in 
my  possession,  the  larva  of  which  was  taken  in  August  last,  and  from 
which  I  hope  to  determine  the  species,  I  am  under  obligations  to  Mr. 
Gregg  Johnson. 

Sphinx  cinerea  Harris. 

Larta.  3  in.  to  3.25  in.  long;  cylindrical,  greenish  white,  shading 
into  white  dorsally.  Head  semi-oval,  flat,  green,  with  yellow  lateral 
lines.  The  thoracic  segments  transparent,  more  tinged  with  green  ;  a 
few  small  granulations  on  the  annulations  of  the  segments,  which  are 
yellow-green  laterally  and  white  dorsally.  The  seven  lateral  bands  pale 
yellow,  edged  with  darker  green  anteriorly,  traversing  the  entire  seg- 
ment above  the  stigma  and  continued  over  six-eighths  of  the  following, 
in  white  edged  with  pale  green  above.  Stigmata  linear,  bordered  with 
white.  Caudal  horn  rose  color,  long,  curved,  with  a  prominent  base, 
sometimes  tipped  with  blue.  Caudal  shield  edged  with  light  green. 
Legs  rose  color. 

Feeds  on  the  Lilac,  from  one  bush  of  which  six  were  collected  on  the 
20th  day  of  August,  nearly  full  grown.  From  its  being  so  seldom 
taken,  while  its  imago  is  perhaps  the  most  common  of  the  Sphinges,  its 
occurrence  on  the  Lilac  which  has  hitherto  been  alone  given  as  its  food- 
plant,  is  undoubtedly  exceptional.  It  has  been  taken  by  W.  H.  Ed- 
wards, Esq.,  on  the  White  Ash  {Fraxiiim  Amcricamts.)  Mr.  Samuel 
F.  Bagg,  of  this  city,  informs  me  that  he  has  found  it  near  a  hedge  of 
Privet  (Li(/ustrum  vidgare\  upon  which  he  subsequently  matured  it. 
It  may  also  be  searched  for  on  the  Fringe  tree  {Chionanthus  Viryinicu) 
and  on  other  species  of  Fraxinus,  as  it  probably  ranges  over  the  entire 
Order  of  our  Olcaceee. 

Pupa.  2  in.  long,  .60  broad.  Chesnut  brown.  Head-case  depressed, 
projecting  by  nearly  the  length  of  the  first  segment  beyond  it.  Tongue- 
case — its  base  anteriorly  advanced  nearly  to  the  vertex  of  the  head-case. 


656  [December 

regularly  ridged  transversely,  with  a  medial  impressed  line  having  mo- 
derately elevated  margins — its  trunk  raised  by  one-half  its  diameter 
from  the  breast,  the  tip  applied  to  the  breast  and  slightly  bulbous ;  the 
buried  portion  of  the  tongue-case  smooth,  extending  to  the  tips  of  the 
wing-cases,  which  are  also  smooth.  Anterior  leg-case  with  a  prominence 
over  the  femur.  First  segment  with  a  smooth  dorsal  spot,  from  which 
wrinkles  radiate.  Second  segment  moderately  rounded,  with  inter- 
rupted transverse  wrinkles  dorsally.  Third  segment  with  a  dark  brown 
central  transverse  fold,  interrupted  dorsally.  Central  segments  broader 
than  the  thoracic  region,  moderately  punctulated,  with  dorsal  wrinkles 
and  depressions.  Eleventh  segment  with  a  small  dursal  protuberance. 
Terminal  segment  quite  tapering.  Spine  short,  blunt,  wrinkled  and 
bifid.     1  S  . 

The  Imago  frequently  enters  houses  in  July,  attracted  by  lights.  I 
have  often  captured  it  at  twilight,  taking  its  food  from  the  Italian  Ho- 
neysuckle (^Lo)n'cera  Capri/olimn),  upon  a  couple  of  vines  of  which,  a 
young  lad  took,  in  one  evening,  ten  or  twelve,  without  a  net,  by  simply 
throwing  over  them  a  handkerchief,  while  a  larger  number  escaped 
from  his  rude  method  of  collecting. 

A.  gentleman  who  had  pinned  a  fresh  $  of  this  species  upon  a  fence, 
where  it  was  forgotten  at  the  time,  the  following  morning  found  a  % 
in  copulation  with  it.  A  second  one,  exposed  during  the  night  as  an 
experiment,  also  drew  a  mate,  which  was  captured  in  the  morning. 
Pterec/oii  inscriptum  Harris,  Thi/rcus  Abhutii  Swainson,  Darapsa 
Myron  Cramer,  and  Smerinthus  tjeminatus  Say,  from  the  breeding  cage, 
are  known  to  have  been  fertilized  in  this  manner,  and  broods  of  the 
imago  reared  from  their  eggs. 

It  is  probable  that  many,  if  not  all  of  the  Sphinges,  when  newly 
emerged,  possess  the  faculty,  in  common  with  the  Saturnians,  although 
perhaps  in  a  lesser  degree,  of  attracting  the  S  ;  and  as  several  of  the 
species  have  been  known  to  deposit  eggs  after  being  pinned,  an  excel- 
lent opportunity  is  thus  aiforded  of  becoming  acquainted  with  their 
larvae,  of  obtaining  bred  specimens  for  our  collections  always  so  highly 
prized,  and  of  ensuring  a  number  of  duplicates  for  exchange. 

When  the  $  is  of  such  rarity  that  its  possessor  would  be  unwilling 
to  subject  it  to  the  risk  of  injury  from  fluttering  during  a  night's  ex- 
posure, the  precaution  may  be  adopted  of  fastening  the  wings  together 


1864.]  057 

over  the  back  by  means  of  a  spring.  The  patent  riothes-phi  with  a 
small  spiral  brass  spring,  has  been  suggested  as  well  adapted  for  the 
purpose,  if  tied  by  a  string  at  a  proper  height  above  the  moth. 

r  would  also  recommend  to  those  who  may  capture  abroad  females  of 
our  more  rare  Sphinges,  which,  from  their  fresh  appearance  and  dis- 
tended abdomens,  have  probably  not  oviposited,  that,  instead  of  depri- 
ving them  of  life  immediately,  there  should  be  introduced  within  their 
bodies  a  sufficient  quantity  of  an  oltl  solution  of  ci/anide  of  potcissiuin.* 
to  permit  of  their  lives  being  prolonged  for  a  few  days.  If  they  have 
not  already  deposited  their  eggs,  and  their  fertilization  has  taken  place, 
they  will,  in  all  probability,  relieve  themselves  of  a  liberal  portion  be- 
fore dying.'l' 

A  fine  specimen  of  the  rare  Smerinthus  Mi/ops  Sm.  and  Ab..  taken 
the  past  season  by  Mr.  Charles  A.  Doolittle.  of  this  city,  and  kindly 
presented  to  me,  after  having  been  pinned  as  above,  deposited  a  number 
of  eggs,  but  unfortunately,  the  larvae  from  them  were  not  observed  in 
time  to  supply  them  with  their  requisite  food. 

Sphinx  Kalmia  Sm.  and  Ab. 
Larva.    3    in.    long,    cylindrical,   segments    indistinctly  annulated. 

■*An  aqueous  solution  of  cyanide  of  potassium,  is  probably  the  most  efficient 
chemical  agent,  of  which  the  collector  can  avail  himself,  for  the  prompt  de- 
struction of  insect  life.  For  its  full  efficiency,  the  solution  should  be  newly 
made.  If  kept  for  any  length  of  time,  it  should  be  excluded  from  the  light,  and 
tightly  corked  immediately  upon  using  it.  Such  is  the  avidity  with  which  it 
seizes  upon  acids,  that  after  a  few  openings  of  the  bottle,  the  amount  of  carbonic 
acid  which  it  has  drawn  from  the  atmosphere,  is  sufficient  for  its  decomposition. 

To  use  it  most  advantageously,  prick  it  in  the  thorax  of  the  insect  beneath 
the  wing,  with  a  thorn  from  the  iloney  Locust  {Gleditschia  triacanthus) — the 
regular  taper  of  which  constitutes  its  peculiar  merit.  Partially  withdraw  the 
thorn,  that  the  solution  may  flow  from  the  point  into  the  wound.  A  single  in- 
sertion will  almost  instantaneously  destroy  the  life  of  a  small  insect  :  for  a 
Sphinx,  it  would  need  to  be  repeated. 

f  As  the  above  recommendation  of  a  lingering  death  may  reach  the  eye  of 
some  who  would  regard  it  as  liable  to  the  charge  of  cruelty,  it  may  be  proper 
to  accompany  it  with  the  statement  of  an  established  physiological  fact,  well 
known  to  Entomologists, — that  from  certain  peculiarities  of  nervous  structure,  the 
Insect  world  is  almost  without  the  consciousness  of  pain — a  most  benificent  provi- 
sion, in  view  of  their  liability  to  injury,  and  the  general  destruction  to  which 
they  seem  doomed,  from  birds,  fishes,  and  the  more  rapacious  members  of  their 
own  class. 


658  [December 

Head  small,  flat,  suboval,  of  a  clear  apple-green,  yellowish  on  the  sides. 
with  a  lateral  black  stripe  exteriorly.  Body  apple-green,  lighter  and 
of  a  transparent  hue  dorsally,  deepening  laterally.  Lateral  bands,  .seven, 
confined  to  one  segment  each,  with  a  sharply  defined  bordering  anteriorly 
of  dark  blue  almost  black,  white  centrally,  and  yellow  interiorly. 
Caudal  horn  .40  in.  long,  quite  curved,  light  blue,  thickly  studded  with 
shining  black  tubercles,  which  coalesce  at  the  tip.  Caudal  shield  and 
anal  plates  yellow  green,  dotted  with  small  black  elevated  points.  Stig- 
mata pale  orange — their  upper  portion  extending  in  the  yellow  of  the 
bands.  Legs  black,  pearly  at  base.  Prolegs  with  two  black  spots  ex- 
teriorly, separated  by  yellow,  or  connected  posteriorly  by  a  black  line. 
Feeds  upon  the  Lilac  {Si/rinya  vulgaris  and  S.  Pcrsu-a.)  I  have 
taken  it  ready  for  pupation,  25th  July,  and  as  late  as  2Uth  September. 
At  least  three-fourths  of  those  which  I  have  met  with,  have  been  stung 
by  its  parasite,  the  grubs  of  which  eat  out  of  the  body  and  cover  it  with 
their  cocoons  (apparently  the  same  as  those  occurring  on  Darapxa 
3Ji/ro)i),  usually  just  as  the  larva  has  attained  its  growth. 

I  regret  my  inability  to  give  a  description  of  the  Pupa.  Its  exserted 
tongue-case,  from  my  recollection,  in  length,  is  intermediate  between 
ilrupiferarum  and  cinerea. 

Sphinx  Drupiferarum  Sm.  and  Ab. 

Larva.  3  inches  long,  cylindrical,  apple-green.  Head  green,  with 
lateral  brown  stripes,  uniting  at  the  apex,  and  becoming  broader  toward 
the  base.  Body,  with  the  lateral  bands  white,  bordered  anteriorly  with 
violet,  and  confined  to  one  segment.  Stigmata  orange.  Caudal  horn 
.40  in.  long,  dark  brown. 

Taken  on  the  Apple  and  Plum  from  August  5th  to  the  25th,  full 
grown. 

Among  some  notes  made  by  me  in  1859,  is  the  following : 

August  1st  took  young  larva  of  Drupiferarum,  feeding  on  the  Plum  ; 
apparently  after  its  second  molting,  1  inch  long;  its  body  rough  with 
numerous  small  granulations,  more  conspicuous  toward  the  head;  no 
(■audal  horn.  Molted  August  4th;  granulations  less  prominent;  no 
caudal  horn.     Escaped  before  its  next  molting. 

I  can  only  account  for  the  above  anomaly  of  the  absence  of  the  horn 
in  this  species,  by  the  supposition,  that  it  may  have  been  lost  by  some 


1864.]  659 

accident  soon  after  its  birth,  and  all  trace  of  it  obliterated  in  its  subse- 
quent moltings. 

Pupa.  1.90  inch  long,  .50  inch  brond.  Dark  brown.  Head-case 
rounded,  quite  corrugated,  projecting  by  one-half  the  length  of  the  first 
segment  beyond  it.  Exserted  tongue-case.  .25  in.  long  in  its  outward 
curve,  its  base  anteriorly,  opposite  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  first 
segment,  not  bulbous  at  its  tip  and  not  resting  on  the  breast,— with  an 
impressed  line  and  confluent  transverse  wrinkles ;  the  buried  portion 
reaching  to  the  tips  of  the  wing-cases.  The  anterior  leg-cases,  promi- 
nent over  the  femur,  impressed  at  the  joint  between  it  and  the  tibia, — 
both  pairs  of  leg-cases  transversely  wrinkled.  Antennaj-cases  in  the  $ 
not  extending  to  the  tips  of  the  anterior  leg-cases.  Wing-cases  trans- 
versely wrinkled.  First  segment  depressed  anteriorly,  corrugated,  with  a 
medial  line,  its  stigma  quite  open.  Second  segment  slightly  i-ounded 
dorsally.  corrugated,  with  a  medial  line.  Third  segment  with  a  sub- 
dorsal fusiform  depression,  and  not  compressed  at  the  base  of  the  wing- 
cases.  Abdominal  segments  with  conspicuous  transverse  wrinkles,  and 
numerous  punctulations, — those  on  the  anterior  wrinkles  with  elevated 
margins.  Terminal  segment  in  $  .  very  full  and  obtuse.  Stigmata, 
fusiform.  Spine  short,  broad,  constricted  at  the  base,  excavated  infe- 
riorly.  with  a  bifid  tip.      I  $  . 

I  have  had  the  Imago  of  this  species  to  emerge,  after  two  winters 
passed  in  the  pupa  state,  although  in  the  same  box  with  others,  which 
made  their  appearance  at  the  usual  time.  It  attains  a  large  size,  occa- 
sionally measuring  4.70  in.  in  expanse  of  wings.  Both  the  moth  and 
its  larva  appear  to  be  rare. 

Philampelus  satellitia  Linn 
Larva.  Length  when  extended,  4  inches — when  at  rest,  with  its 
head  and  thoracic  segments  retracted  within  the  fourth  segment,  3 
inches,  and  .59  in.  broad.  Head  reddish-brown,  small  and  rounded. 
Body,  of  a  transparent  reddish-brown,  lighter  dorsally,  with  small  ocel- 
lated  spots  on  the  annulations.  Fifth  to  tenth  segments  inclusive,  each 
with  an  oval  cream-colored  spot,  in  which  is  the  stigma.  In  some  in- 
dividuals, only  the  superior  half  of  the  anterior  spot  on  the  fifth  seg- 
ment is  given, — in  some,  its  position  is  merely  indicated  by  a  dot,  and 
in  others,  it  is  wholly  wanting. 


660  [December 

Although  this  larva  has  frequently  come  under  my  observation, 
feeding  both  on  the  Grape  and  Ampelopsis,  and  in  different  stages  of 
its  growth,  from  previous  to  its  third  molting  to  maturity,  I  have  never 
met  with  it  of  the  '•  pale  green"  color  of  our  published  descriptions. 
In  some  individuals  taken  by  me,  the  red  hue  has  prevailed  to  an  ex- 
tent approaching  crimson.  It  is  frequently  quite  late  in  maturing. 
On  several  occasions  I  have  known  it  to  be  caught  by  the  October 
frosts,  before  it  had  undergone  its  last  (fourth)  molting.  I  regret  that 
I  cannot  give  the  period  of  disappearance  of  the  caudal  horn,  or  a  more 
particular  description  of  the  larva,  which  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  the  Sphinges. 

Pupa.  2  in.  to  2.25  in.  long,  .70  in.  broad.  Chesnut  brown.  Head- 
case,  prolonged,  sub-triangular  laterally,  slightly  corrugated.  Wing- 
cases,  smooth,  separated  by  the  buried  tongue-case,  which  extends 
slightly  beyond  their  tips.  Tips  of  antennae-cases  in  the  S  ranging 
with  tips  of  the  anterior  legs — in  the  9  not  reaching  to  their  tips. 
Segments  with  impressed  points,  more  abundant  on  their  anterior  por- 
tion ;  the  second  segment,  with  a  subdorsal  depression  above  the  base 
of  the  wing-case  ;  the  third  segment,  with  three  prominent  ridges — the 
central  one,  which  proceeds  from  the  base  of  the  posterior  wing-case, 
divided  dorsally  by  an  elevated  medial  line,  connecting  the  two  exte- 
rior ones  ;  the  fourth  segment  more  elevated  than  the  others  ;  the  cen- 
tral segments  projecting  inferiorly;  the  terminal  segments  regularly 
tapering.  Terminal  .spine  long,  thick,  rounded,  rugose,  attenuated  near 
the  tip,  minutely  bifid,  .10  in.  long.  4  S  ,  2  9  . 

The  pupation  occurs  in  a  ground  cell,  constructed  at  a  very  moderate 
depth.  The  pupte  appear  to  be  quite  delicate, — thi-ee-fourths  of  their 
number  having  failed  with  me,  to  mature.  I  have  obtained  the  Im.ago 
from  a  box  kept  in  a  warm  room  near  the  ceiling,  on  the  2d  of  Decem- 
ber. It  is  rarely  captured  by  collectors,  and  very  seldom  in  good  con- 
dition. 

Philampelus  Aohemon  Drury. 

Larva.  Length  when  at  rest,  3  inches.  Reddish-brown,  with  a 
darker  dorsal  line,  and  a  sub-dorsal  one  midway  between  the  dorsum 
and  stigmata,  bordered  inferiorly  with  lighter  brown ;  below  the  stig- 
mata, darker  brown.  The  annulations  with  ocellated  spots  as  in  xntil- 
h'tia.     The  lateral  spots,  cream-colored,  each  composed  of  three  sub- 


1864.]  661 

oval  confluent  ones,  of  which  the  lower  one  embraces  the  .sti<;ma  con- 
necting with  its  superior  margin — the  next  of  equal  size  or  broader — 
the  ujjper  one,  quite  small,  resting  on  the  incisure,  near  the  sub-dorsal 
line, — the  three  ranging  transve'-sely,  and  anteriorly  from  the  stigma, 
unlike  the  lateral  bands  of  nearly  all  of  the  Sphingidae,  which  are 
directed  posteriorly. 

Pupa.  One  in  my  possession  which  there  is  every  reason  for  believ- 
ing it  to  belong  to  this  species,  differs  in  the  following  particulars  from 
mtclb'tla.  The  head-case  is  rather  short.  The  antennae-cases  of  the  9 
extend  slightly  beyond  the  anterior  leg-cases.  The  elevated  medial 
line  of  the  third  segment  is  prolonged  over  the  posterior  ridge  to  the 
incisure,  and  is  more  prominent.  The  eleventh  segment  is  broader 
than  the  posterior  portion  of  the  tenth,  and  is  abruptly  rounded.  The 
twelfth  segment  is  sub-rectangular  inferiorly,  and  instead  of  a  terminal 
spine,  it  has  simply  an  obtuse  tuberculated  projection.  Size  of  .sa<e/- 
litia.  The  pupal  transformation  occurs  ordinarily  about  the  middle  of 
August. 

The  Imago  is  met  with  less  frequently  than  satellitia.  I  have  taken 
it  in  June,  at  twilight,  about  the  flowers  of  the  Evening  Primrose 
(  (Enothera  biennis),  the  culture  of  which,  in  a  lar^e  cluster,  I  would 
commend  to  collectors,  from  its  having  given  me  several  of  the  rarer 
Sphinges. 

Deilephila  Cham^^neru  Harris. 
Larva.  3  in.  long.  Head,  dull  red,  small,  exceeding  slightly  in 
diameter,  the  first  segment.  Body  tapering  gradually  from  the  ninth 
segment  to  the  fourth,  thence  rapidly  to  the  head,  and  slightly  from 
the  ninth  posteriorly;  incisures,  rather  deep ;  color,  dark  brown,  ap- 
proaching black.  The  vascular  line,  dull  red.  The  annulations  of  the 
segments  conspicuous  on  their  posterior  half.  Midway  between  the 
vascular  line  and  the  stigmata,  on  the  central  segments,  a  row  of  dull 
white  spots,  nine  in  number,  placed  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  seg- 
ment, sub-oval  in  shape,  their  longest  diameter  in  line  with  the  body — 
the  last  one,  elongated,  and  extending  upward  to  the  caudal  horn. 
Beneath  these  spots,  the  body  is  dotted  with  whitish.  Caudal  horn^ 
.20  in.  long,  slightly  curved.     Stigmata,  yellowish. 

The  larva  appears  to  be  rare.     1  have  taken  it  but  once,  on  August 


3(32  [December 

8th,  when  full  grown,  moving  rapidly  across  a  road.     It  buried  in  the 
ground  the  following  day. 

Rev.  Dr.  Schmidt,  of  New  York,  informs  me  that  he  has  met  with 
it  several  times,  feeding  on  Purslane  (Portulaccn  oleracea). 

Pupa.  1.50  in.  long,  .40  in.  broad.  Color  pale  reddish-brown,  mot- 
tled with  black  in  its  impressed  portions.  Head-case  rounded,  corru- 
gated, projecting  by  one-half  more  than  the  length  of  the  first  segment 
beyond  it.  Tongue-case  buried,  corrugated,  reaching  beyond  the  tips 
of  the  wing-cases.  Tips  of  the  antennae-cases,  reaching  nearly  to  the 
tips  of  the  anterior  leg-cases  in  the  9  .  Wing-cases,  in  transverse  cor- 
ruo-ations  and  mottlings.  Second  segment  but  moderately  rounded, 
darker  anteriorly.  The  third  segment,  without  folds,  nearly  black. 
The  abdominal  segments  with  confluent  punctulations,  more  distinct  on 
their  anterior  margin — the  black  prevailing  dorsally.  The  posterior 
seu-ments  regularly  tapering  and  contracted ;  the  anal  plate  of  small 
size.  Stigmata,  black — the  first  stigma  linear.  Terminal  spine  .15  in. 
long,  curved,  rounded,  granulated,  sub-spinous  near  the  tip,  regularly 
tapering  to  a  delicate  tip.  bifid  under  a  lens.  Described  from  a  pupa- 
case,  of  which  the  color  may  possibly  vary  from  that  of  the  living  pupa. 

Imaqo.  I  have  taken  it  abundantly,  on  the  25th  of  May,  and  for  a 
few  days  following,  about  the  blossoms  of  the  common  Lilac  at  sunset 
and  during  an  hour  thereafter,  in  company  with  Thyre,m  Nessus  and 
T.  Abhotii.  Subsequent  annual  visits  to  the  same  locality  have  failed 
to  o-ive  me  a  single  individual  of  either  of  the  above  species.  Although 
usually  commencing  its  flight  at  twilight,  chamxnerii  has  been  known 
to  be  on  the  wing  in  the  day  time,  and  to  enter  houses  through  open 
windows. 

Deilephila  lineata  Fabr. 

Larva.  2.75  in.  long.  Body  tapering  as  in  cliamsenerii,  grass  green. 
Midway  of  stigmata  and  vascular  line,  a  series  of  nine  lighter  green 
spots,  commencing  on  the  third  segment,  margined  above  and  below 
with  black,  which  connects  anteriorly — the  superior  margins  connected 
by  a  delicate  black  line,  forming  a  stripe  from  the  head  to  the  caudal 
horn.  Horn,  .30  in.  long,  stout,  roughly  granulated,  light  green,  tipped 
with  black.     Stigmata,  margined  with  black. 

Taken  Oct.  4th,  upon  the  ground ;  on  the  Gth,  spun  some  threads  in 


1864.]  og:-'. 

an  angle  of  a  box  in  which  it  was  confined ;  died  without  becoming  a 
pupa. 

The  above  description  diifers  in  coloration  from  that  given  by  Harris 
and  others.  It  is  possible  that  the  colors  may  have  undergone  some 
change,  from  its  approach  to  its  pupal  state,  although  I  can  recall  no 
instance  where  so  long  a  time  as  two  days  has  elapsed,  after  the  change 
of  color,  before  the  larva  has  taken  its  position  for  pupation — the  usual 
period  being  about  twenty-four  hours. 

I  have  taken  the  Ima<jo  the  middle  of  June,  about  the  fragrant 
Honeysuckle. 

Darapsa  Myron  Cramer. 

Youwj  Larva,  after  first  molting,  .50  in.  long,  light  green,  yellow  late- 
ral bands  running  into  the  yellow  subdorsal  line.  A  dorsal  series  of 
yellow  triangular  spots,  which  on  the  sixth  and  seventh  segments  are 
centered  with  orange.  Caudal  horn  green,  straight.  .20  in.  long.  It 
is  not  until  after  the  last  molting  that  the  horn  becomes  curved. 

Mdture  Larva.  Head  small,  oval,  with  yellow  granulations  and  four 
yellow  perpendicular  lines.  Body  with  fourth  and  third  segments 
swollen,  tapering  rapidly  from  the  former  to  the  head  ;  color,  yellowish- 
green,  with  numerous  pale  yellow  dots.  Lateral  bands,  seven,  connect- 
ing above,  with  a  white  stripe,  which  borders  a  darker  green  subdorsal 
line,  extending  from  the  lateral  stripes  of  the  head,  nearly  horizontally 
to  the  tenth  segment,  upon  which  it  curves  upward  to  the  horn.  On 
the  three  anterior  segments  the  subdorsal  line  is  yellow  bordered  be- 
neath. Five  dorsal  spots  of  pale  green,  the  base  of  each  resting  on  the 
anterior  of  the  segment,  and  the  apex  on  the  posterior — having  within 
on  the  vascular  line,  a  lozenge  shaped  dull  rose  spot  resting  on  the  an- 
terior incisure  of  the  segment.  Caudal  horn  .25  in.  long,  bluish-green, 
granulated  anteriorly  with  black,  posteriorly  with  yellow,  and  with  a 
yellow  tip.      Stigmata  orange,  with  a  white  spot  at  each  extremity. 

A  short  time  before  its  pupation,  the  color  of  the  larva  changes  to  a 
dull  rose  throughout,  with  the  white  lateral  and  subdorsal  bordering 
bands  of  a  clearer  rose.  Previous  to  this  change  of  color,  I  have  ob- 
served the  caterpillar  to  pass  with  its  mouth,  over  the  entire  surface  of 
its  body,  even  to  the  tip  of  its  horn,  covering  it  with  a  coating  of  appa- 
rently glutinous  matter — the  operation  lasting  about  two  hours. 

The  larva,  which  occurs  on   the  Grape,  is  very  liable  to  be  stung  by 


604  [December 

its  parasite, — perhaps  nine-tentlis  of  those  which  I  have  taken,  having 
been  thus  destroyed.  It  is  usually  after  the  last  molting,  while  to  all 
appearance  the  larva  is  uninjured  and  thriving,  that  numerous  little 
heads  may  be  seen,  forcing  their  way  through  the  skin  of  its  back  and 
sides.  Within  an  hour's  time,  the  entire  brood  of  grubs  has  emerged. 
With  their  terminal  segment  remaining  in  the  opening  made  by  the 
escape  of  their  bodies,  they  at  once  commence  building  about  them- 
selves, small,  firm,  snow-white  cocoons,  which  standing  on  end,  are 
usually  so  abundant  as  to  cover  the  entire  body ;  in  a  couple  of  hours, 
they  are  wholly  inclosed.  In  about  a  week,  the  parasite — a  small  Hy- 
menopterous  insect — is  developed,  escaping  from  the  cocoon  by  pushing- 
open  a  nicely  fitting  lid. 

The  more  fortunate  larva,  having  safely  reached  maturity,  spins 
loosely  together  a  few  leaves,  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  on  the 
bottom  of  its  breeding  cage,  and  changes  to  a  pupa  in  three  days. 

The  Pupa  is  1  in.  to  1.20  long,  .35  in.  broad,  cylindro-conical,  light 
brown.  Head-case  rounded,  depressed,  with  black  dots,  and  a  black 
crescent  on  the  eye-case.  Wing-cases  lighter  brown,  with  roundish 
black  spots  irregularly  spaced,  on  the  nervures,  and  a  cluster  near  the 
base.  Tongue  and  les;  cases  also  dotted  with  black.  Segments  dark 
brown  at  the  incisures,  covered  with  numerous  small  indentations,  some 
of  which  are  black — those  of  the  last  two  segments  more  conspicuous. 
First  stigma,  with  a  black  spot  posterior  to  it, — the  other  stigmata  sur- 
rounded with  black.  Terminal  spine,  .10  in.  long,  curved,  smooth, 
shining  black,  minutely  bifid.     2^,29- 

Imago :  appears  from  the  middle  of  June  to  August.  In  a  warm 
room,  and  in  a  favorable  position,  I  have  had  it  emerge  as  early  as 
December  4th.     It  varies  much  in  size,  and  in  depth  of  coloring. 

C  ERATO  MIA  QUADRICORiNIS    Harris. 

In  Vol.  I.  Proceed.  Ent.  Soc.  p.  292,  I  have  given  a  description  of 
the  pupa  of  this  species,  which  is  not  sufiiciently  minute,  to  serve  the 
purpose  of  positive  identification.  The  possession  of  a  number  of  the 
pupas,  affords  me  the  means  of  a  more  thorough  description,  and  I  ac- 
cordingly withdraw  the  former,  and  offer  instead,  the  following: 

Pupa.  1.55  in.  to  1.90  in.  long,  .50  in.  broad.  Head-case  small, 
depressed,  projecting  but  slightly  beyond  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
first  segment.     Eye-case,   margined  inferiorly  by  an  impressed   line. 


1864.]  .  6G5 

Tongue-case  buried,  extending  nearly  to  the  tips  of  the  wing-cases. 
Antennae-cases  prominent,  granulated, — their  tips  in  the  %  ,  nearer  to 
the  tips  of  the  middle  leg-cases  than  to  those  of  the  anterior  ones ;  in 
the  9  ,  extending  a  little  beyond  the  tips  of  the  anterior.  First  seg- 
ment, wrinkled,  with  a  moderately  elevated,  glossy  medial  line — its  stig- 
ma, broadly  open,  semi-oval.  Second  segment,  wrinkled,  projecting  at 
the  base  of  the  wing-cases,  with  a  glossy  medial  line  upon  its  anterior 
and  central  portion.  Third  segment  with  a  nearly  central  transverse 
plait,  bisected  by  a  dorsal  carination,  which  is  broader  posteriorly,  acute 
anteriorly,  and  not  extending  to  either  margin;  these  last  two  segments 
depressed  posterior  to  the  bases  of  the  wing-cases.  The  abdominal  seg- 
ments with  confluent  punctulations — with  delicate  transverse  wrinkles 
on  their  posterior  portion,  and  a  line  of  dorsal  granulations  of  about 
four  to  the  segment,  each  on  a  prominent  wrinkle,  which  becomes  obso- 
lete laterally.  Stigmata  ochraceous,  except  the  first  and  the  last,  which 
are  brown.  Terminal  spine  of  moderate  length,  constricted  at  the  base, 
quite  rugose,  and  minutely  bifid.     10  S  ,  8  9  . 

Smerinthus  exc^catus  Sm.  and  Ab. 

Larva.  Head  apple-green,  granulated,  flattened,  triangular,  the  apex 
rising  somewhat  above  the  first  segment,  with  bright  yellow,  straight, 
lateral  lines,  in  which  are  rounded  granulations,  increasing  in  size  as 
they  approach  the  apex.  Body,  with  thoracic  segments  tapering,  light 
green,  studded  with  pointed  white  granulations.  Lateral  bands,  yellow, 
each  occupying  three-eighths,  the  whole,  and  six-eighths  of  three  seg- 
ments respectively — on  the  central  segment  straight,  on  the  following 
one,  curved  posteriorly,  not  angulated  at  the  incisure, — having  within 
them  a  granulation  on  each  annulation  (eight  to  the  segment)  larger 
than  those  elsewhere  on  the  body.  Subdorsal  thoracic  line,  yellow, 
granulated  as  in  the  bands,  commencing  on  the  anterior  of  the  first  seg- 
ment, diverging  from  the  dorsum  as  it  proceeds,  and  uniting  at  the 
sixth  annulation  of  the  fourth  segment,  with  the  first  lateral  band. 
Caudal  horn,  nearly  straight,  .25  in.  long,  acutely  granulated,  rose- 
colored,  yellow  laterally  and  often  yellow  tipped.  Legs  at  tips,  reddish- 
brown.     Stigmata,  brown  bordered. 

I  have  taken  the  mature  larva,  from  the  middle  of  August  to  the  last 
of  September,  feeding  on  the  apple  and  plum.  It  has  also  been  found 
on  the  elm,  by  W.  H.  Edwards,  Esq. 


666  [December 

Pajia.  1.20  in.  long,  .40  in.  broad.  Dark  brown.  Head-case,  darker 
brown,  rounded,  corrugated,  with  an  impressed  transverse  line  border- 
ing it  posteriorly,  and  a  medial  line  impressed  interiorly  and  carinated 
superiorly.  Tongue-case  buried,  short,  not  separating  the  leg  and  wing- 
cases.  Antennae-cases  in  %  ,  terminating  very  near  to  tips  of  the  mid- 
dle leg-cases — in  9  i  opp.  tips  of  the  anterior  leg-cases.  First  stigma, 
quite  open  The  three  anterior  segments,  shagreened,  with  a  mode- 
rately elevated  medial  line.  Third  segment  without  plaits,  but  with  a 
medial  carination.  The  other  seirments  each  with  a  subdorsal  linear 
impression  and  also  lateral  ones. — and  with  confluent  punctulations. 
except  posteriorly,  where  they  are  smooth,  not  shining,  and  under  a 
lens,  delicately  shagreened.  Terminal  segment  sub-rectangular,  with  a 
short,  triangular,  rugose  spine,  more  prominent  in  the  %  .   1  S  ,  -  9  • 

8MERINTHUS  ? 

Larva,  length  2.5  in.,  breadth  .40  in.,  tapering  anteriorly  from  the 
caudal  horn.  Head  green,  granulated,  semi-conical,  not  rising  above 
the  first  segment,  the  lateral  lines,  whitish  or  light  green,  bordered  by 
darker  green  posteriorly,  commencing  anterior  to  the  ocelli,  curving 
slightly,  and  uniting  at  the  apex — the  granulations  within  these  lines 
larger  than  those  without;  maxillae,  within  black;  labrum,  rose-color. 
Body,  apple-green,  very  pale  dorsally,  and  deeper  below  the  stigmata, 
with  numerous  small  white-tipped  granulations,  which  are  more  con- 
spicuous on  the  anterior  segments.  The  seven  lateral  bands,  pale  yel- 
low,— in  the  first  six  segments,  commencing  at  the  margin  of  each 
somewhat  below  the  lower  portion  of  the  stigma,  traversing  two  seg- 
ments in  line.-i  slightly  concave  anteriorly,  forming  an  angle  at  the  in- 
cisure— sometimes  continued  on  a  third  segment,  nearly  reaching  the 
vascular  line, — the  granulations  in  these  bands  larger  than  those  of  the 
body  generally;  the  seventh  band  broader,  brighter  yellow,  and  more 
conspicuous  from  its  granulations  being  elongated  into  papillae — com- 
mencing on  the  posterior  portion  of  the  ninth  segment  on  the  sub-stig- 
matal  flexure,  and  continued  in  nearly  a  straight  line,  to  the  horn. 
The  subdorsal  thoracic  line,  pale  yellow,  extending  over  the  second  and 
third  segments  nearly  horizontally,  and  on  the  fourth,  curving  upward 
and  terminating  near  the  vascular  line.  Caudal  horn,  green,  straight, 
broad  at  its  base,  .10  in.  long.  Caudal  shield,  light  green,  studded  with 
conspicuous  white  granulations.     Legs,  rose-color. 


1864.]  ^  667 

Taken  in  September,  on  the  Maple.  T  have  not  been  able  to  obtain 
the  Iviago  from  the  above,  but  from  its  close  resemblance  to  the  excse- 
catns  larva,  it  is  probably  that  of  gemhiotu^.  which  is  not  confined  to 
the  iciUow,  upon  which  it  usually  feeds. — having  been  taken  also  on 
the  ivhite  ash  by  W.  H.  Edwards.  Esq. 


I  have  succeeded  but  rarely,  in  carrying  the  Smerinthus  larvse  tbroixgh 
their  transformations,  perhaps  in  conse(pience  of  an  unnatural  pupation, 
to  which  most  of  those  that  I  have  attempted  to  rear  have  been  sub- 
jected. Placed  in  a  box,  on  carefully  prepared  earth,  they  readily  bury 
themselves  in  it,  but  speedily  emerge, — again  enter  the  ground, — again 
emerge, — and  continue  thus  to  repeat  the  operation,  until  their  ap- 
proaching change  unfits  them  for  its  continuance,  when  they  are  com- 
pelled to  transform  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  If  subsequently 
buried,  my  experience  has  been,  that  the  pupse  seldom  survive  the 
winter,  but  if  wintered  in  subterranean  cells  constructed  by  the  larvae, 
they  are  usually  alive  the  following  spring.  It  has  recently  been  sug- 
gested to  me,  that  there  may  not  have  been  sufficient  depth  of  earth 
furnished  the  larvse, — my  boxes  permitting  them  only  to  penetrate  about 
lour  inches. 

T  am  indebted  to  W.  H.  Edwards.  Esq.,  for  a  statement  of  his  method 
of  treating  Sphinx  pupae,  and  as  he  has  found  it  remarkably  successful 
— rarely  loosing  a  pupa  which  survives  its  transformation  a  couple  of 
weeks — even  of  Smerinthus, — with  his  permission,  I  make  it  public, 
believing  it  to  be  preferable  to  any  published  method,  and  a  desidera- 
tum to  those  who  are  pursuing  the  study  of  insects  in  its  most  agreea- 
ble and  instructive  manner — ab  ovo. 

When  the  larvae,  which  bury  in  the  ground  for  their  transformation 
by  well  known  indications,  are  in  readiness  for  pupation,  they  are  placed 
in  a  box,  containing  six  inches  of  earth  mixed  with  rotten  dust  from 
an  old  apple  tree,  or  if  that  cannot  convenientlj^  be  obtained,  with  hard- 
wood saw-dust.  The  apple-tree  dust  should  be  previously  baked,  in 
order  to  kill  the  eggs  or  larvae  of  such  insects  or  centipedes  which  might 
otherwise  destroy  the  pupae. 

If  the  larvsB  are  not  known  to  the  collector,  they  should  be  jdaced  in 
separate  boxes,  or  at  least,  compartments,  that  they  and  their  pup;t? 
may  be  identified  after  the  change. 


668  [December 

The  last  of  October,  transfer  the  pupas  to  their  winter  quarters,  taking 
them  from  the  ground,  and  placing  them  in  flower  pots,  containing 
ground  as  above  prepared,  and  fine  sand  centrally,  in  which  the  pupse 
are  to  be  embedded,  properly  marking  the  contents  of  each.  Prepare 
a  box  of  suitable  size,  with  holes  in  the  bottom  for  drainage,  and  a  wire 
cover,  to  exclude  mice  and  other  depredators.  In  the  bottom  of  the 
box  put  a  few  inches  of  coarse  gravel,  covered  by  a  layer  of  earth,  upon 
which  place  the  pots,  and  fill  to  the  top  with  earth  and  dry  leaves. 
Bury  the  box  six  inches  under  ground,  and  over  it,  cover  with  boards, 
to  prevent  water  from  entering  the  box. 

Early  in  May,  remove  them  from  their  winter  quarters  to  some  soft 
earth,  arranging  them  so  that  the  imago,  when  it  emerges,  may  be  re- 
ferred to  its  pupa.  Upon  the  earth  lay  a  covering  of  wet  moss,  which, 
by  removing  and  saturating  about  once  a  week  with  water,  will  furnish 
the  necessary  degree  of  moisture  to  the  ground  beneath.  An  excellent 
location  is  an  open  verandah,  out  of  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun. 

Smerinthus  Juglandis  Sm.  and  Ab. 

Larva.  2.  in.  long,  .22  in.  broad  at  the  eighth  segment,  .14  in.  at 
the  first.  Head  large,  longest  diameter,  twice  that  of  the  first  segment, 
apex  quite  pointed,  color  light  green,  with  white  lateral  granulations. 
Body  elongated,  slender,  tapering  gradually  from  the  seventh  segment 
to  the  extremities,  light  apple  green,  granulated  regularly  on  the  annu- 
lations  with  white.  Lateral  bands,  seven,  lighter  green,  approaching 
white,  and  made  the  more  conspicuous  from  the  increased  size  of  the 
granulations  toward  the  broadest  part  of  the  band,  each  annulation  add- 
ing to  it  a  single  granulation ;  extending  over  two  segments  and  nearly 
reaching  to  the  vascular  line,  (jaudal  horn  slender,  .20  in.  long,  quite 
rough  with  numerous  acute  granulations,  which  are  more  prominent 
than  those  of  the  body. 

Feeds  on  the  Iron  Wood  {Oatrya  Virglnica')  on  which  it  was  taken 
full  grown,  Sept.  5th.  It  also  occurs  on  the  Black  Walnut  {Juyhins 
nigra)  and  on  the  Hickory  (^Cari/a  alba). 

Pupa,  Male.  1.20  in.  long,  .40  in.  broad.  Dark  brown,  almost 
black,  nearly  plane  ventrally, — abruptly  rounded  anteriorly,  and  gra- 
dually posteriorly.  Head-case  with  two  conical,  granulated,  divergent 
projections  between  the  bases  of  the  antennae-cases,  and  two  pairs  of 


1864.]  GOO 

smaller  ones  between  the  eye-cases, — and  a  pair  on  the  anterior  leg-cases. 
Eye-cases  with  a  tuberculated  ridge.  Antenn?e-cases  quite  prominent, 
with  a  granulation  on  each  joint.  Tongue-case  buried  and  not  visible, 
the  leg  and  wing-cases  meeting  at  their  tips.  Stigmata,  except  the 
first,  which  is  nearly  closed,  quite  oval.  The  seventh,  eighth  and  ninth 
segments  with  deep  incisures,  angulated  posteriorly,  acutely  granulated, 
and  encircled  on  their  posterior  margin  with  a  row  of  spines,  sub-obso- 
lete inferiorly  and  superiorly.  The  tenth,  eleventh  and  twelfth  seg- 
ments contracted  laterally  and  flattened  inferiorly, — the  eleventh  seg- 
ment spined  on  the  carination.  The  terminal  segment  ending  in  a 
broad,  flat,  rugose,  truncate  projection.     1  %  . 

Ellema  Harrtsii  Clemens. 

Larva.  2  in.  long,  .23  in.  broad.  Sub-cylindrical,  tapering  slightly 
anteriorly,  and  the  last  two  segments  quite  tapering.  Haad,  size  of  first 
segment,  gi'anulated,  flattened  anteriorly,  sub-triangular,  with  an  im- 
pressed medial  line,  and  straight  yellow  lateral  lines  terminating  at  the 
apex  in  two  black  granulations,  and  bordered  interiorly  above  with 
black.  Body  grass-green.  Subdorsal  and  lateral  bands  yellow.  Sub- 
stigmatal  stripe  bordering  the  stigmata,  white,  enlarged  on  the  central 
portions  of  the  segments.  Between  the  subdorsal  and  substigmatal 
stripes, — on  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments  veutrally, — and  exteriorly  to 
the  legs  and  prolegs,  dotted  on  the  annulations  with  paler  green  or 
yellow.  On  the  vascular  line,  a  series  of  crimson  spots  on  the  anterior 
of  the  segment,  commencing  usually  on  the  fourth, — the  first  small, 
sometimes  double — the  anterior  ones  triangular  or  lozenge-shaped,  regu- 
larly increasing  in  size  and  extending  over  more  of  the  segment — the 
posterior  ones  quadrangular,  and  uniting  on  the  last  two  segments  in  a 
stripe.  A  ventral  stripe  of  rose-color,  commencing  at  the  third  pair  of 
legs,  widening  as  it  proceeds,  and  embracing  the  prolegs.  No  caudal 
horn.  Caudal  shield  granulated,  and  edged  with  white.  Stigmata 
oval. 

I  have  usually  taken  the  larva  about  the  middle  of  September,  be- 
neath, or  ascending  the  trunks  of  the  White  Pine,  {Pinus  strobus}  from 
the  leaves  of  which  it  seems  liable,  when  near  its  maturity,  to  be  shaken 
by  high  winds. 

The  Fa2)a  is  chesnut  brown,  with  a  rough,  not  produced  head-ease. 


(>70  [December 

Tongue-case  buried,  parting  the  leg-cases,  but  terminating  just  before 
reaching  the  tips  of  the  wing-cases.  Incisures  rounded.  Posterior 
segments  tapering.  Stigmata  black.  Terminal  spine  black,  contracted 
at  base,  minutely  bifid.     Length,  .95  in. — 1.10  in.     Breadth,  .30  in. 

It  has  been  a  very  difl&cult  species  to  rear — by  far  the  larger  number 
dying  in  the  pupa  state.  From  perhaps  twenty-five  larvae,  I  have  ob- 
tained but  four  of  the  perfect  insect. 

The  Imago  appears  the  middle  of  June,  at  which  time  I  have  taken 
it,  resting  on  the  trunks  of  the  Pine,  in  the  grove,  where  only  I  have 
met  with  it  and  the  larva. 


Several  years  since,  in  the  latter  part  of  August,  I  found,  feeding 
on  the  black  poplar  {Popiilus  nigra),  two  young  Sphinx  larvfe.  of 
which  1  made  the  following  record  : 

Length  1.25  in. ;  color  bluish  slate,  of  about  the  shade  of  the  branches 
of  the  poplar.  Head  larger  than  the  anterior  segments,  and  more  blue 
than  the  body.  Body  gradually  increasing  in  size  to  the  tenth  seg- 
ment ;  the  eleventh  segment  elevated  in  a  hump,  bearing  the  caudal 
horn,  which  is  black,  and  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  length.  Caudal  shield 
violet,  bordered  with  red.  Legs  and  prolegs  red,  the  latter  with  a  black 
spot  exteriorly.  Stigmata  broadly  oval,  black,  annulated  with  white. 
The  body  beneath  yellowish-green. 

Unfortunately,  both  of  the  above  had  been  injured  by  parasites,  seve- 
ral black  spots  being  visible  on  their  bodies,  where  the  grubs  had  en- 
tered, after  escaping  from  the  eggs  which  had  been  deposited  on  their 
surface, —  the  shells  of  several  of  which  still  remained.*  Died  a  few 
days  after  they  were  taken. 

The  shape  of  the  larva  would  indicate  a  Smerinthus,  but  it  was  with- 
out the  characteristic  granulations  of  that  genus.  The  notes  do  not 
mention  lateral  bands,  and  from  my  imperfect  recollection  of  it.  it  was 
neither  marked  with  the  bands  or  with  longitudinal  stripes. 

I  record  the  above,  in  the  hope  that  the  larva  may  be  successfully 


*I  have,  in  several  instances,  saved  the  lives  of  rare  Sphinx  larvpe,  by  de- 
stroying with  the  point  of  a  knife  or  needle  the  parasitic  eggs  deposited  on  the 
skin,  appearing  as  small,  flattened,  oval,  white  spots.  If  not  found  before  the 
grubs  have  left  the  egg,  and  entered  the  body,  the  death  of  the  larva  or  pupa 
invariably  follows. 


1864.]  671 

sought  for  on  the   poplar,  identified,  and   the  foregoing   description  of 
,  the  young  larva  associated  with  that  of  the  adult. 


A  large  number  of  our  Sphinx  larvae  are  still  wholly  undescribed  ; 
several  are  given  in  such  general  terms  as  to  be  of  little  value  in  iden- 
tification ;  and  of  our  southern  species,  the  descriptions  of  Smith  and 
Abbot,  from  some  cause — perhaps  from  having  been  generally  taken 
from  exaggerated  colored  figures, — are  very  unreliable.  Of  the  thirty- 
five  species  occurring  in  the  State  of  New  York,  are  the  following,  of 
which  it  is  believed  no  published  descriptions  have  been  given  : 
Xessus,  Plebeia,  Modesta, 

Inscripta,  Luscitiosa,  Geminatus  'i 

Versicolor,  Jasminearum,  Astylus, 

Sordida.  Repentinus,  Brontes. 

(}f  at  least  several  of  the  above,  there  have  been  opportunities  to  se- 
cure descriptions,  and  even  to  give  to  science  complete  biographies  of  a 
few  from  the  egg  to  the  imago.  In  consideration  of  the  growing  in- 
terest manifested  among  us,  in  Entomological  studies,  and  of  the  special 
interest  attached  to  the  Sphinges,  I  would  make  an  appeal  to  each  Le- 
pidopterist  whom  these  pages  may  reach,  to  improve  every  opportunity 
presented  him,  of  describing  as  minutely  as  possible  such  Sphinx  larvae 
and  pupae  as  are  at  the  present  unknown, — comparing  the  known  ones 
with  published  descriptions,  to  note  variations,  supply  additions,  or  cor- 
rect errors, — and  to  contribute  the  result  of  his  labors  to  this,  or  some 
other  Scientific  Journal. 

I  trust  that  it  may  not  be  improper,  in  this  connection,  to  make  men- 
tion of  a  fact  already  known  to  many,  that  to  the  zeal  and  liberality  of 
Messrs.  Jr  W.  Weidemeyer  of  New  York,  Stephen  Calverley  of  Brook- 
lyn, and  W.  H  Edwards  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y  ,the  scientific  community 
is  soon  to  be  indebted  for  a  volume  in  quarto,  of  North  American 
Sphinges,  embracing  a  representation  of  every  known  species.  Nearly 
all  the  Plates  are  already  executed,  and  the  completion  of  the  work  is 
only  delayed  until  a  few  Southern  species  can  be  procured  for  figuring, 
to  which  access  cannot  now  be  had.  An  inspection  of  the  Plates 
issued  show  them  to  possess  a  remarkable  degree  of  fidelity  and  general 
excellence,  alike  creditable  to  the  skill  of  the  artist,  and  to  those  under 
whose  direction  the  result  has  been  attained.     As  the  publication  of 


♦^'"^  [December 

the  work  is  purely  a  ''  labor  of  love."  a  few  copies  only  are  to  be  issued, 
aud  those  intended  solely  for  private  distribution  and  foreign  exchange. 

Could  the  material  for  the  purpose  have  been  obtained,  the  above 
volume  would  also  have  embraced  figures  of  the  larvae  and  pupae  of 
each  species,  thereby  rendering  it  complete,  and  greatly  enhancing  its 
value.  But  before  our  Sphingidae  can  be  thus  fully  represented,  much 
work  remains  to  be  done.  With  a  view  to  its  speedy  accomplishment, 
it  is  very  desirable  that  each  collector  should  carefully  preserve  such 
pupaj  as  do  not  develop,  and  of  the  more  rare  species,  even  the  pup.i- 
case,  from  which  the  imago  has  emerged,  which  frequently  admits  of 
such  repair  as  to  retain  all  its  original  features.  Collections  of  the 
larvae  in  alcohol  should  be  made  which  will  prove  most  useful  in  de- 
scription, and  for  the  purpose  of  figuring ;  and  wherever  the  skill  is 
possessed  or  can  be  commanded,  let  colored  drawings  of  the  larva  also 
be  secured. 

A  reasonable  degree  of  effort,  in  the  direction  above  suggested,  on 
the  part  of  each  Lepidopterist  at  present  enrolled  as  a  member  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  will  very  soon  place  us  in  the 
possession  of  all  that  is  needed  for  a  full  history  and  representation  of 
the  interesting  and  attractive  family  of  the  Sphingida;, — richly  deserv- 
ing of  all  the  labor  which  its  perfect  delineation  would  require. 


Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  MASARIS. 
BY  E.  T.  CRESSON. 

In  a  large  collection  of  Hymenoptera.  collected  by  Mr.  James  Riding.s 
during  the  summer  of  1864.  in  the  mountain  region  of  (Colorado  Terri- 
tory, I  find  numerous  specimens  of  two  undescribed  species  of  Masari'x, 
as  well  as  of  M.  vespoidcs.  previously  described  in  these  Proceedings. 
The  latter  species,  the  only  member  of  the  genus  heretofore  known  in 
America,  was  first  obtained  in  Colorado  Territory,  and  from  the  fact 
that  at  the  time  the  description  was  published,  I  had  only  three  (IS, 
1  9  )  specimens,  I  was  not  aware  of  the  many  variations,  which  I  have 
since  discovered,  in  this  species.     T  propose,  therefore,  in  this  paper,  to 


1864.]  673 

give  the  descriptions  of  the  two  new  species,  and  also  to  notice  the  va- 
riations in  the  species  already  described. 

A  list  of  the  remaining  species  of  Hymenoptera,  composing  the  very 
interesting  collection  made  by  Mr.  Ridings,  will  be  given  in  a  paper 
now  in  course  of  preparation,  in  which  the  numerous  new  species  will 
be  described. 

For  the  specimens  used  in  the  preparation  of  this  paper,  the  Ento- 
mological Society  is  indebted  to  the  kind  liberality  of  Dr.  Thomas  B. 
Wilson. 

Genus  MASARIS.  Fabr. 
Uasaris  vespoides,  Cresson. 

Masaris  vespoides,  Cresson,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  ii.  p.  69;  pi.  4.     (1863.) 

The  males  vary  little  in  their  markings  from  the  specimen  first  de- 
scribed. The  transverse  line  between  the  insertion  of  the  antennae 
varies  somewhat  in  shape,  and  sometimes,  instead  of  being  dilated  in 
the  middle  as  in  the  type,  it  is  dilated  at  each  end.  The  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  prothorax  varies  in  width,  and  is  more  or  less  indented  on 
each  side  posteriorly;  the  spot  on  the  pleura,  just  beneath  the  anterior 
wing,  is  sometimes  wanting ;  the  spot  on  the  tip  of  the  scutellum  is 
sometimes  much  enlarged  and  somewhat  cordate  or  lunate,  and  some- 
times it  is  entirely  obliterated ;  the  acute  posterior  angles  of  the  meta- 
thorax  are  sometimes  entirely  yellow,  sometimes  merely  margined  with 
yellow.  The  bands  on  the  abdomen  above  vary  as  follows : — that  on 
the  second  segment  is  sometimes  continuous,  with  a  deep,  square  emar- 
ginatiou  on  each  side  anteriorly ;  the  bands  on  the  remaining  segment.s 
are  always  continuous,  those  on  the  third  and  fourth  segments  are  more 
or  less  deeply  and  squarely  indented  on  each  side  anteriorly;  the  bands 
on  the  fifth  and  sixth  segments  are  always  very  broad,  that  on  the  fifth 
having  a  transverse  black  spot  on  each  side,  sometimes  there  is  a  deep 
emargination  on  each  side  anteriorly,  the  band  on  the  sixth  segment 
has  sometimes  a  narrow  black  line  on  each  side  nearly  confluent  with 
the  posterior  margin  ;  the  last  segment,  in  one  specimen,  is  merely 
upped  with  yellow,  while  in  all  the  other  specimens  it  is  at  least  one- 
half  yellow,  as  in  the  type. 

The  females  vary  considerably,  especially  in  the  markings  of  the  ab- 
domen, the  bands  being  sometimes  very  broad,  sometimes  narrow,  and 
in  two  specimens  resembling  those  of  the  %  ;  the  band  on  the  first  seg- 
ment is  rarely  continuous,  mostly  more  or  less  interrupted  on  the  disk 


•h-I:  [December 

and  sometimes  slightly,  sometimes  deeply  emarginate  or  indented  on 
each  side  of  the  anterior  middle,  sometimes  the  band,  although  inter- 
rupted in  the  middle,  is  broad,  not  indented,  but  has  a  small  black  spot 
on  each  side  of  the  interruption  ;  the  band  on  the  second  segment  is 
sometimes  interrupted  by  the  emargination  on  each  side  cutting  through, 
as  in  the  typical  %  specimen,  sometimes  there  is  an  oblique  indentation 
on  each  side  of  the  middle  anteriorly;  the  other  bands  are  similar  to 
those  in  the  typical  specimens ;  the  two  spots  on  the  apical  segment 
vary  much  in  size,  they  are  mostly  large  and  sometimes  confluent  and 
forming  a  broad  band,  more  or  less  contracted  in  the  middle  ;  the  ven- 
tral segments  have  the  bands  sometimes  continuous,  but  generally  more 
or  less  indented  and  often  interrupted  into  spots,  the  apical  segment 
has  sometimes  two  large  unequal  spots,  occasionally  confluent.  The 
transverse  yellow  line  at  the  base  of  the  clypeus  varies  much  in  size, 
l)eing  sometimes  quite  large,  sometimes  interrupted  and  reduced  to  two 
small  dots  and  sometimes  entirely  obsolete.  The  anterior  yellow  margin 
of  the  prothorax  is  sometimes  slightly  interrupted  on  each  side  of  the 
middle,  more  or  less  broad,  and  sometimes  acutely  produced  posteriorly 
on  each  side  of  the  mesothorax,  and  in  one  specimen  the  prothorax  is 
divided  on  each  side  from  the  mesothorax  by  a  narrow  yellow  line  ex- 
tending to  the  tegulae,  and  in  another  specimen  there  are  two  elongate 
approximate  yellow  spots  or  lines  on  the  disk  of  the  posterior  part  of 
the  mesothorax.  The  scutellum  generally  has  a  small  bilabed  spot  at 
tip,  but  in  some  specimens  this  spot  is  very  large  and  sublunate,  in 
others  there  is  a  mere  transverse  line,  while  in  others  it  is  entirely  obli- 
terated. The  spot  on  the  pleura,  just  beneath  the  anterior  wing,  varies 
much  in  size,  being  in  some  specimens  very  large,  in  others  reduced  to 
a  mere  dot,  and  occasionally  wanting. 

The  specimens  do  not  vary  much  in  size  from  the  typical  specimens, 
except  one  %  .  which  is  about  one-third  less  than  the  other  males. 

This  handsome  species  was  collected  by  Mr.  Ridings  in  the  month  of 
August,  on  a  plant  allied  to  the  genus  Lobelia,  growing  abundantly  at 
the  roadsides  in  the  vicinity  of  Empire  City,  Colorado  Territory. 

Thirty-eight  $  and  four  %  specimens  examined.  (Coll.  Ent.  Sjc. 
Philad.) 

Masaris  zonalis,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Opaque  black  ;  head  and  thorax  clothed  with  short  black 


1864.]  675 

pubescence,  more  dense  on  the  vertex ;  the  orbits,  more  or  less  narrow 
and  sometimes  slightly  interrupted  at  the  summit  and  beneath,  two  ap- 
proximate spots  between  the  antennae,  sometimes  confluent  and  forming 
a  transverse  mark,  an  elongate,  more  or  less  developed  mark  on  the 
disk  of  the  clypeus,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  line  or  dot  and  some- 
times entirely  wanting,  and  the  mandibles,  lemon-yellow  ;  clypeus  large 
and  prominent,  deeply  emarginate  at  tip  ;  antennae  short,  about  as  long 
as  the  width  of  the  head,  shaped  and  proportioned  as  in  venpoides  $  , 
first  joint  above,  and  the  third,  yellow,  the  first  joint  beneath  and  the 
second  entirely,  black,  remaining  joints  pale  ferruginous,  except  the 
club  above,  which  is  more^ur  less  black,  sometimes  the  antennae,  ex- 
cept the  first  and  third  joints,  are  almost  entirely  blackish  above. 
Thorax  :  broad  anterior  margin  of  the  prothorax,  its  entire  posterior 
margin  extending  to  the  tegulae,  a  large  spot  on  each  side  of  the  pleura, 
the  tegulae,  a  transverse,  sublunate,  more  or  less  developed  mark  on  the 
seutellum,  sometimes  a  transverse  line  behind  the  tegulse,  and  a  spot 
on  each  side  of  the  metathorax  covering  the  acute  spiniform  posterior 
angles,  all  lemon-yellow.  Wings  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  yel- 
lowish-fuscous, the  broad  apical  margins  paler,  the  tip  of  the  marginal 
cell  more  or  less  fuliginous  ;  nervures  yellowish-ferruginous.  Legs 
lemon-yellow ;  the  coxae,  trochanters  and  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the 
femora,  black ;  sometimes  the  coxae  are  slightly  yellowish  at  tips ;  the 
tibiae  beneath  and  the  tips  of  the  tarsi  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale 
ferruginous  ;  anterior  tarsi  pubescent,  with  the  basal  joint  dilated  ;  the 
shortest  spur  of  the  posterior  tibiae  suddenly  tapering  to  the  tip  and 
acutely  cleft,  the  short  prong  very  slender  and  somewhat  hooked  at 
tip.  Abdomen  slightly  sericeous  ;  all  the  segments  above,  except  the 
last,  with  a  continuous,  more  or  less  broad,  lemon-yellow  band  on  the 
apical  margin,  that  on  the  basal  segment  slightly  undulate  or  dentate 
anteriorly,  sometimes  those  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments  are  more 
or  less  deeply  and  squarely  emarginate  on  each  side  anteriorly,  and 
occasionally  the  bands  on  the  second  and  third  segments  are  slightly 
emarginate  on  each  side  anteriorly ;  terminal  segment  mostly  with  a 
rounded  lemon-yellow  spot  on  each  side,  sometimes  confluent  and  form- 
ing a  broad  band ;  beneath,  the  second,  third  and  fourth  segments 
have  each  a  lemon-yellow  band,  sometimes  interrupted  into  small  une- 
qual spots,  and  sometimes  subobsolete.    The  general  structure  like  that 


(576  [Decembrr 

of  vespoUhit  9  ,  but  the  form  is  less  robust.     Length  5 — 6  lines ;  ex- 
panse of  wings  9 — 9 J  lines. 

Male. — Black,  slightly  pubescent,  somewhat  shining ;  head  with  the 
orbits,  continued  within  and  beneath  the  sinus  of  the  eyes,  a  large  sub- 
quadrate  spot  beneath  the  insertion  of  the  antennae;,  the  clypeus.  labrum 
and  the  mandibles,  pale  yellowish-white ;  clypeus  shaped  like  that  of 
vespoides  %  ,  but  more  flattened  and  less  deeply  emarginate  at  tip ; 
labrum  pubescent ;  antennfe  rather  longer  than  the  head  and  thorax, 
proportioned  as  in  vespoides  %  .  except  that  the  club  is  not  at  all  flat- 
tened beneath  ;  the  joints  are  pale  yellowish-white  above  or  rather  ex- 
teriorly, the  two  basal  joints  are  more  or  less  black  above  at  base,  the 
fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  joints  at  tip  beneath,  and  the  whole  of  the  re- 
maining joints  beneath  are  pale  fulvous,  the  club  above  at  tip,  more  or 
less  black,  the  five  articulations  of  the  club  are  closely  soldered  together, 
the  sutures  indistinct.  Thorax  :  the  markings  and  coloration  same  as 
in  the  9  .  Wings  as  in  vespoides  %  .  Legs  colored  as  in  the  9  ,  and 
shaped  as  in  vexpoides  %  ,  except  that  the  anterior  tarsi  are  scarcely 
ciliated  and  the  basal  joint  of  the  posterior  tarsi  is  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  four  remaining  joints  together;  the  spurs  of  the  posterior  tibiae 
are  about  equal  in  length,  the  outer  one  slender  and  very  acute,  the 
inner  one  stout,  acute  and  suddenly  acuminate  and  bent  at  tip,  but  not 
cleft  as  in  the  9  ;  the  tarsal  claws  are  simple,  thickened  at  base,  the 
pulvilli  small  and  blackish.  Abdomen  shaped  Vike  that  of  vespoides  %  ; 
shining  black ;  all  the  segments  except  the  terminal  one,  with  a  con- 
tinuous pale  lemon-yellow  band  ;  those  on  the  five  basal  segments  more 
or  less  emarginate  on  each  side  anteriorly ;  the  band  on  the  sixth  seg- 
ment entire,  except  occasionally  a  slight  notch  on  the  anterior  middle ; 
apical  segment  black,  polished,  deeply  bifid  or  forked  at  tip  when  viewed 
I'rom  above,  when  viewed  in  profile  the  tip  is  rather  broad  and  obtusely 
emarginate,  the  lower  process  being  the  shortest  and  stoutest,  when 
viewed  endways  the  tip  has  a  subtriangular  shape,  concave,  more  or  less 
lemon-yellow,  with  the  lower  process  rather  deeply  emarginate  ;  venter 
flattened,  shining  black,  most  of  the  segments  with  a  lateral  yellowish 
spot ;  the  second  segment  with  a  more  or  less  developed  fold  anteriorly, 
obtusely  emarginate  on  the  middle ;  on  the  disk  of  the  third  segment 
there  is  a  large,  robust,  well-developed  process,  obtuse  at  tip,  but  with 
a  short,  stout,  subacute  spine  posteriorly,  similar  to  that  of  vespoides 


1864.] 


u  i 


%  ,  but  less  developed.     Length  5  lines ;   expanse  of  wings  9  lines. 

Ffnh. — Rocky  Mountains.  Colorado  Territory.  3  S  ,  65  $  specimen.s. 
(Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.) 

This  pretty  little  species  is  closely  allied  to  M.  venpoides,  the  %  being 
almost  an  exact  miniature  of  the  %  of  that  species ;  but  the  $  differs 
much  in  the  markings ;  those  of  the  abdomen  above  being  always  con- 
tinuous, and  never  interrupted,  although  often  more  or  less  emarginate 
anteriorly,  but  never  so  deeply  as  to  interrupt  the  bands;  the  general 
form  is  much  less  robust  in  proportion  to  the  size,  than  in  vespoideg  9  • 
The  %  differs  from  that  of  vespoufex  in  several  points  of  structure,  viz. 
the  club  of  the  a«tennae  is  rounded  and  not  flattened  beneath,  the  basal 
joint  of  the  posterior  tarsi  is  scarcely  as  long  as  the  remaining  joints, 
while  in  vespoides  %  it  is  almost  twice  as  long  as  the  remaining  joints; 
the  apical  segment  of  the  abdomen  differs  much  from  vespoides  %  ,  in 
having  no  carinas  on  the  disk,  and  in  the  tip  being  much  more  deeply 
bifid,  both  above  and  beneath,  and  the  projection  on  the  third  ventral 
segment  is  more  robust,  and  not  compressed  nor  emarginate  at  tip  as 
in  vespoides  %  . 

Mr.  Ridings  found  this  species  in  August,  on  a  plant  apparently 
belonging  to  the  genus  Phacelia.,  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  Empire 
(■ity.     The  9  9  were  abundant,  but  the  %  %  extremely  rare. 

Masaris  marginalis,  n.  sp. 

Female. — Deep  opaque  black,  robust;  head  and  thorax  clothed  with 
short  erect  black  pubescence,  very  finely  and  densely  punctured ;  orbits  of 
the  eyes  behind  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  sinus  in  front,  and  a  trans- 
verse line  or  two  spots  between  the  insertion  of  the  antennae,  sometimes 
interrupted  so  as  to  form  a  row  of  three  or  four  spots,  and  sometimes 
two  spots  with  a  minute  spot  above  them,  white ;  clypeus  large,  rather 
convex,  slightly  and  obtusely  emarginate  at  tip;  labrum  pubescent,  and 
sometimes  tinged  with  piceous ;  mandibles  dull  ferruginous  at  tip,  as 
well  as  the  palpi  more  or  less ;  antennae  shaped  and  colored  as  in  the 
preceding  species.  Thorax  robust ;  anterior  margin  of  the  prothorax 
and  its  posterior  margin,  extending  sometimes  entirely  to  the  tegulae. 
sometimes  interrupted  and  often  abbreviated  before  reaching  half  way 
to  the  tegulae,  white;  the  anterior  lateral  white  margin  of  the  prothorax 
is  more  or  less  developed,  being  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  line  (»r 
spot,  sometimes  broad  and  entire  and  confluent  with  the  posterior  mar- 


678  [December 

gin  in  front  of  the  mesothorax ;  pleura,  scutellum  and  metathorax  im- 
maculate, the  scutellum  has  occasionally  two  minute  white  spots,  some- 
times confluent,  at  tip ;  posterior  face  of  the  metathorax  flattened,  the 
posterior  angles  obtuse  and  scarcely  developed ;  tegulas  black,  with  its 
outer  half  white.  Wings  more  or  less  stained  with  yellowish-fuscous, 
in  one  specimen  rather  strongly  tinged  with  fuliginous  and  the  tip  of 
the  marginal  cell  darker;  nervures  yellowish-ferruginous.  Legs  black, 
shaped  as  in  zonalis  9  ;  the  extreme  tips  of  the  coxae  and  femora  some- 
times whitish ;  tibiae  pale  yellowish,  with  a  fusco-ferruginous  stain  on 
the  apical  half  beneath;  tarsi  pale  ferruginous.  Abdomen  robust,  deep 
black,  with  a  slight  gloss ;  all  the  segments  above,  except  the  terminal 
one,  with  a  more  or  less  narrow  white  band  on  the  apical  margin,  some- 
times entire,  sometimes  slightly  interrupted  on  the  middle,  sometimes 
finely  serrated  anteriorly  and  often  more  or  less  emarginate  on  each 
side  anteriorly,  especially  those  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments;  apical 
segment  entirely  black,  broadly  rounded  at  tip;  beneath  deep  black, 
immaculate.  A  single  specimen  varies  in  the  clypeus  having  a  short, 
longitudinal  white  line  on  the  disk,  a  minute  white  dot  on  the  pleura 
immediately  beneath  the  anterior  wing,  a  minute  white  dot  on  each  side 
of  the  apical  segment  of  the  abdomen  above,  and  the  third  segment 
beneath  has  a  row  of  four  white  dots  on  the  apical  margin.  Length 
5 — 6  lines ;  expanse  of  wings  9 — 10  lines. 

Hab. — Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory.     18  9  specimens;  % 
unknown. 

This  species  is  distinguished  at  once  from  M.  zonalis  by  its  much 
more  robust  form,  and  the  nearly  pure  white  markings.  It  was  col- 
lected by  Mr.  Ridings  on  the  same  plant  and  in  the  same  locality  that 
he  found  M.  zonalis.  He  was  unable  to  discover  the  %  after  a  long 
and  diligent  search. 


1864.]  679 


Descriptions  of   several  new  species   of  CYNIPS.  and   a  new   species  of 

DIASTKOPHUS. 

BY    H.    F.    B  ASSETT. 

QuERCUS  RUBRA.  A  cluster  of  forty  or  fifty  elongate-ovate  galls  on 
a  branch  of  a  young  red  oak  free.  They  are  from  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length.,  and  a  half  an  inch  in  diameter  in  the  middle, 
tapering  to  a  point  at  the  ends ;  covered  with  a  short.,  velvety  pubes- 
cence, and  when  dry.,  ridged  like  a  melon  ;  the  inside,  a  cork-like  sub- 
stance adhering  closely  to  the  larval  cell.,  and  divided  lengthwise  into 
many  parts  like  the  dissepiments  of  the  seed-vessels  of  various  kinds  of 
plants  ;  monothalamous — the  cell  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long. 

C.  q.  formosa  n.  sp. 

9.  Head  black.  Head  and  face  finely  and  evenly  rugose.  Antennoe  lb- 
Jointed,  yellowish-red,  the  terminal  joints  darker.  The  suture  between  the  14th 
and  15th  as  distinct  as  the  preceding  ones;  face  with  a  short  pubescence,  the 
hairs  converging  towards  the  mouth ;  mandibles  black,  palpi  yellowish-red. 
Thorax  black  ;  a  few  short  hairs  on  the  collare:  mesoihorax :  parapsidal  grooves 
distinctly  marked,  median  line  broad  where  it  begins  on  the  scutellum,  but 
gradually  decreases  and  disappears  just  before  reaching  the  collare;  between 
this  and  the  parapsidal  grooves  two  short  lines  beginning  on  the  collar  and  ex- 
tending half  way  to  the  scutellum.  The  thorax  and  pleurae  are  beautifully 
ripple-marked  with  fine  short  transverse  lines.  This  style  of  marking  is  distinct 
from  that  of  any  of  the  species  in  my  collection — thirty  or  more.  The  same 
style,  only  coarser,  is  seen  in  some  Chalcidians.  Scutellum  small,  finely  rugose, 
the  small  fovese  are  smooth  and  shining.  Legs  bright  brownish-red,  except  the 
upper  part  of  the  femur,  which  is  nearly  black,  and  the  black  coxae.  Abdomen 
bright  reddish-brown,  with  an  extremely  minute  microscopic  punctation : 
sheath  of  the  ovipositor  a  dark  brownish-red.  Wings  hyaline,  also  the  veins, 
except  the  first  and  second  transverse  and  the  subcostal,  which  are  a  very  pale 
yellow;  areolet  large,  equiangular,  bounded  on  the  inner  side  by  entirely  color- 
less veins,  radial  area  02:)en.     Length  .12.     %  unknown. 

The  flies  have  not  yet  left  the  gall  (Nov.  25)  though  they  have  been 
in  the  imago  state  for  several  weeks,  and  crawled  about  actively  when 
the  galls  were  opened.  They  may  be  imprisoned  by  the  hard  dry  gall, 
but  1  am  inclined  to  think,  that,  like  some  other  species,  they  remain 
in  the  galls  in  the  perfect  state  thi'ough  the  winter  and  come  out  early 
in  the  spring. 


680  [December 

The  galls  of  this  species  are  very  rare.  I  have  found  only  two  clus- 
ters, and  one  of  these  was  much  eaten  by  some  Lepidopterous  larva, 
and  the  larvae  of  the  true  gall  fly  were  destroyed.  Only  a  part  of  the 
galls  in  the  other  cluster  were  developed  as  described  above;  the  small- 
est were  not  larger  than  grains  of  bai-ley,  but  contained  larvae,  and  have 
produced  true  gall  flies.  Their  diminutive  size  was  owing,  apparently, 
to  their  being  closely  crowded. 

This  and  the  species  next  described,  G.  q.  ventricoaa  n.  sp.,  are  rea- 
dily distinguished  from  any  other  American  species  yet  described,  by 
the  female,  (male  as  yet  unknown,)  having  fifteen  (fistinct  antinnal 
Joints.  Dr.  Fitch  (N.  Y.  Rep.  Vol.  2.  No.  309)  speaks  of  having,  in 
his  collection,  a  female  gall  fly  with  fifteen  jointed  antennae,  but  he 
does  not  describe  it,  nor  the  gall  from  which  it  came. 

Westwood  (Syn.  Gren.  Br.  Insects)  does  not  characterize  any  genus 
of  the  family  Cynipidae  as  having  more  than  the  9  14,  and  the  %  15 
antennal  joints — but  the  S  of  my  C  q.  singularis*  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 
Pliila.  Vol.  2nd.  p.  32(3)  has  lO-jointed  antennae,  and  0.  q.  sritula — a 
new  species  described  in  this  paper — also  has  the  same  number.  The 
females  of  both  these  species  have  only  13  joints,  the  terminal  one  long 
and  connately  divided  in  the  middle. 

0.  q./ormosa  and  the  species  next  described  are  evidently  closely 
related,  for  besides  the  15-jointed  antennae  of  the  9  there  are  other 
points  of  resemblance;  and  the  remarkable  diff"erence  in  the  colors  of 
the  two  species,  the  ripple-marked  thorax  of  C.  q.  fonnosa,  and  the 
widely  diff'erent  galls  from  different  species  of  oak,  are  the  most  marked 
specific  characters.  The  shape  of  the  abdomen  of  both  species  is  pe- 
culiar; different  in  form,  and,  I  think,  in  structure,  from  any  other  spe- 
cies I  am  acquainted  with,  but  I  have  not  yet  sufficiently  studied  the 
structure  to  describe  it  well,  and  have  simply,  in  my  description,  no- 
ticed the  vertical  diameter  as  equalling  or  exceeding  the  length. 


*Mr.  "Walsh  assures  me  that  my  C.  q.  singularis  is  the  same  as  C.  q.  nubili- 
pennis  Harris.  He  is  undoubtedly  correct,  and  my  name  stands,  of  course,  as 
a  Synonym.  Dr.  Harris' very  brief  descriptions  were- definite  enough,  perhaps, 
when  the  number  of  species  was,  as  when  he  wrote,  very  small,  but  hardly  com- 
plete enough  for  the  genus  to-day.  The  number  of  species  described  and 
properly  belonging  to,  or  provisionally  placed  in,  the  genus  Cynips,  exceeds  fifty, 
and  many  more  will  probably  be  found. 


1864.]  681 

QuERCUS  ILICIFOLIA.  Galls  growing  in  clusters  from  three  or  four 
to  a  dozen  together  ^on  the  limbs  and  occasionalli/  on  the  trunks  of  young 
shrub  oaks.  They  are  cone-shaped,  truncate  at  the  base,  the  apex  often 
prolonged  in  a  slender,  recurved  point.  They  are  from  four  to  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch  long,  and  from  one-fourth  to  three-eighths  in  diame- 
ter at  the  base.  When  green,  often  of  a  deep  red  color;  ivhen  dry, 
brown  or  black;  very  hard,  enclosing  a  nearly  free  larval  cell  like  that 
of  C.  q.  globulus.  Fitch. 

C.  q.  ventricosa  n.  sp. 

9  .  Head  and  thorax  a  bright  cinnamon  color,  head  finely  punctate,  face  pu- 
bescent, dark  brown  around  the  mouth,  tips  of  the  mandibles  black,  palpi  pale 
brown.  Antennce  long,  15-jointed,  third  joint  longest,  others  gradually  decreas- 
ing in  length  to  the  loth,  which  is  as  long  as  the  two  preceding  ones,  and  shows 
plainly  a  connate  suture.  Thorax  finely  and  evenly  punctate;  parapsidal 
grooves  not  deep:  the  line  dividing  the  mesothorax  lengthwise  reaches  from  the 
collare  to  the  scutellum;  each  side  of  this  is  a  line  reaching  halfway  from  the 
coUare  to  the  scutellum,  and  marked  with  an  indentation  at  the  posterior  end; 
also  a  deep  linear  depression  on  each  side  over  the  base  of  the  wings;  pleura 
microscopically  punctate;  mesothorax  bounded  on  the  sides  and  where  it  joins 
the  scutellum  by  a  dark  reddish-brown  line.  Scutellum  very  finely  sculptured, 
a  dark  and  narrow  ridge  dividing  it  half  the  length.  Feet  yellow,  tips  of  the 
tarsi  black.  Wings  hyaline;  the  subcostal,  anal,  first  and  second  transverse 
veins  large,  dark  reddish-brown;  the  first  two  rather  paler  towards  the  base; 
areolet  distinct;  radial  area  open,  the  vein  forming  its  base  considerably  en- 
larged. Abdomen  darker  brown  than  the  thorax;  segments  short,  second  long- 
est; vertical  diameter,  i.  e.  the  distance  from  the  back  of  the  abdomen  to  the 
ventral  edge,  equals  or  slightly  exceeds  the  length  ;  terminal  segments  show  a 
fine  punctation.     Length  .14.     Male  unknown. 

My  galls  were  collected  in  June.  The  flies  were  found  to  be  fully 
developed  in  October.  They  were  cut  out,  else  they  would  probably 
have  remained  in  the  galls  until  spring. 

QuERCUS  ILICIFOLIA.  Elongated,  fusiform  galls  growing  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  leaves  of  Q.  ilicifolia,  and  standing  erect,  or  nearly 
so — sometimes  entirely  preventing  the  development  of  the  leaf,  and  ap- 
parently growing  out  of  the  petiole.  The  central  nucleus  containing  the 
larvae,  is  kept  in  place  by  radiating  woody  fibres  as  in  C.  q.  inanis  0.  S. 
The  largest  galls  are  two  inches  in  length  and  seven-eighths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter ;  average  size  about  one  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  and 
three-fourths  in  diameter.  Apex  rather  longer  and  more  slender  than 
the  basal  portion,  and  often  considerably  curved. 


682  [December 

These  galls  are  of  the  same  dark  green  as  the  leaves.  Many  are 
found  very  much  smaller  than  those  described  above,  but  they  produce 
parasitic  flies.  Baron  Osten  Sacken  writes  me  that  he  met  with  num- 
bers of  these  galls  in  Pennsylvania  several  years  ago.  They  are  rather 
rare  here  (Conn.) 

ft.  q.  ilicifoliae  n.  sp. 

9  Black,  vertex  of  the  head,  and  the  entire  thorax  black,  and  deeply  and 
irregularly  sculptured;  face  rugose  and  pubescent;  hairs  converging  toward 
the  mouth;  palpi  shining  reddish  brown.  Antenyice  13-jointed,  the  13th  long, 
and  with  a  false  suture  apparent  on  the  inner  side;  first  and  second  joints  very 
short,  shining  black;  the  remaining  ones  pubescent,  and  dull  black.  Thorax 
with  a  coarse  pubescence.  The  parapsidal  groove  obliterated  bv  the  coarse, 
somewhat  linearly  arranged  sculpturing.  Fovese  large  but  sculptured  like  the 
rest  of  the  scutellum.  Feet:  coxse,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  femur  of  the  two 
anterior  pairs  black — other  parts  reddish-brown;  posterior  pair  black,  reddish 
at  the  joints.  Abdomen  black  shining,  the  ventral  edge  clear  brownish  red. 
The  segments,  except  the  first  and  second,  with  a  very  fine  microscopic  punc- 
tation,  most  apparent  on  the  third  segment.  Wings  slightly  dusky;  veins  brown- 
ish black,  heavy;  areolet  very  small,  vein  at  the  base  of  the  open  radial  area 
covered  by  a  large  brownish  black  cloud,  which  covers  part  of  the  areolet  but 
does  not  reach  the  anterior  margin  of  the  wing.  A  very  light  brown  cloud  in 
the  basal  cell  of  some  specimens.     Length  .17. 

%  . — Antennae  15-jointed,  feet  darker  than  those  of  the  female  :  posterior  pair, 
including  the  tarsi,  almost  entirely  black.  Otherwise  like  the  female  except  the 
usTial  sexual  differences.     Length  .14. 

Ten  9  <^Qd  four  %  specimens. 

QuERCUS  ALBA.  F/af,  green,  succulent  galls,  often  of  a  very  irregu- 
lar outline,  and  from  one-fourth  to  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  the 
vertical  diameter  from  one-fourth  to  three-eighths  of  an  inch,  growing  on 
the  leaves  of  the  white  oak,  and  producing,  according  to  the  size,  from 
two  or  three,  to  more  than  a  dozen  gall-flies. 

The  flies  escape  from  the  galls  in  June,  through  the  upper  or  under 
surface.  The  water  that  enters  the  cavities  the  flies  have  left  causes 
the  galls  soon  to  decay  and  drop  ofi",  but  a  few  change  to  a  dry  pith- 
like substance,  and  remain  on  the  tree  through  the  summer.  These 
might  be  taken  for  a  dift'ei*ent  species,  as  they  generally  contain  larvae, 
but  having  reared  a  few  Spalangia  (?)  from  such  galls,  I  infer  they  are 
all  parasitic. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  C.  q.  irregularis  0.  S.  but  grows  on 
a  different  species  of  oak,  and  Baron  Osten   Sacken  to  whom    I  sent 


1864.]  683 

specimens,  thinks  it  may  be  specifically  distinct  from  that  species, 
which  I  have  not  yet  seen.  The  imperfect  condition  of  his  only  spe- 
cimen of  C  q.  irregular !ii  renders  a  satisfactory  comparison  impossible, 
and  acting  upon  his  suggestion,  I  describe  it  as 

C.  q.  majalis  n.  sp. 

9  Head  transverse,  black,  nearly  smooth,  but  under  a  powerful  magnifier 
presents  a  fine  netted  appearance;  face  smooth  with  a  very  few  short  white 
liairs;  mouth  brown,  tips  of  the  mandibles  black.  Antennce  long,  with  13  joints, 
first  and  second  short,  third  very  long  and  enlarged  at  the  upper  end.  These, 
except  the  slightly  enlarged  portion  of  the  third,  are  a  pale  yellowish  white, 
the  remaining  joints  a  light  opaque  brown.  Thorax  black,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing; without  any  grooves  or  striae  whatever  on  the  mesothorax.  Scutellum 
smooth,  separated  from  the  mesothorax  by  a  broad  shallow  groove  ;  fovese  want- 
ing; marked  posteriorly  by  two  deep  transverse  grooves,  causing  three  transverse 
ridges  above  the  insertion  of  the  abdominal  peduncle.  Feet  white  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow,  like  the  basal  joints  of  the  antennae.  Abdomen  black,  smooth  :  in  dry 
specimens  shrunken  and  wrinkled.  Wings  large  with  a  faint  duskiness  and  a 
dusky  cloud  resting  on  the  first  transverse  vein;  veins  dull  brown  ;  areolet  pre- 
sent; radial  area  open,  long  and  very  narrow.     Length  (dry)  .09. 

%  ■ — Head  black  ;  antennce  15-jointed  ;  three  basal  joints  paler  than  of  the  9  : 
others  a  semitranslucent  brown.  Third  joint  very  long,  remaining  ones  short, 
and  of  equal  length.  Third  joint  curved  rather  than  incised.  Thorax,  the 
feet  and  the  first  and  part  of  the  second  segment  of  the  abdomen  very  light 
yellowish  brown.  The  central  part  of  the  mesothorax  dark  shining  brown  : 
terminal  segments  of  abdomen  dark  brown:  in  some  specimens  nearly  black. 
Length  .10, slightly  longer  than  the  9- 

Several  hundred  S  S  and  9  $  . 

QuERCUS  TlivnTORlA.  Woodj/,  tuher-llke  galh^  growing  on  the  green 
branches  of  Q.  tincforia,  sometimes  simply  an  enlargement  of  the  lim,b, 
(it  others  entirely  checking  its  growth  and  covered  with  leaves.  They 
are  from,  three-fourths  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  lengthy  and  rather  more 
than  half  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  base,  tapering  to  a  cone-like  point. 

C.  q.  scitula,  n.  sp. 

9-  Black.  Head,  vertex  black,  subrugose;  sides  of  the  head  and  the  face  in 
some  specimens  a  very  dark  brown,  with  a  shade  of  red,  but  most  are  a  dull 
brownish  black:  face  pubescent.  Antennce  1.3-jointed.  the  13th  long  and  in  the 
middle  connately  divided;  the  basal  joints  yellowish-brown,  the  terminal  dark 
brown,  the  transition  gradual.  Thorax  finely  and  regularly  punctate;  parap- 
sidal  lines  fine,  and  two  parallel  interparapsidal  lines  so  faint  as  to  be  seen  only 
in  certain  positions  to  the  light,  median  line  merely  a  longitudinal  depression, 
a  short  deep  groove  over  the  base  of  the  wings.  Scutellum  regularly  and  finely 
sculptured;  basal  pits  obsolete.     Feet  shining  yellowish-brown.     Middle  of  the 


684  [December 

femur  and  tibia  darker  than  the  joints,  tarsal  tips  black.  Wings  hyaline,  1st 
transverse  and  radial  veins  dark  brown,  others  pale  but  distinct;  areolet  of  me- 
dium size  and  at  the  base  of  the  open  radial  area.     Length  .09. 

The  '^  closely  resembles  the  9  in  color  and  markings.  The  abdomen  is  very 
lon^,  and  the  antennae  a  rich  amber  color,  with  a  few  of  the  terminal  joints  of 
a  light  brown.  In  all  the  specimens  I  have  examined  (16)  the  number  of  an- 
tennal  joints  is  sixteen.     Length  .08. 

Numerous  $  $  and  25  S  "S  . 

Dr.  Fitch  has  given  a  very  correct  figure  and  description  of  the  gall 
of  his  (J.  q.  bafatus,  which,  it  will  be  seen,  closely  resembles  that  of  the 
above  species.  Indeed  there  is  little  or  no  apparent  difference  in  the 
galls  more  than  pertains  to  the  diiferent  species  of  oak  on  which  they 
grow,  but  the  flies  are  very  distinct.  As  Dr.  Fitch  describes  the  fly  so 
very  briefly  that  it  may  easily  be  confounded  with  C.  q.  scitula,  1  give 
a  more  full  description  below: 

Quercus  alba. 

C.  q.  batatus  Fitch.     (N.  Y.  Reports,  Vol.  2nd.  No.  311.) 

9  Black,  shining,  entire  head  black,  vertex  smooth;  face,  covered  with  a 
fine  thin  pubescence;  color  of  the  palpi,  clear  vitreous  brown.  AntenncE  13- 
jointed,  first  three  joints  pale  yellow,  others  a  pale  semi-translucent  brown. 
Thorax  black,  shining,  but  under  a  powerful  magnifier  shows  a  net-work  of  fine 
lines;  parapsidal  grooves  and  striae  obsolete.  Scutellum  smooth,  polished;  a 
few  scattered  hairs  on  the  posterior  portion;  basal  pits  wanting;  separated 
from  the  mesothorax  by  a  deep  shining  groove.  Abdomen  black  and  polished 
but  in  all  my  dry  specimens  contracted  and  wrinkled.  Feet,  coxae  clear  yel- 
lowish brown,  femur,  in  the  middle  dark  brown  or  black,  as  is  also  the  tibia  of 
the  posterior  pair;  remaining  portions,  except  the  tips  of  the  tarsi  which  are 
black,  are  of  the  same  color  as  the  coxse.  Wings  hyaline,  all  the  veins  dark 
brown  and  of  nearly  equal  size.  The  cubitus  large  and  heavy  its  whole  length  ; 
areolet  large ;  radial  area  open.     Length  .09. 

%  . — The  antennae  of  the  male  is  ll-jointed.  Feet  dull  pale  yellow.  Abdomen 
petiolate  by  the  elongation  of  the  first  segment.     Length  .08. 

Numerous  specimens  %  and  9  •* 

*I  am  satisfied  that  there  are  annually  two  generations  of  C.  q.  batatus.  The 
first  appears  early  in  May,  from  galls  of  the  preceding  year's  growth. — the  last 
late  in  .June,  from  green  galls.  I  have  often  found  perfect  insects  in  the  galls 
in  winter,  and  have  reared  flies  from  them,  ajjparently  of  the  same  species 
reared  from  the  summer  galls.  Inquilinae  in  great  numbers  are  produced  from 
the  winter  galls  and  few  true  gall  flies,  while  the  reverse  is  true  of  the  summer 
form.  As  many  of  the  summer  galls  remain  green  after  the  flies  have  left  them, 
and  as  the  tree's  annual  growth  is  nearly  or  quite  complete  the  first  of  July,  it 


1864.]  685 

QuERCUS  ILICIFOLIA.  Club-shaped,  wood//  galls,  growing  on  the 
ends  of  the  small  limbs.  Apex  blunt  and  generally  turned  to  one  side, 
covered  in  summer  loith  a  few  leaves  and  containing  one,  and  occasion- 
ally two  or  three  larvse.  It  is  strikingly  like  that  of  G.  q.  tuber  of 
Fitch,  but  produces  a  fiy  which  though  closely  related^  is  evidently  a 
different  species. 

C.  q.  similis  n.  sp. 

9  .  Head  and  thorax  a  bright  brownish  red  ;  vertex  of  the  head  finely  sculp- 
tured ;  the  rather  prominent  ocelli  are  black  only  at  the  apex,  face  pubescent; 
hairs  short,  converging  towards  the  mouth.  Antennoe.  13-jointed,  the  13th  nearly 
as  long  as  the  two  preceding  ones  and  in  some  individuals  there  is  an  obscurely 
marked  connate  suture.  Thorax  coarsely  punctate,  sparsely  hairy,  a  shade 
darker  than  the  head,  three  faint  longitudinal  lines  reach  from  the  collare  to 
the  scutellum.  and  two  other  lines,  one  on  each  side  and  very  close  to  the  me- 
dian line,  start  from  the  collare  and  extend  half-way  to  the  scutellum ;  obscure 
line  over  the  base  of  the  wing«.  Scutellum  sculptured,  basal  pits  small,  deep 
and  smooth.  The  central  portion  of  the  pleura — in  many  species  smooth  and 
polished — is  in  this  covered  with  very  fine  longitudinal  strise.  The  legs  of  a 
uniform  brownish  red,  except  the  tips  of  the  tarsi  which  are  black.  Wings,  a 
subopaque  white,  the  subcostal,  anal,  1st  and  2nd  transverse  very  pale  yellow, 
others  colorless  and  the  vein  lohich  bounds  the  posterior  side  of  the  radial  area  in 
other  species  is,  in  this  obsolete,  as  is,  also,  the  cubitus  and  areolet.  Abdomen,  red, 
except  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  middle  segments  which  is  nearly  black  :  ter- 
minal segments  withdrawn  into  the  others  in  dry  specimens,  and  the  sheath  of 
the  ovipositor  turned  abruptly  upward  but  does  not  extend  above  the  back  of 
the  abdomen  as  in  the  Inquilinse.     Length  .12. 

%.  Black  head  and  thorax.  Antennoe  15-jointed,  1st  and  2nd  joints  nearly 
black,  others  red.  Legs,  posterior  pairs  dark  reddish-brown,  the  posterior  pair 
(lark  brown,  nearly  black — all  lighter  at  the  joints.  Abdomen  black  and  shin- 
ing, 2nd  segment  long.     It  is  much  smaller  than  the  female.     Length  .08. 

16  9  ^  -A  'S  specimens. 

C.  q.  tuber  Fitch.     (N.  Y.  Rep.  Vol.  2nd,  No.  309.) 

9  . — Head  black,  sides,  however,  in  a  strong  light  have  a  tinge  of  red  ;  face 
black,  pubescent,  hairs  converging  towards  the  mouth  Antennoe  yellowish- 
brown,  13-jointed.  Thorax,  a  reddish  tinge  on  the  shoulder  of  the  collar;  other 
parts  black,  rather  densely  pubescent.  Three  loi.gitudinal  lines  somewhat  ob- 
scured by  the  pubescence;  two  short  lines  extend  halfway  from  the  collare  to 
the  scutellum  and  there  is  a  short  faint  line  over  the  base  of  the  wings  ;  scutel- 
lum rough,  hairy;  fovse  medium  size;  smooth  spot  on  the  pleura  polished,  shin- 
ing, but  not  perfectly  smooth.     Legs  brown,  tips  of  the  tarsi  black.     Abdomen 

seems  probable  the  June  flies  oviposit  in  the  galls  from  which  they  were  pro- 
duced.—Jan.  28,  1865. 


686  [1>ECE>IBF,R 

black  shining,  second  segment  longest,  separated  from  the  third  by  a  connate 
suture,  third  with  raicroscopio  punctation.  Sheath  of  the  ovipositor  not  turned 
up  nearly  so  much  as  in  G.  q.  similis,  to  which  species  it  is  closely  related. 
Wings  hyaline,  sub-costal,  first  and  second  transverse  veins  pale  brown,  others 
colorless  ;  lower  part  of  the  cubitus  obsolete;  areolet  present:  radial  area  open. 
Length  .12. 

Nine  specimens. 

I  have  a  single  male  gall  fly  reared  from  the  same  galls,  but  it  differs 
so  much  from  the  female  that  I  am  inclined  to  think  it  belongs  to  a 
different  species.  The  thorax  is  quite  smooth  and  shining,  with  a  few 
short,  scattering  hairs,  and  only  two  longitudinal  lines  that  closely  con- 
verge at  the  scutellum.  The  venation  of  the  wings  is  like  that  of  the 
female  described  above,  and  is  unquestionably  that  of  a  true  gall-fly. 
The  antenna?  light  dusky  brown.  15-jointed  ;  legs  dark  shining  brown, 
nearly  black,  paler  at  the  joints. 

Though  the  galls  are  very  much  alike,  the  venation  of  the  wings, 
the  pleurae,  and  several  other  points  of  difference  mark  it  as  a  distinct 
species  from  C  q.  similis.  Dr.  Fitch  has  figured  the  gall  of  his  C.  q. 
tuber  which  he  found  "quite  common  particularly  upon  the  soft  and 
tender  limbs  of  young  (white  oak)  trees"  (N.  Y.  Rep.,  Vol.  2d,  No. 
309).  He  describes  (1.  c.  No.  310)  the  galls  of  C.  q.  arbos  as  "swellings 
similar  to  that  above  described,  growing  on  the  tips  of  the  limbs  of 
aged  and  large  white  oak  trees." 

My  galls,  which  are  probably  identical  with  his  G.  q.  tuber,  were 
gathered  from  low,  shrubby  white  oak  bushes,  though  I  have  often 
Been  precisely  similar  ones  on  large  trees.  Dr.  Fitch's  descriptions  of 
the  flies  from  (J.  q.  tuber  or  O.  q.  arbos  will  apply,  so  far  as  they  go,  to 
either  the  gall  flies,  or  to  the  guest  flies  as  the  inquilinje  are  termed  by 
Mr.  Walsh.  For  the  reasons  that  follow,  I  am  led  to  think  that  the 
species  he  described  under  the  above  names  are  both  inquilinious 
species. 

1st.  My  galls  were  gathered  about  the  20th  of  June,  and  were  then 
green  and  soft  like  the  wood  of  the  young  shoots  on  which  they  grew. 
The  insects  were  then  in  the  pupa  state,  and  the  imago  came  out  early 
in  July.  The  gall  from  which  Dr.  Fitch's  G.  q.  arbos  was  reared  was 
found  in  March,  and  were  of  the  preceding  year's  growth,  as  were  also 
those  of  G.  q.  tuber,  if  we  may  judge  from  his  description  of  the  color 


1864.]  687 

of  the  gall,  which  will  only  apply  to  the  galls  long  after  the  true  gall- 
flies have  left  them. 

2nd.  My  galls  gathered  from  young  white  oaks,  and  which  answer 
perfectly  to  his  figure  and  description  of  C.  q.  tuber,  produced  females 
with  l3-jointed  antenna?,  while  his  have  but  12  antennal  joints. 

3rd.  I  have  gathered  several  hundreds  of  these  galls  in  the  autumn, 
winter  and  early  spring  within  the  last  two  or  three  years,  but  have 
never  reared  from  them  one  true  gall-fly,  though  they  have  produced 
large  numbers  of  male  and  female  guest-flies — the  male  answering  per- 
fectly to  Dr.  Fitch's  description  of  C.  q.  arbos.  The  female  he  had  not 
seen. 

4th.  The  galls  I  collected  in  June  have  not  yet  produced  any  guest- 
flies,  but  cutting  open  several  to-day  I  found  in  one  a  large  living 
larva — the  others  were  empty  or  contained  dead  gall-flies  that  had  not 
been  able  to  eat  their  way  out  of  the  dried  gall. 

From  the  above  facts  I  am  forced  to  believe  that  the  galls  C.  q.  tuber 
and  arbos  Fitch  are  both  produced  by  the  same  fly,  and  that  it  is  the 
same  species  that  I  have  described  above  and  for  which  I  retain  Dr. 
Fitch's  name,  0.  q.  tuber.  Dr.  Fitch  has,  no  doubt,  described  two  dis- 
tinct flies,  for  Mr.  Walsh,  who  has  devoted  much  attention  to  the 
guest-flies  of  the  oak  galls,  finds  that  not  only  do  some  species  live  in 
several  different  species  of  galls,  but  that  the  same  kind  of  gall  may 
produce  more  than  one  species  of  guest-fly.  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad. 
Vol.  2d,  p.  465.) 

Mr.  Walsh,  in  the  article  referred  to,  mentions  other  of  Dr.  Fitch's    , 
species  which  he  is  satisfied  are^nquilinae,  and  not  the  producers  of  the 
galls  from  which   they  were   reared.     (See  pp.  464-5,  484  and  494.) 
Hia  remark  that  "  G.  q.  tuber  Fitch  is  in  all  probability  a  guest-fly," 
escaped  my  notice  till  this  moment. 

QuERCUS  MONTANA.  Hard,  round  (jails,  .25  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter with  a  Jinrh/  papillose  surface  and  a  solid  radiated  cellular  struc- 
ture ;  growiny  sometimes  on  the  upper,  but  as  often  on  the  under  side 
of  the  leaf;   attached  to  the  larger  veins  by  a  very  short  pedicel. 

These  galls  are  rarely  met  with,  and  I  have  seldom  found  more  than 
one  on  a  leaf.  In  a  single  instance  there  were  three  on  the  same  leaf, 
two  on  the  under  side  and  one  on  the  upper.  My  specimens  were  found 
in  October  and  contained  perfect  insects.    Through  the  gall  of  several. 


*>^8  [December 

leathered  October  20th,  the  insect  had  eatea  a  passage  but  they  still 
remain  in  the  galls.*  Each  contains  a  single,  subapterous,  female  gall- 
fly, closely  related  to  G.  q.  forficoniis  Walsh,  and  C.  q.  pczomarhoides 
Osten  Sacken.  Dr.  Fitch's  figure  and  description  of  the  gall  of  C.  q. 
pisum,  {N.  Y.  Rep.  Vol.  2.  No.  319.)  answers  well  for  this  gall,  but  his 
were  from  a  different  species  of  oak,  and  this  gall-fly  is  very  distinct 
from  that  he  describes.  Baron  Osten  Sacken  informs  me  that  these 
subapterous  females  have  winged  males  and  belong  to  the  genus  Andri- 
cus. 

I  let  this  species  stand  with  the  related  species  named  above  and  call  it 

C.  q,  hirta  n.  sp. 

Head  black,  vertex  slightly  rugose,  densely  hairy  as  is  also  the  entire  dorsal 
portion  of  the  thorax:  face  pubescent,  hairs  converging  towards  the  mouth: 
palpi  shining  brown,  tips  black.  AntenncE  long,  slender,  black,  14-jointed. 
Thorax  black,  very  small,  densely  covered  with  a  coarse,  yellowish-white  pu- 
bescence. No  striae  visible  on  the  mesothorax.  They  are  concealed  by  the 
pubescence  if  they  exist.  Feet  a  dull  brownish  black,  but  in  a  strong  light 
appear  of  a  very  dark  reddish  brown,  posterior  pair  lightest  and  all  somewhat 
paler  at  the  joints.  The  wings  are  mere  yellowish  white  scales.  Abdomen 
large,  black  and  shining,  a  short,  close  pubescence  on  each  side  of  the  2nd  seg- 
ment and  this  and  the  remaining  segments,  except  the  first,  bounded  across 
the  back  and  sides  on  the  posterior  edge  by  a  belt  of  long,  silvery  white  hairs. 
These  belts  are  divided  on  the  dorsal  ridge  by  a  shining  glabrous  line  like  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  segment.  These  belts  are  plainly  visible  without  the 
aid  of  a  magnifier.  Length  .14. 
Six  9  specimens. 

New  species  of  galls,  the  flies  of  which  are.  as  yet.  unknown  to  me 
QUERCUS  Chinquapin.  Gali  a  cone-like  buni^,  developed  from  the 
axillaris  leaf-buds,  and  covered  when  green  and  often  when  dry  with  a 
dense,  rose-like  cluster  of  imperfectly  developed  leaves.  The  cell  con- 
taining the  larva  smooth,  shining,  oval,  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long, 
half  immersed  in  the  apex  of  the  cone. — C.  Q.  frondosa  n.  sp.  Gall 
fly  unknown. 

These  singular  and  very  pretty  galls  ai'e  developed  after  the  summer 
growth  of  the  tree  is  completed,  and  the  axillary  buds  are  formed.     The 


*  November  29.  A  single  fly  was  found  in  the  box  yesterday.  It  is  quite  ac- 
tive, and  does  not  differ  from  those  cut  from  the  galls,  showing  those  to  have 
been  mature. 


1864.]  '  689 

sting  of  the  insect  causes  the  huds  that  would  otherwise  remain  unde- 
veloped till  the  following  year,  to  develop  in  the  autumn  in  the  abnor- 
mal manner  described  above. 

The  rudimentary  leaves  are  green,  ligulate.  and  the  more  perfectly 
developed  galls  resemble,  more  than  anything  else  I  can  think  of,  the 
flowers  of  the  common  Artemesia  of  the  flower  garden.  They  are  not 
common,  but  T  have  several  times  met  with  them,  and  the  clump  of  oak 
bushes  from  which  my  specimens  were  gathered  was  covered  with  them. 
The  larvae  are  now  fully  grown.  On  the  same  bushes  I  found  a  gall 
like  (J.  q.  gJobidua  Fitch, — and  several  dry,  brown  galls  on  the  petioles 
<tf  the  leaves,  apparently  those  of  C.  q.petiolkola. 

Q.  RUBRA.  Clusters  of  seed-like  bodies,  often  thirty  or  forty  toyi- 
ther  i] rowing  on  the  tnidvein  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of  Q.  rubra. 
The  larger  eells  are  about  the  size  of  a  grain  <f  wheat.  They  are 
smooth,  greenish-white^  the  apex  enlarged,  and  would  remind  a  brjtanist 
of  the  sessile  stigma  of  some  flowers. — C.  Q.  DECIDUA,  n.  sp.  Gall  fly 
unknown. 

My  specimens  were  collected  about  the  first  of  October,  and  were 
then  fully  grown.  8ome  had  fallen  to  the  ground,  but  on  cutting  open 
a  large  number  I  could  not  detect  any  larvae.  The  leaf  stems  and  twigs 
were  placed  in  water  to  keep  them  green,  but  the  galls  soon  dried  and 
many  fell  off".  A  few  fell  into  the  water,  and  these  not  only  kept  green, 
but  on  opening  them  a  few  days  since,  half-grown  larvae  were  found. 
From  this  I  infer  that  the  growth  of  this  species  is  dependent  upon  the 
galls  being  covered  in  the  earth. 

Gen.  DIASTROPHUS. 
DiASTROi'HUS  PoTENTiLL^,  u.  sp.  Gralls  On  Potentilla  Canadensis. 
They  are  from  .3  to  .5  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  rather  longer  than 
thick,  growing  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  of  a  soft  spongy  consistence 
when  dry,  and  each  contains  a  single  cell  in  shape  and  size  like  the  nu- 
cleus of  C.  q.  globulus,  though  not,  like  that,  free  from  the  substance 
in  which  it  is  enclosed.  They  are  rather  rare  here  (Conn.),  but  I  saw 
large  numbers  of  them  in  the  northern  part  of  Berkshire  Co.,  Mass., 
last  summer.  The  fly  came  out  May  20th  from  galls  of  the  previous 
year's  growth.  It  is  much  like  D.  nebulosus  0.  8.,  but  Baron  Osten 
Sacken  has  compared  it  with  this  species,  and  pronounces  it  distinct. 


690  [December 

Male. — Head  black:  vertex  nearly  smooth,  the  face  black,  finely  aciculate,  a 
ridge  or  carina  from  the  vertex  to  the  mouth,  organs  of  the  mouth  with  faintest 
possible  tinge  of  reddish-brown.  Antennae:  1st,  2nd  and  3rd  joints  black,  the 
remaining  ones  dark  cinnamon.  3rd  joint  not  deeply  incised,  1-1-jointed.  Tho- 
rax black;  collare  hairy;  mesothorax  shining;  two  deep  lines  from  collare  con- 
verging towards  the  scutellum  ;  space  enclosed  nearly  smooth  and  hairless. 
with  very  faint  longitudinal  grooves.  Scutellum  sculptured,  the  basal  pits 
large  and  deep.  Lateral  view  of  the  scutellum  shows  as  a  cone,  the  axis  of 
which  is  at  an  angle  of  45  deg.  from  the  axis  of  the  body.  Legs  dark  brown  or 
black,  coxae  black;  femur  and  tibia  yellowish  brown,  on  the  upper  side  darker- 
tips  of  tarsi  black  or  nearly  so;  pleura  very  finely  aciculate.  Abdomen  briefly 
petiolate,  shining  black,  2nd  and  3rd  segments  connate  jointed.  Wings  pale 
dusky;  veins  heavy,  none  of  them  reaching  the  margin;  vein  forming  the  base 
of  radial  area  with  heavy  brown  blotch.  1st  transverse  reddish-brown  ;  areolet 
small  distinct;  radial  area  open.  Cubitus  disappearing  before  reaching  the  first 
transverse.     Length  (dry  specimen)  .11. 

Female. — ^Antennae  13-jointed,  legs  a  shade  darker  than  the  male,  otherwise 
as  the  male,  though  as  usual  larger,  .13  long.  The  ocelli  form  nearly  a  straight 
line  on  the  head.     Abdomen  in  male  and  female  perfectly  smooth  and  shining. 

[n  Mr.  Cresson's  Catalogue  of  described  N.  Am.  Hymenoptera,  Di- 
plosis  potent  i I  lee,  Harris,  occurs,  taken  from  Dr.  Harris'  Catalogue  of  Ins. 
Mass.  2nd  ed.  I  have  not  seen  Dr.  Harris'  catalogue.  Should  my 
insect  prove  identical  with  his,  I  shall  have  only  removed  it  to  Dias- 
trophus,  the  genus  to  which,  without  doubt,  it  properly  belongs. 

The  following  remarks  and  description  were  communicated  to  me  by 

Baron  R.  Osten  Sacken,  for  publication  in  this  paper : 

"  In  my  paper  entitled  'Additions  and  Corrections,'  etc.,  (Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  1862) 
I  described  a  gall  under  the  name  of  C  q.  strobilana  (1.  c.  p.  254),  the  producer 
of  which  was  at  that  time  unknown  to  me.  Many  months  afterwards,  I  ob- 
tained the  fly,  by  cutting  the  dry  galls  open.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Cynips 
in  the  restricted  sense  (agamous  according  to  Hartig),  and  I  let  its  description 
follow : 

Cynips  quercus  strobilana  0.  Sacken. 

9.  Antennae  14-jointed;  body  dark  brown,  with  a  close,  appressed  pubescence 
on  the  thorax  and  along  the  hind  margins  of  the  abdominal  segments:  feet 
brown;  anterior  knees  and  tarsi  reddish;  wings  hyaline;  length  from  0.17 — 0.22. 

Head  black,  finely  punctured  and  pubescent;  palpi  reddish;  antennae  rather 
short  for  the  size  of  the  insect,  14-jointed;  third  joint  about  as  long  as  the  two 
first,  taken  together;  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  gradually  decreasing  in  length,  the 
sfeven  penultimate  joints  being  nearly  as  long  as  broad;  the  last  segment  is 
somewhat  longer  than  the  preceding,  although  not  equal  in  length  to  the  two 
penultimate  joints  taken  together;  it  shows  no  indication  of  a  sub-division. 
Thorax  densely  clothed  above  with  a  yellowish,  appressed  pubescence,  which 


1804.]  fi!»] 

does  not  prevent,  however,  from  distinguishing  the  sculpture :  the  latter  con- 
sists of  a  moderately  dense  punctation  and  several  rather  shallow  grooves,  two 
of  which,  running  from  the  coUare  backwards,  end  about  the  middle  of  the 
thorax  by  a  slight,  smooth  and  flat  expansion.  Pleurae  black,  punctured,  ex- 
cept a  smooth,  shining  spot  in  the  middle;  their  lower  part  is  pubescent.  Scu- 
tellum  punctured  above,  rugose  behind  and  finely  pubescent;  the  pits  at  its 
base  are  of  moderate  size.  Abdomen  pitch-black,  in  some  specimens  slightly 
reddish  below  and  along  the  hind  margin  of  the  segments;  its  whole  surface, 
except  the  base  of  the  segments  and  a  narrow,  smooth  line  along  the  back,  is 
clothed  with  a  whitish,  appressed  pubescence;  under  this  pubescence  a  mode- 
rately dense  punctation  is  perceptible;  the  second  (largest)  segment  of  the  ab- 
domen hardly  reaches  its  middle.  The  feet  are  dark  brown,  pubescent:  the 
base  of  the  femora,  the  knees  and  the  tarsi  of  the  foremost  pair  are  reddish;  in 
some  specimens  a  reddish  tinge  appears  at  the  base  of  the  femora  and  on  the 
knees  of  the  two  posterior  pairs.  Wingn  hyaline;  the  second  transverse  vein 
forms  a  knee  which  bears  a  distinct  stump  of  a  vein  in  the  middle. 
Seven  9  specimens." 

VVatkrbury,  Conn..  Dec.  1864. 


f3!)2 


DONATIONS  TO  CABINET. 

APRIL  11,  1861. 

27  Coleoptera  ( Tctracha  violacea,  T.  Lebasii,  Procrv^tes  impressits,  P.  grcecu.i, 
Carabus  emarginatu.%  C.  intermedius,  C.  fusus,  C.  sylvestris,  C.  alpinus,  C.  Lirvnei, 
C.  Bonellii,  C.  arvensis.  C.  scabriusculus,  C.  croaticus,  C.  Preyssleri,  C.  intricatun. 
C.  comptus,  C.  convexus.  C.  Wiedemanni,  C.  euchromus,  Silpha  cribrata,  S.  Souver- 
bei,  PhanoEUS  nigrocyaneus,  Geoirupes  opacus,  Copris  impressicornis),  from  Aug.  R. 
Grote. 

MAY  9,  1864. 

20  Lepidoptera  (Hesperia  Vema,  H.  Vialis,  H.  Wamsutta,  H.  Otho,  H.  Meta- 
comet,  H.  Ocola,  H.  Mystic,  H.  Hobomok,  H.  Huron,  H.  Cernes,  H.  Phylctus,  H.. 
Persius),  from  William  H.  Edwurds. 

JUNE  13.  1864. 

26  Diptera  ( Cistogaster  divisa,  Doros  flavipes,  Paragus  dimidiatus,  P.  angusti- 
frons,  Helophilus  latifrons,  Scatophaga  stercoraria,  Scatopse  pygmcea),  from  Dr. 
T.  B.  Wilson. 

20  Diptera  {Bombylius  atriceps.  Geron  subauratus,  Apatomyza  nigra,  Spilomyia 
hamifera,  Didea  fuscipes,  Cheilosia  capillata,  Metoponia  fuscitarsis),  and  3  Cole- 
optera {Corymbitcs  nigricoUis,  Gaurotes  Cressoni),  from  E.  T.  Cresson. 

11  Diptera  (Bombylius  validus,  Temnostoma  alternans,  Pterallastes  liluratus 
Chrysochlamys  buccata,  Cheilosia  plumata),  from  James  Ridings. 

.')  Coleoptera  {Chrysobothris  purpurata,  Corymbites  brunnipes,  Meloe  A/er). 
from  John  Pearsall. 

4  Coleoptera   (Spermophagus  robinia),  from  the  Palmetto  Fruit,  with  spei-i- 

mens  of  the  latter,  from  Prof.  J.  Ennis. 

3  Coleo^tBTA  {Cardiophorrts  montanus,  Chrysomela  pallida,  Coccinella  ^thiops). 

from  the  Committee  on  Collecting  Fund. 

2  Coleoptera  {Lytta  iarsalis),  from  Benj.  D.  Walsh. 

2  Diptera  (  Gcron  calvus,  Pterallastes  thoracicus),  from  Wm.  Evett. 

2  Diptera  [Helophilus  albiceps,  Merodon  curvipes),  from  James  Angus,  of  West 
Farms,  N.  Y. 

2  Diptera  (Bombylius  pulchcllus),  from  Wm.  Wenzel. 

1  Coleoptera  (Pithyobius  Billingsii),  from  B.  Billings,  Jr.,  of  Ottawa,  C.  W. 

1   Coleoptera  (Staphylinus  capitatus).  from  Wm.  Saunders,  of  London.  C.  W. 

1  Diptera  (Spilomyia  fusca),  from  Harvey  J.  Rich,  of  New  York. 

JULY  11,  1864. 

35  Coleoptera  (  Cicindela  pulchra,  Trachyhrachys  inermis,  Dichelonycha  fulgida, 

Ancylochira  maculiventris,  Melanophila  gentilis,  Agriotes  m,ancus,  Lacon  rectangu- 

laris,  Bostrichus  bicaudatus,  B.  aspericollis,  Tomicus  pini,  Hylurgus  obesus,  H.  rii- 

tjpennis.    Collops  tricolor.   Platydema   excavata,  Serropalpus   substricta,    Tri//iyti.f 


693 

pruinosa,  Tragosoma  Harrisii,  Criocephalaproductus,  Pogonocherusmixtus,  Aedihtu 
obso/ehts,  Arga/eus  nitens,  Leptura  obliterata,  L.  suhargcntata,  L.  convexa,  L.  au- 
ripilis,  Microrhopala  cyanea),  from  the  Committee  on  Collecting  Fund. 

IS  Coleoptera  {AmblychUa  cylindriformis.  Brachivus  americanus,  £.  ovipennis, 
B.  stygicornis,  B.  perplexus,  Loxandrus  agilis,  Trechu.s  micans,  Berosus  pantheri- 
mus,  Agrilus  otiosus,  A.  puncticeps,  Asaphes  melanophnlmus,  Cardiophorus  tumidi- 
rolHs,  Collops  tricolor),  from  Dr.  Thomas  B.  Wilson. 

SEPTEMBER  12,  18«4. 

l.>5  Diptera  (Tetamcera  valida,  T.  pictipes,  T.  arcuata,  T.  pallida,  T.  sarato- 
gensis,  Sepedon  pusillus,  Trypeta  suavis,  T.  clathrata,  T.  aequalis,  T.  solidaginin,  T. 
fesfiva,  T.  bella,  Conops  tibialis,  Chrysotoxum  fasciolatum,  Scaeva  Lesueurii,  Syr- 
pkxis  politus,  S.  obliquus,  S.  marginatus,  Sphcerophoria  cylindrica,  Platycheirus 
</uadratus,  Toxomerus  geminatus,  Orthoncura  oenea,  0.  nitida,  Paragus  angustifrona, 
Eristalis  dimidiatus,  Helophilus  similis,  Stylogastcr  stylata,  Chrysophila  quadrata, 
Sargus  decorus,  Nemotelus  unicolor,  Tkereva  nigra.  Sparnopolius  fulvus,  Atomosia 
pygmaea,  Discocephala  abdominalis,  Dolichopus  seti/cr.  D.  ramifcr,  D.  splendidus,  D. 
vittatus,  D.  bifractus,  Psilopus  sipho,  Hygroceleuthus  latipes,  Pelastoneurus  lugubris, 
P.  vagans,  Diaphoi  us  spectabilis,  Sympycnus  lineatus,  Phasia  atripennis,  Hyalomyia 
occidentis,  Calliphora  erythroeephala,  Drosophila  dimidiata,  D.  amcena,  Orialis  viri- 
di'lans,  0.  cenea,  Loxocera  cylindrica,  Cordylura  bimaculata,  Eumei(ff)ia  rufipts,  8a- 
promyza  philadelphica,  Parydra  bituberculata,  Paralimna  appendiculata,  Chlorops 
frivialis)  from  Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

2H  Coleoptera  (  Telracha  sobrina.  Procerus  gigas,  Copris  eridaunus,  Phanceus  mi- 
mas,  Scmiotcs  ligneus,  S.  distinctus,  S.  intermedius,  S.  Sommeri,  Elater  aurilegulus. 
E.  sanguinolentus,  E.  lythroptcrus,  Alaus  Parreyssii,  Euphoria  rufina,  E.  Hera, 
Cetonia  iguttata,  Trox  crenatus,  Saperda  grce.ca,  Rosalia  alpina,  Aromia  ambrosaica, 
A.  rosarum,  Aegoioma  scabricornc,  Ptychodes  politus,  Acrocinus  longimanus),  and  fi 
Lepidoptera  {Parathyris  Angelica,  Heterocampa  leptinoides,  Arctia  Saundersti,  Oato- 
cala  subnata),  from  Aug.  R.  Urote. 

fi  Diptera  (Ortalis  notata,  Melanophora  roralis),  from  E.  T.  Cresson. 

-'  Diptera  {Oymnopternus  crassicauda),  from  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

OCTOBER  10,  1864. 

85  Hymenoptera  from  Dr.  Samuel  Lewis,  54  from  Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson,  24  from 
E.  T.  Cresson,  8  from  C.  A.  Blake,  and  6  from  J.  H.  B.  Bland,  all  of  which  are 
types  of  species  described  by  E.  T.  Cresson  in  Vol.  .S,  Nos.  1  and  2  of  these  Pro- 
ceedings. 

2  Lepidoptera  (Argynnis  Diana  %  and  J  ),  and  1  Orthoptera  (Acanthodis  ma- 
crocerus),  from  William  H.  Edwards. 

NOVEMBER  14,  1864. 

The  fine  original  Collections  of  Prof.  Felipe  Poey.  of  Havana.  Cuba,  consisting 
of  Cuban  Coleoptera.  over  1100  species,  Hymenoptera,  about  300  species,  and 
Hemiptera,  over  300  species ;  presented  by  Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

75  Coleoptera  and  29  Lepidoptera,  principally  European,  from  Rev.  C.  J.  S. 
Bethune,  of  Cobourg,  C.  W. 


2y  Diptera  (  Tipuin  pallida,  T.  hebes.  T.  fasciata,  T.  caloptera,  T.  bella,  T.  tricolor. 
T.  bicorni/i.  T.  brevirollis,  Pachyrhina  macrocera,  Nephrotoma  eucera,  Ceratopocfon 
lineatus),  from  E.  T.  Cresson. 

2fi  Diptera  (  Tipula  longiventris.  T.  speciosa,  T.  infuscata,  T.  unicolor,  Pachyrhi- 
iia  tenuis,  Trichocera  maculipennis.  Anopheles  punctipennis,  A.  maculipennis,  Chiro- 
iiomus  byssinus),  from  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 

;',  Diptera  (  Tipula  strcpcns,  T.  cincta),  from  Baron  R.  Osten  Sacken. 

.'!  Diptera  (Catercbra  americana,  Sccnopinus  glabri/rons),  from  James  Ridings. 

1  Diptera  (Ocphalemi/ia  ovis),  from  George  Newman. 

DECEMBER  12,  1864. 
40  Coleoptera  {Eugastra  ventricosa,  Tostegoptera  lanceolata,  Lachnosterna  farcta, 
L.  torta,  Pyrophorus   physodermus,   Crigmus  texanus,   Chauliognaihus  scutellaTut, 
Eleodes  robusta,  E.  nupta,  Pyrota  mylabrina,  Nemognatha  apicalis,  Arhopalua  ery- 
thropus,  Eriphus  ruber),  from  E.  J.  Nolan. 


DONATIONS  TO  LIBRARY. 

APRIL   11,   1864. 
Monographs  of  the  Diptera  of  North  America,  by  H.  Loew.     Part  2,  edited  hy 
R.  Osten  Sacken.     1  vol.  8vo.     From  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
The  Prairie  Farmer  (Chicago,  111.)  Vol.  l.*?,  Nos.  1—15. 

The  following  works  were  presented  by  J.  Carson  Brevoort,  Esq.,  of 
Brooklyn,  New  York  : — 

Etudes  Entomologiques.     Par  F.  L.  DeLaporte.     1  vol.  8vo. 

Conspectus  Insectorum  Coleopterorum,  quae  in  Republica  Peruana  observata 
nunt.     Auctore  G.  F.  Erichson.     1  vol.  8vo. 

Monographic  der  Carabiden.     Von  Zimmermann.     8vo. 

Revision  de  la  Famille  des  Cicindelides  de  I'ordre  des  Coleopteres,  par  M. 
Th.  Lacordaire.     8vo. 

Genera  Dyticeorum.     Auctore  Dr.  G.  F.  Erichson.     8vo. 

Beschreibung  einiger  neuer  in  der  Mammutli-Hohle  in  Kentucky  auf-gefun- 
dener  Gattungen  von  Gliederthieren.     Von  Dr.  Th.  Tellkampf.     8vo. 

Uebersicht  der  Arten  der  Gattung  Astacus.     Von  Erichson.     8vo. 

A  revision  of  the  North  American  Astaci,  with  observations  on  their  habits 
and  geographical  distribution.     By  Charles  Girard.     8vo. 

A  Catalogue  of  Insects  of  Pennsylvania.  By  Fred.  Val.  Melsheimer.  Part  1, 
1806.     8vo. 

Enumeratio  Insectorum  Eleutheratorum  Capitis  Bonse  Spei  totiusque  Africae 
descriptione  Iconibusque  nonnullarum  specierum  novarum  illustrata,  proponit 
G.  A.  Goldfuss.     Svo. 

Systematisches  verzeichniss  der  in  der  ersten  serie  (Heft.  I — X)  der  Kafer 


695 

Europas  von  Prof.  Apetz,  v.  Kiesenwetter  und  Dr.  H.  C.  Kiister  beschriebenen 
Arten.     16mo. 

Tentamen  Monographise  Byrrhorum  Coleopterorum  Generis.  Auctor  G  A. 
Steffahny.     Svo. 

Monographia  Histeroidum.     Auctore  Gustavo  de  Paykull.     Svo. 

Monograph ia  Caraborum  Sveciae.     Auctore  Gustavo  de  Paykull.     Svo. 

Monographia  Staphylinorum  Sveciae.     Auctore  Gustavo  de  Paykull.     Svo. 

Meraoire  sur  ijuelques  genres  et  especes  de  Carabiques,  par  LeComte  Manner- 
heim.     Svo. 

Trois  memoires  sur  la  famille  des  Carabiques,  par  M.  le  Baron  de  Chaudoir. 
Svo. 

Genres  nouveaux  de  la  famille  des  Carabiques,  par  le  Baron  de  Chaudoir.    Svo. 

Note  sur  le  groupe  des  Stomides  et  description  d'un  nouveau  genre  de  celui 
des  Somoplatides,  par  le  Baron  M.  de  Chaudoir.     Svo. 

Note  sur  le  genre  Agra  et  description  de  plusieurs  especes  nouvelles,  par  le 
Baron  M.  de  Chaudoir.     Svo. 

Memoire  sur  la  famille  des  Carabiques,  par  le  Baron  M.  de  Chaudoir.     Svo. 

Memoire  sur  cinquante  especes  nouvelles  ou  peu  connues  d'insectes,  par  F. 
L.  de  Laporte.     Svo. 

Monographie  du  genre  Sisyphe,  par  M.  Gory.     Svo. 

Nomenclature  of  British  Insects.     By  J.  F.  Stephens.     Second  Edition.     Svo. 

The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr.  Joseph  Leid//: — 

A  Flora  and  Fauna  within  living  Animals,  by  Joseph  heidy,  M.  D.     4to. 

History  and  transformations  of  Corydalus  cornutus,  by  S.  S.  Halderaan,  A. 
M.;  with  its  Internal  Anatomy,  in  its  three  stages  of  existence,  by  Joseph  Leidy. 
M.  D.     4to. 

Beitrag  zur  Kenntniss  der  Insekten-Metamorphoseaus  dem  Jahre  1860.  Von 
G.  Ritter  v.  Frauenfeld.     Svo. 

Beobachtungen  liber  Insectenmetamorphosen,  von  G.  Frauenfeld.     Svo. 

Weiterer  Beitrag  zur  Fauna  Dalmatiens.     "Von  G.  Ritter  v.  Frauenfeld.     Svo. 

Uber  den  taschenformigen  Hinterleibsanhang  der  weiblichen  Schmetterlinge 
von  Parnassius,  von  Prof.  C.  Th.  v.  Siebold.     Svo. 

MAY  9,  18(54. 

The  Smithsonian  Report  for  1862.    Svo.     From  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  for  January,  Feb- 
ruary and  March,  1864.     From  the  Publication  Committee. 

The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr.   Thos.  B.   Wilson: — 

Catalogue  of  the  Halticidse  in  the  Collection  of  the  British  Museum.  By  Rev. 
Hamlet  Clark.     Part  1.     Physapodes  and  (Edipodes.     1  vol.     Svo. 

List  of  the  specimens  of  Lepidopterous  Insects  in  the  Collection  of  the  British 
Museum.     Geomctrites,  Parts  21 — 25.     By  Francis  Walker.     12mo. 

Exotic  Butterflies.     By  William  C.  Hewitson.     Part  49.     4to. 

Enumeratio  Lepidopterorum  Halicice  Orientalis,  auctore  M.  S.  Nowicki.  I 
vol.     Svo. 


69G 

Die  Myriapodengattung  Lithobius  dargestellt  von  Dr.  Ludwig  Koch.  1  vol. 
Svo. 

Histoire  N'aturelle  des  Coleopteres  de  France.  Par  E.  Mulsant. — Babbipalpe? 
—  Longipedes,  —  Latipennes,  —  Pectinipedes,  —  Vesicants,  — Angustipennes,  — 
liongioornes.     5  Parts.     Svo. 

Wiener  Entoraologische  Monatschrift.     Bd.  8.  Nr.  1—3.     Svo. 

Stettiner  Entomologische  Zeitung.     25  Jahrgang.     No.  1 — 3.     Svo. 

Tijdschrift  voor  Entomologie.     7de  deel,  le  Stuk.     Svo. 

Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie.     1863,  No.  12.     Svo. 

The  Zoologist  for  February  and  March,  1864.     Svo. 

Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  for  Decem- 
ber, 1863.     Svo. 

Silliinan's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  for  March  and  May,  1864. 
Svo. 

An  English-Greek  Lexicon.     By  C.  D.  Yonge.     New  Edition.     1  vol.     4to. 

Dictionary  of  Natural  History  Terras,  with  their  derivations,  including  the 
various  orders,  genera  and  species.     By  David  H.  McNicoll,  M.  D.     1  vol.     Svo. 

JUNE  13,  1864. 
The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr.  Thos.  B.   Wilson : — 

Transactions  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London,  3rd  series,  vol.  1,  part 
8.     Svo. 

The  Zoologist  for  April,  1864.     Svo. 

Exotic  Butterflies.     By  William  C.  Hewitson.     Part  50.     4to. 

Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologiques  de  France,  4e  Ser.  Tome  3,  Trim  3 — 4. 
Svo. 

Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie.     1864,  Nos.  1  and  2.     Svo. 

Wiener  Entomologische  Monatschrift.     Bd.  8,  Nr.  4.     Svo. 

Beschriebungen  und  Abbildungen  hartschaaligter  Insecten. — Coleoptera.  J. 
E.  Voet.     5  vols.     4to. 

Systeraatisches  Verzeichniss  der  Schmetterlinge  der  Wienergegend.  Wien. 
1776.     4to. 

JULY   11,  1864. 

On  certain  remarkable  or  exceptional  larvae — Coleopterous,  Lepidopterous  and 
Dipterous.     By  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  M.  A.     Svo.     From  the  Author. 

On  the  Diptera  or  two-winged  Insects  of  the  Amber  fauna,  by  Dr.  Loew,  trans- 
lated by  Baron  R.  Osten  Sackeu.     Svo.     From  the  translator. 

A  list  of  the  Butterflies  of  New  England.  By  Sam'l  H.  Scudder.  Svo.  From 
the  Autlior. 

Prairie  Farmer  (Chicago,  111.),  Vol.  13,  Nos.  16—26. 

Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia  for  April,  May  and 
June,  1864.     From  the  Publication  Committee. 

The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr.   Thos.  B.    Wilson : — 
Verhandlungen    der   kaiserlich-koniglichen    zoologisch-botanischen    Gesell- 
sohaft  in  Wein.  Herausgegeben  von  der  Gesellschaft  Jahrgang  1863.     1  vol.    Svo. 


697 

Weiner  Entomologische  Monatschrift.     Bd.  8,  Nr.  5.     8vo. 
Tijdschrift  voor  Entoinolo,s;ie.     Deel  7,  Stuk.  2.     Svo. 
Stettiner  Entomologische  Zeitung.     24  Jahr.     No.  4 — 6.     Svo. 
Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie.     1864,  No.  3.     Svo. 
The  Zoologist  for  May,  1864.     Svo. 

Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Linnean  Society.  Vol.  7,  No.  28.  Zoology. 
Svo, 

Histoire  Naturelle  des  Araignees  (Araneides),  par  Eugene  Simon.     1  vol.    Svo. 
Silliman's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  for  July,  1S64,     Svo. 

AUGUST  8.  1864. 
The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr.  Thos.  B.   Wilson : — 
Araneides  des  iles  de  la  Reunion,  Maurice  et  Madagascar,  par  Auguste  Vinson. 
1  vol.     Royal  Svo. 

Nova  Acta  Regise  Societatis  Scientiarum  Upsaliensis,  Seriei  tertiae.  Vols.  I 
—4.     4to. 

Skandinaviens  Coleoptera,  synoptiskt  bearbetade  af  C.  G.  Thomson.  Vol.  ) 
— .i.     Svo. 

OCTOBER  10,  1864. 
The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr    Thos.  B.  Wihon : — 

Stettiner  p]ntomologische  Zeitung.     Jahr.  25,  No.  7 — 9.     8vo. 

Tijdschrift  voor  Entomologie.     Deel  7,  Stuk.  3  <fe  4.     Svo. 

Wiener  Entomologische  Monatschrift.     Bd.  8,  Nr.  6 — S.     Svo. 

Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  Beige.     Tome  7.     8vo. 

Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  de  France,  4e  serie,  Tome  4,  Trim  1.  .Svo. 

Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie,  1864,  Nos.  4 — 7.     Svo, 

Journal  of  Entomology,   No,  10,     Svo. 

The  Zoologist  for  June,  July  and  August,  1864.     Svo. 

Exotic  Butterflies,  by  William  C.  Hewitson,  Part  51.     4to. 

Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History.     Vol.  7,     Svo. 

Proceedings  of  the  Essex  Institute.     Vols.  1  <fe  2.     Svo. 

Silliman's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  for  September,  1864,    Svo, 

Skandinaviens  Coleoptera,  synoptiskt  bearbetade  af  C.  G.  Thomson,  Tome  6. 
Svo. 

NOVEMBER  14,  1864, 

Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia  for  July,  August 
and  September,  1S64,     From  the  Publicatioii  Committee. 

The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr.  TIios.  B.  Wilson : — 

Kongliga  svenska  Fregatten  Eugenics  resa  omkring  jorden,  1851^185:i, 
Zoologi  1 — 5.     4to. 

Reisen  und  Forschungen  im  Amur-Lande  in  den  Jahren  1854—1856.  Band 
2,  Erste  Lieferung,  Lepidopteren,  Zvveite  Lieferung,  Coleopteren.     4to, 

Tijdschrift  voor  Entomologie.     Deel  7,  Stuk.  5.     Svo. 

Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie.     1864.     No.  8,     Svo. 

Wiener  Entomologische  Monatschrift.     Band  8,  Nr.  9.     Svo. 


fJ98 

The  Zoologist  for  September,  1864.     8vo. 

Silliman's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  for  November,  1864.    8vo. 

The  following  works  wei-e  presented  by   Frof.  J.  0.  Westwood.  of 

London,  England  : — 

Insecta  Saundersiana:  or  characters  of  uudescribed  insects  in  the  Collection 
of  William  Wilson  Saunders. — Diptera,  Parts  1 — 3.     By  Francis  Walker.     8vo. 

Contributions  to  Fossil  Entomology.     By  J.  0.  Westwood.     8vo. 

Descriptions  of  some  New  Species  of  Exotic  Lucanidse.  By  J.  0.  Westwood. 
8vo. 

On  the  Oriental  Species  of  Butterflies  related  to  the  Genus  Morpho.  By  J.  0. 
Westwood.     8vo. 

Descriptions  of  some  New  Species  of  Exotic  Moths  belonging  or  allied  to  the 
Genus  Saturina.     By  J.  O.  Westwood.     8vo. 

Descriptions  of  some  New  Species  of  Exotic  Hymenoptera  belonging  to  Eva- 
nia  and  the  allied  Genera.     By  J.  0.  Westwood.     8vo. 

Descriptions  of  some  species  of  Lepidopterous  Insects  belonging  to  the  Genus 
Oiketicus.     By  J.  0.  Westwood.     8vo. 

Descriptions  of  the  Species  of  the  Australian  Longicorn  Genus  Cryptodus. 
By  J.  0.  Westwood.     8vo. 

Descriptions  of  some  New  Species  of  Exotic  Homopterous  Insects.  By  J.  0. 
Westwood.     8vo. 

Insectorum  novorum  Centuria,  Coleoptera,  auctore  J.  0.  Westwood.     8vo. 

Descrizione  di  tre  nuovi  Crostacei  del  Mediterraneo  discoperti  Dal  Rev.  G.  K. 
Hope.     4to. 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Lucanoid  Coleoptera,  in  the  Collection  of  the  Rev.  F.  W. 
Hope.     8vo. 

A  Catalogue  of  Hemiptera  in  the  Collection  of  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Hope.     8vo. 

Buprestidse. — Novae  Ilollandise,  auctore  F.  W.  Hope.     8vo. 

DECEMBER  12,  1864. 

The  following  works  were  presented  by  Dr.   Thou.  B.  Wilson  : — 

Histoire  Naturelle  des  Coleopteres  de  France,  par  E.  Mulsant. — Augusticolles 
and  Diversipalpes.     8vo. 

Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  No.  4,  Sep- 
tember and  October,  1864.     8vo. 

Silliman's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  for  November,  1864.    8vo. 

The  Zoologist  for  November,  1864.     8vo. 

Transactions  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  I,  Part- 
9.  and  Vol.  II,  Parts  1  &  2.     8vo. 

Stettiner  Eutomologische  Zeitung.     Jahr.  25,  No.  10 — 12.     8vo. 

Wiener  Entomologische  Monatschrift.     Band  8,  Nr.  10 — 12.     8vo. 

Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  de  France.  4e  Serie,  Tome  4,  Trim  2. 
8vo. 


The  names  of  new  genera  and  of  new  species  are  followed  by  the  name  of 

the  Author. 

PAGE  1  PAOK 

Achatodes  zese 540 

Adelocephala  bicolor 538 

Allantus  basilaris 10 

unicinctus,  Norton 9 

Alypia  Ridingsii,  Grote 521 

Amphidasys  cupidaria,  Grote 534 

Amphipyra  inornata,  Grote 86 

Anchykipera  dubiana,  Clemens 512 

faseiolana,   Clemens...  511 
fuscociliana,  Clemens  512 

Lamiana,  Clemens 513 

mediofasciana,  Clem's  511 

ocellana,  Clemens 510 

pvilchellana,  Clemens  511 
Virginiana,  Clemens..  512 

Anomis  xylina 541 

Antarctia  punctata,  Packard 123 

Anthoecia  brevis,  Grote 530 

jaguarina 528 

mortua,   Grote 528 

nobilis,  Grote 529 

Packardii,  Grote 528 

Apamea  legitima.  Grote 82 

Apatelodes,  Packard 353 

hyali no-puncta,  PacArarrf  354 

torrefacta 353 

Apathus  Ashtoni,  Cresson 42 

Apidse,  Descriptions  of  several  new 
species  of  North  American,  by 

E.  T.  Cresson 38 

Arachnis  pieta,  Packard 126 

Arctia  Blakei,  Grote 523 

decorata 77 

pallida,  Packard 118 

Persephone 77 

Saundersii,  Grote 75,  323 

vi^go 325 

Argynnides  of  California,  Notes  on 

the,  by  W.  H.  Edwards 434 


Argynnis  Diana,  Description  of  the 
female  of,  by  W.  H.  Edwards... 

Argynnis  Adiaste 

Astarte 

Calippe 

Coronis,  Behr 

Leto 

Monticola 

Montivaga 

rupestris.... 

Zerene 

Atomarcera  ruficollis,  Norton 

Atrophaneura,  Reakirt 

erj'throsoma,  Reakirt 

Aulacus  rufitarsis,  Cresson 

stigmaterus,  Cresson 

Baptria  albovittata 

Bsetisca,  On  the  Pupa  of  the  Ephe- 
merinous    genus,   by  Benj.  D. 

Walsh,  M.  A .'. 

Bombus  boreal  is 

centralis,  Cresson 

consimilis,  Cresson 

Bombycidse  of  the  United  States. 
Synopsis  of  the,  by  A.  S.  Pack- 
ard, Jr 97, 

Brenthia  Virginiella,  Clemens 

Cabinet,  Donations  to 

Callarctia,  Packard 

ornata,  Packard 

Callochlora,  Packard 

vernata,  Packard 

Callosamia,  Packard 

angulifera 

Promethea 

Cardiophorus  montanus.  Bland 

Catocala  Clintonii,  G^-ote 89, 

palseagama 87, 

phalanga,  Grote 


431 
436 
435 
434 
435 
435 
436 
435 
435 
436 
6 
446 
447 
134 
134 
542 


200 
41 
41 
41 


331 
505 
692 
114 
115 
3.39 
339 
379 
380 
379 

67 
540 
541 

86 


700 


Index. 


PAGE 

Catocala  piatrix,  Grote 88,  532 

subnata,  Grote 326 

Cecidomyia  albovittata,  Walsh 621 

cornuta,  Walsh 625 

orbitalis.  Walsh 623 

s.eenigma,  T7a7sA(Gall)  608 

s.  batatas,  Walsh 604 

s.  brassicoides,  Walsh..  579 
s.  cornu,  Walsh  (Gall)..  590 
s.  coryloides,  Walsh  "  588 
s.  gnaphalioides,  Walsh  585 
s.  hordeoides,     Walsh 

(Gall) 599 

s.  nodulus.TFai'sA(Gall)  599 

s.  rhodoides,   Walsh 587 

Salicis 596 

s.  semen,  Walsh  (Gall)  606 

s.  siliqua,  Walsh 594 

s.  strobiliscus,    Walsh 

(Gall) 582 

s.  strobiloides,  Walsh...  582 
s.  trlticoides,      Walsh 

(Gall) 598 

s. verruca,  Walsh{Ga,U)  606 
Cecidoniyidous  Galls  of  the  genus 

Salix 575 

Cecrita  ?  bilineata,  Pac/;arrf 359 

?  niustelina,  Packard 359 

C'erutoniiaquadricornis  (Larva) 664 

Chrysomela  pallida.  Bland 71 

Chrysobothris  purpurata,  ^/an(i 66 

Cidaria  albofaseiata 92 

Clemensia,  Packard 100 

albata,  Packard 101 

Clisioeampa  californica,  PacA;a;-rf...  387 

disstria 537 

Cnephasia?  inaculidorsana, C/ewiens  516 

('occinella  ^tliiops.  Bland 72 

Ccelodasys,  Packard 363 

biguttatus,  Packard 365 

einereo-frons,  Packard...  366 

Edinandsii,  Packard 364 

Harrisii,  Packard 365 

unicornis 364 

I'oleuphora  cratipennella,  Clemens.  506 


PAGE 

Coleoptera,  Descriptions  of  new  N. 

American,  by  J.  H.  B.  Bland,  65,  253 

Colias  philodice , 54 

Corymbites  brunnipes,  Bland 67 

nigricollis,  Bland 68 

Crambidia,  Packard 99 

pallida,  Packard 99 

Crocota  ferruginosa 103 

Croesia?  fulvoroseana,  Clemens 516 

?  gallivorana,   Clemens 517 

?  unifasciana,  Clemens 516 

?  Virginiana,  Clemens 517 

Cryptus  alacris,  Cresson 306 

albitarsis,  Cresson 300 

americanus,  Crc^.son 297 

crassicornis,  Oe.ssow 292 

excelsus,  Cresson 293 

extrematis,  Cresson 304 

frater,  Cresson 303 

incertus,  Cresson 306 

iridescens,  Cre.ison 296 

junceus,  Cresson 295 

limatus,  Cresson 298 

luctuosus,  Cresson 290 

nubilipennis,  Cresson 291 

pallidus,  Cresson 307 

persimilis,  Cresson 298 

proximus,  Ci-esson .'^90 

pumilus,  Cresson 301 

pusillus,  Cre.sson 302 

robustus,  Cresson 289 

similis,  Cresson 299 

soror,  Cresson 296 

subargenteus,  Cresson 302 

subgracilis,  Cresson 303 

ultimus,  Cresson 305 

velox,  Cre.'isoyi 293 

Cteniscus  clavatus,  Cresson 284 

dorsalis,   Cresson 282 

flavicoxse,  Cresson 283 

raediatus,  Cresson 282 

orbitalis,  Cresson 283 

Ctenophora  apicata,  0.  S .- 46 

frontalis,  0.  S 48 

fumipennis,  0.  S. 47 


Index. 


701 


PAGK 

f'tenophora  nubecula,  0.  S. 45 

topazina,  0.  S 47 

Ctenophorse,  Descriptions  of  several 
new  North  American,  by  Baron  R. 

Osten  Saeken 45 

Cvclopteryx,  Packard 344 

leucosigma,  Packard.... iiib 

spinuloides 345 

<\vuipidae,    Letter   from    Mr.  H.   F. 

Bassett  in  relation  to 197 

Cynips,  Descriptions  of  several  new 
species  of,  and  a  new  species   of 

Diastrophus,  by  H.  F.  Bassett 679 

Cynips  q.  batatus 684 

q.  formosa,  Bassett 679 

q.  frondosa,  Bassett  (Gall)....688 

q.  hirta,  Bassett 688 

q.  ilicifolise,  Bassett 682 

q.  majalis,  Bassett 683 

q.  scitula,  Bassett 683 

q.  decidua,  Bassett  (Gall) 689 

q.  similis,  Bassett 685 

q.  strobilana,  0.  S. 690 

q.  tuber 685 

q.  ventricosa,  Bassett 681 

I'vrtosia,  Packard 342 

albipuneta,  Packard 344 

elegans,  Packard 342 

f usca,  Packard 343 

geminata,  Packard 343 

Darapsa  Myron,  (Larva) 663 

Dasylophia,  Packard 362 

anguina 362 

interna,  Packard 363 

Deilephila  Chamaenerii  (Larva) 661 

lineata  (Larva) 662 

Diapheromera  Velii,    Walsh 410 

Diastrophus  Potentillfe,  Bassett 689 

Diplosis  annulipes,  Walsh 629 

atricornis,  Walsh 628 

atrocularis,   Walsh 626 

decem-maculata,    Walsh 631 

septem-maculata,   lFa/>7t....630 
Dipterous    Insects    inhabiting     tlie 
Galls  of  certain  species  of  Willow, 


PACE 

by  Benj.  D.  Walsh,  M.  A 543 

Ditula?  blandana,  Clemens ■')16 

Diurnal    Lepidoptera   found  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  List 

of,  by  John  Kirkpatrick 328 

Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  Notes  on  some  of 
the,  with  descriptions  of  their 
Larvae  and  Chrysalides,  by  J. 

A.  Lintner 50 

Drosophila  amoena 633 

Dryocampa  bieolor  ?  (larva) 425 

rubicunda  (larva) 426 

Dryopteris  irrorata,  Packard 377 

Edapteryx,  Packard 375 

biliueata,  Packard    376,  539 
Election  of  Officers  &  Committees...  442 
Elections  of  Corresponding  Mem- 
bers  65,  327,  328 

of  Resident  Members  199,  328 

Ellema  Harrisii  (Larva) 669 

Epeolus  bilaseiatus,  Cresson 38 

Epicallia  virginalis 108 

Epilachna  maculiventris.  Bland...  256 

Epione  depontanata,  Grote 90 

Erateina  elaborata 542 

infulata 542 

Eriopus  monetifera 542 

Euchronia,  Packard 382 

Maia 383 

Euclea  bifida,  Packard 338 

ferruginea,  Packard 338 

Monitor,  Packard 337 

Eudryas  unio,  (pupa,)  Letter  from 
Mr.  John  Kirkpatrick  in  rela- 
tion to 43 

Euphanessa,  Packard 102 

Euprepia  americana 637 

Eurois  purpurissata,  Grote 82 

Eurycus  Cressida 495 

Exochus  apicalis,  Cresson 285 

dorsalis,  Cresson 286 

fulvipes,   Cresson 285 

Isevis,   Cresson 286 

pallipes,   Cresso7i 287 


702 


Index. 


PAGE 

Exochus  pleuralis,   Cresson 286 

pygmseus,   Cresson 285 

Exotic  Lepidoptera,  chiefly  from 
the  Philippine  Islands,  Notes 
upon,  with  descriptions  of  some 
new  species,  by  Tryon  Reakirt  44.3 

FoBUUs  incertus,  Cresson 1.3?. 

montanus,  Cresson 132 

occidentalis,  Cresson 131 

perplexus,  Cresson 131 

tarsatorius 132 

Gastropacha  ferruginea,  Packard...  386 

Gaurotes  Cressoni,  Bland 69 

Gelechia  gallsegenitella 506 

fungivorella,  Clemens 507 

nigratomella 507 

Salicifungiella,  Clemens...  508 

Gluphisia  trilineata,  Packard 355 

Gortyna  cataphracta.  Grate 81 

Gorgopis  4-guttatus,  Grote 73,  535 

Gracilaria  Blandella,  Clemens 505 

Grapta  comma 55 

faunus 57 

j.  album 58 

progne 58 

Grotea,  Cresson 397 

anguina,  Cresson 398 

Halesidota  Agassizii,  Packard 128 

Antiphola  (larva) 413 

argentata,  Packard 129 

Edwardsii,  Packard 129 

Harrisii,  Walsh 430 

Halisidota  tessellaris 536 

Hedya  Cressoniana,  Clemens 514 

deludana,    Clemens 513 

saliciana,    Clemens 515 

salicicolana,  Clemens 514 

signatana,  Clemens 514 

spoliana,  Clemens 513 

Hepialus  gracilis,  Grote 522 

labradoriensis,  Pac^-a?•(i...  394 

mustelinus,  Packard 393 

pulcher,  Grote 522 

Heterocampa  leptinoides,  Grote....  323 
obliqua,  Packard 368 


PA(3E 

Heterocampa  subalbicans 539 

Trouvelotii,  Packard.  369 

Heterogenea  Shurtleffi,  Packard....  346 

Hoplismenus  thoracicus,  Cresson...  288 

House-Crickets,    Letter   from    Mr. 

.James  Angus  in  relation  to 44 

Hylotoma  abdominalis 5 

ceruleus.  Norton 5 

clavicornis 5 

McLeayi 5 

scapularis tt 

Hymeuoptera,  in  the  Collection  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of 
Philadelphia,  Descriptions  of 
North  American,  by  E.  T.  Cres- 
son   131,  257 

Ichneumon  Afer,  Cresson 138 

agnitus,  Cresson 151 

ambiguus,  Cresson 161 

animosus,  Cresson 164 

annulipes,  Cresson 170 

apicalis,  Cresson 132 

ater,  Cresson 138 

atrifrons,  Cresson 157 

audax,  Cresson 143 

Azotus,  Cresson 150 

bizonatus,   Cresson 160 

Blakei,  Cresson 139 

brevipennis,  Cresson...  174 

Bronteus,  Cresson 144 

coeruleus,  Cresson 149 

californicus,   Cresson...   180 

caliginosus,  Cresson 144 

cincticornis,  Cresson....  139 

comes,  Cresson 158 

consimilis,  Cresson 16.'; 

cordatus,    Cresson 146 

discus,  Cres-on 168 

dorsalis,  Cresson 177 

exiguus,  Cresson 182 

extrematis,   Cres.son 149 

flavieornis,  Cresson 140 

flavizonatus,  Cresson...  156 

funestus,  Cresson 166 

fuscifrons,  Cre.sso7i 166 


Index. 


"703 


PAGE 

rchneunioii  Grotei,  Cresson 154 

incertus,  Cresson 180 

inconstans,   Cresson 153 

involutus,  Cresson 183 

juxtus,  Cresson 163 

Isetus 15fi 

Isevigatus,  Cresson 176 

Lewisii,    Cresson 177 

limbifrons.  Cresson 182 

longulus,   Cresson 171 

Maurus,   Cresson 135 

ruontanus,  Cresson 141 

nobilis.  Cresson 155 

obliteratus.   Cresson 147 

Ormenus,  Cresson 141 

Orpheus,  Cresson 136 

parvus,  Cresson 159 

pedalis,  Cresson 141 

pietifrons,   Cresson 160 

propinquus,  Cresson....  172 

pullatus,  Cresson i   146 

pusillus,   Cresson 17 

regnatrix,   Cresson 178 

ruhicundus,   Cresson....   176 

rufizonatus,  Cresson 183 

rutilus,   Cresson 169 

sandix.   Cresson 174 

saucius.   Cresson 137 

scelestus,    Cresson 148 

semieoccineus,   Cresson  179 

semilsevis,  Cresson 142 

seminiger,   Cresson 167 

soror,  Cre.sson 185 

subeyaneus,  Cresson....   148 

subfuscus,  Cresson 173 

subrufus,  Cresson 168 

Svphax,  Cresson 181 

tenebrosus,  Cresson 145 

terminalis,  Cresson 184 

?  trogiformis,  C?-esso?i...   175 

variegatus,  Cresson 153 

velox,  Cresson 185 

vicinus,  Cresson 169 

vinulentus,  Cresson 162 

Viola,  Cresson 137 


PAGE 

Ichneumon  virginicus,  Cresson 181 

vittifrons.  Cresson 143 

vultus,  Cresson 165 

Ichneumonidse,  Descriptions  of  two 
new  genera  of  North  Ameri- 
can, by  E.  T.  Cresson 397 

Ichthyura  Indentata.  Packard 352 

inversa.  Packard "?>2 

Isa,  Packard 347 

texula 347 

Ischnus  albitarsis,  Cresson 194 

Blandii,  Cresson 188 

contiguus.  Cresson 190 

iridescens,  Cre.sson 193 

jejunus.  Cresson 186 

paratus 156 

proximus,  Cresson 187 

seitulus,  Cresson 193 

sublatus,  Cresson 186 

vinnulus,  Cresson 189 

volens,  Cresson 192 

W-album,  Cresson 191 

Wilsoni,  Cresson 188 

Kronsea,  Reakirt 441 

minuta 441 

Labena,  Cresson 399 

ajoicalis,  Cresson 402 

grallator 400 

Lacosoma,  Grote 77 

chiridota,  Grote 78,  351 

Lagoa  cretata,  Grote 524 

crispata,  Packard 335 

opercularis 334 

Lepidoptera,  Descriptions  of  North 
American,    by  Aug.  R.  Grote, 

73,  322,  521 
Lepidoptera,  Notes  on  Certain  Spe- 
cies  of  North    American,    by 

Aug.  R.  Grote 535 

Lepidoptera  Heterocera,  List  of  a 
Collection  of,  taken  near  Wil- 
liamstown,  Mass.,  by  Aug.  R. 

Grote 92 

Leptocircus  Meges   494 

Wilsonii,  Reakirt 495 


704 


Index. 


PAGE 

Leptura  atro-vittata,  Bland 255 

Leucanla  unipuncta 540 

Leucarctia,  Packard 124 

californica,  Packard 125 

Library,  Donations  to 694 

Limacodes,    Descriptions  of  tiiree 
new  species  of,  by  Tryon  Rea- 

kirt 250 

Limacodes  biguttata,  Packard 341 

Lorquini.  Reakirt 250 

minuta,  Reakirt 251 

scapha 341 

viridus,  Reakirt 251 

Y-\n\QVSA,  Packard 341 

Limeuitis  arthemis 62 

disippus 63 

Lithacodes,  Packard 345 

fasciola 346 

Lithosia  argillacea,  Packard 98,  535 

Litomitus.  Grote 84 

elongatus,  Grote 85 

Lochmseus  einereus,  Packard 372 

marina,  Packard 373 

olivata,  Packard 371 

tessella,  PacA-ord 370 

unieolor,  Packard  373 

Lophodouta,  Packard 357 

angulosa 358 

ferruginea,  Packard...  357 

Lyda  brunnieans,  Norton 15 

multisignatus,  Norton  15 

Lytta  tarsalis.  Bland 71 

Ma<'rophya  bicinctus 10 

tibiator,  Norton 10 

zonalis,  Norton 11 

Masaris,  Descriptions  of  two  new 

species  of,  by  E.  T.  Cresson 672 

Masaris  marginalis,  Cresson 677 

vespoides 673 

zonalis,  Cresson 674 

Mi'licleptria  villosa,  Grote 531 

Mel()e  Afer,  Bland 70  j 

Mesoleptus  affinis,  Cresson 263 

annulipes,  Cresson 257 

antennatus,  Cresson 272 


v.\fiy. 

Mesoleptus  argentifrons,  Cres.son...  261 

bicolor,  Cresson  2t>!» 

compressiis.   Cresson 260 

concolor.  Cresson 2711 

conjunctus.  Cresson 262 

decoloratus.   Cresson 26.5 

?  dimidiatus,  f'resson...  26.'i 

discolor,  Cresson 271 

distinc-tus,  C'resson 266 

dubitatus,  Cresson 259 

flavifrons,  Cresson 269 

flavirictus,  Cresson 263 

hostilis,  Cresson 267 

longicornis,  Cresson 270 

major,  Cresson 257 

nigripes,  Cresson 267 

obliteratus,  Cresson 260 

obscurus,  Cresson 261 

Oxylus,  Cresson 262 

porrectus,  Cresson 266 

subrubidus,  Cresson 261 

subtenuis,  Cresson 267 

tibiator,  Cresson 259 

unieolor,  Cresson  271 

?  validus,  Cresson 258 

vicinus,  Cresson 268 

vultus,  Cresson 268 

Mesostenus  albomaeulatus,  Cresson  3!3 

albopictus,  Cresson 312 

?  fulvus,  Cresson 316 

gracilis,  CVessow 315 

thoracicus,  Cre.sson 314 

Messa  hyalina,  Norton 8 

Microcoelia  diphtheroides 78 

fragilis 80 

obliterata,  Grote 79 

Micro-Lepidoptera  of  N.  America, 

by  Brackenridge  Clemens, M.D.  505 

Nadata  Doubledayi,  Packard 350 

Nematus  brunneus,  Norton 8 

erythrogaster,  Norton 8 

Marylandicus,  Norton 7 

s-ubalbatus,  Norton 7 

Noctua  alternata,  Grote 526 

bruuneicoUis,  Grote 524 


Indkx. 


705 


PAGE 

Noctua  cupida,  Grote 525 

vittifrons,  Grote 527 

Noctuina,  Description  of  a  New 
Genus    and   Species  of    North 

American,  by  Aug.  R.  Grote...  2 

Notodonta  basistriens 538 

stragula,  Grote,  93,  323,  539 

Q5ceticus  coniferarum 351 

(Edemasia,  Packard 359 

badia,  Packard 361 

concinna 360 

nitida,  Packard 300 

On  Phytophagic  Varieties  and  Phy- 
tophagic  Species,  by  Benj.  D. 

Walsh,  M.  A 403 

On  certain  Entomological  Specula- 
tions of  the  N.  England  School 
of    Naturalists,    by     Benj.    D. 

Walsli.  M.  A 207 

Orgyia  definita,  Packard 332 

nova 331 

<">rnithoptera  Rhadamanthus 444 

Osmia,  On  the  North  American  spe- 
cies of  the  genus,  by  E.  T.  Cres- 

son 17 

Osmia  albiventris,  Cresson 31 

atriventris,  Cresson 29 

brevis,  Cresson 36 

hucephala,  Cresson 17 

bucconis 26 

californica,  Cresson 24 

canadensis,  Cresson 33 

chalybea 22 

cognata,  Cresson 33 

cunjuncta.  Cresson 31 

(lensa,  Cresson 25 

distincta.  Cresson 30 

(labia,  Cresson 29 

frigida 26 

fulgida,  Cresson 34 

globosa,  Cresson 30 

hudsonica,  Cresson 21 

juxta,  Cresson 19 

latitarsis,  Cresson 20 

lignaria 22 


PAfiK 

Osmia  longula,  Cresson 19 

megacephala,  Cresson 18 

raontana,  Cresson 24 

propinqua,  Cresson 23 

proxima,  Cresson 32 

pumila,  Cresson 35 

purpurea,  Cresson 27 

pusilla,   Cresson 35 

rustica,  Cresson 37 

sericea,  Cresson 27 

simillima 28 

vicina,  Cresson 38 

viridis,  Cresson 34 

Othnius  fasciatus,  Bland 253 

Papilio    Agamemnon 478 

Alcinous 456 

Alphenor 470 

Antiphus 455 

Arjuna 460 

asterias 51 

Bianor 457 

Demoleus 471 

dissimilis 490 

Emalthion 447 

Erectheus 476 

Erithonius 472 

Eurypylus 481 

Ganessa 458 

Helenus 464 

Horsfieldii 476 

Lorquini,  Jteakirt 462 

Machaon  488 

Memnon 449 

Moorei,  Reakirt 485 

Palinurus 463 

Pammon 406 

Paris 459 

Polytes 468 

Sarpedon 483 

troilus 51 

turnus 50 

varasi,  Reakirt 465 

Xuthus 486 

Parasa  zulona,  Reakirt 441 

Parathyris  Angelica.  Grote 322 


706 


Index. 


PAGE  I 

Parorgyia,  Packard 332  i 

achatina 333 

leucophsea 333 

Pedilus  cyanipennis.  Bland 254 

Peronea  flavivittana,  Clemens 516  : 

i 

gallicolana,  Clemens 516  ] 

Pheosia  rimosa,  Packard 358 

Philampelus  Acheraori  (Larva) 660 

satellitia  (Larva) 659 

Philomma,  Grote 2 

Henrietta,  Grote 3,  541  , 

Phryganidia,  Packard 348  j 

californica,  Packard..  349 

Phygadeuon  annulatus,  Cresson 308 

cincticornis,  Cresson..  309 

major,  Cresson 308 

mandibularis,  Cresson  311 

montanus,  Cresson 309 

subfuscus,  Cresson 311 

vulgaris,  Cresson 310 

Pieris  oleracea 52 

Pityobius  Billingsii,  Bland 69 

Platarctia,  Packard 109 

borealis Ill 

vaoAesia,,  Packard 113 

parthenos  110 

Scudderi,  Packard 113 

Platycerura,  Packard 373 

furcilla,  Packard 374 

Plusia  sereoides,  Grote 83,541 

alticola 92 

Polyommatus      porsenna.      Letter 
from  Beverly  R.  Morris,  M.  D. 

in  relation  to 199 

Pristoscelis  atrus.  Bland 253 

fulvo-tarsisj  Bland 254 

nigricornis.  Bland 254 

Pseudothyatira,  Grote 539 

cymatophoroides..  539 

expultrix 539 

Ptycholoma?  semifuscana,  Clemens  519 

Pyrameis  huntera 63 

Pyrrharctia,  Packard 120 

californica,  Packard..  121 
Report  of  Recording  Secretary 437 


PAGE 

Rhyssa  albomaculata,  Cresson 31S< 

nitida,  Cresson 319 

Nortoni,  Cresson 317 

Schizocerus  plumigera 7 

Seirarctia,  Packard Hit 

Clio.  Packard 12li 

Selandria  barda '•• 

medius,  Norton it 

fasciatus,  Norton 9 

Sericinus  Cressonii,  Reakirt 499 

Montela 497 

Sesia  Thysbe  (Larva) 646 

Sraerinthus  excfecatus  (Larva) 66.'> 

Juglandis  (Larva) 668 

Sphingicampa  distigma 422 

Sphingidse,  Notes  on  some,  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  with  De- 
scriptions of  their  Larvse  and 

Pupse.  by  J.  A.  Lintner 645 

Sphinx  cinerea  (Larva) 655 

cingulata  (Larva) 650 

Drupiferarum  (Larva) 658 

Kalmia  (Larva) 657 

quinquemaculata  (Larva)..  64S 

Spilosoma  vestalis,  Packard 125 

Staphylinus  capitatus.  Bland 65 

Steganoptycha?  ochreana.  Clemens  520 
variana,  Clemens..  520 

Stelis  montana,  Cresson 39 

Sthenopis,  Packard 390 

argentata,  Packard 392 

purpurascens,  Packard.  392 
Stylops   Childreni  ! ,     Letter    from 
Mr.  A.  8.  Packard.  Jr.,  in  rela- 
tion to 44 

Syneda,  Howlandii,,  Grote 533 

Tenthredinidse,  Notes  on,  with  de- 
j  scriptions  of   new  species,  by 

!  Edward  Norton 5 

Tenthredo  angulatus,  Norton 13 

i  formosus,  Norton 14 

j  pectoralis,  Norton 11 

rufo-pedibiis.  Norton....     15 

semi-rubra,  Norton 11 

semi-rufus,  Norton 12 


Index. 


707 


PAOE 

Tenthredo  variatus,  Norton 12 

variegatus,  Norton 12 

xanthus,  Norton 13 

Tetracis  lorata,  Grate 91 

Thyridopteryx  ephemerseformis...  350 

nigricans,  Packard  350 

Tinea  tapetzella 505 

Tingis  amorphre.  Walsh 409 

tiliaj,  Walsh 108 

Tortrieidia,  Packard 347 

flavula 348 

pallida 348 

testacea,  Packard 348 

Trichosonia  triangulum 5 

Trogus  flavipennis,  Cresyon 287 

Tryplion  affinis,  Cresson 277 

americanus,  Cresson 276 

analis.  Cresson 279 

capitatus,  Cresson 281 

carinatus,  Cresson 273 

festivus,  Cresson 279 

?  liuiatu.s,  Cresson 274 


PAGE 

Tryphon  minimus,  Cresson 281 

pedalis,  Cresson 273 

pleuralis,  Cresson 275 

rufocinctus,  Cresson 280 

seminiger,  Cresson 278 

semirufus,  Cresson 27S 

?  submarginatus,  Cresson  274 

tibialis.  Cresson 280 

?  trifasciatus,  Cresson 276 

Ulosota,  Grote 524 

Urocerus  Cressoni,  Norton 1ft 

Vanessa  antiopa 59 

Milberti 61 

Written  Communications 43,  44,  197 

199,  441 

Xyleutes  crepera 388 

qiierciperda 389 

Xylinodes.  Packard 366 

virgata,  Packard 367 

Xylocopa  californica,  Cresson 40 

Xypbidria   tibialis 16 


708 

KRRATA  AND  CORRIGENDA. 

Page 

198.  line  12,  for  "usually"  read  "unusually." 

203  "  9.  for  "  Epheraerina"  read  "  Ephemerina  except  Bsetisca." 

208  "  3,  for  "  p.  2.39"  read  "  p.  2.39  bis." 

240  "  10,  for  "  more  eephalized"  read  "less  cephalized." 

253  "  20,  for  "  atrds  "  read  "  atratts." 

322  "  34,  for  "  1.08"  read  "  1.80." 

;!23  ••  20,  for  "  1.07"  read  "  1.70." 

324  "  3.  for  "  1.05  to  1.08"  read  "1.50  to  1.80." 

.325  "  32— ,33.  for  "  1.08  to  2.05"  read  "  1.80  to  2.5(t." 

32(!  "  33,  for  "  3.06"  read  "  3.60." 

331  "  6,  for  "  Larrse"  read  "  Larvse."  ' 

"  "  9,  10.  13.  for  "  Strips"  read  "Stirps." 

"  "  16,  20,  for  "nora"  read   nova. 

334  "  24.  for  "  them"  read  "  it." 

335  "  11.  before  "Walk.,"  insert   Lagoa  operculari^. 

336  "  16,  for  "  Cochlidianse"  read  "Cochlidife." 

"  "  22,  after  "specimens"  insert  "collected  in  Texas." 

337  "  28,  for  "here"  read  "have." 

340  "  22,  for  "Phobetion"  read  Phobetron. 

341  "  20,  for  "  were"  read  "  are." 

342  "  29,  after  "  lines"  insert  "passing." 
"  "  31,  for  "v"  read  V. 

349  "  14,  for  "  tibia"  read  "tibife." 

354  "       2,  for  "  cinerous"  read  "cinereous." 

"  "  38,  for  "1657"  read    1857. 

356  "  19,  for  "  when"  read  "where." 

364  "       9,  for  "  addomen"  read  "abdomen." 

366  "  28,  for  "  pronotem"  read  "pronotum." 

368  "       3,  for  "disclosed"  read  "discolored." 

370  "  21,  22,  for  "Jl/aw<es"  read  3/an/eo. 

371  "  20,  for  "  lunates"  read  "lunules." 
385  "  36,  for  "  Eutirchce"  read   Eutridur. 

"  "  38,  for  "  Strips"  read   Stirps. 

394  "  21.  for  "  Caribou"  read    Caribou. 

398  "  5.  for  "  pulvuli"  read  "  pulvilli." 

400  "  6,  for  "  pulvuli"  read  "pulvilli." 

546  "  34,  for  "  twelve"  read  "  fifteen." 

519  "  T ,  for  " petiliocola"  reaid  " petiolicola." 

567  "  18,  for  "  exude"  read  "  are  proved  to  exude." 

573  "  15,  for  "confimed"  read  "confirmed." 

549  "  31,  for  "  C.  coryloides"  read  " S.  coryloides." 

614  "  15,  for  "  larva"  read  "  larvae." 

690     "  20— 21,  for  "Dij)/o«rV' read  "Z)i/>;o/e/<»s." 

See  page  395  for  Errata  in  Mr.  Packard's  Synopsis  of  Bonibyciilje  of  the  C 
Tart  1. 


Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Vol.  III. 


Plate  I. 


\5<1 


'i^^ 


^ 


\  r 


\  / 


1.  Notodonta  basistriens,  Walk.  %.        4.  Arctia  decorsitsi,  Saunders.  9- 

2.  Notodonta  stragula,  Groie.    %.  5.  Eurois  purpurissata,  Grote.   %. 

3.  Arctia  Persephone,  Grote.   % .  6.  Gorgopis  quadriguttatus,  Grote.  9  ■ 


Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Philad.  Vol.  III. 


Plate  II. 


■^1^. 


/ 


-Pi 


y^ 


'X 


"Ms,- 


f     rl 


""^^^jmm 


m 
iic 


m- 


vv  ■■■■      -I      -   ,S^^' 


\/ 


■■* 


s. 


7. 


■\  / 


^^^'^'^'^^■A 


^. 


\r 


■■■■■?  - 


:f"V 


:i#?^ 


1.  Philomma  Henrietta,  Grote.  ? .  5.  Plusia  sereoides,  Grote.  9 . 

2.  Microcoelia  diphtheroides,  Guen.'^ .  6.  Litomitus  elongatus,  Grote.  ^. 

3.  Gortyna  cataphracta,  Grote.  %.         7.  Epione  depontanata,  Grote.  %. 

4.  Apamea  legitima,  Grote.  % .  8.  Laeosoma  chiridota,  Grote.  % . 


Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Vol.  III. 


Plate  III. 


^ 


1.  Catocala  phalanga,  Grote.   % . 

2.  Catocala  palaeogama,  Gvsn.   %, 


3.  Catocala  piatrix,  Grote.   %. 

4.  Catocala  Clintonii,  Oroie.  9- 


Proc.  F.nt.  Soc.  Phila.    Vol.  III. 


Plate  IV. 


^"^\^ 


'm^^ 


■'*^^"°7%' 


""^ 
'/ 


1.  Parathyris  Angelica,  Gh-ote.  9  ■  3.  Arctia  Saundersii,  Grotc.  %  . 

2.  Heterocampa  leptinoides,  Grote.  9-4.       "        virgo,  Linn.  %  ■ 

5.  Catocala  subnata,  Grote.  %  . 


Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.  Vol.  III. 


Platft  V. 


,/^ 


wfl^ 


^^&^w,- 


r."?* 


--*^'---' 


1,  Alypia  Eidingsii,  Grote.  %. 

2.  Arctia  Blakei,  Chrote.  9  . 

.3.  Hepialus  pulcher,  Grote  % . 
4.  Hepialus  gracilis,  Grote.  % . 


5.  Noctua  brunneicollis,  Grote.  %. 

6.  Noctua  vittifrons,  Grote.  J. 

7.  Noctua  eupida,  Grote.  %. 

8.  Noctua  alternata,  Grote.  9 . 


Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philad.  Vol.  III. 


Plate  VI. 


'^^S^ki 


V 


,-^ 


1.  AnthcBcia  mortua,  Grote.  % .  *•  Anthoecia  brevis,  Grote.  $  var  ? 

2.  Anthoecia  Packardii,  (^ro^e.  $.  6.  Melicleptria  villosa,  Gro<e.  J. 

3.  Anthoecia  nobilis,  Grote.  9-  7.  Syneda  Howlandii.  Grote.  9- 

4.  Anthfficia  brevis,  Grote.  % .  8.  Amphidasys  cupidaria,  Grote.  % . 

9.  Edapteryx  bilineata  Packard.  9  • 


N'OTICE. 

Vol.  1  of  the  -'Proceedings"  extended  from  March,  1861,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1863,  (2  years)  and  contains  381  pages.  On  commencing  Vol. 
2  in  March,  1863,  the  Publication  Committee  proposed  to  terminate  it 
in  December,  1864,  (1  year  and  10  months,)  estimating  that  it  might 
contain  about  400  or  500  pages,  but  by  March,  1864,  the  estimates  of 
the  Committee  were  so  far  exceeded,  that  it  was  decided  to  close  Vol.  2 
(containing  562  pages)  at  that  time,  and  to  issue  Vol.  3,  for  the  last  9 
months  of  1864,  estimating  that  it  would  probably  contain  400  or  500 
pages  and  the  2  volumes  together,  over  1,000  pages,  but  the  estimates 
of  the  Committee  have  again  been  exceeded,  and  Vol.  3,  which  is  com- 
pleted by  the  present  number,  contains  about  700  pages,  and  Vols.  2 
and  3  together  contain  over  1,200  pages.  With  the  Papers  already  on 
hand  and  those  which  are  known  to  be  in  preparation,  the  Committee 
itoir  estimates  that  there  may  be  about  l,OiJO  pages  published  in  1865, 
and  in  order  to  preserve  some  degree  of  uniformity,  both  in  the  size 
and  in  the  price  of  the  Volumes  of  the  ''  Proceedings,"  it  is  proposed 
to  issue  2  Volumes  for  the  year  1865,  each  containing  about  500  pages. 
The  price  of  Vols.  1,  2  and  3,  in  future,  will  be  $2.00  to  Members 
and  $3.00  to  the  Public  for  each  Volume.  ♦ 

The  price  of  Vols.  4  and  5  will  be  the  same,  viz. : 
To  Members  (Resident  and  Corresponding)      .     $2.00  for  each  Vol. 
To  the  Public $3.00 

Subscribers  in  Canada  and  elsewhere,  to  which  the  prepayment  of 
U.  S.  Postage  is  obligatory^  will  be  expected  to  remit,  in  addition  to 
the  above,  20  cents  on  each  Volume,  the  experience  of  the  year  1864 
having  shown  that  this  sum  will  prepay  the  postage  on  about  500  pages. 

Those  who  wish  to  continue  their  subscriptions  old  the  above  terms 
are  requested  to  remit  the  price  of  Vol  4  and  ohiiyatory  postage  to 
the  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Society,  No.  518  South  Thirteenth 
Street,  Philadelphia,  prior  to  April  1,  1865.  A  failure  to  remit,  will 
be  considered  as  a  withdrawal  of  the  subscription. 


For  the  Plates  and  Wood-Cuts  contained  in  Vol.  3,  the  Publication 
Committee  has  been  indebted  to  the  liberality  of  the  Authors  whose 
Papers  they  illustrate. 

In  consequence  of  misapprehensions  still  existing  in  regard  to  Ex- 
changes,, it  is  deemed  advisable  to  reproduce  the  following  Notice,  given 
more  than  18  months  since. 

"  In  the  present  state  of  activity  in  the  Scientific  World,  it  is  important  that 
the  Student. should  receive  scientific  periodicals  as  soon  after  their  publication 
as  practicable ;  arrangements  have  therefore  been  made,  by  which  the  Society 
will  receive  without  delay  the  Publications  of  most  importance  to  its  Members. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  Publication  Committee  has  discontinued  the  si/s- 
tem of  making  Exchanges." 


L*»VH' 


i